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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mKJHYgsrG8HZVQ6CxSzrXtv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000300011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000300011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130066</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel dos n&#237;veis de BNP no progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Del Carlo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ochiai</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Eid</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Villa&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Curiati</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scipioni</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>281</fpage>
      <lpage>287</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; doen&#231;a que cursa com m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o, especialmente naqueles com IC avan&#231;ada. A dosagem de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B(BNP), ao lado da utilidade no diagn&#243;stico da descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, vem se mostrando &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. OBJETIVOS: Verificar se os n&#237;veis de BNP identificam quais pacientes evoluiriam pior e se o BNP seria fator independente de mortalidade considerando-se idade, sexo, fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;aca e renal e etiologia da cardiopatia. M&#201;TODOS: 189 pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada em classe funcional III/IV foram estudados. Todos tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e dosaram-se os n&#237;veis de BNP na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Analisaram-se as vari&#225;veis relacionadas com a mortalidade atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada. RESULTADOS: Os n&#237;veis de BNP foram mais elevados nos pacientes que morreram no primeiro ano de seguimento (1.861,9 versus 1.408,1 pg/dL; p = 0,044) e nos chag&#225;sicos (1.985 versus 1.452 pg/mL; p = 0,001), e esses pacientes chag&#225;sicos tiveram maior mortalidade no primeiro ano de seguimento (56% versus 35%; p = 0,010). Pela curva ROC, o valor de BNP de 1.400 pg/mL foi o melhor preditor de eventos, estando os valores elevados associados a FEVE mais baixa (0,23 versus 0,28; p = 0,002) e maior grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (ureia m&#233;dia 92 versus 74,5 mg/dL; p = 0,002). CONCLUS&#195;O: Na IC avan&#231;ada, os n&#237;veis elevados de BNP identificam pacientes com maior potencial de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes chag&#225;sicos apresentam n&#237;veis mais elevados de BNP do que as outras etiologias e t&#234;m pior evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deos Natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrevida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Papel dos n&#237;veis de BNP no progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada descompensada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira-Barretto; Carlos Henrique Del Carlo; Juliano Novaes Cardoso; Marcelo Eid Ochiai; Marcelo Villa&#231;a Lima; Milena Cardoso Curiati; Airton Roberto Scipioni; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; doen&#231;a que cursa com m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o, especialmente naqueles com IC avan&#231;ada. A dosagem de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B(BNP), ao lado da utilidade no diagn&#243;stico da descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, vem se mostrando &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Verificar se os n&#237;veis de BNP identificam quais pacientes evoluiriam pior e se o BNP seria fator independente de mortalidade considerando-se idade, sexo, fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;aca e renal e etiologia da cardiopatia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> 189 pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada em classe funcional III/IV foram estudados. Todos tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e dosaram-se os n&#237;veis de BNP na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Analisaram-se as vari&#225;veis relacionadas com a mortalidade atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os n&#237;veis de BNP foram mais elevados nos pacientes que morreram no primeiro ano de seguimento (1.861,9 <italic>versus</italic> 1.408,1 pg/dL; p = 0,044) e nos chag&#225;sicos (1.985 <italic>versus</italic> 1.452 pg/mL; p = 0,001), e esses pacientes chag&#225;sicos tiveram maior mortalidade no primeiro ano de seguimento (56% <italic>versus</italic> 35%; p = 0,010). Pela curva ROC, o valor de BNP de 1.400 pg/mL foi o melhor preditor de eventos, estando os valores elevados associados a FEVE mais baixa (0,23 <italic>versus</italic> 0,28; p = 0,002) e maior grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (ureia m&#233;dia 92 <italic>versus</italic> 74,5 mg/dL; p = 0,002). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Na IC avan&#231;ada, os n&#237;veis elevados de BNP identificam pacientes com maior potencial de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes chag&#225;sicos apresentam n&#237;veis mais elevados de BNP do que as outras etiologias e t&#234;m pior evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Pept&#237;deos Natriur&#233;ticos, Progn&#243;stico, Sobrevida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A IC &#233; doen&#231;a que reconhecidamente cursa com m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o, aliada a importante redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida, aumento da taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o da expectativa de vida, especialmente naqueles com IC avan&#231;ada<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>In&#250;meros dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais auxiliam na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que poder&#227;o evoluir pior<sup>2</sup>. A dosagem de BNP, ao lado de &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico da descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, vem se mostrando de utilidade na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, sendo ainda uma vari&#225;vel n&#227;o subjetiva<sup>3-6</sup>. Quanto mais elevados os n&#237;veis do pept&#237;deo, pior ser&#225; a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente, maior o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e maior a mortalidade<sup>2,3</sup>. Os n&#237;veis de BNP, entretanto, sofrem influ&#234;ncia n&#227;o s&#243; da situa&#231;&#227;o funcional dos pacientes, mas tamb&#233;m de fatores como idade, sexo, comorbidades associadas e obesidade. N&#227;o h&#225; trabalhos analisando o papel da etiologia da IC na determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de BNP.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, procuramos verificar se, em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada, os n&#237;veis de BNP identificam quais pacientes evoluiriam pior e se o BNP &#233; fator progn&#243;stico independente considerando idade, sexo, fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o renal e etiologia da cardiopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados prospectivamente 189 pacientes internados em hospital terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo, todos com IC avan&#231;ada, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;40%, em classe funcional III/IV. Esses pacientes eram provenientes do pronto-socorro do InCor e foram transferidos quando n&#227;o compensaram ap&#243;s as primeiras medidas no pronto-socorro ou por necessitarem de suporte inotr&#243;pico para compensa&#231;&#227;o. Os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o para a interna&#231;&#227;o levam a que os pacientes internados sejam graves e com intensas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente e submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial, que inclu&#237;a hemograma, dosagem de ureia, creatinina, BNP, s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio.</p>
    <p><italic>A concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) </italic>foi obtida por meio de imunoensaiodo tipo sandu&#237;che de duas etapas que utiliza tecnologia quimioluminescente direta e quantidades constantes de dois anticorpos monoclonais. Para isso, &#233; utilizado o <italic>kit</italic> comercial ADVIA Centaur<sup>&#174;</sup> (Siemens Medical SolutionsDiagnostic, Los Angeles, CA, EUA) em equipamento automatizado da mesma marca. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados em pg/mL.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; etiologia da cardiopatia, os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. O diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi feito pela presen&#231;a de rea&#231;&#245;es sorol&#243;gicas positivas, o de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica por hist&#243;ria de infarto, angina ou confirma&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia mediante estudo cinecoronariogr&#225;fico. Na aus&#234;ncia dessas caracter&#237;sticas, o paciente foi considerado como portador de cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, verificando-se a mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e no primeiro ano de seguimento. Esses pacientes continuam sendo acompanhados at&#233; os dias de hoje.</p>
    <p>Para fim de an&#225;lise compararam-se as vari&#225;veis estudadas dos pacientes que morreram com as dos que n&#227;o morreram no hospital, dos que morreram ou n&#227;o no primeiro ano de seguimento e dos chag&#225;sicos com os n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos.</p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s de curva ROC identificou-se o valor de BNP que melhor predizia eventos nos pacientes e compararam-se as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas daqueles com valor acima ou abaixo do valor encontrado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas atrav&#233;s de frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Compararam-se as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade ao final do seguimento. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo m&#233;todo U de Mann-Whitney, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fisher. Os preditores de mortalidade foram determinados por an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada, utilizando-se o m&#233;todo dos riscos proporcionais de Cox. Com base nos dados do seguimento, construiu-se a curva de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. Os valores de p apresentados s&#227;o bicaudais, tendo sido adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref> apresentamos as principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, sendo a idade m&#233;dia de 58,8anos, a maioria homens (57,7%), com FEVE m&#233;dia de 0,26, n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de BNP de 1.591,6 pg/mL, sendo que 26,5% dos pacientes eram chag&#225;sicos, 25,9% eram portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e 47,6% eram portadores de cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. No curso do estudo, 30 (15,9%) pacientes morreram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e 98 (51,9%) no primeiro ano de seguimento.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as importantes nas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais estudadas entre os pacientes que morreram ou n&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que morreram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o necessitaram com mais frequ&#234;ncia de drogas vasoativas (80,0% <italic>versus</italic> 57,2%; p = 0,026), o que os caracteriza como um grupo mais grave de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que morreram no primeiro ano de seguimento eram mais idosos, apresentavam n&#237;veis mais elevados de BNP (1.861,9 <italic>versus</italic> 1.408,1 pg/dL; p = 0,044) e n&#237;veis mais elevados de ureia (94,4 <italic>versus</italic> 74,0 mg/dL; p = 0,001). A mortalidade foi maior entre os chag&#225;sicos e menor entre os n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando se compararam os dados dos pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas com os dos n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos, observou-se que um percentual maior de pacientes chag&#225;sicos necessitou de drogas vasoativas para compensa&#231;&#227;o e que entre os chag&#225;sicos a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o era menor (26,6% <italic>versus</italic> 27,3%, p=0,019),com os n&#237;veis de BNP sendo mais elevados (1.985,0 <italic>versus</italic> 1.452,9pg/mL; p=0,001). Esses pacientes tiveram pior evolu&#231;&#227;o no primeiro ano de seguimento (mortalidade 56% <italic>versus</italic> 35,3%; p=0,010), mas a mortalidade hospitalar n&#227;o foi diferente entre os chag&#225;sicos e os n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Pela curva ROC, o valor de BNP de 1.400 pg/mL foi o melhor preditor da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos, estando os elevados n&#237;veis de BNP associados &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mais baixa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (0,23 <italic>versus</italic> 0,28; p=0,002) e ao maior grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (ureia m&#233;dia 92 <italic>versus</italic> 74,5mg/dL; p=0,002) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O sexo e a idade n&#227;o tiveram influ&#234;ncia nos n&#237;veis de BNP.</p>
    <p>Valores de BNP <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.400 pg/mL estiveram tamb&#233;m associados a maior probabilidade de morrer durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e no seguimento, bem como foram mais frequentes entre os chag&#225;sicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a11tab05">Tabela 5</xref>), a etiologia chag&#225;sica, os n&#237;veis de BNP<underline>&gt;</underline>1.400 pg/dL e a idade <underline>&gt;</underline>65 anos foram preditores independentes de aumento no risco de morte em 1 ano de seguimento nos pacientes admitidos por IC descompensada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a11tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig01">Figura 1</xref> apresentamos a curva ROC com a identifica&#231;&#227;o do melhor valor de BNP para predizer eventos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a11fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">Figura 2</xref> apresentamos as curvas de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier no primeiro ano de seguimento, mostrando que os pacientes chag&#225;sicos evoluem pior do que aqueles com outras etiologias. Os portadores de cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica tiveram a melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a11fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig03">Figura 3</xref> apresentamos as curvas Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida no primeiro ano de seguimento para pacientes com valores de BNP acima ou abaixo de 1.400 pg/mL, mostrando que aqueles com n&#237;veis mais elevados evoluem pior do que aqueles com n&#237;veis menos elevados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a11fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados mostram que os valores de BNP auxiliaram na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada descompensada. Os pacientes que, na interna&#231;&#227;o, tiveram valores de BNP <underline>&gt;</underline>1.400 pg/mL apresentaram maior mortalidade hospitalar e no primeiro ano de seguimento. Dentre as vari&#225;veis estudadas, a dosagem de BNP foi a melhor preditora de eventos. A eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de BNP esteve associada &#224; necessidade de tratamento com inotr&#243;picos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mais comprometida e fun&#231;&#227;o renal mais deteriorada.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes chag&#225;sicos apresentaram n&#237;veis mais levados de BNP que os n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos e tiveram pior evolu&#231;&#227;o, apresentando maior mortalidade que os n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos. </p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com IC descompensada &#233; dependente de in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, como a forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, da gravidade da doen&#231;a e do tratamento que vinha recebendo e que receber&#225; durante e ap&#243;s a descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>1,7-9</sup>. Os pacientes com quadro de choque cardiog&#234;nico, insufici&#234;ncia renal, doen&#231;a de Chagas, grande comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico e mal orientados encontram-se no grupo com pior evolu&#231;&#227;o, sendo essas caracter&#237;sticas frequentes na popula&#231;&#227;o que &#233; internada em nosso hospital<sup>1,2</sup>. Esse maior comprometimento card&#237;aco &#233; uma poss&#237;vel raz&#227;o para a mortalidade relativamente alta na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao lado dos marcadores cl&#237;nicos, a dosagem de BNP vem se mostrando um importante instrumento n&#227;o subjetivo de identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes mais graves<sup>4,5</sup>. Os valores de BNP se elevam quando o paciente descompensa pela distens&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos e os n&#237;veis s&#227;o t&#227;o mais altos quanto maior a distens&#227;o ventricular e, portanto, quanto maior a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e a intensidade da descompensa&#231;&#227;o do paciente<sup>3</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos v&#234;m mostrando que os n&#237;veis de BNP elevados identificam os pacientes com pior progn&#243;stico<sup>3-6</sup>. Nosso estudo confirma esses achados. O estudo difere da maioria dos j&#225; publicados por analisar uma popula&#231;&#227;o com IC extremamente avan&#231;ada, composta por uma maioria de pacientes que necessitaram de drogas vasoativas para compensa&#231;&#227;o e que associadamente apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, outro importante marcador progn&#243;stico na IC descompensada. </p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis elevados de BNP s&#227;o mais um dado que permite caracterizar essa popula&#231;&#227;o como extremamente avan&#231;ada, pois os n&#237;veis encontrados s&#227;o muito mais elevados do que aqueles descritos nos estudos com dosagem de BNP em geral. Encontramos valores m&#233;dios de 1.500pg/mL. No estudo pioneiro de Maisel e cols.<sup>3</sup>, o valor m&#233;dio do BNP entre aqueles com diagn&#243;stico de IC foi de 675pg/mL. Na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a classe funcional (NYHA) III ou IV, o valor m&#233;dio descrito foi de 900 pg/mL, valor bem inferior aos que encontramos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. No estudo Val-HeFT, com mais de 4.300 pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica, os valores m&#233;dios de BNP foram de 97pg/mL, sendo o valor daqueles em CF III/IV de 244pg/mL<sup>10</sup>. No registro ADHERE, nos 48.629 pacientes hospitalizados por IC descompensada nos Estados Unidos, o valor m&#233;dio do BNP foi de 840pg/mL<sup>11</sup>. No registro ADHERE, os n&#237;veis mais elevados de BNP, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do que observamos, estiveram associados a maior mortalidade<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de BNP apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mais comprometida, mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses valores mais elevados e o maior comprometimento card&#237;aco. Os n&#237;veis de ureia tamb&#233;m foram mais elevados, dado usualmente associado a maior comprometimento card&#237;aco e maior intensidade da descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, identificando os pacientes com pior progn&#243;stico<sup>1,2</sup>. Sem d&#250;vida, a fun&#231;&#227;o renal mais comprometida &#233; um dos fatores que podem contribuir para os valores mais elevados de BNP porque, com frequ&#234;ncia, a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal se associa a maior grau de congest&#227;o e, portanto,a maior estiramento das paredes ventriculares e maior libera&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Independentemente da fisiopatologia, os n&#237;veis elevados de BNP foram importantes marcadores progn&#243;sticos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o com IC avan&#231;ada, sendo o melhor preditor de eventos dentre as vari&#225;veis estudadas. Nosso estudo verifica uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o BNP com valores acima de 1.400 pg/mL com pacientes que necessitar&#227;o de maior aten&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; conduta, sendo fundamental a otimiza&#231;&#227;o correta do tratamento na tentativa de modificar a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a<sup>1,7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo documenta mais uma vez que os pacientes chag&#225;sicos t&#234;m pior evolu&#231;&#227;o, com risco de morte 1,87vez maior do que os n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos<sup>13,14</sup> - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a11fig02">Figura 2</xref>. A pior evolu&#231;&#227;o dos chag&#225;sicos provavelmente decorre do maior comprometimento card&#237;aco e sist&#234;mico, achados frequentes nessa doen&#231;a<sup>14</sup>. Nesse grupo estudado pudemos observar que os chag&#225;sicos, apesar de mais jovens, necessitaram em percentual maior de drogas vasoativas para compensar e tinham fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor, dados que caracterizam que os chag&#225;sicos t&#234;m maior comprometimento card&#237;aco e pior situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e, consequentemente, maior dificuldade em responder ao tratamento usual sem o acr&#233;scimo de drogas vasoativas, dados relacionados a pior progn&#243;stico. A doen&#231;a de Chagas, pela sua caracter&#237;stica evolutiva, iniciando-se muitos anos antes da descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e com lenta progress&#227;o do comprometimento card&#237;aco, permite que o cora&#231;&#227;o e o organismo como um todo otimizem todos os mecanismos compensat&#243;rios, mantendo o paciente sem sintomas por anos, mas quando ele descompensa, em geral apresenta-se clinicamente mais refrat&#225;rio ao tratamento por j&#225; estar com todos os mecanismos otimizados e incapazes de mant&#234;-lo compensado. Em conson&#226;ncia com a maior gravidade e pior evolu&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o de portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas do estudo, os n&#237;veis de BNP apresentados por esses pacientes foram maiores do que aqueles dos n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos.</p>
    <p>Na IC avan&#231;ada, os n&#237;veis de BNP mais elevados identificam pacientes com maior potencial para pior evolu&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que se internam com valores de BNP acima de 1.400 pg/mL constituem um grupo muito grave, que tem chance duas vezes maior de morrer durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e 1,56 vez maior de morrer no primeiro ano de seguimento do que aqueles com n&#237;veis mais baixos. A dosagem de BNP foi um excelente preditor progn&#243;stico, com a vantagem de n&#227;o se basear em dados subjetivos, al&#233;m de ser de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o. Ao serem verificados valores <underline>&gt;</underline>1.400 pg/mL, deve-se considerar a possibilidade de otimizar mais intensamente o tratamento, uma vez que esses pacientes s&#227;o aqueles com maior potencial de evolu&#237;rem mal, e somente o tratamento bem orientado pode modificar essa hist&#243;ria natural.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pereira-Barretto AC, Ramires JAF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pereira-Barretto AC, Cardoso JN, Ochiai ME, Lima MV, Curiati MC, Scipioni AR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pereira-Barretto AC, Del Carlo CH, Cardoso JN, Ochiai ME, Curiati MC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Del Carlo CH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pereira-Barretto AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Pereira-Barretto AC, Del Carlo CH, Cardoso JN, Ochiai ME, Lima MV, Curiati MC, Ramires JAF.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira-Barretto </p>
        <p> Rua Piave, 103, Morumbi </p>
        <p> CEP 05620-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="pbarreto@cardiol.br">pbarreto@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br">pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 7/3/12; revisado em 14/3/12; aceito em 24/10/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Role of BNP levels on the prognosis of decompensated advanced heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a condition with poor outcome, especially in advanced cases. Determination of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels is useful in the diagnosis of cardiac decompensation and has also been proving useful in the prognostic evaluation. OBJECTIVES: To verify whether BNP levels are able to identify patients with a poorer outcome and whether it is an independent prognostic factor considering age, gender, cardiac and renal functions, as well as the cause of heart disease. METHODS: 189 patients in functional class III/IV advanced HF were studied. All had systolic dysfunction and had their BNP levels determined during hospitalization. Variables related to mortality were studied using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: BNP levels were higher in patients who died in the first year of follow-up (1,861.9 versus 1,408.1 pg/dL; p = 0.044) and in chagasic patients (1,985 versus 1,452 pg/mL; p = 0.001); the latter had a higher mortality rate in the first year of follow-up (56% versus 35%; p = 0.010). The ROC curve analysis showed that the BNP level of 1,400 pg/mL was the best predictor of events; high levels were associated with lower LVEF (0.23 versus 0.28; p = 0.002) and more severe degree of renal dysfunction (mean urea 92 versus 74.5 mg/dL; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: In advanced HF, high BNP levels identified patients at higher risk of a poorer outcome. Chagasic patients showed higher BNP levels than those with heart diseases of other causes, and have poorer prognosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Survivorship (Public Health)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Role of BNP levels on the prognosis of decompensated advanced heart failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira-Barretto; Carlos Henrique Del Carlo; Juliano Novaes Cardoso; Marcelo Eid Ochiai; Marcelo Villa&#231;a Lima; Milena Cardoso Curiati; Airton Roberto Scipioni; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - HC FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Heart failure (HF) is a condition with poor outcome, especially in advanced cases. Determination of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels is useful in the diagnosis of cardiac decompensation and has also been proving useful in the prognostic evaluation.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To verify whether BNP levels are able to identify patients with a poorer outcome and whether it is an independent prognostic factor considering age, gender, cardiac and renal functions, as well as the cause of heart disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 189 patients in functional class III/IV advanced HF were studied. All had systolic dysfunction and had their BNP levels determined during hospitalization. Variables related to mortality were studied using univariate and multivariate analyses.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>BNP levels were higher in patients who died in the first year of follow-up (1,861.9 versus 1,408.1 pg/dL; p = 0.044) and in chagasic patients (1,985 versus 1,452 pg/mL; p = 0.001); the latter had a higher mortality rate in the first year of follow-up (56% versus 35%; p = 0.010). The ROC curve analysis showed that the BNP level of 1,400 pg/mL was the best predictor of events; high levels were associated with lower LVEF (0.23 versus 0.28; p = 0.002) and more severe degree of renal dysfunction (mean urea 92 versus 74.5 mg/dL; p = 0.002).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In advanced HF, high BNP levels identified patients at higher risk of a poorer outcome. Chagasic patients showed higher BNP levels than those with heart diseases of other causes, and have poorer prognosis.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Failure; Natriuretic Peptides; Prognosis; Survivorship (Public Health).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>HF is a condition known to have a poor prognosis, with significant reduction in the quality of life, increased hospitalization rates, and reduced life expectancy, especially in advanced cases<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Innumerable clinical and laboratorial data help identify patients with a potentially poorer outcome<sup>2</sup>. BNP determination is useful in the diagnosis of cardiac decompensation and has also been proven useful in the prognostic evaluation; in addition, it is a non-subjective variable<sup>3-6</sup>. The higher the peptide levels, the worse the patient's outcome, the longer the length of hospital stay, and the higher the mortality rate<sup>2,3</sup>. However, BNP levels are under the influence not only of the patient's functional status, but also of factors such as age, gender, associated comorbidities, and obesity. There are no studies available on the relationship between the cause of HF and BNP levels.</p>
      <p>In this study, we sought to verify whether BNP levels can identify a poorer prognosis among patients with advanced HF, and whether BNP is an independent prognostic factor considering age, gender, cardiac function, renal function, and cause of heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 189 patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Sao Paulo, all with advanced HF, systolic dysfunction with ejection fraction &lt; 40%, and in functional class III/IV were prospectively studied. These patients came from the InCor emergency department and were transferred when they could not be compensated after the first measures taken in the emergency department, or when they required inotropic support for compensation. Selection criteria for hospitalization were severe cases with important clinical manifestations.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation, including complete blood count and determination of urea, creatinine, BNP, sodium and potassium levels.</p>
      <p>Plasma concentration of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) was obtained by two-site sandwich immunoassay using direct chemiluminescent technology which uses constant amounts of two monoclonal antibodies. The kit and automated equipment used were ADVIA Centaur<sup>&#174;</sup> (Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostic, Los Angeles, CA, USA). Results are expressed as pg/mL.</p>
      <p>As regards the cause of heart disease, the patients were divided into three groups: chagasic, ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease. The diagnosis of chagasic heart disease was confirmed by the presence of positive serologic tests; ischemic heart disease was confirmed by a history of infarction, angina or by coronary cineangiography. In the absence of these characteristics, the patient was considered as having a non-ischemic heart disease.</p>
      <p>The patients were followed-up after admission as regards mortality during hospitalization and for one year after discharge. To date, they are still being followed up.</p>
      <p>For analysis purposes, we compared the variables of patients who died in-hospital with those of who did not; of patients who died within the first year of follow-up with those patients who did not; and of chagasic with those of non-chagasic patients.</p>
      <p>The ROC curve identified the BNP value which best predicted events in patients; the clinical characteristics of patients with values above or below that level were compared. </p>
      <p>In the statistical analysis, continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Patients' characteristics were compared in relation to mortality at the end of the follow-up period. Continuous variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and categorical variables, using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Predictors of mortality were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses, using the Cox proportional hazards method. Based on the follow-up data, the survival curve was constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The p values reported are two-tailed, and the significance level was set at &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the main characteristics of the study population; the mean age was 58.8 years, most were males (57.7%), with a mean LVEF of 0.26, and mean BNP level of 1,591.6 pg/mL; 26.5% of patients were chagasic, 25.9% had ischemic heart disease and 47.6% had non-ischemic heart disease. Throughout the study, 30 (15.9%) patients died in hospitalization and 98 (51.9%) within the first year of follow-up.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No significant differences were observed in the clinical and laboratory variables studied among patients who died or not in hospital.</p>
      <p>Patients who died in hospital more frequently required vasoactive drugs (80.0% versus 57.2%; p = 0.026), which characterizes them as a group of more severely ill patients.</p>
      <p>Patients who died within the first year of follow-up were older, had higher BNP levels (1,861.9 versus 1,408.1 pg/dL; p = 0.044), and higher urea levels (94.4 versus 74.0 mg/dL; p = 0.001). Mortality was higher among chagasic patients and lower among non-ischemic patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When data from chagasic patients were compared with those of non-chagasic patients, we observed that a higher percentage of chagasic patients required vasoactive drugs to compensate; and that ejection fraction was lower (26.6% versus 27.3%, p = 0.019), and BNP levels were higher (1,985.0 versus 1,452.9 pg/mL; p = 0.001) among chagasic patients. These patients had a worse outcome in the first year of follow-up (mortality of 56% versus 35.3%; p = 0.010); however, in-hospital mortality was not different among chagasic and non-chagasic patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>According to the ROC curve, the BNP level of 1,400 pg / mL was the best predictor of events; high BNP levels were associated with lower LVEF (0.23 versus 0.28; p = 0.002) and with a more severe degree of renal dysfunction (mean urea of 92 versus 74.5 mg/dL; p = 0.002) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a11tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Gender and age did not influence BNP levels.</p>
      <p>BNP levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,400 pg/mL were also associated with a higher probability of dying in hospital and during follow-up, and were more common among chagasic patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>), chagasic heart disease, BNP levels <underline>&gt;</underline>1,400 pg/dL, and age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years were independent predictors of increased death risk in one-year follow-up in patients hospitalized for decompensated HF.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a11tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the ROC curve with the identification of the best BNP value to predict events.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a11fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the survival curves using the Kaplan-Meier method in the first year of follow-up; we can observe that chagasic patients had a poorer outcome than those with heart diseases of other causes. Patients with non-ischemic heart diseases had the best outcome.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a11fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows Kaplan-Meier survival curves in the first year of follow-up for patients with BNP values above or below 1,400 pg/mL; those with higher levels had a poorer outcome than those with lower levels.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a11fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0281-30066-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data show that BNP values help in the prognostic stratification of patients with decompensated advanced HF. Patients with BNP levels <underline>&gt;</underline>1,400 pg/mL during hospitalization had higher mortality rates either in hospital or within the first year of follow-up. Among the variables studied, BNP level was the best predictor of events. High BNP levels were associated with the need for treatment with inotropic drugs, worse ejection fraction and poorer renal function.</p>
      <p>Chagasic patients had higher BNP levels, a poorer outcome, and higher mortality than non-chagasic patients.</p>
      <p>The outcome of patients with decompensated HF depends on innumerable clinical variables such as the form of presentation, patient's characteristics, severity of disease, and the treatment the patient had been receiving and will receive during and after cardiac decompensation<sup>1,7-9</sup>. Patients with cardiogenic shock, renal failure, Chagas disease, severe myocardial impairment, and those who had been poorly advised comprise the group with a worse outcome; these characteristics are common in the population admitted to our hospital<sup>1,2</sup>. More severe cardiac impairment is a possible reason for the relatively high mortality observed among our study population<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Together with clinical markers, BNP levels have proven an important non-subjective tool in the identification of more severely ill patients<sup>4,5</sup>. BNP levels increase when the patient decompensates, due to ventricular distension; the higher the levels the higher the ventricular distension and, therefore, the more significant the clinical manifestation and severity of decompensation<sup>3</sup>. Several studies have shown that high BNP levels are able to identify patients with a worse prognosis<sup>3-6</sup>. Our study corroborates these findings. This study differs from most studies published because it analyses a population with extremely advanced HF comprised mostly of patients who required vasoactive drugs to compensate and who also presented with renal dysfunction, which is another important prognostic marker in decompensated HF.</p>
      <p>High BNP levels are one more finding that permits the characterization of this population as with having extremely advanced HF, because the levels found are much higher than those described in studies with BNP determination in general. We found mean values of 1,500 pg/mL. In the pioneering Maisel et al's study<sup>3</sup>, the mean BNP value among those diagnosed with HF was 675 pg/mL. In the stratification according to the NYHA functional class III or IV, the mean value described was 900 pg/mL, a value much lower than those found in our study population. In the Val-HeFT study on more than 4,300 patients with chronic HF, the mean BNP values were 97 pg/mL; in patients in functional class III/IV, it was 244 pg/mL<sup>10</sup>. In the ADHERE registry, the mean BNP value in the 48,629 patients hospitalized for decompensated HF in the USA was 840 pg/mL<sup>11</sup>; similar to our findings, higher BNP levels were associated with a higher mortality rate<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with high BNP levels had more compromised ejection fraction, thus showing the relationship between these higher values and more severe cardiac impairment. Urea levels were also higher, which is usually associated with more severe cardiac involvement and cardiac decompensation, thus identifying patients with a poorer prognosis<sup>1,2</sup>. Undoubtedly, more severe impairment of the renal function is one of the factors that may contribute to higher BNP levels because the renal function is frequently associated with more congestion and, therefore, with more ventricular wall stretching and higher release of the peptide<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the pathophysiology, high BNP levels were important prognostic markers in this population with advanced HF, and were the best predictor of events among the variables studied. Our study found a correlation between BNP values above 1,400 pg/mL and patients who will require a more careful management, so that it is fundamental to optimize treatment in an attempt to modify the natural history of the disease<sup>1,7-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study proves one more time that chagasic patients have a poorer outcome, with a 1.87-times higher death risk than non-chagasic patients<sup>13,14</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a11fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The worse outcome of chagasic individuals probably results from more severe cardiac and systemic involvement, findings that are common in this disease<sup>14</sup>. In the group studied, we could observe that, despite being younger, chagasic patients more frequently required vasoactive drugs to compensate and had lower ejection fraction, thus characterizing that chagasic individuals show more severe cardiac involvement and a worse clinical status and, consequently, showed more difficulty to respond to the usual treatment without the combination of vasoactive drugs; these findings are related to a poorer prognosis. Given its temporal profile, Chagas disease begins many years prior to the cardiac decompensation and the cardiac involvement progresses slowly, thus permitting the heart and body as a whole to optimize all the compensatory mechanisms, which keeps the patients asymptomatic for years. However, when the patients decompensate, they usually are clinically more refractory to treatment because all their mechanisms are already optimized and no longer able to keep them compensated. In agreement with the greater severity of disease and worse outcome of the population of chagasic patients in this study, their BNP levels were higher than those of non-chagasic patients.</p>
      <p>In advanced HF, higher BNP levels identify patients who will potentially have a poorer outcome. Patients hospitalized with BNP values above 1,400 pg/mL comprise a group of very severely ill individuals who have a two-fold higher chance of in-hospital death, and a 1.56-times higher chance of dying within the first year of follow-up in comparison to those with lower BNP levels. BNP level was an excellent predictor of prognosis, with the advantage of not being based on subjective data, in addition to being easily determined. When values <underline>&gt;</underline>1,400 pg/mL are found, the possibility of optimizing treatment more intensively should be considered, since these patients are those with a higher potential for a poor outcome, and only a well-planned treatment may modify this natural history.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Pereira-Barretto AC, Ramires JAF; Acquisition of data: Pereira-Barretto AC, Cardoso JN, Ochiai ME, Lima MV, Curiati MC, Scipioni AR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pereira-Barretto AC, Del Carlo CH, Cardoso JN, Ochiai ME, Curiati MC; Statistical analysis: Del Carlo CH; Writing of the manuscript: Pereira-Barretto AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira-Barretto AC, Del Carlo CH, Cardoso JN, Ochiai ME, Lima MV, Curiati MC, Ramires JAF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
