<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="editorial">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pvcTJvhxSjnt8nHvQvGcBLB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000300020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000300020</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130074</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prud&#234;ncia na conduta em valvopatia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e38</fpage>
      <lpage>e40</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Prud&#234;ncia na conduta em valvopatia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Max Grinberg </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, SP, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> &#201;tica M&#233;dica, Doen&#231;a das Valvas Card&#237;acas / hist&#243;ria, Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, o artigo 29 do C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica, brasileiro, de 1988, ganhou a primazia de artigo 1&#176;, na vers&#227;o 2010<sup>1</sup>, por ser, historicamente, o mais infringido. A imprud&#234;ncia &#233; atitude nele tipificada, ao lado da neglig&#234;ncia. O destaque traz &#224; mente a integra&#231;&#227;o entre valores humanos e escolhas, saber e sabedoria, motiva&#231;&#227;o e <italic>expertise</italic>, di&#225;logo e documenta&#231;&#227;o, estado da arte sobre a doen&#231;a e peculiaridades do doente como ess&#234;ncia da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica virtuosa. </p>
    <p>Considerando que atuar com &#233;tica inclui deliberar com prud&#234;ncia - uma das virtudes essenciais da hist&#243;ria da Humanidade -, a busca das raz&#245;es terap&#234;uticas para o bem melhor do paciente em quest&#227;o vale-se de um processo de argumenta&#231;&#227;o sobre probabilidades e incertezas acerca do sucesso; a experi&#234;ncia modula a medida das amplitudes e das sutilezas empregadas em cada aprecia&#231;&#227;o sobre benef&#237;cio conceitualmente aplic&#225;vel para satisfazer a necessidade cl&#237;nica <italic>versus</italic> grandeza dos riscos de adversidade. </p>
    <p>Se o processo mecanicista de obten&#231;&#227;o das melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas utiliza-se do reducionismo na concep&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa no volunt&#225;rio de pesquisa (exclus&#245;es em fun&#231;&#227;o do objetivo)<sup>2</sup>, a excel&#234;ncia assistencial requer, tamb&#233;m, pensar em elimina&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;todos terap&#234;uticos em fun&#231;&#227;o das melhores evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas obtidas desde o paciente. Em decorr&#234;ncia, cumpre-se um dos requisitos - a informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica - para a aplica&#231;&#227;o da chamada Medicina Personalizada, que invoca o tratamento mais individualizado poss&#237;vel (os demais s&#227;o dados gen&#233;ticos, gen&#244;micos e ambientais)<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Deste modo, a beira do leito que lida no limite m&#225;ximo poss&#237;vel da prud&#234;ncia, haja vista n&#227;o existir iatrogenia zero, afian&#231;a que <italic>o que &#233; "prudentemente" escolhido &#233; para fazer e o que &#233; "prudentemente" afastado n&#227;o &#233; para fazer </italic>estar&#225; em conformidade com a &#233;tica. Em outras palavras, o leque que foi aberto pelas op&#231;&#245;es tecnocient&#237;ficas ser&#225; fechado na realidade cl&#237;nica do caso em condutas indicadas ("prudentes"), n&#227;o indicadas ("fronteiri&#231;as") e contraindicadas ("imprudentes"). Um m&#233;todo pode ser classificado nas tr&#234;s categorias em momentos distintos da hist&#243;ria natural de um mesmo paciente.</p>
    <p>Dentro desta &#243;ptica, a pondera&#231;&#227;o sobre a prud&#234;ncia antecede a preocupa&#231;&#227;o com o zelo (ant&#244;nimo de neglig&#234;ncia), ali&#225;s, a ordem observada no acima referido primeiro enunciado do Conselho Federal de Medicina sobre o que &#233; vedado ao m&#233;dico brasileiro. A subordina&#231;&#227;o das habilidades a uma atmosfera de prud&#234;ncia acresce valor social &#224; Medicina. Comportamentos de viola&#231;&#227;o da prud&#234;ncia s&#227;o impens&#225;veis em face da expans&#227;o das adversidades ao paciente que envolve a multiplica&#231;&#227;o de causas de doen&#231;as, m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e modalidades de tratamento<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>De fato, a complexidade tanto dos aspectos biocient&#237;ficos, quanto daqueles socioecon&#244;micos associados a ato m&#233;dico, provoca permanente desafio, caso a caso, &#224; abrang&#234;ncia de aplica&#231;&#227;o dos meios terap&#234;uticos, suposta nos textos de comunica&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica. Assim, o exerc&#237;cio de prud&#234;ncia, ao anteceder a execu&#231;&#227;o de certo procedimento (farmacoprescri&#231;&#227;o, cirurgia), faz valer o senso cr&#237;tico do m&#233;dico sobre a melhor perspectiva de bem para o futuro do seu paciente. Muito embora n&#227;o se possa assegurar o resultado de nenhuma estrat&#233;gia de condu&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, a chance da esperada reprodu&#231;&#227;o do mesmo cresce pelos ajustes ao reconhecimento das limita&#231;&#245;es - qualitativas ou quantitativas - proporcionadas pelas peculiaridades cl&#237;nicas do paciente, especialmente impactos de comorbidades. Como ilustra&#231;&#227;o do compromisso da prud&#234;ncia com n&#227;o adversidades para o futuro cl&#237;nico, f&#225;rmacos podem se tornar desaconselhados ou precisar de modifica&#231;&#245;es na dose rotineira pela prud&#234;ncia da investiga&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;tica e renal. </p>
    <p>Uma vez de posse do ben&#233;fico/n&#227;o mal&#233;fico destacado ao caso, o pensamento volta-se para a dimens&#227;o do presente, ou seja, a execu&#231;&#227;o, o que expressa zelo (n&#227;o neglig&#234;ncia). Esquemas como os algoritmos que organizam caminhos de acordo com circunst&#226;ncias pr&#233;-estabelecidas d&#227;o a ideia da sequencia prud&#234;ncia-zelo. Exemplo &#233; o chamado "watchful waiting", que &#233; uma atitude de prud&#234;ncia em face de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de circunst&#226;ncias que tranquiliza - na medida do poss&#237;vel - sobre o progn&#243;stico, mas que, quando transformado em indica&#231;&#227;o de procedimento, emerge o zelo com a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o em prazo conveniente.</p>
    <p>Percebe-se que o uso cotidiano de rotinas predisp&#245;e a que haja um <italic>by-pass</italic> mental pela prud&#234;ncia, entendida como j&#225; constante da recomenda&#231;&#227;o e faz predominar a vis&#227;o de n&#227;o negligenciar o que deve ser feito. Neste particular, o entendimento que uma adversidade "faz parte" precisa ser bem cuidado na diferen&#231;a entre o que &#233; elimin&#225;vel (prescrever alternativa ao enalapril, caso venha a ocorrer tosse) e o que &#233; inevit&#225;vel, embora control&#225;vel (eleva&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica pelo uso de alta dose de diur&#233;tico em situa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave). &#201; a boa qualifica&#231;&#227;o do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico <italic>pari passu</italic> com os entendimentos da anamnese e exames f&#237;sico e complementar que d&#225; excel&#234;ncia ao real, cont&#237;nuo e humano exerc&#237;cio da prud&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Considerando a resolu&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica em valvopatia, a mentaliza&#231;&#227;o exercida pelo cardiologista que lhe assegure que a conduta consentida incluiu a prud&#234;ncia - ped&#225;gio final do roteiro RESOLVA<sup>6 </sup>-, &#233; aval de progress&#227;o para o <italic>status</italic> de conduta leg&#237;tima, aquela que expressa rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente harm&#244;nica com a &#233;tica. </p>
    <p>A prud&#234;ncia aplicada ao portador de uma doen&#231;a indel&#233;vel, como a valvopatia, &#233; a arguta conselheira sobre a fidelidade ao futuro, que coloca em primeiro plano de aten&#231;&#227;o a precau&#231;&#227;o sobre o que poder&#225; acontecer pela aplica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, a partir do conhecimento de causas e efeitos. Ela &#233; fator de solidez na constru&#231;&#227;o do bin&#244;mio-alicerce <italic>risco inevit&#225;vel-benef&#237;cio desej&#225;vel</italic> para a delibera&#231;&#227;o em valvopatia.</p>
    <p>A fase primeira da hist&#243;ria natural do modelo reum&#225;tico das valvopatias &#233; peculiar em Cardiologia, pois ela &#233; marcada pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional I/II, apesar da evolu&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica das les&#245;es valvares. Nela, a ina&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica do cardiologista, porque simplesmente endossa o proveito cl&#237;nico proporcionado pela remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, &#233; atitude de prud&#234;ncia, entendendo que h&#225; desnecessidade de complementar com farmacoterapia o competente "tratamento da natureza" que acontece. De tal sorte, &#233; creditado &#224; prud&#234;ncia privilegiar a car&#234;ncia da manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ao estado morfol&#243;gico avan&#231;ado da les&#227;o valvar observada por v&#225;rios anos. Aguardar um momento prescritivo dos recursos dispon&#237;veis da Medicina com mais equil&#237;brio entre o bem conceb&#237;vel da corre&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e a seguran&#231;a dos m&#233;todos a serem utilizados no portador da valvopatia &#233; conjugar prud&#234;ncia e realidades do progn&#243;stico sobre qualidade e dura&#231;&#227;o da vida. Nesta linha de pensamento, a hierarquia de procedimento de prud&#234;ncia, com seu justo encaixe &#224; conta do futuro do portador a/oligossintom&#225;tico de valvopatia, concentra-se na supress&#227;o de agravos etiopatog&#234;nicos, por meio de antibioticoprofilaxia para nova atividade reum&#225;tica (quando couber) e para endocardite infecciosa. </p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria contempor&#226;nea do conhecimento em valvopatia foi forjada com um poderoso sentido de prud&#234;ncia. Exemplo emblem&#225;tico &#233; a cria&#231;&#227;o dos 10 mandamentos para a pr&#243;tese valvar ideal, uma cole&#231;&#227;o de inquietudes (ainda n&#227;o resolvidas completamente) do pioneiro cirurgi&#227;o Dwight Emary Harken (1910-1993) e cols<sup>7</sup>. Deve ser creditada &#224; elabora&#231;&#227;o motivada na prud&#234;ncia, a sua convers&#227;o num cl&#225;ssico da literatura em Cardiologia, ou seja, ter se tornado aut&#234;ntico representante do v&#237;nculo de experi&#234;ncias e ideias entre gera&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;dicos, no mais claro sentido hipocr&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>Tipos de conduta suportados por uma varredura cr&#237;tica na literatura cient&#237;fica acerca de valvopatia, e etiquetados segundo as modalidades de doen&#231;as valvares quanto &#224; dimens&#227;o de efeito e probabilidade de certeza do mesmo, t&#234;m sido reunidos em diretrizes. Como n&#227;o poderia deixar de acontecer, estas sistematiza&#231;&#245;es, que devem ser periodicamente revistas, incluem o senso de prud&#234;ncia para o coletivo dos pacientes, quer pela exclus&#227;o de dados e opini&#245;es publicados em diversos peri&#243;dicos, julgados inapropriados para, sequer, serem considerados, quer pelo entendimento da necessidade de apresentar explicitamente como impropriedade de escolha. Todavia, n&#227;o basta num universo infinito de combina&#231;&#245;es nosol&#243;gicas. </p>
    <p>&#201; n&#237;tida a hierarquia da prud&#234;ncia na formula&#231;&#227;o das 7 quest&#245;es essenciais da avalia&#231;&#227;o do portador de valvopatia visando &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o destacadas na diretriz 2012 da <italic>European Society of Cardiology and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery</italic><sup>8</sup>, a saber: a) a valvopatia &#233; em grau importante?; b) o paciente &#233; sintom&#225;tico?; c) os sintomas est&#227;o ligados &#224; valvopatia?; d) qual &#233; a expectativa de vida do paciente e da sua qualidade de vida?; e) os benef&#237;cios esperados pela interven&#231;&#227;o (<italic>versus</italic> evolu&#231;&#227;o natural) suplantam os riscos?; f) quais s&#227;o as prefer&#234;ncias do paciente?; g) h&#225; recursos locais suficientes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do planejado?. Sobre este &#250;ltimo item e porque a prud&#234;ncia inclui considerar o incerto da destreza do recurso humano, avalia&#231;&#227;o de mais de 50.000 opera&#231;&#245;es sobre a valva mitral concluiu que o volume de casos de um cirurgi&#227;o &#233; fator independente dos resultados dos hospitais e sugeriu que a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos processos que determinam melhores resultados aos cirurgi&#245;es mais operadores &#233; fator de prud&#234;ncia<sup>9</sup>. Por outro lado, a rela&#231;&#227;o pl&#225;stica da valva mitral/implante de pr&#243;tese mitral aumenta &#224; medida que cresce o volume de opera&#231;&#245;es sobre esta valva num determinado hospital<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O car&#225;ter intr&#237;nseco da prud&#234;ncia na n&#227;o recomenda&#231;&#227;o revela-se na dimens&#227;o de efeito III (inutilidade, inefic&#225;cia e at&#233; prejudicial) das diretrizes organizadas por Sociedades de Cardiologia; ele expressa a reprova&#231;&#227;o na associa&#231;&#227;o prud&#234;ncia e moral, embora n&#227;o isenta de d&#250;vidas, por se associar &#224; probabilidade de certeza C. A prud&#234;ncia da n&#227;o recomenda&#231;&#227;o envolve um sentido deontol&#243;gico, ou seja, ignorar aconselhamento "oficial" a n&#227;o aplica&#231;&#227;o exp&#245;e a ind&#237;cios de infra&#231;&#227;o ao nosso c&#243;digo de &#233;tica, em princ&#237;pio, desaten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s evid&#234;ncias de m&#225; rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio ao atendimento das necessidades do portador de valvopatia. Ademais, aprecia&#231;&#245;es jur&#237;dicas de desobedi&#234;ncia a diretrizes t&#234;m contraponto em documentada conformidade ao melhor interesse &#224;s especificidades cl&#237;nicas do paciente.</p>
    <p>&#192; medida que o cardiologista envolve-se com as dimens&#245;es de efeito I, IIa e IIb, o bin&#244;mio ser prudente-ser moral atua pelo compromisso com uma vis&#227;o integrada das morbidades do portador de valvopatia. Enquanto a aplica&#231;&#227;o das classes I e IIa parte de uma conota&#231;&#227;o de recomenda&#231;&#227;o prudente desde que n&#227;o haja um &#243;bice individual, a classe IIb apresenta maior grau de conflito entre evid&#234;ncias, e como a inutilidade e a inefic&#225;cia n&#227;o podem ser descartadas, implica em menor atestado "oficial" de prud&#234;ncia no uso.</p>
    <p>Sendo a prud&#234;ncia mat&#233;ria-prima do intelecto do cardiologista, enxergar o paciente al&#233;m da valvopatia, no trajeto Conduta Recomend&#225;vel - Conduta Leg&#237;tima<sup>5</sup>, traz o sentido da responsabilidade profissional com a hierarquia do componente ontol&#243;gico da &#233;tica, aquele que emerge do ser m&#233;dico e est&#225; impl&#237;cito no juramento hipocr&#225;tico. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a resolu&#231;&#227;o perante valvopatias &#233; exerc&#237;cio cauteloso pr&#243;-progn&#243;stico e contra-adversidade terap&#234;utica no contexto do estado da arte, que exige intimidade com as melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas e olhar individualizado, evitando, assim, reduzir o portador de valvopatia &#224; impessoalidade de apenas um diagn&#243;stico/tratamento constante num &#237;ndice remissivo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Grinberg M.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Max Grinberg </p>
        <p> Rua Manoel Antonio Pinto, 04 ap. 21A, Parais&#243;polis </p>
        <p> CEP 05663-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="max@cardiol.br">max@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="grinberg@incor.usp.br">grinberg@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 31/08/12, revisado em 09/11/12, aceito em 09/11/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1.	C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica. C&#243;digo de Processo &#201;tico Profissional. Conselhos de Medicina. Direitos dos Pacientes. S&#227;o Paulo: Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo(CREMESP); 2009.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="other">
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. De Simone J. Reductionist inference-based medicine, i.e. EBM. J Eval Clin Pract. 2006;12(4):445-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reductionist inference-based medicine, i.e. EBM</article-title>
          <source>J Eval Clin Pract</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>445</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Simone</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Gundert-Remy U, Dimovski A, Gajovic S. Personalized medicine - where do we stand? Pouring some water into wine: a realistic perspective. Croat Med J. 2012;53(4):314-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Personalized medicine - where do we stand: Pouring some water into wine: a realistic perspective</article-title>
          <source>Croat Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>314</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gundert-Remy</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimovski</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gajovic</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Hamburg MA, Collins FS. The path to personalized medicine. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(4):301-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The path to personalized medicine</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>363</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hamburg</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Jones DS, Podolsky SH, Greene JA. The burden of disease and the changing task of medicine. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(25):2333-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The burden of disease and the changing task of medicine</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2333</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Podolsky</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greene</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Grinberg M, Tarasoutchi F, Sampaio RO. Roteiro para resolu&#231;&#227;o em valvopatia (RESOLVA). Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(4):e86-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Roteiro para resolu&#231;&#227;o em valvopatia (RESOLVA)</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e86</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Harken DE, Taylor WJ, Lefemine AA, Lunzer S, Low HB, Cohen ML, et al. Aortic valve replacement with a caged ball valve. Am J Cardiol. 1962;9:292-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Aortic valve replacement with a caged ball valve</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1962</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>292</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harken</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lefemine</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lunzer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Low</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Bar&#243;n-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, et al; Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Heart J. 2012;33(19):2451-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2451</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vahanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alfieri</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bar&#243;n-Esquivias</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Kilic A, Shah AS, Conte JV, Baumgartner WA, Yuh DD. Operative outcomes in mitral valve surgery: combined effect of surgeon and hospital volume in a population-based analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Operative outcomes in mitral valve surgery: combined effect of surgeon and hospital volume in a population-based analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
            <day>20</day>
            <month>08</month>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kilic</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conte</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuh</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Vassileva CM, Boley T, Markwell S, Hazelrigg S. Impact of hospital annual mitral procedural volume on mitral valve repair rates and mortality. J Heart Valve Dis. 2012;21(1):41-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of hospital annual mitral procedural volume on mitral valve repair rates and mortality</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Valve Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>41</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vassileva</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boley</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markwell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hazelrigg</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prudence in approaching valvular heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>VIEWPOINT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Prudence in approaching valvular heart disease</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Max Grinberg </bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HCFMUSP, SP, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Ethics, Medical; Heart Valve Diseases / history; Heart Valve Prosthesis.</p>
      <p>Recently, the article 29 of the 1988 Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics gained the primacy over the first article in the 2010 issue<sup>1</sup> for being, historically, the most infringed. Imprudence and negligence are the attitudes typified by it. The highlight brings to our minds the integration between choices and human values, knowledge and wisdom, motivation and expertise, dialogue and documentation, state of art over illness and the patient's particularities as an essence of the virtuous clinical practice. </p>
      <p>Considering that acting ethically includes deliberating with prudence - one of the essential virtues in the history of the human race -, the search of therapeutic reasons for the wellbeing of the patient in question employs an argumentation process over success probabilities and uncertainties; experience modulates amplitudes and subtleties employed in each appreciation of the benefit conceptually applicable to satisfy the clinical need versus adversity risk magnitude. </p>
      <p>If the mechanicist process for obtaining the best scientific evidence uses the reductionism as a concept in research with voluntary subjects (exclusions in function of the objective)<sup>2</sup>, excellence in care requires also thinking about the elimination of therapeutic methods in view of better clinical evidences obtained from the patient. Consequently, one of the requirements - medical information - is fulfilled for the utilization of the so-called Personalized Medicine, which invokes the most individualized treatment possible (the other requirements include genetic, genomic and environmental data)<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, being at the bedside is dealing with the maximum possible limit of prudence (since there is no such thing as zero iatrogenesis), assuring that what is "prudently" selected is to be done and what is "prudently" put aside is not to be done, according to ethics. In other words, the wide range opened by technoscientific options will be summoned in real life by classifying approaches as indicated ("prudent"), not indicated ("borderline") and contraindicated ("imprudent"). A method can be included in the three categories above in distinct moments of the natural history of the same patient.</p>
      <p>According to this point of view, thinking about prudence precedes the worries about zeal (as opposed to negligence); by the way, it is the order followed on the first article of the Brazilian Federal council of Medicine, which enunciates what is denied to the Brazilian physicians. Subordination of skills to prudence increases the social value of Medicine. Prudence violating behaviors are unthinkable in face of the expansion of adversities to patients, which involves the multiplication of illness causes, diagnostic methods and treatment modalities<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Indeed, complexity of both the bioscientific and the socioeconomic aspects associated to the medical act leads to permanent challenge to the comprehensiveness, on a case basis, of therapeutic means application which is hypothesized in scientific communications. Thus, exercising prudence on anticipating the execution of a certain procedure (drug prescription, surgery) enforces the physician's critical sense on the best perspective for his patient's future. Even though it is not possible to ensure the results of therapeutic approach strategies, the odds of achieving the expected good results increase by adjusting the acknowledgement of quantitative and qualitative limits to patient's clinical particularities, specially the comorbidity impact. As an illustration of the commitment of prudence with the avoidance of clinical adversities in the future, it may be necessary to change prescriptions by contraindicating drugs or modifying their dosage after prudent evaluation of hepatic and renal functions. </p>
      <p>Once the benefit/non harm rate related to the case is known, our thoughts turn to the present dimension, that is, the execution, which implies zeal and not negligence. Diagrams, such as the algorithms that organize pathways according to pre-established circumstances, give us an idea of the prudence-zeal sequence. One example of this is the so-called "watchful waiting", a prudent attitude in face of a combination of circumstances that is reassuring (as much as possible) about the prognosis, but that, when transformed in a procedure indication, makes zeal appear as it is performed in a convenient time limit.</p>
      <p>We can imply that the daily use of routines bypasses prudence, since prudence is already included in the recommendation and makes the principle of not overlooking what must be done predominate. The understanding of "expected" adverse outcomes must be taken care of, taking into account the difference between the ones that can be eliminated (for example, prescribing an alternative to enalapril if the patient develops cough) and the ones that cannot be avoided but are controllable (increased serum creatinine levels due to high diuretic dose use in severe heart failure). Good medical reasoning <italic>pari passu </italic>with anamnesis, physical examination and complementary testing is what gives excellence to prudence, a real, continuous and human exercise. </p>
      <p>Considering the therapeutic resolution on valvular heart disease, reasoning by the cardiologist ensures that the approach includes prudence - the final step of the RESOLVA routine<sup>6 </sup>- and allows it to progress to the legitimate approach status, a doctor-patient relationship in agreement to medical ethics. </p>
      <p>Prudence, applied to someone who carries an indelible disease, such as valvular heart disease, is a wise counselor on fidelity to the future, putting in the first place, as a precaution, the possible outcomes after therapeutic application based on knowledge of the causes and effects. It is a mainstay of the construction of the inevitable risk-desirable benefit binomial in decision making in valvular heart disease.</p>
      <p>The first stage of the natural history of the rheumatic model in valvular heart disease is peculiar within cardiology, due to the remarkable maintenance of I/II functional class despite morphologic evolution of valvular damage. At this stage, watchful waiting, simply profiting from the cardiac remodeling clinical effect, is a prudent attitude to be taken by the cardiologist who understands that it is not necessary to add drug therapy to the very competent "natural treatment" that is happening. So, prudence receives credit for privileging the absence of clinical manifestations over the advanced morphologic damage observed to valvular disease during a number of years. Waiting to perform hemodynamic correction of the lesions until the available methods are considered safe is to conjugate prudence to the reality of the prognosis on the duration and quality of life. According to this line of thinking, the prudent procedure hierarchy for the oligosymptomatic patient with valvulopathy should concentrate on the suppression of etiopathogenic aggravation by antibiotic prophylaxis directed to active rheumatic disease (when needed) and infectious endocarditis. </p>
      <p>Contemporary knowledge on valvular heart disease was forged on a powerful sense of prudence. An emblematic example is the creation of the ten commandments for the ideal valvular prosthesis, a collection of the (still unresolved) concerns of the pioneer surgeon Dwight Emary Harken (1910-1993) et al<sup>7</sup>. Its conversion to a classic of Cardiology literature, where it became an authentic representative of the connection between generations of physicians based on experiences and ideas, must be credited to its elaboration based on prudence, on the purest Hippocratic sense.</p>
      <p>Guidelines have gathered approaches based on a critical span of the scientific literature on valvular heart disease, labeled according to its modalities, effects and probabilities. These systematizations should be periodically and prudently subject to revision, both by excluding data and opinions published in various journals if considered inappropriate to mention and understanding the need of explicitly listing inappropriate choices, and it could not be otherwise. Nevertheless, an infinite universe of nosologic combinations is not enough. </p>
      <p>Prudence's hierarchy is straightforward in the formulation of the seven essential questions to valve heart disease carrier aiming to the intervention highlighted in the 2012 European Society of Cardiology and the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery guidelines<sup>8</sup>, namely: a) is the valvulopathy severe?; b) is the patient symptomatic?; c) are the symptoms related to the valvulopathy?; d) what is the patient's life expectancy and quality of life?; e) do the benefits expected from the intervention (as opposed to natural history) overcome the risks?; f) what are the patient's preferences?; and g) are there sufficient local resources for implementing the plan? Regarding this last item, and taking into account that prudence includes considering human resource's dexterity uncertain, the evaluation of more than 50,000 mitral valve procedures concluded that the case volume of a surgeon does not depend on hospital's results and suggested the identifying the processes that lead the surgeons that perform more surgeries to better results is prudent<sup>9</sup>. On the other side, the mitral valve plastic surgery/mitral prosthesis implant rate increases as the mitral valve surgery volume increases in a certain hospital<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The intrinsic prudent character of the non-recommendation reveals itself in the effect III dimension (inutility, inefficacy and even damage) of the guidelines organized by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology; it expresses the reproach on the association of moral and prudence, though not devoid of doubts, for associating to the likelihood of a C certainty level. Prudent non-recommendation carries a deontological sense, that is, ignoring the "official" recommendation implies in infringement of our ethics code, inattention to evidence of an unfavorable risk/benefit rate in attendance to needs of patients with valvular heart disease. Additionally, legal appraisal of disobedience to guidelines is opposed to the documented conformity to the patient's best interest.</p>
      <p>As the cardiologist is involved in effect dimensions I, IIa and IIb, the binomial prudence-moral acts through the commitment to a integral view of the valvulopathy patient's morbidities. While classes I and IIa arise from prudent recommendation provided there is no individual obstacle, class IIb presents the greater degree of conflict among all evidences, and, as inutility and inefficacy cannot be discarded, implicate in a smaller "official" prudence attestation in use.</p>
      <p>Since prudence is the raw material of the cardiologist's intellect, to see the patient behind valvular heart disease, in the way to Recommended Approach - Legitimate Approach<sup>5</sup> brings the professional responsibility sense together with the ontological component of ethics, the one who emerges from the physician and is implicit in the Hippocratic oath.</p>
      <p>Concluding, the approach to valvular heart disease is a cautious exercise pro-prognosis and against therapeutic adversity in a state-of-the art context, demanding intimacy with the best scientific evidence and an individualized look, thus avoiding to reduce the valvulopathy patient to an impersonal diagnosis/treatment in a table of contents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Grinberg M.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
