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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">N7N3ZTN3nNtfRhmZxhrTBVn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130067</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados da corre&#231;&#227;o simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico no defeito septal atrioventricular completo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tagliari</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schr&#246;der</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Guaracy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prates</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nesralla</surname>
            <given-names>Ivo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato A. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>288</fpage>
      <lpage>293</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Desde que Wilcox, em 1997, descreveu uma forma simplificada de corre&#231;&#227;o do Defeito Septal Atrioventricular (DSAV) com enxerto &#250;nico, diversos estudos t&#234;m sido realizados comparando-a &#224; t&#233;cnica com duplo enxerto. OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados em m&#233;dio e longo prazos da corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV completo pela t&#233;cnica simplificada de enxerto &#250;nico. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 16 casos consecutivos arrolados entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2011. A idade m&#233;dia foi 18,31 &#177; 34,19 meses (2 meses - 11 anos) e o peso 7,80 &#177; 6,12 Kg (3,77 - 25,0 Kg); 6 pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 14 eram portadores de S&#237;ndrome de Down. O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 54,97 &#177; 47,79 meses. RESULTADOS: O tempo m&#233;dio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi 74,63 &#177; 18,48 min (49 - 112 min) e o de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, de 46,44 &#177; 11,89 min (34 - 67 min). Foram observados dois &#243;bitos hospitalares (12,5%), ambos por causa cardiovascular. Tr&#234;s pacientes foram reoperados por regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva atrioventricular (VA) esquerda e dois apresentaram bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) completo com necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo. N&#227;o houve nenhum caso de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os 14 pacientes sobreviventes permanecem assintom&#225;ticos, 10 deles com insufici&#234;ncia da valva VA esquerda leve (71,42%). CONCLUS&#195;O: A t&#233;cnica simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico para corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV completo mostrou-se fact&#237;vel, associada &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o adequada dos defeitos e &#224; favor&#225;vel evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica nos 57,97 meses de seguimento m&#233;dio avaliados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Toracotomia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> TRANSPLANTE CARD&#205;ACO &#8211; CIRURGIA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados da corre&#231;&#227;o simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico no defeito septal atrioventricular completo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Paula Tagliari<sup>I,II</sup>; Daniel Augusto Schr&#246;der<sup>I</sup>; Guaracy Teixeira Filho<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Roberto Prates<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant'Anna<sup>I</sup>; Ivo A. Nesralla<sup>I</sup>; Renato A. K. Kalil<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Desde que Wilcox, em 1997, descreveu uma forma simplificada de corre&#231;&#227;o do Defeito Septal Atrioventricular (DSAV) com enxerto &#250;nico, diversos estudos t&#234;m sido realizados comparando-a &#224; t&#233;cnica com duplo enxerto. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Relatar os resultados em m&#233;dio e longo prazos da corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV completo pela t&#233;cnica simplificada de enxerto &#250;nico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo retrospectivo de 16 casos consecutivos arrolados entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2011. A idade m&#233;dia foi 18,31 &#177; 34,19 meses (2 meses - 11 anos) e o peso 7,80 &#177; 6,12 Kg (3,77 - 25,0 Kg); 6 pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 14 eram portadores de S&#237;ndrome de Down. O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 54,97 &#177; 47,79 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O tempo m&#233;dio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi 74,63 &#177; 18,48 min (49 - 112 min) e o de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, de 46,44 &#177; 11,89 min (34 - 67 min). Foram observados dois &#243;bitos hospitalares (12,5%), ambos por causa cardiovascular. Tr&#234;s pacientes foram reoperados por regurgita&#231;&#227;o da valva atrioventricular (VA) esquerda e dois apresentaram bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) completo com necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo. N&#227;o houve nenhum caso de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os 14 pacientes sobreviventes permanecem assintom&#225;ticos, 10 deles com insufici&#234;ncia da valva VA esquerda leve (71,42%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A t&#233;cnica simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico para corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV completo mostrou-se fact&#237;vel, associada &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o adequada dos defeitos e &#224; favor&#225;vel evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica nos 57,97 meses de seguimento m&#233;dio avaliados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial / mortalidade, Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial / cirurgia, Toracotomia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Defeito do Septo Atrioventricular (DSAV) ocorre em dois de cada dez mil nascidos vivos, correspondendo a 3% das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. O defeito b&#225;sico dessa malforma&#231;&#227;o &#233; a aus&#234;ncia do septo atrioventricular, com cinco ou mais folhetos da valva atrioventricular (VA) de tamanhos variados estando usualmente presentes<sup>1</sup>. Os subgrupos anat&#244;micos podem ser classificados com base na inser&#231;&#227;o das cordoalhas e na morfologia do folheto ponte anterior da VA comum, a chamada classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rastelli<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico, em decorr&#234;ncia da altera&#231;&#227;o anatomofuncional, caracteriza-se por hiperfluxo pulmonar j&#225; nas primeiras semanas de vida, acarretando uma sobrevida de 54% aos seis meses de idade e de 15%, aos dois anos<sup>3,4</sup>. Enquanto a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva &#233; a principal causa de &#243;bitos em lactantes, a doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar oclusiva predomina a partir do primeiro ano de vida<sup>1,3</sup>. S&#237;ndrome de Down pode ser encontrada em cerca de 75% dos pacientes com defeito completo<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica mais empregada na corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV envolve o uso de enxerto duplo - um enxerto atrial e outro ventricular -, respeitando-se a integridade dos folhetos valvares. Essa conduta substituiu a primeira t&#233;cnica descrita, que consistia em um &#250;nico enxerto atrioventricular, onde os folhetos eram seccionados e ressuturados ao enxerto.</p>
    <p>Em 1997, Wilcox, com apoio do patologista Robert Anderson, descreveu uma forma simplificada de corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV, na qual n&#227;o se implantava enxerto no componente ventricular, mas a VA comum era suturada na crista do septo ventricular, utilizando os mesmos pontos de sutura para fixar o enxerto septal<sup>5</sup>. Em 1999, Nicholson descreveu sua experi&#234;ncia inicial com essa t&#233;cnica, seguido por Backer em 2007, Dragulescu em 2008, e Jeong em 2009<sup>6-9</sup>. Essa forma de corre&#231;&#227;o, apesar das boas experi&#234;ncias relatadas, est&#225; pouco divulgada e praticada, permanecendo relegada &#224; segunda op&#231;&#227;o por muitos ou at&#233; desconhecida em alguns centros. Atualmente &#237;ndices de mortalidade hospitalar pr&#243;ximos a 5% foram relatados<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar uma s&#233;rie de casos de corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV completo pela t&#233;cnica simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico e analisar o resultado cl&#237;nico, cir&#250;rgico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico em m&#233;dio e longo prazos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes e M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo retrospectivo em s&#233;rie de casos consecutivos, totalizando 16 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DSAV completo operados utilizando a t&#233;cnica simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2011. A amostra n&#227;o inclui a totalidade de pacientes operados por DSAV na institui&#231;&#227;o, mas apenas aqueles tratados por um dos cirurgi&#245;es que passou a adotar essa t&#233;cnica como preferencial, ap&#243;s verificar que sua simplicidade era acompanhada de resultados imediatos anat&#244;micos e funcionais semelhantes aos dos melhores casos submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o com duplo enxerto. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com DSAV parcial ou com outras malforma&#231;&#245;es graves associadas (por exemplo, Tetralogia de Fallot).</p>
    <p>Dos 16 pacientes, 6 (37,5%) eram do sexo masculino; 11(68,8%) pertenciam ao tipo A da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Rastelli; 2(12,5%) ao tipo C; e 3 n&#227;o possu&#237;am a classifica&#231;&#227;o descrita no prontu&#225;rio. S&#237;ndrome de Down esteve presente em 14(87,5%) pacientes. O peso m&#233;dio no momento da cirurgia foi de 7,80&#177;6,12 Kg (3,77 - 25,0 Kg) e a idade m&#233;dia de 18,31&#177;34,19meses (2meses-11anos). A VA &#250;nica possu&#237;a insufici&#234;ncia definida como grave em 3(18,75%) pacientes, moderada em 7(43,75%) e leve em 6 (37,50%), segundo ecocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio os pacientes foram avaliados para presen&#231;a de Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular (CIV) residual com necessidade de cirurgia corretiva, compet&#234;ncia da VA esquerda, obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e Bloqueio Atrioventricular (BAV) completo com necessidade de implante de marca-passo definitivo.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizada por meio da distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa, e para as quantitativas por m&#233;dia, desvio-padr&#227;o e mediana, quando indicada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram operados atrav&#233;s de toracotomia mediana transesternal, canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e das veias cavas inferior e superior, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e cardioplegia hipot&#233;rmica cristaloide anter&#243;grada e atriotomia direita obl&#237;qua, com pontos de reparo no &#225;trio direito para visibiliza&#231;&#227;o do defeito.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico, desenvolvida por Wilcox, foi utilizada com pequenas adapta&#231;&#245;es<sup>5</sup>. Essa consiste na sutura direta do componente ventricular, com coloca&#231;&#227;o de suturas em pontos separados, em U, de poli&#233;ster 5-0 ou 6-0, de acordo com o caso, ancorados em feltros de Dacron na face ventricular direita do septo interventricular. Essas suturas s&#227;o colocadas logo abaixo da crista do septo para evitar dano ao tecido de condu&#231;&#227;o. As suturas s&#227;o ent&#227;o passadas atrav&#233;s dos folhetos valvares &#226;ntero-superior e p&#243;stero-inferior em locais apropriados, demarcando os limites das vias de sa&#237;da atrial direita e esquerda e, assim, determinando o tamanho dos orif&#237;cios valvares atrioventriculares direito e esquerdo. Pr&#233;vias suturas de reparo com fio de polipropileno 6-0 s&#227;o colocadas na zona de aposi&#231;&#227;o da fenda dos folhetos da VA esquerda, antes das suturas do defeito septal, antecipando o reparo a ser feito. Ap&#243;s amarrar os pontos ventriculares, que servem para fechar o componente ventricular, bem como fixar as VA, a sutura do enxerto em n&#237;vel atrial &#233; completada, de forma cont&#237;nua, com polipropileno 5-0 ou 6-0, usualmente deixando o seio coronariano para o lado direito. As valvas atrioventriculares s&#227;o testadas por instila&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica gelada em cada ventr&#237;culo e o reparo de cada valva &#233; ajustado conforme necess&#225;rio, sendo sempre suturada a "fenda" do neofolheto anterior da VA esquerda com pontos separados de polipropileno 6-0. Em caso de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, cateteres de &#225;trio esquerdo e de art&#233;ria pulmonar s&#227;o colocados para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Este estudo n&#227;o possui fonte de financiamento externa, seu suporte financeiro consiste apenas em bolsa de inicia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica do CNPq e Fapergs, e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o onde foi realizado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias dos pacientes est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref>. As doen&#231;as associadas podem ser vistas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi 74,63&#177;18,48 min (49 - 112 min) e o de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, de 46,44&#177;11,89 min (34 - 67 min). </p>
    <p>Em 9 pacientes (56,3%) concomitantemente &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV completo realizou-se fechamento de canal arterial patente.</p>
    <p>Em 57,97 &#177; 47,79 meses (1 dia - 10,5 anos) de seguimento m&#233;dio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram registrados dois &#243;bitos (12,5%), ambos precoces (antes da alta hospitalar referente a interna&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica). O primeiro ocorrido na 16&#170; hora p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em um paciente com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave que desenvolveu choque cardiog&#234;nico refrat&#225;rio e, o segundo, em um paciente que necessitou de reopera&#231;&#227;o no 16&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por por insufici&#234;ncia grave das valvas atrioventricular direita e esquerda e evoluiu com choque cardiog&#234;nico no 9&#186; dia ap&#243;s a reopera&#231;&#227;o. Os 14 pacientes sobreviventes (87,5%) receberam alta hospitalar em boas condi&#231;&#245;es. O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 12,44&#177;12,22 dias (3-56 dias).</p>
    <p>Dois pacientes (12,5%) evolu&#237;ram com BAV completo, necessitando de marca-passo definitivo, 3 pacientes (18,75%) desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia valvar grave durante o seguimento, sendo submetidos &#224; cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o da VA esquerda (um por meio de troca valvar e dois atrav&#233;s de plastia valvar): em um caso a reopera&#231;&#227;o foi precoce (nos primeiros 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, j&#225; citado acima, entre os &#243;bitos), e em 2 casos foi tardia (ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar ou ap&#243;s 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio). &#192; exce&#231;&#227;o do paciente que evoluiu para &#243;bito, os 2 outros pacientes reoperados apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia m&#237;nima ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o. Um desses pacientes apresentava concomitantemente &#224; insufici&#234;ncia valvar atrioventricular, CIV residual importante, que tamb&#233;m foi corrigida. N&#227;o houve nenhum caso de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Todos os 14 pacientes sobreviventes permaneciam assintom&#225;ticos na &#250;ltima revis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, 10 deles com insufici&#234;ncia da VA esquerda considerada leve pelo ecocardiograma de acompanhamento (71,42%). Os resultados do per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref> e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de insufici&#234;ncia da VA esquerda no pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio dos pacientes sobreviventes pode ser vista na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tabela 4</xref>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a12tab05">tabela 5</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias e os desfechos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios para cada um dos 16 pacientes operados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a12tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Defeito Septal Atrioventricular (DSAV), tamb&#233;m chamado de canal atrioventricular persistente, caracteriza-se pela aus&#234;ncia ou defici&#234;ncia de tecido septal imediatamente acima e abaixo do n&#237;vel das valvas atrioventriculares (VA)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>DSAV ocorre em dois de cada dez mil nascidos vivos, correspondendo a 3% das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Ambos os sexos s&#227;o afetados, com frequ&#234;ncia um pouco maior em meninas (rela&#231;&#227;o mulher/homem: 1,3/1)<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas menores ou maiores podem estar associadas, assim como s&#237;ndrome de Down, presente em cerca de 75% dos pacientes com DSAV completo<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os subgrupos anat&#244;micos podem ser classificados com base na inser&#231;&#227;o das cordoalhas e na morfologia do folheto ponte superior da VA comum. No tipo A, o folheto ponte superior &#233; quase totalmente aderente ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#233; firmemente fixado sobre o septo ventricular por m&#250;ltiplas inser&#231;&#245;es de cordoalhas. No tipo B, o folheto ponte superior &#233; maior e pende sobre o septo ventricular mais que no tipo A, anexado sobre ele por um m&#250;sculo papilar an&#244;malo do ventr&#237;culo direito. No tipo C, o folheto ponte superior &#233; maior e n&#227;o est&#225; associado ao septo ventricular (folheto livre-flutuante), provocando assim uma irrestrita CIV<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O primeiro reparo cir&#250;rgico de defeito de DSAV completo foi relatado por Lillehei e cols.<sup>10</sup> em 1955 atrav&#233;s de uma sutura da borda atrial do defeito septal na crista do septo ventricular. As primeiras experi&#234;ncias com defeitos completos do septo atrioventricular foram associadas &#224; alta mortalidade hospitalar, frequentemente relacionada a bloqueio card&#237;aco completo, regurgita&#231;&#227;o da VA esquerda p&#243;s-reparo ou desenvolvimento de estenose suba&#243;rtica<sup>1</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o, v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas para reparo desse defeito foram descritas, envolvendo o uso de enxerto duplo ou &#250;nico, e os resultados foram melhorando com o entendimento da anatomia da les&#227;o e com avan&#231;os no manejo cir&#250;rgico e nos cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, e atualmente &#237;ndices de mortalidade pr&#243;ximos a 5% j&#225; foram relatados<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de enxerto &#250;nico cl&#225;ssica consiste na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um enxerto de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo suturado nas por&#231;&#245;es ventricular e atrial e foi descrita pela primeira vez por Maloney e cols.<sup>11</sup> em 1962. Em 1976, Trusler e cols.<sup>12</sup> introduziram a t&#233;cnica do duplo enxerto, com material prot&#233;tico separado para o defeito do septo ventricular. Ambas as t&#233;cnicas resultaram em adequada fun&#231;&#227;o da VA ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, entretanto a regurgita&#231;&#227;o da VA esquerda permaneceu como uma importante causa de morbidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em ambas as t&#233;cnicas, com um &#237;ndice de reopera&#231;&#227;o variando de 6% a 15%<sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1968, uma nova t&#233;cnica de reparo de DSAV com enxerto &#250;nico foi descrita por Rastelli e cols.<sup>13</sup>, a qual envolvia a divis&#227;o dos folhetos anterior e posterior comuns com fixa&#231;&#227;o ao enxerto &#250;nico, o que requeria a incorpora&#231;&#227;o do tecido dos folhetos na linha de sutura. A eventual deisc&#234;ncia nessa linha de sutura causava incompet&#234;ncia da valva e era importante fator de risco para reopera&#231;&#227;o e morte.</p>
    <p>Mais de duas d&#233;cadas depois, Merrill e cols.<sup>14</sup> relataram os resultados da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica utilizando a t&#233;cnica de enxerto &#250;nico cl&#225;ssica em 103 crian&#231;as com idade m&#233;dia de 6,2 meses e peso m&#233;dio de 5,8 kg. Eles obtiveram uma mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de 17,47% (18 &#243;bitos), passando a recomendar a corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva sempre que poss&#237;vel mediante essa t&#233;cnica.</p>
    <p>Em 1997, Wilcox e cols.<sup>5</sup> descreveram uma forma simplificada de corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV, na qual n&#227;o se implantava enxerto no componente ventricular, mas a valva VA comum era suturada na crista do septo ventricular, utilizando os mesmos pontos de sutura para fixar o enxerto septal, sendo esse colocado apenas no componente atrial<sup>5</sup>. Neste estudo, os autores fizeram uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 21 pacientes operados entre janeiro de 1992 e julho de 1995, sendo que em 9 foram utilizadas as t&#233;cnicas de enxerto &#250;nico ou duplo, consideradas padr&#227;o at&#233; ent&#227;o, e nos 12 pacientes restantes foi usado o fechamento direto do componente ventricular, com tempos de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e de perfus&#227;o menores e com resultados, ap&#243;s seguimento de 34 meses, semelhantes &#224;s demais t&#233;cnicas. Cabe ressaltar que neste trabalho n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com componente ventricular muito grande, com intuito de evitar tens&#227;o nos folhetos valvares e incompet&#234;ncia na VA ap&#243;s o reparo.</p>
    <p>J&#225; em 1999, Nicholson e cols.<sup>6</sup> reportaram 47 pacientes consecutivos operados entre maio de 1995 e agosto de 1998 com uma t&#233;cnica modificada, que inclu&#237;a sutura direta da VA comum ao lado direito da crista do septo ventricular, independentemente do tamanho do defeito septal ventricular em ecocardiografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. O defeito septal atrial restante (<italic>ostium primum</italic>) era fechado com enxerto peric&#225;rdico e a fenda neomitral era reparada. Neste trabalho a mortalidade foi de 4%, com idade m&#233;dia de reparo aos 5,6meses, e 40% dos pacientes tinham les&#245;es associadas (persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, CIV muscular, drenagem venosa an&#244;mala pulmonar total, coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta e estenose pulmonar). N&#227;o houve nenhum caso de BAV, nem defeito septal residual ou obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Houve incompet&#234;ncia da valva mitral p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em 28% dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Embora o uso da t&#233;cnica de enxerto &#250;nico seja atrativa, com tempos de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico menores, defensores das t&#233;cnicas mais antigas ressaltam o potencial para obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo causado pela retra&#231;&#227;o da VA inferiormente em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; crista do septo ventricular, fechando parcialmente a via de sa&#237;da, bem como o potencial para defeito septal ventricular residual e o aumento na insufici&#234;ncia da VA pelo deslocamento inferior da valva<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por sua vez, com a atual tend&#234;ncia em corrigir defeitos septais atrioventriculares em idade cada vez mais precoce, antes da progress&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, cardiomegalia e insufici&#234;ncia da VA, a t&#233;cnica simplificada de enxerto &#250;nico facilitaria consideravelmente a cirurgia em crian&#231;as menores, j&#225; que a aus&#234;ncia do enxerto ventricular diminui a dificuldade do procedimento<sup>7</sup>. Outras vantagens dessa t&#233;cnica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao duplo enxerto seriam a melhor exposi&#231;&#227;o e visibiliza&#231;&#227;o do defeito do septo ventricular e do aparato subvalvar, menor n&#250;mero de suturas pr&#243;ximo ao plano valvar e uma menor possibilidade de les&#227;o do feixe de condu&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Backer e cols.<sup>7</sup>, em 2007, apresentaram uma coorte de 55crian&#231;as com DSAV completo corrigido de 2000 a 2006, sendo 26 com a t&#233;cnica simplificada de enxerto &#250;nico e 29 com t&#233;cnica cl&#225;ssica de enxerto duplo. O tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e de perfus&#227;o foram significativamente menores na t&#233;cnica simplificada (97,3 &#177; 19,9 <italic>vs</italic>. 132,3&#177;28,2 min, p&lt;0,0003; 128&#177;25 <italic>vs</italic>. 157&#177;37 min, p &lt; 0,03), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a no grau de insufici&#234;ncia direita ou esquerda da VA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve nenhum caso de BAV completo, reopera&#231;&#245;es por CIV residual ou obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com a t&#233;cnica de enxerto &#250;nico contra um paciente com BAV completo e um paciente com CIV residual com necessidade de reopera&#231;&#227;o na t&#233;cnica de enxerto duplo, o que levou os autores a conclu&#237;rem que a t&#233;cnica simplificada &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224; t&#233;cnica cl&#225;ssica e diminui significativamente o tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>Em revis&#227;o publicada em 2009, Backer e cols.<sup>16</sup> reafirmaram suas firmes convic&#231;&#245;es de que a t&#233;cnica modificada com enxerto &#250;nico &#233; a melhor t&#233;cnica dispon&#237;vel para o reparo de pacientes com DSAV completo, baseado no fato de que essa abordagem est&#225; associada a uma mortalidade operat&#243;ria muito baixa, &#233; facilmente aplicada a crian&#231;as pequenas e a incid&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia da VA esquerda ou obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; significativamente menor do que anteriormente relatada<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto a dados mais recentes referentes &#224;s taxas de mortalidade, Dragulescu e cols.<sup>8</sup> publicaram em 2008 seus resultados utilizando a t&#233;cnica descrita por Rastelli com enxerto &#250;nico em 107 crian&#231;as operadas entre 1984 e 2005, obtendo&#8209;se uma sobrevida precoce de 86% &#177; 3,0%, com 5 casos de reopera&#231;&#227;o precoce (2 por CIV residual e 3 para reparo da valva mitral)<sup>8</sup>. Nove pacientes foram submetidos a reopera&#231;&#245;es tardias: 4 para reparo de estenose suba&#243;rtica e 5 para reparo mitral. A sobrevida tardia em 10 e 15 anos foi de 84% &#177; 3%. </p>
    <p>Outro importante estudo comparando a t&#233;cnica simplicada <italic>versus</italic> a t&#233;cnica cl&#225;ssica para corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV completo foi publicado em 2009 com 61 pacientes, 18 deles no grupo da t&#233;cnica simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico e 43 no grupo da t&#233;cnica cl&#225;ssica com duplo enxerto. Neste trabalho o tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico foi significativamente menor no grupo da t&#233;cnica simplicada (110,8 &#177; 27,5 min <italic>vs</italic>. 134,4&#177;42,5min, p=0,03). Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, dois pacientes necessitaram de reopera&#231;&#227;o por disfun&#231;&#227;o da VA no grupo t&#233;cnica simplificada contra tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo t&#233;cnica cl&#225;ssica (p = 0,63). Um &#243;bito tardio ocorreu no grupo t&#233;cnica simplificada e dois &#243;bitos no grupo t&#233;cnica cl&#225;ssica (p=0,90). Os autores ressaltaram como vantagem da corre&#231;&#227;o com enxerto &#250;nico, al&#233;m no menor tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, a simplicidade resultante de se evitar o enxerto no defeito do septo ventricular<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por fim, um recente trabalho<sup>17</sup> foi publicado em janeiro de 2012 visando avaliar os resultados em longo prazo da reopera&#231;&#227;o por regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar atrioventricular esquerda ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de DSAV. Nessa s&#233;rie, dos 312 pacientes inicialmente corrigidos, 45 (14,42%) necessitaram ser reoperados entre dezembro de 1976 e julho de 2006 com uma mortalidade de apenas 2% em 15 anos de seguimento ap&#243;s o reparo prim&#225;rio de DSAV<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Figuras com a descri&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica simplificada para corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV completo podem ser encontradas nas refer&#234;ncias citadas, como no trabalho de Backer que incluiu desenhos demonstrando cada um dos passos da t&#233;cnica simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico, fios utilizados e resultados obtidos<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial com a t&#233;cnica simplificada, apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, algumas caracter&#237;sticas podem ser observadas, como o tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica relativamente pequenos, refor&#231;ando os achados da literatura. N&#227;o houve nenhum caso de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e apenas um caso de CIV residual importante, indicando a seguran&#231;a da t&#233;cnica quanto a essas complica&#231;&#245;es. As complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; VA esquerda e bloqueio card&#237;aco s&#227;o poss&#237;veis e esperadas com qualquer t&#233;cnica, e os pacientes que apresentaram essas complica&#231;&#245;es foram manejados com reopera&#231;&#227;o para plastia ou troca valvar e implante de marca-passo definitivo, respectivamente. Deve ser observado que o seguimento de alguns pacientes n&#227;o &#233; de longo prazo, pois a m&#233;dia de seguimento observada foi menor de cinco anos, m&#233;dia essa devida &#224; inclus&#227;o de casos recentes ao lado de outros operados h&#225; 11 anos.</p>
    <p>Nossa mortalidade de 12,5% foi devida a dois casos por complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias imediatas graves, entre os 16operados. Percentualmente, o impacto de um &#243;bito em s&#233;rie pequena sempre &#233; significativo. Mas, ponderamos que tal mortalidade imediata pode ser considerada dentro de faixa aceit&#225;vel, nesta amostra, em refer&#234;ncia aos dados apresentados pela literatura internacional acima citada. Observa&#231;&#227;o semelhante pode ser feita com rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#237;ndices de complica&#231;&#245;es, como CIV residual, BAV completo e insufici&#234;ncia das valvas atrioventriculares. Deve ser lembrado, em favor da t&#233;cnica empregada, que n&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos tardios, no per&#237;odo estudado.</p>
    <p>Embora alguns centros de excel&#234;ncia nacionais e estrangeiros, conduzidos por cirurgi&#245;es de excepcional habilidade possam estar relatando percentuais muito pequenos de mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo-se na faixa de menor morbimortalidade dos registros, como da STS e EACTS, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses dados devem levar em conta que tais resultados s&#227;o baseados em grandes casu&#237;sticas resultantes da soma de muitas institui&#231;&#245;es, diferentemente de relatos de s&#233;ries de casos. Na revis&#227;o bibliogr&#225;fica citada acima, encontramos s&#233;ries com 12, 47, 26 e 18 casos, respectivamente, em que foi empregada a t&#233;cnica simplificada<sup>5-7,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica simplificada com enxerto &#250;nico para corre&#231;&#227;o de DSAV completo se mostrou fact&#237;vel e com bons resultados cl&#237;nicos, cir&#250;rgicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de m&#233;dio e longo prazos, em termos tanto de seguran&#231;a quanto de sobrevida dos 16 pacientes avaliados. Reconhecemos que, por se tratar de um relato de s&#233;rie de casos, novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para aprimorar suas indica&#231;&#245;es e compara&#231;&#245;es com as demais t&#233;cnicas dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tagliari AP, Schr&#246;der DA, Teixeira Filho G, Prates PR, Sant'Anna JRM, Nesralla IA, Kalil RAK; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Tagliari AP, Kalil RAK; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tagliari AP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tagliari AP, Schr&#246;der DA, Kalil RAK.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Renato Abdala Karam Kalil </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana </p>
        <p> CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="kalil.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">kalil.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br">editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/03/12, revisado em 15/08/12, aceito em 12/09/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Results of simplified single-patch repair for complete atrioventricular septal defect</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Since Wilcox's description of the simplified single-patch technique for atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair in 1997, several studies have compared that technique with the two-patch technique. OBJECTIVE: To report the mid- and long-term results of the simplified single-patch technique for complete AVSD repair. METHODS: Retrospective study of 16 consecutive cases between January 2001 and December 2011. The patients' mean age was 18.31 &#177; 34.19 months (2 months - 11 years), and their mean weight, 7.80 &#177; 6.12 kg (3.77 - 25.0 kg). Six patients were males and 14 had Down syndrome. Mean follow-up duration was 54.97 &#177; 47.79 months. RESULTS: Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 74.63 &#177; 18.48 min (49 - 112 min), and mean aortic cross-clamp time, 46.44 &#177; 11.89 min (34 - 67 min). Two patients died during hospitalization (12.5%), both of cardiovascular causes. Three patients underwent reoperation due to left atrioventricular (AV) valve regurgitation, and two had third-degree VA block, requiring permanent pacemaker implantation. No patient had left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The 14 surviving patients remain asymptomatic, ten of whom with mild left VA valve regurgitation (71.42%). CONCLUSION: The simplified single-patch technique for complete AVSD repair proved to be feasible, providing adequate correction of the defects and favorable clinical and echocardiographic outcome in the mean 57.97-month follow-up.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracotomy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Results of simplified single-patch repair for complete atrioventricular septal defect</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ana Paula Tagliari<sup>I,II</sup>; Daniel Augusto Schr&#246;der<sup>I</sup>; Guaracy Teixeira Filho<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Roberto Prates<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Sant'Anna<sup>I</sup>; Ivo A. Nesralla<sup>I</sup>; Renato A. K. Kalil<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Since Wilcox's description of the simplified single-patch technique for atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair in 1997, several studies have compared that technique with the two-patch technique.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To report the mid- and long-term results of the simplified single-patch technique for complete AVSD repair.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Retrospective study of 16 consecutive cases between January 2001 and December 2011. The patients' mean age was 18.31 &#177; 34.19 months (2 months - 11 years), and their mean weight, 7.80 &#177; 6.12 kg (3.77 - 25.0 kg). Six patients were males and 14 had Down syndrome. Mean follow-up duration was 54.97 &#177; 47.79 months.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 74.63 &#177; 18.48 min (49 - 112 min), and mean aortic cross-clamp time, 46.44 &#177; 11.89 min (34 - 67 min). Two patients died during hospitalization (12.5%), both of cardiovascular causes. Three patients underwent reoperation due to left atrioventricular (AV) valve regurgitation, and two had third-degree VA block, requiring permanent pacemaker implantation. No patient had left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The 14 surviving patients remain asymptomatic, ten of whom with mild left VA valve regurgitation (71.42%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The simplified single-patch technique for complete AVSD repair proved to be feasible, providing adequate correction of the defects and favorable clinical and echocardiographic outcome in the mean 57.97-month follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / mortality; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / surgery; Thoracotomy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) occurs in two out of ten thousand live births, corresponding to 3% of congenital heart diseases. The basic defect is absence of the atrioventricular (AV) septum and usual presence of five or more leaflets of varied sizes in the common AV valve<sup>1</sup>. Anatomical subgroups can be classified based on the insertion of the chordae tendineae and the morphology of the superior bridging leaflet of the common AV valve, according to the so-called Rastelli classification<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Because of anatomical and functional changes, the clinical findings are characterized by increased pulmonary blood flow already in the first weeks of life, leading to a 54% survival at the age of six months and a 15% survival at the age of two years<sup>3,4</sup>. While congestive heart failure is the major cause of death in infants, occlusive pulmonary vascular disease predominates from the first year of life onwards<sup>1,3</sup>. Down syndrome can be found in approximately 75% of the patients with complete AVSD<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The most common surgical technique to repair AVSD involves the use of two patches (an atrial and a ventricular), respecting the integrity of the valvular leaflets. That approach replaced the first technique described, which consisted of a single AV patch, in which the leaflets were sectioned and re-sutured to the patch.</p>
      <p>In 1997, Wilcox, with the aid of the pathologist Robert Anderson, described a simplified repair of the AVSD, in which no patch was implanted in the ventricular component, but the common AV valve was sutured to the crest of the ventricular septum, and the same suture stitches were used to fix the septal patch<sup>5</sup>. In 1999, Nicholson described his initial experience with that technique, being followed by Backer in 2007, Dragulescu in 2008, and Jeong in 2009<sup>6-9</sup>. That simplified repair approach, despite the good experiences reported, has been rarely disclosed and performed, being considered a second option by many or even ignored in some places. Currently, in-hospital mortality indices close to 5% are reported with that technique<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at reporting a case series of complete AVSD repair that uses the simplified single-patch technique, and at assessing its clinical, surgical and echocardiographic results in the mid and long run.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients and Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a retrospective study of a consecutive case series of 16 patients diagnosed with complete AVSD and operated on according to the simplified single-patch technique at the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, from January 2001 to December 2011. This sample does not include all patients operated on due to AVSD at that institution during that period, but only those managed by one of the surgeons, who adopted that technique as preferential, after observing that its simplicity was accompanied by immediate anatomical and functional results similar to those of the cases submitted to the two-patch repair. Patients with incomplete AVSD or other severe malformations associated, such as tetralogy of Fallot, were excluded.</p>
      <p>Of the 16 patients, six (37.5%) were males, 11 (68.8%) had been classified as Rastelli type A, two (12.5%) as Rastelli type C, and three had no classification described in their medical records. Fourteen (87.5%) patients had been diagnosed with Down syndrome. Their mean weight at the time of surgery was 7.80 &#177; 6.12 kg (3.77 - 25.0 kg), and their mean age, 18.31 &#177; 34.19 months (2 months - 11 years). On preoperative echocardiography, regurgitation in the common AV valve was severe in three (18.75%) patients, moderate in seven (43.75%), and mild in six (37.50%).</p>
      <p>In the postoperative follow-up, the patients were assessed for the presence of residual ventricular septal defect (VSD) that required repair surgery, competence of the left AV valve, obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, and third-degree AV block (AVB) requiring permanent pacemaker implantation.</p>
      <p>The descriptive analysis of categorical variables was performed by use of absolute and relative frequency distribution, and that of quantitative variables, by use of mean, standard deviation and median, when indicated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients were operated on through median sternotomy, with cannulation of the ascending aorta and inferior and superior vena cava, cardiopulmonary bypass, anterograde crystalloid hypothermic cardioplegia, and right oblique atriotomy, with maximum exposure of the AVSD.</p>
      <p>The simplified single-patch technique developed by Wilcox was used with small adaptations<sup>5</sup>. It consisted of a direct suture of the ventricular component, with placement of U sutures, with 5-0 or 6-0 polyester, according to the case, tied on a Dacron fabric to the right side of the ventricular septum. Such sutures are placed right below the septal crest to avoid damaging the conducting tissue of the heart. Then the sutures are passed through the antero-superior and postero-inferior valvular leaflets at appropriate sites, demarcating the limits of the right and left atrial outflow tracts, thus determining the size of the right and left AV valve orifices. Previous 6.0 polypropylene sutures are placed on the zone of apposition of the left AV valve leaflets, prior to the sutures of the septal defect, anticipating the repair to be performed. After tying the ventricular stitches that close the ventricular component and fix the AV valves, the suture of the patch is completed continuously at the atrial level, with 5-0 or 6-0 polypropylene, usually leaving the coronary sinus to the right side. The AV valves are tested by instillation of cold saline solution into every ventricle, the repair of each valve being adjusted as necessary, and the "cleft" of the anterior neoleaflet of the left AV valve being always sutured with interrupted 6-0 polypropylene stitches. In case of pulmonary hypertension, catheters of the left atrium and pulmonary artery are placed for monitoring. </p>
      <p>This study had no external financing source. Its financial support consisted only of a scientific initiation grant of CNPq and Fapergs. This study was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the institution where it was conducted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the preoperative characteristics of the patients, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the associated diseases.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were 74.63 &#177; 18.48 min (49 - 112 min) and 46.44 &#177; 11.89 min (34 - 67 min), respectively.</p>
      <p>Nine patients (56.3%) underwent, concomitantly with complete AVSD repair, closure of a patent ductus arteriosus.</p>
      <p>In 57.97 &#177; 47.79 months (one day - 10.5 years) of mean postoperative follow-up, two patients (12.5%) died early, before hospital discharge. The first was a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension, who developed refractory cardiogenic shock and died at the 16th postoperative hour. The second patient required reoperation on the 16th postoperative day, because of severe left and right AV valvular regurgitation, and developed cardiogenic shock on the ninth postoperative day. The 14 surviving patients (87.5%) were discharged from hospital in good health conditions. Mean hospitalization time was 12.44 &#177; 12.22 days (3 - 56 days).</p>
      <p>Two patients (12.5%) had first-degree AVB, requiring permanent pacemaker implantation. Three patients (18,75%) developed severe valvular regurgitation during follow-up, and underwent surgery for left AV valve repair (one by use of valvular replacement, and two by use of valvuloplasty); in one patient, the reoperation was early (within the first 30 postoperative days, already cited above among those who died), and, in two patients, late (after hospital discharge or after 30 postoperative days). Except for the patient who died, the other two undergoing reoperation had a minimum regurgitation after surgery. One of such patients had, concomitantly with AV valve regurgitation, important residual VSD, which was also corrected. No patient had obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract.</p>
      <p>All 14 surviving patients were asymptomatic at the last clinical review, ten of whom had mild left AV valve regurgitation on echocardiography (71.42%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the results of the perioperative and late postoperative period. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> compares the left AV valve regurgitation degree in the pre- and postoperative periods of surviving patients. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a12tab05-body2">Table 5</xref> shows the preoperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes for every 16 patients operated on.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a12tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0288-30067-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrioventricular septal defect, also called common AV canal, is characterized by septal tissue absence or deficiency immediately above and below the level of the AV valves<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Atrioventricular septal defect occurs in two out of ten thousand live births, corresponding to 3% of congenital heart diseases. Both sexes are affected, but AVSD is more frequent in females (female/male ratio: 1.3/1)<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Minor or major cardiac malformations can be associated, as well as Down syndrome, present in approximately 75% of the patients with complete AVSD<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Anatomical subgroups can be classified based on the insertion of the chordae tendineae and the morphology of the superior bridging leaflet of the common AV valve. In type A, the superior bridging leaflet is almost totally attached to the left ventricle and firmly fixed over the ventricular septum by multiple insertions of the chordae. In type B, the superior bridging leaflet is larger and hangs over the ventricular septum more than in type A, attached to it by an anomalous papillary muscle of the right ventricle. In type C, the superior bridging leaflet is larger and unattached to the ventricular septum (free-floating leaflet), causing an unrestricted VSD<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The first surgical repair of complete AVSD was reported by Lillehei et al<sup>10</sup> in 1955 and consisted of suturing the atrial border of the septal defect to the ventricular septum crest. The first experiences with complete AVSD were associated with high in-hospital mortality, frequently related to complete heart block, left AV valve regurgitation after repair or development of subaortic stenosis<sup>1</sup>. Since then, several repair techniques for that defect have been described, involving the use of either a single patch or two patches; the results have improved as knowledge on the anatomy of the lesion increased and surgical management and postoperative care advanced. Current mortality rates close to 5% have been reported<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The classic single-patch technique was described for the first time by Maloney et al<sup>11</sup> in 1962 and consists of suturing an autologous pericardial patch to the ventricular and atrial portions. In 1976, Trusler et al<sup>12</sup> introduced the double-patch technique with prosthetic material for the AVSD. Both techniques have resulted in adequate postoperative AV valve function; left AV valve regurgitation, however, have remained an important cause of postoperative morbidity in both techniques, with reoperation rate ranging from 6% to 15%<sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1968, a new repair technique for AVSD with a single patch was described by Rastelli et al<sup>13</sup>. It involved the division of the common anterior and posterior leaflets with fixation to the single patch, which required the incorporation of the leaflet tissue in the suture line. Occasional dehiscence in that suture line caused valvular incompetence and was an important risk factor for reoperation and death.</p>
      <p>More than two decades later, Merrill et al<sup>14</sup> reported the results of surgical correction using the classic single-patch technique in 103 children, whose mean age was 6.2 months and mean weight, 5.8 kg. Those authors found a 17.47% postoperative mortality (18 deaths), and recommended that technique, whenever possible, for the definitive correction of the defect.</p>
      <p>In 1997, Wilcox et al<sup>5</sup> described a simplified AVSD correction, in which no patch was implanted in the ventricular component, but the common AV valve was sutured to the crest of the ventricular septum, by using the same suture stitches to fix the septal patch, which was placed only in the atrial component<sup>5</sup>. In that study, the authors have retrospectively assessed 21 patients undergoing repair of complete AVSD from January 1992 to July 1995, as follows: in nine patients, the single- or two-patch techniques, then considered standard, were used, and, in the 12 remaining patients, direct closure of the ventricular component was performed, with aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times shorter, and results, after a 34-month follow-up, similar to those of the other techniques. It is worth noting that, in that study, no patient with a very large ventricular component was included, aiming at preventing both tension in the valve leaflets and AV valve incompetence after repair.</p>
      <p>In 1999, Nicholson et al<sup>6</sup> reported 47 consecutive patients undergoing repair of complete AVSD from May 1995 to August 1998 with the use of a modified technique, which included direct suturing of the common AV valve leaflets to the crest of the ventricular septum, regardless of the size of the AVSD on preoperative echocardiography. The residual atrial septal defect (ostium primum) was closed with pericardial patch and the neomitral cleft was repaired. In that study, mortality was 4%, with a mean age at repair of 5.6 months, and 40% of the patients had associated lesions (persistent ductus arteriosus, muscle ventricular septal defect, total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, coarctation of the aorta, and pulmonary stenosis). Neither AVB, nor residual septal defect nor left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was identified. Postoperative mitral valve incompetence was observed in 28% of the patients.</p>
      <p>Although the single-patch technique is attractive, with shorter cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times, supporters of the older techniques have emphasized its potential to obstruct the left ventricular outflow tract caused by the inferior retraction of the AV valve towards the crest of the ventricular septum, as well as its potential to cause residual VSD and to increase AV valve regurgitation due to the inferior displacement of the valve<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, the tendency is to correct AVSD at increasingly earlier ages, before the progression of pulmonary hypertension, cardiomegaly and AV valve regurgitation; thus, the simplified single-patch technique would make the surgery considerably easier in smaller children, because the lack of the ventricular patch decreases the difficulty of the procedure<sup>7</sup>. Other advantages of that technique as compared with the two-patch one are the better exposure and visualization of the AVSD and subvalvular apparatus, fewer sutures close to the valvular plane, and lower likelihood of damaging the heart conduction band<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 2007, Backer et al<sup>7</sup> reported a cohort of 55 children with complete AVSD corrected between 2000 and 2006, as follows: 26 with the simplified single-patch technique and 29 with the classic two-patch technique. The aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were significantly shorter in the simplified technique (97.3 &#177; 19.9 <italic>vs</italic>. 132.3 &#177; 28.2 min, p &lt; 0.0003; 128 &#177; 25 <italic>vs</italic>. 157 &#177; 37 min, p &lt; 0.03), and there was no difference in the degree of postoperative right or left AV valve regurgitation. In addition, patients undergoing the single-patch repair showed neither third-degree AVB, nor reoperations for residual VSD nor left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Among patients undergoing the two-patch repair, one had third-degree AVB and another had residual VSD, which required reoperation. Those authors have concluded that the simplified single-patch technique produced results comparable with the classic two-patch technique and significantly reduces the aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times.</p>
      <p>In a review published in 2009, Backer et al<sup>16</sup> reported their convictions that the modified single-patch technique is the best technique available to repair complete AVSD, based on the fact that its operative mortality is very low, the technique is easily applied to small children, and the incidence of reoperation due to either left AV valve regurgitation or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is significantly lower than the previously reported<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding more recent data on mortality rate, Dragulescu et al<sup>8</sup> published in 2008 their results with 107 children undergoing operation with the Rastelli single-patch procedure between 1984 and 2005. They reported an early survival of 86% &#177; 3.0%, and five early reoperations (two due to residual VSD and three mitral valve repair)<sup>8</sup>. Nine patients underwent late reoperations as follows: four for subaortic stenosis repair and five for mitral valve repair. Late survival at 10 and 15 years was 84% &#177; 3%. </p>
      <p>Another important study<sup>9</sup> comparing the simplified and the classic techniques for complete AVSD repair was published in 2009 with 61 patients, 18 of whom in the simplified single-patch technique group and 43 in the classic two-patch technique group. In that study, the cross-clamp time was significantly shorter in the single-patch technique group (110.8 &#177; 27.5 min <italic>vs</italic>. 134.4 &#177; 42.5 min, p = 0.03). During follow-up, reoperations were required as follows: two patients in the single-patch technique group because of AV valve dysfunction; and three patients in the classic two-patch technique group (p = 0.63). One patient died in the single-patch technique group and two died in the classic two-patch technique group (p = 0.90). As an advantage of the single-patch repair, those authors have emphasized, in addition to the shorter cross-clamp time, its simplicity resulting from not having to use a patch on the ventricular septum defect<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Finally, a recent study<sup>17</sup> was published in January 2012, aiming at assessing the long-term results of the reoperation for left AV valve regurgitation following AVSD repair. In that study, of the 312 patients initially undergoing repair, 45 (14.42%) required reoperation between December 1976 and July 2006, with a mortality rate of only 2% in 15 years of follow-up after primary repair for AVSD<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Figures describing the simplified technique for complete AVSD repair can be found in the references cited, such as the study by Backer, which includes drawings showing the steps of the simplified single-patch technique, suture threads used, and results obtained<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the limitations related to the small number of patients, our initial experience with the simplified technique evidenced the relatively short aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times, in accordance with the literature. There was no case of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and only one case of important residual VSD, indicating that the technique is safe regarding those complications. The complications related to the left AV valve and heart block can occur and are expected with any technique. Patients with such complications were managed with reoperation for valve plasty or replacement and permanent pacemaker implantation, respectively. It is worth noting that this study's mean follow-up was shorter than five years, including recent cases and others operated on 11 years before.</p>
      <p>The 12.5% mortality observed resulted from immediate severe postoperative complications in two of the 16 patients undergoing surgery. The impact of one death in a small case series is always significant. However, such immediate mortality can be considered within an acceptable range, as compared with data from the international literature. Similarly, the rate of complications, such as residual VSD, third-degree AVB, and AV valve regurgitation, can also be considered within an acceptable range. It is worth noting that no late deaths were observed in this study.</p>
      <p>Some national and international centers of excellence, conducted by surgeons exceptionally skilled, might be reporting very reduced percentages of mortality and complications, included in the lowest morbidity and mortality ranges of the registries, such as STS and EACTS. The interpretation of such data, however, should consider that those results are based on large case series originating from many institutions, unlike our case series. In the above cited bibliographic review, we found case series with 12, 47, 26 and 18 patients, in which the simplified technique was used<sup>5-7,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The simplified single-patch technique for the repair of complete AVSD is feasible and showed good mid- and long-term clinical, surgical and echocardiographic results regarding both safety and survival of the 16 patients assessed. Because this is a small case series, new studies are necessary to refine the indications of the technique and compare it with other techniques available.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Tagliari AP, Schr&#246;der DA, Teixeira Filho G, Prates PR, Sant'Anna JRM, Nesralla IA, Kalil RAK; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tagliari AP, Kalil RAK; Statistical analysis: Tagliari AP; Writing of the manuscript: Tagliari AP, Schr&#246;der DA, Kalil RAK.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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