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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vCSjmxct8QNXH3tMkfT6syK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000300013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000300013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130068</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O escore de CHADS2 na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cerebrovasculares: uma metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Conde</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Metodista de Angola</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiopneumologia</institution>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>294</fpage>
      <lpage>301</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>O escore de CHADS2 &#233; um m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares, sendo &#250;til na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica em doentes de moderado/alto risco. Esta metan&#225;lise tem como objectivo averiguar se o escore de CHADS2 &#233; eficaz na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cerebrovasculares em doentes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Auricular (FA). Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica informatizada nos motores de busca PubMed, EMBASE e SciELO, durante o per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2011 a abril de 2012. Os estudos foram seleccionados de acordo com crit&#233;rios predeterminados. A metan&#225;lise incidiu em seis estudos de coorte, observacionais e prospectivos, que avaliaram a capacidade preditiva do escore de CHADS2 para eventos cerebrovasculares e morte. Os endpoints definidos (mortalidade e/ou Acidente Vascular Cerebral [AVC] n&#227;o fatal) foram comparados entre doentes com CHADS2 &lt; 2 e doentes com CHADS2&gt; 2, e tamb&#233;m em fun&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a/aus&#234;ncia de FA. No que diz respeito &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares combinados, morte e AVC, observou-se um maior risco no grupo com escore de CHADS2 &gt; 2 e com FA cr&#244;nica, com Odds Ratio (OR) respectivamente de 2.92 (IC:2.08-4.10; p &lt; 0.00001), 2.85 (IC:2.23-3.65; p &lt; 0.00001) e 3.23 (IC:2.11-4.94; p &lt; 0.00001). Demonstrou-se ainda que o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares &#233; maior para indiv&#237;duos com CHADS2 &gt; 2, independentemente da presen&#231;a de FA: OR = 2.93 (IC:2.81-3.06; p &lt; 0,00001) nos doentes com FA; OR = 2.94; (IC:2.87-3.01; p &lt; 0,00001) nos doentes sem FA. Os estudos indicam claramente a capacidade discriminativa do escorede CHADS2 para o risco de eventos cerebrovasculares, independentemente da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de FA, permitindo desta forma identificar doentes de moderado/alto risco e seleccionar estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas adequadas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Acidente vascular cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO DE REVIS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>O escore de CHADS2 na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cerebrovasculares - uma metan&#225;lise</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristina Santos<sup>I</sup>; Telmo Pereira<sup>I,II</sup>; Jorge Conde<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Metodista de Angola - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Coimbra</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O escore de CHADS2 &#233; um m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares, sendo &#250;til na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica em doentes de moderado/alto risco. Esta metan&#225;lise tem como objectivo averiguar se o escore de CHADS2 &#233; eficaz na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cerebrovasculares em doentes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Auricular (FA). </p>
    <p> Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica informatizada nos motores de busca PubMed, EMBASE e SciELO, durante o per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2011 a abril de 2012. Os estudos foram seleccionados de acordo com crit&#233;rios predeterminados. </p>
    <p> A metan&#225;lise incidiu em seis estudos de coorte, observacionais e prospectivos, que avaliaram a capacidade preditiva do escore de CHADS2 para eventos cerebrovasculares e morte. Os endpoints definidos (mortalidade e/ou Acidente Vascular Cerebral [AVC] n&#227;o fatal) foram comparados entre doentes com CHADS2 &lt; 2 e doentes com CHADS2&gt; 2, e tamb&#233;m em fun&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a/aus&#234;ncia de FA. No que diz respeito &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares combinados, morte e AVC, observou-se um maior risco no grupo com escore de CHADS2 &gt; 2 e com FA cr&#244;nica, com Odds Ratio (OR) respectivamente de 2.92 (IC:2.08-4.10; p &lt; 0.00001), 2.85 (IC:2.23-3.65; p &lt; 0.00001) e 3.23 (IC:2.11-4.94; p &lt; 0.00001). Demonstrou-se ainda que o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares &#233; maior para indiv&#237;duos com CHADS2 &gt; 2, independentemente da presen&#231;a de FA: OR = 2.93 (IC:2.81-3.06; p &lt; 0,00001) nos doentes com FA; OR = 2.94; (IC:2.87-3.01; p &lt; 0,00001) nos doentes sem FA. </p>
    <p> Os estudos indicam claramente a capacidade discriminativa do escorede CHADS2 para o risco de eventos cerebrovasculares, independentemente da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de FA, permitindo desta forma identificar doentes de moderado/alto risco e seleccionar estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas adequadas.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Acidente vascular cerebral, fatores de risco, progn&#243;stico, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, metan&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Auricular (FA) &#233; uma arritmia comum representando um importante fator de risco independente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolias sist&#234;micas e particularmente cerebrovasculares<sup>1-5</sup>. Esta tem merecido um enfoque particular nos &#250;ltimos tempos, quer pela preval&#234;ncia crescente, quer pela sua associa&#231;&#227;o a complica&#231;&#245;es potencialmente graves<sup>5-13</sup>. As principais complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a FA s&#227;o a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico, que compromete a circula&#231;&#227;o cerebral na grande maioria dos casos (&gt; 70%), constituindo uma importante causa de invalidez - com comprometimento acentuado da qualidade de vida - e, dependendo da gravidade, de morte de alguns pacientes<sup>12,14</sup>. A FA &#233; assim uma causa importante de AVC, sendo este a segunda principal causa de morte a n&#237;vel mundial, e a principal causa de incapacidade neurol&#243;gica dependente de cuidados de reabilita&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O escore de CHADS2 &#233; um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular, cuja utilidade assenta na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cerebrovasculares atrav&#233;s de um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o que integra um conjunto de fatores de risco individualizados. O escore de CHADS2 &#233; assim um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o em que se atribui um ponto por qualquer das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: C - insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; H - hipertens&#227;o arterial; A - idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 75 anos; D - diabetes melito; S - AVC pr&#233;vio ou Acidente Isqu&#234;mico Transit&#243;rio (AIT), que recebe 2 pontos. Quanto maior o n&#250;mero de pontos detectado num determinado paciente, maior a probabilidade de haver uma complica&#231;&#227;o tromboemb&#243;lica<sup>10,12,14,15</sup>. Um escore de dois ou mais implica um risco aumentado de eventos cerebrovasculares, aconselhando o recurso &#224; terapia anticoagulante, salvo se contraindicada<sup>5,11,12,14,15</sup>. Neste particular, tem havido concord&#226;ncia quanto &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de varfarina quando o risco de AVC &#233; alto, e de aspirina quando o risco de AVC &#233; baixo, pelo que o recurso ao escore de CHADS2 poder&#225; constituir um importante instrumento de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de AVC, atrav&#233;s do qual se poder&#225; adequar a terapia ao paciente, numa base individual<sup>5,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo tem assim como objetivo averiguar se o escore de CHADS2 &#233; eficaz na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cerebrovasculares, e perceber se esta capacidade preditiva depende da presen&#231;a de FA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e uma metan&#225;lise da literatura publicada, relacionando o risco de morte, eventos cardiovasculares e tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em doentes sem SAS e com SAS n&#227;o tratada. A metodologia utilizada foi baseada nas <italic>guidelines</italic> do PRISMA (<italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic>)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para se concretizar o objetivo fundamental do trabalho e orientar a pesquisa e a sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos, foram definidos os <italic>outcomes</italic> finais e os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o do estudo.</p>
    <p>Como <italic>outcomes</italic> finais, definiram-se a mortalidade total, a morte cardiovascular (Morte CV), a morte por outras causas, os eventos cardiovasculares (Eventos CV) n&#227;o fatais e o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e de exclus&#227;o, foram definidos os crit&#233;rios descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a13tab01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a13tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pesquisa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s terem sido definidos os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o e os <italic>outcomes</italic> finais, foram definidos os crit&#233;rios de pesquisa. Foi decidido que a PubMed seria o motor de busca prim&#225;rio para a pesquisa, complementado pela EMBASE e SciELO e pela consulta direta de revistas de especialidade como o <italic>The Journal of the American Medical Association</italic>, o <italic>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</italic>, o <italic>The New England Journal of Medicine</italic> e a <italic>Lancet</italic>. A pesquisa eletr&#244;nica dos artigos decorreu de outubro de 2011 a abril de 2012.</p>
    <p>Na primeira abordagem, realizou-se uma pesquisa por palavras-chave, sem qualquer filtro ou restri&#231;&#227;o. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram <italic>CHADS2 score</italic>, <italic>stroke </italic>e<italic> atrial fibrillation.</italic> Depois, repetiu-se a pesquisa com o recurso &#224;s seguintes combina&#231;&#245;es das palavras-chave: <italic>CHADS2 and/or atrial fibrillation; CHADS2 and/or mortality; CHADS2 and/or stroke; CHADS2 and/or cerebrovascular events; atrial fibrillation and/or stroke.</italic> Em seguida, foi feita uma pesquisa adicional para verificar a exist&#234;ncia de alguma metan&#225;lise, a qual n&#227;o foi encontrada at&#233; abril de 2012. Posteriormente, foram aplicados os seguintes filtros na pesquisa anterior: <underline><italic>Humans, All Adult: 19+ years, Adult: 19-44 years, Middle Aged: 45-64 years, Middle Aged + Aged: 45+ years, Aged: 65+ years, 80 and over: 80+ years, published in the last 15 years Sort by: Publication Date,</italic></underline> o que permitiu chegar ao n&#250;mero final de artigos de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas predefinidas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foi baseada num formul&#225;rio padronizado, representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig01">Figura 1</xref>, que foi classificado por dois revisores independentes, os quais pretendiam classificar os artigos segundo o t&#237;tulo, o resumo ou o texto integral. Quando o t&#237;tulo e o resumo dos estudos n&#227;o continham a informa&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria para preencher o formul&#225;rio, eram encaminhados para a revis&#227;o integral dos artigos. No fim da revis&#227;o independente, os dois revisores reuniam-se a fim de resolver as discord&#226;ncias resultantes da classifica&#231;&#227;o para a inclus&#227;o ou a exclus&#227;o dos estudos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados 9.665 artigos resultantes da pesquisa eletr&#244;nica inicial. Na primeira an&#225;lise, foram removidos os artigos duplicados (n = 538), com conte&#250;do n&#227;o proveitoso (n = 322) ou com t&#237;tulo inadequado (n = 8755) ao objetivo delineado para a metan&#225;lise. Foi feita uma pesquisa eletr&#244;nica, novamente, para se encontrar na &#237;ntegra os 50 artigos finais. Nesta pesquisa, recorreu-se novamente &#224; PubMed e a outras bases de dados complementares para se obterem os artigos completos. Esta pesquisa foi realizada numa rede universit&#225;ria com permiss&#227;o em v&#225;rias revistas cient&#237;ficas, o que permitiu o acesso aos artigos da <italic>world wide web</italic> sem qualquer restri&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o de todos os artigos completos, procedeu-se a uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica de acordo com os crit&#233;rios definidos anteriormente. Foi avaliada a presen&#231;a dos seguintes <italic>endpoints</italic>: <italic>mortalidade, eventos cerebrovasculares n&#227;o fatais.</italic> Dos 50 artigos finais, 28 foram exclu&#237;dos por conterem informa&#231;&#227;o insuficiente, sete continham um desenho n&#227;o prospectivo, em outros sete a estratifica&#231;&#227;o por classes do escore de CHADS2 era pouco clara e em dois faltavam dados relativos aos eventos. Por fim, ficaram seis artigos que cumpriam todos os crit&#233;rios para a inclus&#227;o na metan&#225;lise. O processo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos encontra-se representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig02">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados pelo programa estat&#237;stico Review Manager Version 5.0 (Copenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008), utilizando modelos de efeitos fixos e efeitos aleat&#243;rios. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochrane e complementada com o I<sup>2</sup>, que indica a propor&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade entre os estudos, proporcionando uma medida de heterogeneidade. Consideramos que a amostra era homog&#234;nea para um valor de p <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,05 e o valor de I<sup>2</sup><underline>&lt;</underline> 25%. Os resultados foram examinados comparando os doentes com escore de CHADS2 de baixo risco (escore &lt; 2) com indiv&#237;duos com escore de alto risco (escore <underline>&gt;</underline> 2), e tendo os <italic>endpoints</italic> definidos dicotomicamente, para as quais foram calculados o <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) e os Intervalos Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC). No que respeita &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica ou assim&#233;trica da amostra, esta foi obtida atrav&#233;s do <italic>funnel plot</italic>, com o peso do estudo ou tamanho da amostra no eixo y e a raz&#227;o de riscos no eixo x.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica utilizado foi um valor de <italic>p</italic> inferior ou igual a 0,05, para um IC de 95%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos selecionados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o descritos foram aplicados aos 9.665 estudos. As publica&#231;&#245;es foram estudadas, sendo que apenas seis estudos foram selecionados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a13tab02">Tabela 2</xref>) e avaliados de forma mais profunda e cr&#237;tica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a13tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A metan&#225;lise incidiu assim em seis estudos de coorte, observacionais e prospectivos, que avaliaram a capacidade preditiva do escore de CHADS2 para eventos cerebrovasculares e morte. Os <italic>endpoints</italic> definidos (mortalidade e/ou AVC n&#227;o fatal) foram comparados entre doentes com CHADS2 &lt; 2 (baixo risco) e doentes com CHADS2 <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 (risco moderado/alto), e tamb&#233;m em fun&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a/aus&#234;ncia de FA.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise consistiu numa amostra combinada de 473.584 pacientes, com idade superior a 20 anos, dentre os quais 146.572 tinham FA cr&#244;nica e 327.012 n&#227;o tinham FA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Metan&#225;lise</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CHADS2 e eventos cardiovasculares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares (AVC e/ou morte) foi relatada em seis estudos<sup>3-5,7,10,11</sup> e, segundo a an&#225;lise realizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig03">Figura 3</xref>), foi significativamente maior no grupo escore de CHADS2 superior a 2 (OR = 2,92; IC:2,08-4,10; p &lt; 0,00001), existindo heterogeneidade quanto ao efeito global da amostra (Chi<sup>2 </sup>= 764,17; p&lt;0,00001). Embora exista heterogeneidade entre os estudos, real&#231;a-se o fato de todos apresentarem efeitos no mesmo sentido, indicando individualmente uma associa&#231;&#227;o de um escore superior a 2 a maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares major . O OR traduz um aumento no risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares de cerca de trez vezes nos pacientes com escore de CHADS2 &gt; 2 pontos, comparativamente ao grupo com escore de CHADS2 &lt; 2 pontos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CHADS2 e acidente vascular cerebral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de AVC foi mencionada em cinco estudos<sup>3-5,7,11</sup>. A an&#225;lise aplicada demonstrou que essa incid&#234;ncia foi significativamente maior no grupo com pontua&#231;&#227;o CHADS2 superior a 2 pontos (OR = 3,23; IC:2,11-4,94; p &lt; 0,00001; cf. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig04">Figura 4</xref>), existindo tamb&#233;m heterogeneidade quanto ao efeito global da amostra (Chi<sup>2 </sup>= 89,18; p &lt; 0.00001), embora os estudos envolvidos apontem todos para o mesmo sentido de associa&#231;&#227;o. O OR mostra um importante risco de AVC no grupo com escore de CHADS2 &gt; 2, indicando tamb&#233;m um risco superior a tr&#234;s vezes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CHADS2 e mortalidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mortalidade foi descrita em dois estudos<sup>10,11</sup> e a an&#225;lise aplicada demonstrou que existe diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (cf. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig05">Figura 5</xref>), observando-se um maior risco de morte no grupo com CHADS2 &gt; 2 pontos (OR = 2,85; IC:2,23-3,65; p &lt; 0,00001). &#192; semelhan&#231;a das an&#225;lises anteriores, verificou-se tamb&#233;m heterogeneidade quanto ao efeito global da amostra (Chi<sup>2 </sup>= 13,69; p = 0,0002), sem express&#227;o substantiva quanto &#224; dire&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o documentada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CHADS2, FA e eventos cardiovasculares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares (AVC e/ou morte) em indiv&#237;duos com ou sem FA foi descrita em dois estudos<sup>3,10</sup>, representando um n&#250;mero agregado de 83.628 pacientes com FA e de 327.052 pacientes sem FA. A metan&#225;lise com an&#225;lise de subgrupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig06">Figura 6</xref>) demonstrou que o risco de ocorrer um evento cardiovascular &#233; maior para indiv&#237;duos com CHADS2&gt;2 pontos, independentemente de ter ou n&#227;o FA. No grupo com FA, o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares foi significativamente maior para escores de CHADS2 &gt; 2 pontos (OR = 2,93; IC:2.813,06; p&lt;0,00001). No grupo sem FA, observou-se um risco aumentado, com magnitude semelhante, para a ocorr&#234;ncia dos mesmos eventos para escores de CHADS2 &gt; 2 pontos (OR = 2,94; IC:2,87-3,01; p &lt; 0,00001). A metan&#225;lise demonstrou assim que o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares &#233; cerca de tr&#234;s vezes maior para indiv&#237;duos com CHADS2 &gt; 2 pontos, independentemente da presen&#231;a de FA (OR = 2,94; IC:2,88-3,00; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A FA &#233; a arritmia mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, e a sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade. &#201; um importante fator de risco para o AVC tromboemb&#243;lico e afeta at&#233; 9% da popula&#231;&#227;o com idade pr&#243;xima de 80 anos, estando associada a significativa morbidade e mortalidade<sup>1</sup>. Pacientes que sofrem desta arritmia t&#234;m um risco de 3 a 4% ao ano de AVC, embora esse risco varie de forma significativa com base nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas individuais<sup>2,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A terapia antitromb&#243;ticacom varfarina tem-se revelado altamente eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o deAVC e na melhoria da sobrevida, apesar da sua associa&#231;&#227;o ao risco de hemorragia, requerendo um acompanhamento intensivo da coagula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e uma otimiza&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica na sua titula&#231;&#227;o<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Numa tentativa de poupar os pacientes de baixo risco a esquemas terap&#234;uticos desnecessariamente mais agressivos, esquemas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco t&#234;m sido desenvolvidos para otimizar a tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Atualmente, v&#225;rios sistemas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco foram validados e est&#227;o clinicamente bem estabelecidos<sup>6,7,14,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O escore de CHADS2 &#233; o modelo mais amplamente utilizado e foi desenvolvido utilizando fatores de risco de AVC.Este escore usa um sistema de pontos baseado em fatores de risco individuais de &#226;mbito cl&#237;nico, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hipertens&#227;o, idade, diabetes melito e AVC ou AIT pr&#233;vios, constituindo uma ferramenta valiosa para predizer eventos cerebrovasculares em pacientes de alto risco. Este escore complementa outras ferramentas que, por sua vez, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o utilizadas no julgamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, cuja integra&#231;&#227;o possibilita a ado&#231;&#227;o das melhores estrat&#233;gias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, especialmente em pacientes de risco moderado<sup>13,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de uma pontua&#231;&#227;o maior de CHADS2 em pacientes com FA com o AVC e morte foi bem validada nos estudos referidos na metan&#225;lise<sup>2-5,7,10,11</sup>. Neste sentido, os resultados obtidos indicam um risco tr&#234;s vezes superior de AVC (OR = 3,23; IC:2,11-4,94; p &lt; 0,00001), morte (OR=2,85; IC:2,23-3,65; p &lt; 0,00001) e eventos cardiovasculares (OR=2,92; IC: 2,08-4,10; p &lt; 0,00001) para indiv&#237;duos com escore CHADS2 superior a 2 pontos e FA cr&#244;nica, ou seja, com um perfil de risco tromboemb&#243;lico moderado/alto.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares (AVC e/ou morte) em indiv&#237;duos com ou sem FA, pode-se constatar com os dados do presente estudo que o risco de ocorrer um evento cardiovascular &#233; maior para indiv&#237;duos com CHADS2 &gt; 2 pontos, independentemente de ter ou n&#227;o FA. De fato, no grupo com FA, o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares foi significativamente maior para escores de CHADS2 &gt; 2 pontos (OR = 2,93; IC:2,81-3,06; p &lt; 0,00001), e de magnitude semelhante ao verificado no grupo sem FA(OR=2,94; IC:2,87-3,01; p &lt; 0,00001). Neste sentido, as evid&#234;ncias confirmam a efic&#225;cia do escore de CHADS2 na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cerebrovasculares, n&#227;o s&#243; para indiv&#237;duos que possuem FA, mas tamb&#233;m para os que n&#227;o possuem. De fato, apesar da FA ter sido considerada um fator de risco para estes eventos adversos, permanece ainda por esclarecer se esta &#233; verdadeiramente um fator de risco independente ou se constitui um marcador de risco de outras doen&#231;as que realmente determinam o risco, tais como a hipertens&#227;o arterial de longa data ou a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.Esta distin&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante, na medida em que n&#227;o &#233; ainda claro se o tratamento agressivo de FA ir&#225; melhorar os resultados cl&#237;nicos neste contexto particular<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>A pontua&#231;&#227;o CHADS2 tem sido defendida como o meio para determinar a necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com FA, e este estudo suporta a pontua&#231;&#227;o CHADS2 como uma forte ferramenta de previs&#227;o cl&#237;nica, &#250;til em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular e de grande valia para a atua&#231;&#227;o preventiva.</p>
    <p>Em suma, verifica-se que a FA &#233;um problema prevalentee crescente, queaumenta significativamente o riscode AVC e que, por sua vez, a pontua&#231;&#227;o CHADS2&#233; um bom indicadordo risco deAVC.</p>
    <p>A pontua&#231;&#227;o CHADS2, para al&#233;m de ser um poderoso preditor de AVC, tamb&#233;m o &#233; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de morte, sendo evidente neste estudo que os indiv&#237;duos com escore de CHADS2 &gt; 2 pontos e FA cr&#244;nica possuem um risco tr&#234;s vezes maior de vir a padecer de AVC e/ou morte. O estudo sugere claramente a capacidade do escorede CHADS2 para a predi&#231;&#227;o de tromboembolismocerebral e morte em indiv&#237;duos com FA. Por&#233;m, &#233; importante valorizar que, independentemente da presen&#231;a de FA, a capacidade preditiva do escore de CHADS2 se confirmou, alargando a sua latitude de utilidade a outros enquadramentos cl&#237;nicos, mostrando-se um m&#233;todo eficaz e de toda a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cerebrovasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Santos C, Pereira T, Conde J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos C, Pereira T.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Telmo Pereira </p>
        <p>Ria General Humberto Delgado, 102, Lousa </p>
        <p> 3200-107, Coimbra </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="telmopereira@spc.pt">telmopereira@spc.pt</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto: telmo@estescoimbra.pt" ext-link-type="email">telmo@estescoimbra.pt</ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 05/07/12; revisado em 10/09/12; aceito em 10/09/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">CHADS2 score in predicting cerebrovascular events: a meta-analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>REVIEW ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>CHADS2 score in predicting cerebrovascular events - A meta-analysis</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Cristina Santos<sup>I</sup>; Telmo Pereira<sup>I,II</sup>; Jorge Conde<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Metodista de Angola - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Coimbra</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The CHADS2 score aims to stratify the risk of cardiovascular events and is useful for the optimization of the therapeutic choices in patients with moderate / high risk. This meta-analysis aims to ascertain whether the CHADS2 score is effective in predicting cerebrovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).</p>
      <p>We performed a literature search in PubMed, Embase and Scielo, from March 2011 to April 2012. The studies were selected according to predetermined criteria.</p>
      <p>Six cohort observational and prospective studies evaluating the predictive ability of CHADS2 score for cerebrovascular events and death were included in the meta-analysis. Defined endpoints (mortality and/or non-fatal stroke) were compared between patients with CHADS2 &lt; 2 and patients with CHADS2 &gt; 2, also considering the presence/absence of AF. With regard to the occurrence of cardiovascular events, for the combined outcome and death/non-fatal stroke individually, there was a greater risk in the group with CHADS2 score &gt; 2, with an OR of 2.92 (CI: 2.08-4.10; p&lt;0.00001), 2.85 (CI: 2.23-3.65; p&lt;0.00001) and 3.23 (CI: 2.11-4.94; p&lt;0.00001), respectively. This study also demonstrated that the risk of cardiovascular events was higher for individuals with CHADS2 &gt; 2, regardless of the presence of AF: OR=2.93 (CI: 2.81-3.06; p&lt;0.00001) in patients with AF; OR=2.94 (CI: 2.87-3.01; p&lt;0.00001) in patients without AF.</p>
      <p>The results clearly indicate the discriminative capacity of the CHADS2 score for cerebrovascular events, regardless of the presence or absence of AF. Therefore, the CHADS2 score allows the identification of patients at moderate/high risk and the selection of appropriate therapeutic strategies.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Stroke; risk factors; prognosis; atrial fibrillation; meta-analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia that represents an important independent risk factor for the occurrence of systemic and particularly cerebrovascular thromboembolism<sup>1-5</sup>. The latter has deserved particular attention in recent times, either by its increasing prevalence, or by its association with potentially severe complications<sup>5-13</sup>. The main complications associated with AF are heart failure and systemic thromboembolism, which affects cerebral circulation in most cases (&gt; 70%), and is a major cause of disability, resulting in severe impairment of quality of life and, depending on the severity, the death of some patients<sup>12,14</sup>. Therefore, AF is an important cause of stroke, which is the 2<sup>nd</sup> leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of neurological disability that requires rehabilitation care<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The CHADS2 score is a method used for assessing cardiovascular risk and its usefulness is based on the prediction of strokes through a scoring system that integrates a set of individual risk factors. The CHADS2 score is a scoring system that assigns 1 point for any of the following conditions: C - congestive heart failure, H - hypertension; A - Age <underline>&gt;</underline> 75 years; D - diabetes mellitus; S - previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), which receives 2 points. The greater the number of points detected in a given patient, the greater the likelihood of a thromboembolic complication<sup>10,12,14,15</sup>. A score of 2 or higher entails an increased stroke risk, and thus, the use of anticoagulant therapy is advisable, unless there are contraindications<sup>5,11,12,14,15</sup>. In this aspect, there has been an agreement on the adoption of warfarin when the stroke risk is high and aspirin when the stroke risk is low; therefore, the use of CHADS2 score may be an important tool for stroke risk stratification, allowing therapies to be better tailored to the patient's needs on an individual basis<sup>5,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the objective of this study is to verify if the CHADS2 score is effective in predicting cerebrovascular events and to determine if this predictive ability depends on the presence of AF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Design of the study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature, listing risk of death, cardiovascular events and hospitalization in patients without SAS and with untreated SAS. The methodology used was based on PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Inclusion criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To achieve the fundamental objective of the study and guide the search and selection of articles, we defined the final outcomes and the inclusion and exclusion criteria.</p>
      <p>The following final outcomes were defined: total mortality, cardiovascular death (CV death); death from other causes; cardiovascular events (CV events); and duration of nonfatal hospitalizations. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a13tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a13tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Research</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After defining the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the final outcomes, we defined the search criteria. It was decided that Pubmed would be the main search engine for primary research, supplemented by EMBASE and Scielo, and by direct consultation of specialty journals such as The Journal of the American Medical Association, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, The New England Journal of Medicine and Lancet. An electronic search of articles was conducted from October 2011 to April 2012.</p>
      <p>In the first approach, a keyword search was conducted without any restriction or filter, using the keywords CHADS2 score, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. Then we repeated the search with the following combinations of keywords: CHADS2 and/or atrial fibrillation; CHADS2 and/or mortality; CHADS2 and/or stroke; CHADS2 and/or cerebrovascular events; atrial fibrillation and/or stroke. After that, further research was carried out to verify the existence of any meta-analyses, which were not found until April 2012. Then the following filters were applied to previous searches: Humans, All Adult: 19+ years, Adult: 19-44 years, Middle Aged: 45-64 years, Middle Aged + Aged: 45+ years, Aged: 65+ years, 80 and over: 80+ years, published in the last 15 years Sort by: Publication Date, which allowed reaching the final number of articles according to the predefined characteristics.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data extraction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Article selection was based on a standardized form shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>, which was rated by two independent reviewers, in order to classify the articles according to title, abstract or full text. When the title and the abstract of the studies did not contain the necessary information to complete the form, they were referred to a comprehensive review of the articles. At the end of the independent review, the two reviewers met to resolve disagreements arising from the classification regarding the inclusion or exclusion of studies.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 9665 resulting articles were analyzed from the initial electronic search. In the first analysis, we removed duplicate articles (n = 538), those with no useful content (n = 322), and those with a title that did not correspond (n = 8755) to the meta-analysis objective. A new electronic search was conducted to obtain the full text of the 50 final articles. For this search, we once again used Pubmed and other complementary databases to obtain the full articles. This research was conducted in a university network that had access permission to various scientific journals, which allowed access to articles from the Internet without any restriction. After obtaining all the full articles, we proceeded to a new critical assessment according to the criteria defined above. We evaluated the presence of the following endpoints: <italic>mortality, nonfatal cerebrovascular events</italic>. Of the 50 final articles, 28 were excluded because they had insufficient information, 7 had a non-prospective design, 7 had an unclear stratification by classes in the CHADS2 score, and 2 had no data referring to events. Finally, there were 6 articles that met all inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. The selection process of the studies is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data were analyzed by the statistical software Review Manager Version 5.0 (Copenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008), using fixed effects and random effects models. Heterogeneity was evaluated by the Cochrane Q test and complemented with I<sup>2</sup>, which indicates the proportion of variability among studies, providing a measure of heterogeneity. The sample was considered homogeneous for a value of p <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.05 and the value of I<sup>2</sup><underline>&lt;</underline> 25%. The results were examined by comparing patients with low-risk CHADS2 score (score &lt;2) with high-risk score (score&gt; 2) patients, with the endpoints defined dichotomously, for which we calculated the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). With respect to symmetrical or asymmetrical distribution of the sample, this was obtained through the funnel plot, with the weight of the study or the size of the sample on the y axis and the risk ratio on the x axis.</p>
      <p>The statistical significance criterion used was a p-value less than or equal to 0.05, for a confidence interval of 95%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Selected studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The described selection criteria were applied to all the 9665 studies. The publications were studied, and only 6 studies were selected (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a13tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>) and more deeply and critically evaluated.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a13tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The meta-analysis included 6 cohorts, observational and prospective studies that evaluated the predictive ability of the CHADS2 score for cerebrovascular events and death. The defined endpoints (mortality and/or nonfatal stroke) were compared between patients with CHADS2 &lt;2 (low risk) and patients with CHADS2&gt; 2 (moderate/high risk), and also the presence/absence of AF.</p>
      <p>The analysis was conducted in a combined sample of 473,584 patients, aged over 20 years, including 146,572 patients with chronic AF, and 327,012 patients with no AF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Meta-analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CHADS2 and cardiovascular events</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The occurrence of cardiovascular events (stroke and/or death) was reported in six studies<sup>3-5,7,10,11</sup> and, according to the analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>), was significantly higher in the group with CHADS 2 score greater than 2 (OR = 2.92; CI :2.08-4.10; p &lt;0.00001), and there was heterogeneity in the global effect of the sample (Chi<sup>2</sup> = 764.17; p &lt;0.00001). Although there was heterogeneity among studies, it was noted that all of them had effects in the same direction, individually indicating an association between a score greater than 2 and a greater risk of major cardiovascular events. The OR indicated an approximately 3-fold increase in the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with CHADS2 score&gt; 2 points, compared to the group with CHADS2 score &lt;2 points.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CHADS2 and stroke</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of stroke was mentioned in five studies<sup>3-5,7,11</sup>. The analysis showed that the incidence was significantly higher in patients with a CHADS2 score greater than 2 points (OR = 3.23, CI: 2.11-4.94; p &lt;0.00001; cf. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>), and there was also heterogeneity in the global effect of the sample (Chi<sup>2</sup> = 89.18; p &lt;0.00001), although all the studies indicated the same association. The OR showed an important stroke risk in the group with a CHADS2 score&gt; 2, also indicating a 3-fold greater risk.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CHADS2 and mortality</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mortality was reported in two studies<sup>10,11</sup> and the analysis demonstrated that there was a significant difference between the groups (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>), with an increased risk of death in the group with a CHADS2 score &gt; 2 points (OR = 2.85; CI: 2.23-3.65; p &lt;0.00001). As with the previous analysis, there was also heterogeneity in the global effect of the sample (Chi<sup>2 </sup>= 13.69; p = 0.0002) without significant expression as to the documented association.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CHADS2, AF and cardiovascular events</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The occurrence of cardiovascular events (stroke and/or death) in individuals with and without AF was described in two studies<sup>3,10</sup> representing an aggregate number of 83.628 patients with AF, and 327.052 patients without AF. A meta-analysis with analysis of sub-groups (cf. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>) showed that the risk of a cardiovascular event is higher for individuals with CHADS2 score &gt; 2 points, regardless of the presence or absence of AF. In the group with AF, the risk of cardiovascular events was significantly higher for CHADS2 scores &gt; 2 points (OR = 2.93; CI: 2.81-3.06; p &lt;0.00001). In the group without AF, there was an increased risk, with a similar magnitude, of the occurrence of these events for CHADS2 scores &gt; 2 points (OR = 2.94; CI: 2.87-3.01; p &lt;0.00001). The meta-analysis showed that the risk of cardiovascular events is about 3 times greater for individuals with CHADS2 score &gt; 2 points, regardless of the presence or absence of AF (OR = 2.94, CI: 2.88-3.00; p &lt;0.0001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig06-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0294-30068-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice and its prevalence increases with age. It is an important risk factor for thromboembolic stroke, and it affects up to 9% of the population aged around 80 years and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality<sup>1</sup>. Patients who suffer from this arrhythmia have a 3% to 4% risk of stroke per year, although this risk varies significantly when based on individual clinical characteristics<sup>2,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The antithrombotic therapy with warfarin has proved highly effective in preventing stroke and improving survival, despite its association with the risk of bleeding, requiring intensive monitoring of blood coagulation and a systematic optimization of its titration<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In an attempt to avoid unnecessarily aggressive treatment regimens for low-risk patients, risk stratification schemes have been developed to optimize the therapeutic decision-making. Currently, several risk stratification systems have been validated and are clinically well established<sup>6,7,14,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The CHADS2 score is the most widely used model, and it has been developed using stroke risk factors. This score uses a points system based on individual risk factors in the clinical setting, including congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes mellitus, and previous stroke or TIA, and it is a valuable tool for predicting cerebrovascular events in high risk patients. This score complements other tools that are also used in the clinical evaluation of patients, of which integration enables the use of the best strategies for anticoagulation therapy, especially in patients at moderate risk<sup>13,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The association of a higher CHADS2 score in AF patients with stroke and death was well validated in the studies reported in the meta-analysis<sup>2-5,7,10,11</sup>. Therefore, the results indicate a 3-fold higher risk of stroke (OR = 3.23; CI: 2.11-4.94; p &lt;0.00001), death (OR = 2.85; CI: 2.23-3.65; p &lt;0.00001), and cardiovascular events (OR = 2.92; CI: 2:08-4:10, p &lt;0.00001) for individuals with CHADS2 score greater than two points and chronic AF, i.e., with a profile of moderate/high thromboembolic risk .</p>
      <p>As to the occurrence of cardiovascular events (stroke and/or death) in individuals with or without AF, the data from this study shows that the risk of a cardiovascular event is greater for individuals with CHADS2 score &gt; 2 points regardless of the presence or absence of AF. In fact, in the AF group, the risk of cardiovascular events was significantly higher for CHADS2 scores &gt; 2 points (OR = 2.93; CI: 2.81-3.06; p &lt;0.00001), and with a magnitude similar to that seen in group without AF (OR = 2.94; CI: 2.87-3.01; p &lt;0.00001). In this aspect, there is evidence confirming the efficacy of CHADS2 score in predicting cerebrovascular events, not only in individuals with AF, but also for those without it. In fact, although AF has been considered a risk factor for these adverse events, it remains unclear whether this is truly an independent risk factor or a risk marker of other diseases that do determine this risk, such as prolonged hypertension or congestive heart failure. This distinction is important, as it is not yet clear whether aggressive treatment of atrial fibrillation will improve or not the clinical outcomes in this specific context<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The CHADS2 score has been advocated as the means for determining the need for anticoagulation in patients with AF, and this study supports the CHADS2 score as a strong clinical prediction tool, useful in patients with cardiovascular disease, and valuable for preventive action.</p>
      <p>In sum, AF is a prevalent and increasing problem, which significantly increases stroke risk, and the CHADS2 score is a good indicator of stroke risk.</p>
      <p>The CHADS2 score, in addition to being a powerful predictor of stroke, is also a predictor of the occurrence of death. This study showed that individuals with CHADS2 score &gt; 2 points and chronic AF have a 3-fold greater risk of stroke and/or death. This study clearly suggests the ability of the CHADS2 score in predicting cerebral thromboembolism and death in patients with AF. However, it is important to emphasize that the predictive ability of the CHADS2 score was independent from the presence of AF, extending the scope of its usefulness to other clinical settings, rendering it an effective method with great clinical importance to be used in preventing cerebrovascular events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos C, Pereira T, Conde J; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Santos C, Pereira T.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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