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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hqDW3rtVZh3DJ5dgYfPQhDv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130054</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcolino</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Soriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Campos Caldeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Janaina Guimar&#227;es de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ricardo de Ataide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lodi-Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>307</fpage>
      <lpage>314</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A cria&#231;&#227;o de sistemas ou linhas de cuidado ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) tem o objetivo de otimizar o atendimento ao paciente, desde o diagn&#243;stico precoce at&#233; o tratamento adequado e em tempo h&#225;bil. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, e seu impacto na mortalidade hospitalar por IAM. M&#201;TODOS: A linha de cuidado do IAM foi implantada em Belo Horizonte entre 2010 e 2011 com intuito de ampliar o acesso dos pacientes do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de ao tratamento preconizado pelas diretrizes vigentes. As equipes das unidades de pronto atendimento foram treinadas e foi implantado sistema de tele-eletrocardiografia nessas unidades. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios deste estudo observacional retrospectivo foram o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es e a mortalidade hospitalar por IAM, de 2009 a 2011. RESULTADOS: No per&#237;odo avaliado, 294 profissionais foram treinados e 563 ECGs foram transmitidos das unidades de pronto atendimento para as unidades coronarianas. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o importante da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (12,3% em 2009 versus 7,1% em 2011, p &lt; 0,001), enquanto o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM permaneceu est&#225;vel. Ocorreu aumento do custo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia R$ 2.480,00 versus R$ 3.501,00, p &lt; 0,001), aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es contemplando di&#225;rias de terapia intensiva (32,4% em 2009 versus 66,1% em 2011, p &lt; 0,001) e de pacientes internados em hospitais de alta complexidade (47,0% versus 69,6%, p &lt; 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: A implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM permitiu maior acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento adequado e, consequentemente, redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade hospitalar por IAM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Milena Soriano Marcolino<sup>I,II</sup>; Luisa Campos Caldeira Brant<sup>I,II</sup>; Janaina Guimar&#227;es de Araujo<sup>III</sup>; Bruno Ramos Nascimento<sup>I,II</sup>; Luiz Ricardo de Ataide Castro<sup>I,II</sup>; Paula Martins<sup>III</sup>; Lucas Lodi-Junqueira<sup>I,II</sup>; Antonio Luiz Ribeiro<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Secretaria de Sa&#250;de da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A cria&#231;&#227;o de sistemas ou linhas de cuidado ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) tem o objetivo de otimizar o atendimento ao paciente, desde o diagn&#243;stico precoce at&#233; o tratamento adequado e em tempo h&#225;bil. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, e seu impacto na mortalidade hospitalar por IAM. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A linha de cuidado do IAM foi implantada em Belo Horizonte entre 2010 e 2011 com intuito de ampliar o acesso dos pacientes do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de ao tratamento preconizado pelas diretrizes vigentes. As equipes das unidades de pronto atendimento foram treinadas e foi implantado sistema de tele-eletrocardiografia nessas unidades. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios deste estudo observacional retrospectivo foram o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es e a mortalidade hospitalar por IAM, de 2009 a 2011. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No per&#237;odo avaliado, 294 profissionais foram treinados e 563 ECGs foram transmitidos das unidades de pronto atendimento para as unidades coronarianas. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o importante da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (12,3% em 2009 versus 7,1% em 2011, p &lt; 0,001), enquanto o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM permaneceu est&#225;vel. Ocorreu aumento do custo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia R$ 2.480,00 versus R$ 3.501,00, p &lt; 0,001), aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es contemplando di&#225;rias de terapia intensiva (32,4% em 2009 versus 66,1% em 2011, p &lt; 0,001) e de pacientes internados em hospitais de alta complexidade (47,0% versus 69,6%, p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM permitiu maior acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento adequado e, consequentemente, redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade hospitalar por IAM. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio / mortalidade, Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio/terapia, Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia, Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, ocorreu redu&#231;&#227;o importante na taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares relacionadas a avan&#231;os na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e no tratamento da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA)<sup>1-4</sup>. Embora essa redu&#231;&#227;o seja tend&#234;ncia mundial, &#233; mais pronunciada em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, nos quais &#233; poss&#237;vel ter acesso, em tempo h&#225;bil, ao tratamento adequado, com reperfus&#227;o por angioplastia prim&#225;ria ou fibrin&#243;lise, terapia antitromb&#243;tica dupla e tratamento intensivo.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ainda permanecem como a primeira causa de mortalidade proporcional, respons&#225;veis por 29% dos &#243;bitos em 2010 (Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de [Datasus]). O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; a segunda causa de morte mais frequente (7%, Datasus 2010), e no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de a mortalidade hospitalar dos pacientes internados por IAM se mant&#233;m persistentemente elevada: em m&#233;dia, 16,2%, em 2000, 16,1%, em 2005, e 15,3%, em 2010, para as interna&#231;&#245;es registradas em todo pa&#237;s (Datasus). A elevada mortalidade no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro &#233; atribu&#237;da &#224;s dificuldades no acesso do paciente com IAM ao tratamento em terapia intensiva, aos m&#233;todos de reperfus&#227;o e &#224;s medidas terap&#234;uticas estabelecidas para o IAM<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O reconhecimento de que para o tratamento adequado do IAM &#233; necess&#225;ria a intera&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios setores (comunidade, unidades de pronto atendimento, servi&#231;o de transporte de emerg&#234;ncia e hospital com servi&#231;os de hemodin&#226;mica e de terapia intensiva) induz a cria&#231;&#227;o de sistemas ou linhas de cuidado ao IAM para otimizar o atendimento ao paciente, desde o diagn&#243;stico precoce at&#233; o tratamento adequado e em tempo h&#225;bil<sup>6-9</sup>. A maioria das experi&#234;ncias relatadas foram desenvolvidas em pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica do Norte e Europa e as descri&#231;&#245;es de experi&#234;ncias em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, s&#227;o escassas.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a implanta&#231;&#227;o da Linha de Cuidado do IAM em Belo Horizonte, e seu impacto na mortalidade hospitalar por IAM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional retrospectivo realizado no munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte (BH), capital do estado de Minas Gerais. A popula&#231;&#227;o do munic&#237;pio em 2009 era 2.452.617 habitantes<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O munic&#237;pio &#233; organizado em regionais, como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figura 1</xref>. O Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (Samu) realiza atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar de casos de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia e opera com 18 Unidades de Suporte B&#225;sico (USB) e seis Unidades de Suporte Avan&#231;ado (USA). A Central de Regula&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica &#233; o elemento coordenador e orientador do sistema, organiza a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os v&#225;rios servi&#231;os e qualifica o fluxo.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Cada regional tem uma refer&#234;ncia de pronto-atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar, a Unidade de Pronto Atendimento (UPA). Al&#233;m disso, existem portas de urg&#234;ncia hospitalares e hospitais da rede de alta complexidade (HAC) em cardiologia distribu&#237;dos no munic&#237;pio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cria&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM no munic&#237;pio de Belo Horizonte</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com intuito de ampliar o acesso dos pacientes do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) ao tratamento preconizado pelas diretrizes vigentes<sup>11-13</sup>, foi estabelecido um fluxo para os pacientes com SCA que procuram servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia em BH pela Secretaria Municipal de Belo Horizonte (SMSA), com o apoio do Samu, com a participa&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG (HC/UFMG), incluindo o Centro de Telessa&#250;de, o Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular e o Setor de Hemodin&#226;mica. O HC/UFMG, hospital com disponibilidade de laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, abriu uma Unidade Coronariana (UCO) em mar&#231;o de 2010. Em outubro de 2011, o Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia passou a integrar o fluxo, quando disponibilizou o laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica e leitos de UCO espec&#237;ficos para esse fluxo. O objetivo da UCO &#233; receber, em tempo adequado, por meio de transfer&#234;ncia, os pacientes com SCA que deram entrada em unidades de emerg&#234;ncias da rede SUS-BH e proporcion&#225;-los, al&#233;m do tratamento preconizado pelas diretrizes para SCA e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o em ambiente de terapia intensiva, o acesso &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria e de resgate, nos casos indicados. A transfer&#234;ncia dos pacientes com SCA tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer para HAC em cardiologia do SUS-BH, que diferem das UCO apenas por n&#227;o fazerem parte do fluxo de transfer&#234;ncia para ICP prim&#225;ria e de resgate (ou ICPs de urg&#234;ncia).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implanta&#231;&#227;o do sistema de tele-eletrocardiologia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A institui&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma (ECG) pr&#233;-hospitalar no manejo de pacientes com SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST associada &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce do laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica representa uma estrat&#233;gia importante para reduzir o tempo porta-bal&#227;o, com evid&#234;ncias de impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade<sup>14-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de sistema de tele-eletrocardiologia foi componente importante da linha de cuidado. Esse sistema foi implantado pela Rede de Teleassist&#234;ncia de Minas Gerais (RTMG) com o apoio da SMSA. A RTMG &#233; um servi&#231;o de telessa&#250;de formado por parceria estabelecida entre seis universidades do estado, com coordena&#231;&#227;o no Centro de Telessa&#250;de do HC/UFMG<sup>20</sup>. Esse servi&#231;o teve in&#237;cio em 2005 e j&#225; realizou mais de 1.000.000 ECGs digitais<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardi&#243;grafo digital foi instalado em sete UPAs, ligado a um computador. O <italic>software</italic> de an&#225;lise foi instalado nas UCOs. Ao fazer o ECG, o solicitante tem a op&#231;&#227;o de escolher se deseja transmitir o exame para as UCOs, em caso de SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST; ou para o servi&#231;o de cardiologia da RTMG, nesse caso para laudo.</p>
    <p>A fim de assegurar uma transmiss&#227;o adequada, foi realizado teste da qualidade do sinal emitido de dentro de cada unidade. A transmiss&#227;o do ECG &#233; imediata, via internet, e pode ser identificada nas UCOs pela emiss&#227;o de sinal sonoro.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Capacita&#231;&#227;o e motiva&#231;&#227;o das equipes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram desenvolvidas as seguintes estrat&#233;gias de capacita&#231;&#227;o e motiva&#231;&#227;o das equipes das UPAs:</p>
    <p>&#149; visitas &#224;s UPAs para divulgar o fluxo e os potenciais benef&#237;cios da implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM;</p>
    <p>&#149; treinamento multidisciplinar das equipes das UPAs quanto a abordagem ao paciente com dor tor&#225;cica, SCA e uso do eletrocardi&#243;grafo digital (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5145fig02">Figura 2</xref>);</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5145fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#149; divulga&#231;&#227;o do Protocolo Cl&#237;nico sobre S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda da Secretaria do Estado de Minas Gerais<sup>22</sup>;</p>
    <p>&#149; supervis&#227;o continuada por meio de monitoramento telef&#244;nico semanal, em que &#233; verificada a exist&#234;ncia de problemas na transmiss&#227;o do ECG digital ou necessidade de novos treinamentos. Problemas t&#233;cnicos solucionados pela equipe de tecnologia da informa&#231;&#227;o em 24 horas. Problemas de infraestrutura e internet s&#227;o repassados para a SMSA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fluxo operacional</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando o contexto cl&#237;nico e o sistema de sa&#250;de que o paciente est&#225; inserido, foi criado o seguinte fluxo operacional para a implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5145fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5145fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na suspeita de um caso de SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST, o m&#233;dico da UPA inicia as primeiras medidas para tratamento da SCA<sup>11,12</sup>, realiza ECG digital e envia para a UCO. Nesse momento, esse m&#233;dico faz contato com o plantonista da UCO por meio de telefone celular. Esse faz a avalia&#231;&#227;o do ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figura 4</xref>) e, caso o diagn&#243;stico de SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST for confirmado, o paciente pode seguir duas vias de atendimento: a via r&#225;pida e a via Central de Interna&#231;&#245;es da SMSA, conforme avalia&#231;&#227;o do caso. Em outras unidades de emerg&#234;ncia diferentes das UPAs, sem ponto de ECG digital, o m&#233;dico deve ligar para a UCO para discuss&#227;o do caso.</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nos casos de pacientes com tempo de in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica &gt; 3 h e &lt; 12 h, ou &gt; 12 h, por&#233;m apresentando dor recorrente ou refrat&#225;ria, ou em choque cardiog&#234;nico, o paciente segue a via r&#225;pida, na qual ele &#233; encaminhado pelo Samu diretamente ao laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica para angioplastia prim&#225;ria, reduzindo o tempo de atraso para reperfus&#227;o. No caso de o paciente apresentar menos de 3 h de dor tor&#225;cica, o m&#233;dico da UPA &#233; orientado a administrar trombol&#237;tico no local, salvo contraindica&#231;&#245;es, e posterior transfer&#234;ncia o mais prontamente poss&#237;vel para UCO ou HAC. Essa transfer&#234;ncia &#233; regulada pela Central de Interna&#231;&#245;es. Se, entretanto, ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de trombol&#237;tico, n&#227;o houver crit&#233;rios de reperfus&#227;o cl&#237;nico (al&#237;vio da dor e estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica) e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico (redu&#231;&#227;o de 50% do supra de ST na deriva&#231;&#227;o com maior supra, 90 minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do trombol&#237;tico)<sup>23</sup>, novo contato com a UCO deveria ser realizado para transfer&#234;ncia pela via r&#225;pida para angioplastia de resgate.</p>
    <p>No caso de SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST, o paciente &#233; cadastrado na Central de Interna&#231;&#245;es e essa o encaminha para interna&#231;&#227;o na UCO ou HAC. T&#234;m prefer&#234;ncia para transfer&#234;ncia para a UCO os pacientes com risco alto ou intermedi&#225;rio de eventos cardiovasculares adversos, avaliado pela presen&#231;a de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica elevados, infradesnivelamento do segmento ST compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou ainda pelos escores de risco TIMI ou GRACE<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para proporcionar o cuidado continuado do paciente com SCA, foi direcionado para esses pacientes leitos de enfermaria e ambulat&#243;rios de cuidados p&#243;s-IAM, nos quais o paciente &#233; acompanhado por seis meses. Nesses, &#233; dado continua&#231;&#227;o &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de novos eventos. H&#225; ainda a oportunidade de seguimento em centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e em ambulat&#243;rio de cessa&#231;&#227;o de tabagismo nos casos indicados<sup>24</sup>. Ap&#243;s seis meses, o paciente &#233; encaminhado para aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou cardiologista da rede SUS-BH.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os desfechos avaliados foram o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es por infarto e a mortalidade hospitalar por infarto, avaliados de 2009 (linha de base) a 2011. Foram utilizadas as informa&#231;&#245;es do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares (SIH) referentes ao procedimento Tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio, c&#243;digo SIH/DATASUS 03.03.06.019-0. Consideramos esse procedimento o mais representativo dos casos adequadamente relacionados aos eventos coronarianos e o que mais abrange os casos mais graves. O percentual de interna&#231;&#245;es de IAM nas quais se faturou di&#225;rias de centro de terapia intensiva (CTI), e o percentual de AIHs executadas em HAC tamb&#233;m foi obtido pelo SIH. As popula&#231;&#245;es das localidades para os v&#225;rios anos estudados tamb&#233;m foram obtidas do Datasus.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos gerados pelo SIH/Datasus foram introduzidos em banco de dados e analisados utilizando-se o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corporation, 2011). Vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram descritas pela distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia e quantitativas por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil. As propor&#231;&#245;es, as m&#233;dias e as medianas das vari&#225;veis independentes e dependentes entre os per&#237;odos avaliados (2009 a 2011) e entre os grupos (AIHs com e sem di&#225;rias de CTI) foram comparadas pelos testes estat&#237;sticos apropriados, incluindo quiquadrado, teste <italic>t</italic> de Student e teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Considerou-se o valor de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O sistema de tele-eletrocardiologia foi implantado na primeira UPA em janeiro de 2011. De janeiro a dezembro de 2011, foram treinados 294 profissionais e foram transmitidos 1.496 ECGs; 563 (37,6%) para as UCOs e 933 (62,4%) para laudo. Observou-se uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de ECGs por UPA, sendo que as UPAs Centro-sul (66,0%), Leste (12,0%) e Venda Nova (9,8%) realizaram o maior n&#250;mero de exames.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5145tab01">Tabela 1</xref> expressa os indicadores selecionados de 2009 a 2011. Analisando a tend&#234;ncia temporal, as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas foram semelhantes, com idade m&#233;dia em torno de 60 anos, com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino. O n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es permaneceu relativamente est&#225;vel ao longo do per&#237;odo analisado, variando de 1.113 a 1.358. O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiu estatisticamente entre os anos. Entretanto, houve redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos hospitalares, que se traduziu em expressiva redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar: de 12,3% em 2009 para 7,1% em 2011, atingindo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5145tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o custo m&#233;dio da interna&#231;&#227;o quase dobrou, num per&#237;odo em que n&#227;o houve reajuste significativo nos valores dos procedimentos do SUS, o que &#233; um indicador indireto de maior acesso a unidades de mais alta complexidade. Ocorreu tamb&#233;m aumento do percentual de interna&#231;&#245;es contemplando di&#225;rias de CTI (de 32,4% em 2009 para 66,1% em 2011, p &lt; 0,001) e da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes internados em HAC da capital (de 47,0% para 69,6%, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>Comparando-se o grupo de pacientes cuja interna&#231;&#227;o contemplou di&#225;rias de terapia intensiva com o grupo que n&#227;o contemplou, observa-se maior mortalidade do primeiro em 2009 (19,7% <italic>versus</italic> 8,8%, p &lt; 0,001) e 2010 (12,6% <italic>versus</italic> 7,6%, p &lt; 0,001), mas n&#227;o em 2011 (7,8% <italic>versus</italic> 5,7%, p = 0,08). Analisando-se separadamente esses pacientes com passagem pelo CTI, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o, de 14,4&#177;14,4 dias em 2009 para 12,7&#177;10,1 dias em 2011 (p = 0,022), e uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ao longo dos anos numericamente ainda mais expressiva do que a amostra global: de 19,7% em 2009 para 12,6% em 2010 e 7,8% em 2011 (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cria&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM levou a reorganiza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado de pacientes com suspeita de SCA no munic&#237;pio de BH, que incluiu treinamento e motiva&#231;&#227;o das equipes das UPAs, al&#233;m de maior integra&#231;&#227;o entre os servi&#231;os, facilitando o acesso a laborat&#243;rios de hemodin&#226;mica e leitos de terapia intensiva e HAC em cardiologia. Dados do SIH mostram redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar por IAM com base na implanta&#231;&#227;o dessa linha de cuidado com taxas muito inferiores &#224;s observadas nas principais capitais brasileiras.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que a alta mortalidade hospitalar do paciente com IAM no sistema p&#250;blico brasileiro est&#225; associada a dificuldades de acesso e baixa utiliza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento preconizado para o IAM, como terapia de reperfus&#227;o, medicamentos e cuidado em CTI<sup>5</sup>. Assim, Evangelista e cols.<sup>25</sup>, estudando os pacientes do SUS com diagn&#243;stico de IAM na cidade de BH entre 2002 e 2003, encontraram que apenas 33% haviam sido admitidos em CTI durante sua interna&#231;&#227;o. Adicionalmente, ter sido internado num hospital p&#250;blico (em oposi&#231;&#227;o a hospitais conveniados da rede privada) foi fator independente de progn&#243;stico adverso. Estudo realizado em Feira de Santana, Bahia, documentou letalidade de 19,5% em pacientes com IAM internados num hospital p&#250;blico de Feira de Santanana localidade, quatro vezes maior do que a encontrada naqueles internados nos tr&#234;s hospitais privados da mesma cidade, na Bahia (4,8%, p = 0,001)<sup>26</sup>. Entre os pacientes atendidos no hospital p&#250;blico, predominavam os pobres e os analfabetos, que demoraram mais tempo para chegar ao hospital e para ser medicados, evoluindo com maior gravidade, manifesta pela frequ&#234;ncia elevada de pacientes com Killip classe II ou superior. Apenas 8% dos pacientes do hospital p&#250;blico haviam sido admitidos em CTI e 21% foram submetidos &#224; terapia de reperfus&#227;o, enquanto 94% daqueles atendidos na rede privada receberam tratamento em CTI, com uso de trombol&#237;tico em 79%. Os betabloqueadores, preditores independentes de progn&#243;stico nessa amostra, tamb&#233;m foram mais frequentemente usados nos hospitais privados<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os dados relativos &#224;s interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares relacionadas a IAM em BH no per&#237;odo analisado mostram uma tend&#234;ncia, com base na implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM, de maior acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento de alta complexidade. Tal tend&#234;ncia pode ser inferida com base em dados indiretos, como o aumento do custo m&#233;dio por interna&#231;&#227;o, que se deve, em primeiro lugar, ao maior acesso aos hospitais terci&#225;rios e, consequentemente, a leitos de terapia intensiva. A amplia&#231;&#227;o do acesso &#224; alta complexidade &#233; demonstrada por dados diretos, com aumento estatisticamente significativo de AIHs executadas nos hospitais com esse perfil e de percentual de di&#225;rias de CTI pagas. Garantido o maior acesso a esses recursos, abre-se a possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares de fundamental import&#226;ncia no manejo da fase aguda das SCA, como o ecocardiograma, teste de esfor&#231;o e exames em medicina nuclear. Al&#233;m disso, aumenta-se o acesso ao cateterismo card&#237;aco e &#224; ICP, modalidade que tem impacto sobre os eventos adversos hospitalares e tardios nesta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>27-32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de protocolos cl&#237;nicos com base em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas na abordagem do IAM se relaciona com melhora dos indicadores de morbimortalidade<sup>33,34</sup>. No caso espec&#237;fico, o Protocolo Cl&#237;nico sobre S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda da Secretaria do Estado de Minas Gerais<sup>22</sup> foi desenvolvido com a participa&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais do HC/UFMG, envolvidos tamb&#233;m na implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAM no munic&#237;pio de BH e tamb&#233;m no treinamento das equipes da urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia. O conhecimento das condi&#231;&#245;es locais de aplica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes internacionais &#233; essencial para sua correta aplica&#231;&#227;o. Assim, na elabora&#231;&#227;o do fluxograma, optou-se pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;tico no local em pacientes com &lt; 3 h de dor tor&#225;cica, visto que a terapia trombol&#237;tica &#233; mais eficaz quanto menor o tempo de isquemia e, portanto, a transfer&#234;ncia para ICP prim&#225;ria beneficiaria esse paciente apenas se o tempo de transfer&#234;ncia fosse &lt; 60 minutos<sup>35,36</sup>, o que n&#227;o &#233; compat&#237;vel com a realidade do sistema de transfer&#234;ncia do munic&#237;pio de BH. O tempo alvo de atraso do sistema &#233; de at&#233; 120 minutos e o tempo porta-bal&#227;o alvo no hospital com laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica &#233; de, no m&#225;ximo, 90 minutos<sup>11,35,36</sup>. Ressalte ainda a op&#231;&#227;o local pela discuss&#227;o direta dos casos entre os m&#233;dicos nas UPAs e hospitais gerais com os especialistas de plant&#227;o nas UCOs, que certamente transmite mais seguran&#231;a ao m&#233;dico assistente e aprimora os encaminhamentos realizados.</p>
    <p>A implanta&#231;&#227;o de sistema de tele-eletrocardiologia &#233; componente importante da linha de cuidado do IAM em BH, pois direciona a transfer&#234;ncia de pacientes que realmente tenham diagn&#243;stico de SCA com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST para a UCO de forma mais &#225;gil. Evid&#234;ncias apontam para redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o e mortalidade com o uso do ECG pr&#233;-hospitalar como componente da linha de cuidado do IAM<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidados tenha impactado positivamente as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar global do IAM ap&#243;s 2009. No entanto, existem limita&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o a esta an&#225;lise. Em primeiro lugar, trata-se de estudo observacional, em que foram utilizados dados secund&#225;rios, derivados das AIHs emitidas no per&#237;odo e muito dependentes da precis&#227;o dos dados, desde a rede de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria at&#233; o fluxo de informa&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalar. Al&#233;m disso, foi selecionado para tal apenas um dos procedimentos cl&#237;nicos do SUS, havendo pelo menos mais dois procedimentos cl&#237;nicos, al&#233;m dos c&#243;digos relacionados a interven&#231;&#245;es (percut&#226;neas e cir&#250;rgicas), que n&#227;o foram selecionados em virtude do vi&#233;s de informa&#231;&#227;o que poderia ser gerado. Como exemplo, podemos citar os casos de SCA que terminaram com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia coronariana: nesse caso, ocorre mudan&#231;a de procedimento, e o paciente passa a figurar no sistema apenas dentre os casos de angioplastia e n&#227;o mais de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. O procedimento de angioplastia, por sua vez, n&#227;o pode ser utilizado na an&#225;lise por englobar tamb&#233;m os procedimentos eletivos ambulatoriais.</p>
    <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o fato de este estudo ter avaliado apenas a mortalidade hospitalar. Certa propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAM morre antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade extra-hospitalar &#233; extremamente importante, pois tamb&#233;m reflete o acesso ao tratamento. Problemas de acesso tendem a aumentar o tempo decorrido at&#233; a admiss&#227;o, diminuindo a letalidade hospitalar esperada e aumentando a extra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, provavelmente os dados perdidos relacionam-se ao subgrupo de pacientes que mais se beneficiaram da rede e do acesso &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es de alta complexidade, sugerindo que o benef&#237;cio possa ser ainda maior do que o registrado. As taxas de mortalidade ao final da implanta&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado s&#227;o inferiores &#224; m&#233;dia apresentada em um estudo publicado sobre a realidade brasileira<sup>26</sup> e &#224;quelas obtidas diretamente no SIH/Datasus.</p>
    <p>Existem outros relatos de experi&#234;ncias de organiza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado ao IAM em outras cidades brasileiras<sup>38,39</sup>. Todas se baseiam, pelo menos em parte, na constata&#231;&#227;o em outros pa&#237;ses de que a organiza&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas ou linhas de cuidado pode produzir redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade e da morbidade relacionada ao IAM<sup>40</sup>. A import&#226;ncia da organiza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado ao IAM foi reconhecido pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, que, em dezembro de 2011, publicou portaria que regulamenta a implanta&#231;&#227;o das linhas de cuidado ao IAM no Brasil, com o objetivo de reduzir a mortalidade por IAM em todo o pa&#237;s. O relato da experi&#234;ncia de BH &#233; importante para subsidiar o debate sobre tais a&#231;&#245;es que podem efetivamente diminuir a carga de doen&#231;a relativa ao IAM no Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Antonio Luiz Ribeiro </p>
        <p> Rua Campanha, 98/101, Carmo </p>
        <p> CEP 30310-770, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="antonior@cardiol.br">antonior@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="antonior@uai.com.br">antonior@uai.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 20/09/12, revisado em 19/11/12, aceito em 19/11/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Implementation of the myocardial infarction system of care in city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND:The creation of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) management systems is aimed at optimizing the management of patients from early diagnosis to proper and timely treatment. OBJECTIVE: To assess the implantation of an AMI management system in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, and its impact on in-hospital mortality due to AMI. METHODS: The AMI management system was implanted in the municipality of Belo Horizonte between 2010 and 2011, aiming at increasing the access of patients of the public health system to the treatment recommended by the existing guidelines. The teams at the prompt care units were trained, and the system of tele-electrocardiography was implanted in those units. The primary outcomes of this retrospective observational study were the number of admissions and in-hospital mortality due to AMI, from 2009 to 2011. RESULTS: In the period studied, 294 professionals were trained and 563 electrocardiograms (ECGs) transmitted from prompt care units to coronary units. A significant reduction was observed in the in-hospital mortality rate (12.3% in 2009 versus 7.1% in 2011, p &lt; 0.001), while the number of admissions due to AMI remained stable. The mean cost of admission increased (mean R$ 2,480.00 versus R$ 3,501.00; p &lt; 0.001), the proportion of admissions including intensive care unit stay increased (32.4% in 2009 versus 66.1% in 2011; p &lt; 0.001), and the number of patients admitted to tertiary hospitals increased (47.0% versus 69.6%; p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: The AMI management system implantation increased the access of the population to proper treatment, thus reducing in-hospital mortality due to AMI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
        <kwd>Intensive Care Units</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Implementation of the myocardial infarction system of care in city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Milena Soriano Marcolino<sup>I,II</sup>; Luisa Campos Caldeira Brant<sup>I,II</sup>; Janaina Guimar&#227;es de Araujo<sup>III</sup>; Bruno Ramos Nascimento<sup>I,II</sup>; Luiz Ricardo de Ataide Castro<sup>I,II</sup>; Paula Martins<sup>III</sup>; Lucas Lodi-Junqueira<sup>I,II</sup>; Antonio Luiz Ribeiro<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Secretaria de Sa&#250;de da Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The creation of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) management systems is aimed at optimizing the management of patients from early diagnosis to proper and timely treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the implantation of an AMI management system in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, and its impact on in-hospital mortality due to AMI.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The AMI management system was implanted in the municipality of Belo Horizonte between 2010 and 2011, aiming at increasing the access of patients of the public health system to the treatment recommended by the existing guidelines. The teams at the prompt care units were trained, and the system of tele-electrocardiography was implanted in those units. The primary outcomes of this retrospective observational study were the number of admissions and in-hospital mortality due to AMI, from 2009 to 2011.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In the period studied, 294 professionals were trained and 563 electrocardiograms (ECGs) transmitted from prompt care units to coronary units. A significant reduction was observed in the in-hospital mortality rate (12.3% in 2009 versus 7.1% in 2011, p &lt; 0.001), while the number of admissions due to AMI remained stable. The mean cost of admission increased (mean R$ 2,480.00 versus R$ 3,501.00; p &lt; 0.001), the proportion of admissions including intensive care unit stay increased (32.4% in 2009 versus 66.1% in 2011; p &lt; 0.001), and the number of patients admitted to tertiary hospitals increased (47.0% versus 69.6%; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The AMI management system implantation increased the access of the population to proper treatment, thus reducing in-hospital mortality due to AMI. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Myocardial infarction / mortality; Myocardial infarction / therapy; Emergency Medical Services; Intensive Care Units.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Over the past decades, an important reduction in the mortality rate of cardiovascular diseases has been observed, being related to advances in primary prevention and treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)<sup>1-4</sup>. Although a world trend, that reduction has been more pronounced in developed countries, in which timely treatment is available, with reperfusion by use of primary angioplasty or fibrinolysis, dual antithrombotic therapy and critical care.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases remain the major cause of proportional mortality, and accounted for 29% of the deaths in 2010 (Department of Information Technology of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System [Datasus]). Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the second most frequent cause of death (7%, Datasus 2010). In the Brazilian public health system, the in-hospital mortality due to AMI remains persistently elevated: on average, 16.2% in 2000, 16.1% in 2005, and 15.3% in 2010 for all admissions in the entire country (Datasus). The elevated mortality in the Brazilian public health system has been attributed to difficulties experienced by patients with AMI to have access to intensive care, reperfusion methods and the therapeutic measures established for AMI<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recognizing that the proper treatment of AMI requires the interaction of several sectors [community, prompt care units (PCUs), emergency transportation service, and hospital with a catheterization laboratory and intensive care unit] has induced the creation of AMI management systems to optimize patient's care, from early diagnosis to timely treatment<sup>6-9</sup>. Most experiences reported have been developed in North-American and European countries, while descriptions of experiences in developing countries, such as Brazil, are rare.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at implanting the AMI Management System in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, capital of the state of Minas Gerais, and at assessing its impact on in-hospital mortality due to AMI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a retrospective observational study carried out in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, whose population in 2009 was 2,452,617 inhabitants<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The municipality of Belo Horizonte is organized in regionals, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>. The Mobile Emergency Care Service (Samu) provides pre-hospital care for urgency and emergency cases and operates with 18 Basic Support Units (BSU) and 6 Advanced Support Units (ASU). The Medical Regulatory Centre is the coordinating and instructing element of the system, which organizes the relationship between the various services and qualifies its flow.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Each regional has a referral center for pre-hospital care, the PCU. In addition, there are urgent entry points to the hospital and tertiary hospitals specialized in cardiology (THC) spread throughout the municipality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold> Creation of the AMI management system in the municipality of Belo Horizonte</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aiming at increasing the access of patients of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System (SUS) to the treatment recommended in existing guidelines<sup>11-13</sup>, the Municipal Health Secretariat of Belo Horizonte (SMSA) established a flowchart for patients with ACS in need for emergency services in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, with the support of Samu and participation of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG (HC/UFMG), comprising the Telehealth Centre, the Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Service, and the Hemodynamic Sector of that hospital. The HC/UFMG, a hospital with catheterization laboratory, opened a Coronary Unit (COU) in March 2010. In October 2011, the Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia began to integrate that flowchart, by making available its catheterization laboratory and COU beds. The objective of the COU is to ensure the timely acceptance, through transference, of patients with ACS admitted to emergency care units of the SUS-BH network and to provide, in addition to the treatment recommended by the guidelines for ACS and monitoring in an intensive care setting, access to primary and rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), when indicated. Patients with ACS can also be transferred to the THC of the SUS-BH network, which differs from the COU by not providing access to primary and rescue PCI (or urgency PCI).</p>
      <p>Implantation of the tele-electrocardiology system</p>
      <p>In the management of patients with ACS and ST-segment elevation, performing pre-hospital electrocardiography (ECG) in addition to the early activation of the catheterization laboratory represents an important strategy to reduce the door-to-balloon time, with a significant reduction in mortality<sup>14-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The implantation of the tele-electrocardiology system was an important component of the AMI management system. The tele-electrocardiology system was implanted by the Minas Gerais Telecare Service (Rede de Teleassist&#234;ncia de Minas Gerais - RTMG) with the support of the SMSA. The RTMG is a telecare service formed by a partnership between six universities of the state of Minas Gerais, and coordinated by the Telehealth Centre of the HC/UFMG<sup>20</sup>. That service began in 2005 and has performed more than 1,000,000 digital ECGs<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Digital electrocardiographs were installed in seven PCUs, connected to computers. The analysis software was installed in the COUs. After performing the ECG, the exam can be transmitted to either COUs, if the case is an ACS with ST-segment elevation, or to the cardiology service of the RTMG, if an ECG report is required.</p>
      <p>To ensure proper transmission, the quality of the signal emitted was tested in each PCU. The ECG transmission is immediate, via internet, and is identified at the COUs by the emission of a sound signal.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Training and motivating the teams</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following training and motivation strategies were developed for the PCU teams:</p>
      <p>&#149; visits to the PCUs to provide information about the operational flow and potential benefits of the implantation of the AMI management system;</p>
      <p>&#149; multidisciplinary training of the PCU teams regarding the approach of a patient with chest pain, ACS, and the use of the digital electrocardiograph (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5145fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>);</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5145fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>&#149; disclosure of the Clinical Protocol on ACS of the State Health Secretariat of Minas Gerais<sup>22</sup>;</p>
      <p>&#149; continued supervision by use of weekly telephone monitoring, in which the existence of problems in the digital ECG transmission or the need for new trainings are assessed. Technical problems are solved by the information technology team within 24 hours. Problems of infrastructure and internet are referred to the SMSA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Operational flow</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Considering the patient's clinical context and the health care system, an operational flow for the AMI management system implantation was created (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5145fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5145fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When ACS with ST-segment elevation is suspected, the physician of the PCU initiates the first measures for ACS treatment<sup>11,12</sup> and performs digital ECG, which is sent to the COU. On the occasion, that PCU physician contacts the COU physician by use of a mobile phone. The latter assesses the ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref>), and, if the diagnosis of ACS with ST-segment elevation is confirmed, the patient can follow either the rapid care path or the SMSA Admission Centre care path. At other emergency units with no digital ECG, the physician should call the COU to discuss the case.</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When chest pain has initiated more than 3 hours and less than 12 hours before, or more than 12 hours before but is recurrent or refractory, or in the presence of cardiogenic shock, the patient should follow the rapid path, being referred by the Samu directly to the catheterization laboratory for primary angioplasty, reducing the delay for reperfusion. When chest pain has initiated less than 3 hours before, the PCU physician is instructed to administer the thrombolytic agent, except when contraindicated, and then to transfer the patient as soon as possible to the COU or THC. That transfer is regulated by the Admission Centre. However, when neither clinical (pain relief and hemodynamic stability) nor electrocardiographic (50% reduction in the ST-segment elevation in the lead with the greatest elevation, 90 minutes after initiating the thrombolytic agent)<sup>23</sup> reperfusion criteria are met after the thrombolytic infusion, the COU should be contacted again and the patient transferred via the rapid path for rescue angioplasty.</p>
      <p>In the presence of ACS without ST-segment elevation, the patient is registered at the Admission Centre, which refers the patient to the COU or THC. Transference to the COU is preferential for patients at high or intermediate risk of adverse cardiovascular events, identified by the presence of high levels of myocardial necrosis markers or depression of the ST segment compatible with myocardial ischemia, or by the TIMI or GRACE risk scores<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Aiming at the continued care of patients with ACS, ward beds and outpatient clinics for post-AMI care are provided to those patients for six-month follow-up, during which cardiovascular risk stratification is continued and secondary prevention of new events is performed. In addition, there is the opportunity of follow-up at a cardiovascular rehabilitation center or a smoke cessation outpatient clinic in certain cases<sup>24</sup>. After six months, the patient is referred for primary care or to a cardiologist of the SUS-BH health care network.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The outcomes assessed were the number of admissions due to AMI and in-hospital mortality due to AMI assessed from 2009 (baseline) to 2011. Data from the Hospital Information System (HIS) on the procedure Treatment of AMI, code SIH/DATASUS 03.03.06.019-0, were used. That procedure was considered the one that best represented the cases related to coronary events and that encompassed the most severe cases. The percentage of hospitalizations due to AMI involving intensive care unit (ICU) stay and the percentage of authorizations of hospital admission (AHAs) to THC have also been obtained from the HIS. The populations of the regionals for the years studied have also been obtained from Datasus.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The epidemiological data generated by the HIS/Datasus were introduced in a data bank and analyzed by using the statistical package SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corporation, 2011). Qualitative variables were described by use of frequency distribution, and quantitative variables, by use of mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range. The proportions, means and medians of independent and dependent variables in the period assessed (2009 to 2011) and between the groups (AHAs with and without ICU cost per day) were compared by use of appropriate statistical tests, including the chi-square, the Student <italic>t</italic>, and the Kruskal-Wallis tests. A p value <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The tele-electrocardiology system was implanted in the first PCU in January 2011. From January to December 2011, 294 professionals were trained and 1,496 ECGs were transmitted as follows: 563 (37.6%) to COUs and 933 (62.4%) for report. A great variation in the number of ECGs per PCU was observed, and the Centro-sul (66.0%), Leste (12.0%) and Venda Nova (9.8%) PCUs performed more exams.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5145tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the indicators selected from 2009 to 2011. Analyzing the temporal trend, the demographic characteristics were similar, with mean age around 60 years, and male sex predominance. The number of hospital admissions remained relatively stable over the period analyzed, ranging from 1,113 to 1,358. The mean hospital length of stay did not differ statistically over the years. However, the number of in-hospital deaths decreased, resulting in a significant reduction in the in-hospital mortality rate: from 12.3% in 2009 to 7.1% in 2011, reaching statistical significance (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5145tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0307-30054-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In addition, the mean admission cost almost doubled during a time in which no significant readjustment in the prices of the SUS procedures occurred, which is an indirect indicator of greater access to the THC. There was an increase in the percentage of admissions including ICU stay (from 32.4% in 2009 to 66.1% in 2011, p &lt; 0.001) and in the proportion of patients admitted to the THC of Belo Horizonte (from 47.0% to 69.6%, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>Comparing the group of patients whose hospitalizations contemplated ICU stay with that whose hospitalizations did not contemplate ICU stay, higher mortality was observed in the former in 2009 (19.7% <italic>versus</italic> 8.8%, p &lt; 0.001) and in 2010 (12.6% <italic>versus</italic> 7.6%, p &lt; 0.001), but not in 2011 (7.8% <italic>versus</italic> 5.7%, p = 0.08). Analyzing separately those patients who stayed at the ICU, a statistically significant reduction in the mean hospital length of stay was observed, from 14.4&#194;&#177;14.4 days in 2009 to 12.7&#194;&#177;10.1 days in 2011 (p = 0.022), as well as an even more expressive reduction in mortality over the years than that of the entire sample, from 19.7% in 2009 to 12.6% in 2010 and 7.8% in 2011 (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The creation of the AMI management system has led to the reorganization of the care provided to patients suspected of having ACS in the municipality of Belo Horizonte. That system included training and motivating the PCU teams, in addition to a higher integration between the services, enabling access to catheterization laboratories and beds in the ICU and THC. Data from the HIS showed a reduction in the in-hospital mortality rate due to AMI based on the implantation of that management system with rates lower than those observed in the major Brazilian capitals.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown that the high in-hospital mortality due to AMI in the Brazilian public health care system is associated with difficulties to access and low use of the treatment recommended for AMI, such as reperfusion therapy, drugs and ICU facilities<sup>5</sup>. Thus, Evangelista et al<sup>25</sup>, studying SUS patients diagnosed with AMI in the municipality of Belo Horizonte in 2002 and 2003, have reported that only 33% of them had been admitted to the ICU during their hospitalization. In addition, having been admitted to a public hospital (as opposed to hospitals of the private health care system) was an independent factor of poor prognosis. A study carried out in Feira de Santana, state of Bahia, has reported a 19.5% mortality in patients with AMI admitted to a public hospital of that municipality, four times greater than that found in patients admitted to three private hospitals in that same municipality (4.8%, p = 0.001)<sup>26</sup>. Among the patients admitted to the public hospital, poor and illiterate ones predominated, took longer to arrive at the hospital and to be medicated, progressing to greater disease severity, manifested as the high frequency of patients with Killip class II or over. Only 8% of the patients of the public hospital were admitted to the ICU, and 21% underwent reperfusion therapy; 94% of the patients of the private health care system were admitted to the ICU, thrombolytic agents being used in 79% of them. Beta-blockers, independent predictors of prognosis in this sample, have also been more frequently used in private hospitals<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Data regarding hospitalizations due to AMI in the municipality of Belo Horizonte in the period studied showed a tendency towards greater access of the population to high-complexity treatment after the implantation of the AMI management system. That tendency can be inferred based on indirect data, such as the increase in the mean cost of hospitalization, which is primarily due to the greater access to tertiary hospitals, and, thus, to ICU beds. The greater access to high-complexity treatment is demonstrated by direct data, with a statistically significant increase in the AHAs to that type of hospitals and in the percentage of ICU cost per day. By ensuring a greater access to those resources, the possibility of performing complementary tests of fundamental importance in the management of the acute phase of ACS, such as echocardiography, treadmill test and nuclear medicine tests, is increased. In addition, the access to cardiac catheterization and PCI, which have impact on in-hospital and late adverse events, is increased<sup>27-32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, the implantation of clinical protocols on the management of AMI, based on scientific evidence, is related to an improvement in the indicators of morbidity and mortality<sup>33,34</sup>. The Clinical Protocol on ACS of the State Health Secretariat of Minas Gerais<sup>22</sup> was developed with the participation of professionals of the HC/UFMG, also involved with the implantation of the AMI management system in the municipality of Belo Horizonte and the training of the urgency and emergency teams. Knowing the local conditions for the application of the international guidelines is essential. Thus, when elaborating the flowchart, we chose to administer the thrombolytic agent at the PCU to patients with chest pain for less than 3 hours, because the shorter the ischemia duration, the more effective the thrombolytic therapy; primary PCI would benefit those patients only if their referral occurred within the first 60 minutes<sup>35,36</sup>, which cannot be accomplished within the transference system of the municipality of Belo Horizonte. The target delay time of that system is of up to 120 minutes, and the maximum target door-to-balloon time at the hospital with catheterization laboratory is 90 minutes<sup>11,35,36</sup>. It is worth emphasizing the option of direct case discussion, involving physicians at PCUs and general hospitals and specialists at COUs, providing greater safety to the assistant physician and improving referrals.</p>
      <p>The implantation of the tele-electrocardiology system is an important component of the AMI management system in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, because it more quickly directs the transference of patients diagnosed with ACS with ST-segment elevation to the COU. A reduction in the door-to-balloon time and mortality has been evidenced with the use of pre-hospital ECG as a component of the AMI management system<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>The results of the present study suggest that the AMI management system implantation had a positive impact on the overall in-hospital mortality rates due to AMI after 2009. However, there are limitations regarding that analysis. This was an observational study, using secondary data derived from the AHAs issued in the period studied and dependent on data accuracy, from the primary care network to the in-hospital information flow. In addition, only one of the clinical SUS procedures was selected; there were at least two more clinical procedures, in addition to the codes related to the interventions (percutaneous and surgical), which were not selected because of the information bias that could be generated. For example, we can cite patients with ACS who ended up undergoing coronary angioplasty: in that case, with the change in the procedure, the patient passes to be in the system only among the cases of angioplasty and no longer among those with AMI. Angioplasty, however, could not be used in this analysis because it also encompasses outpatient elective procedures.</p>
      <p>Another limitation is the fact that this study assessed only in-hospital mortality. Some patients with AMI die before hospital admission. Assessing out-of-hospital mortality is extremely important, because it also reflects access to treatment. Difficulties of access tend to increase the time to admission, decreasing the in-hospital lethality expected and increasing the out-of-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>However, despite those limitations, the missed data might relate to the subgroup of patients who benefited most from the network and access to high-complexity interventions, suggesting that the benefit might be even greater than that recorded. The mortality rates by the end of the AMI management system implantation are lower than the mean reported in a study on the Brazilian reality<sup>26</sup> and those obtained directly from the HIS/Datasus.</p>
      <p>Experiences on the organization of AMI care in other Brazilian cities have been reported<sup>38,39</sup>. All of them have been based, at least partially, on the observation that the organization of AMI management systems in other countries can significantly reduce mortality and morbidity due to AMI<sup>40</sup>. The importance of organizing the AMI care has been recognized by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, with the enactment, in December 2011, of an ordinance that regulates the implantation of AMI management systems in Brazil, aiming at reducing the mortality due to AMI in the entire country. Reporting the experience in the municipality of Belo Horizonte is important to support the debate on such actions that can effectively reduce the burden of AMI in Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Addres:</p>
          <p> Antonio Luiz Ribeiro</p>
          <p> Rua Campanha, 98/101, Carmo</p>
          <p> Postal Code: 30310-770, Belo Horizonte, MG &#226;&#128;&#147; Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="antonior@cardiol.br">antonior@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="antonior@uai.com.br">antonior@uai.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received September 20, 2012, revised manuscript November 19, 2012, accepted November 19, 2012.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
