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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SgT7f9r5F5cdG96NVqcW8Hz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130065</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O tabagismo est&#225; associado com a remodela&#231;&#227;o de jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos: explica&#231;&#227;o do paradoxo dos fumantes?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novo</surname>
            <given-names>Rosangela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiana M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felisbino</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>274</fpage>
      <lpage>280</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Em estudo anterior, utilizando o modelo de ratos, a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro durante 5 semanas aumentou a sobrevida ap&#243;s IAM, apesar da idade similar e tamanho do infarto entre fumantes e n&#227;o fumantes, e da aus&#234;ncia de reperfus&#227;o. OBJETIVO: Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro sobre a intensidade, distribui&#231;&#227;o ou fosforila&#231;&#227;o da conexina 43 no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos. M&#201;TODOS: Ratos Wistar, pesando 100 g, foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: 1) Controle (n = 25); 2) Expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro (ETS), n = 23. Depois de 5 semanas, foram conduzidas an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, imuno-histoqu&#237;mica e Western blot para conexina 43 (Cx43). RESULTADOS: A fra&#231;&#227;o do volume de col&#225;geno, as &#225;reas transversais e o peso ventricular n&#227;o foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos controle e ETS. O grupo ETS apresentou uma colora&#231;&#227;o de menor intensidade da Cx43 em discos intercalados (Controle: 2,32 &#177; 0,19; ETS: 1,73 &#177; 0,18; p = 0,04). A distribui&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 em discos intercalados n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos (Controle: 3,73 &#177; 0,12; ETS: 3,20 &#177; 0,17; p = 0,18). Os ratos do grupo ETS mostraram um n&#237;vel maior de forma desfosforilada da Cx43 (Controle: 0,45 &#177; 0,11; ETS: 0,90 &#177; 0,11; p = 0,03). Por outro lado, o Cx43 total n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos de controle e ETS (Controle: 0,75 &#177; 0,19; ETS: 0,93 &#177; 0,27; p = 0,58). CONCLUS&#195;O: A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro resultou na remodela&#231;&#227;o das jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes card&#237;acas, caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es na quantidade e fosforila&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o pode explicar o paradoxo dos fumantes observado em alguns estudos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Tabagismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Les&#227;o por inala&#231;&#227;o de fuma&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> EXPERIMENTAL</p>
    <p>
      <bold>O tabagismo est&#225; associado com a remodela&#231;&#227;o de jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos: explica&#231;&#227;o do paradoxo dos fumantes?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rosangela Novo<sup>I</sup>; Cristiana M. Freire<sup>I</sup>; Sergio Felisbino<sup>II</sup>; Marcos F. Minicucci<sup>I</sup>; Paula S. Azevedo<sup>I</sup>; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff<sup>I</sup>; Sergio A. R. Paiva<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Em estudo anterior, utilizando o modelo de ratos, a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro durante 5 semanas aumentou a sobrevida ap&#243;s IAM, apesar da idade similar e tamanho do infarto entre fumantes e n&#227;o fumantes, e da aus&#234;ncia de reperfus&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro sobre a intensidade, distribui&#231;&#227;o ou fosforila&#231;&#227;o da conexina 43 no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Ratos Wistar, pesando 100 g, foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: 1) Controle (n = 25); 2) Expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro (ETS), n = 23. Depois de 5 semanas, foram conduzidas an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, imuno-histoqu&#237;mica e Western blot para conexina 43 (Cx43). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A fra&#231;&#227;o do volume de col&#225;geno, as &#225;reas transversais e o peso ventricular n&#227;o foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos controle e ETS. O grupo ETS apresentou uma colora&#231;&#227;o de menor intensidade da Cx43 em discos intercalados (Controle: 2,32 &#177; 0,19; ETS: 1,73 &#177; 0,18; p = 0,04). A distribui&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 em discos intercalados n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos (Controle: 3,73 &#177; 0,12; ETS: 3,20 &#177; 0,17; p = 0,18). Os ratos do grupo ETS mostraram um n&#237;vel maior de forma desfosforilada da Cx43 (Controle: 0,45 &#177; 0,11; ETS: 0,90 &#177; 0,11; p = 0,03). Por outro lado, o Cx43 total n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos de controle e ETS (Controle: 0,75 &#177; 0,19; ETS: 0,93 &#177; 0,27; p = 0,58). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro resultou na remodela&#231;&#227;o das jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes card&#237;acas, caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es na quantidade e fosforila&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o pode explicar o paradoxo dos fumantes observado em alguns estudos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-Chave:</bold> Tabagismo/fisiopatologia, Les&#227;o por inala&#231;&#227;o de fuma&#231;a/mortalidade, Arritmias Card&#237;acas, Ratos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar dos dados convincentes sobre os efeitos nocivos do tabagismo, v&#225;rios estudos relataram baixa mortalidade ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) para fumantes em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#227;o fumantes. Esse fen&#244;meno &#233; conhecido como paradoxo dos fumantes<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitas explica&#231;&#245;es foram propostas para os desfechos mais favor&#225;veis em fumantes ap&#243;s IAM, incluindo: 1) os fumantes serem mais jovens e apresentarem menos comorbidades; 2) possu&#237;rem uma maior mortalidade pr&#233;-hospitalar; 3) os fumantes possu&#237;rem uma maior carga de trombo, o que induz uma maior efic&#225;cia da tromb&#243;lise intravenosa; 4) o efeito semelhante ao pr&#233;-condicionante isqu&#234;mico ser induzido pela fuma&#231;a do cigarro. O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico &#233; um fen&#244;meno por meio do qual um breve per&#237;odo de isquemia torna o mioc&#225;rdio resistente ao infarto a partir de um insulto isqu&#234;mico subsequente. O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico limita o tamanho do infarto, reduz a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias fatais, e protege contra mioc&#225;rdio lesado<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo anterior, utilizando o modelo de ratos, a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro durante 5 semanas aumentou a sobrevida ap&#243;s IAM, a despeito das idades semelhantes e tamanho do infarto entre fumantes e n&#227;o fumantes, e da aus&#234;ncia de reperfus&#227;o. &#201; importante notar que a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade foi observada nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o coronariana<sup>7</sup>. Neste modelo, 87% das mortes prematuras foram uma consequ&#234;ncia das arritmias ventriculares<sup>8</sup>. Portanto, presumimos que o efeito paradoxal dos fumantes pode ser resultado de a&#231;&#227;o semelhante ao pr&#233;-condicionamento. No entanto, ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos os mecanismos potenciais desta prote&#231;&#227;o induzidos pela exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro.</p>
    <p>A prote&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico depende dos canais funcionais da comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular da jun&#231;&#227;o de hiato<sup>9</sup>. As jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes no mioc&#225;rdio correspondem a contatos intercelulares especializados que permitem a propaga&#231;&#227;o do impulso el&#233;trico entre cardiomi&#243;citos. A conexina 43 (Cx43) &#233; a prote&#237;na principal da jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes em ventr&#237;culos do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup> e desempenha um papel importante no pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico. Este fato &#233; evidenciado pela constata&#231;&#227;o de que o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico n&#227;o pode induzir uma prote&#231;&#227;o em camundongos heterozigotos deficientes de Cx43<sup>11</sup>. No entanto, permanecem desconhecidos os efeitos do tabagismo em Cx-43 card&#237;aca<sup>12</sup>. Por isso, para solucionar este problema, testamos a hip&#243;tese de que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro possa interferir na intensidade, distribui&#231;&#227;o ou fosforila&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Materiais e M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Grupos e Tratamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os experimentos e procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes do NIH para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio e foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais de nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o (protocolo n&#250;mero 399).</p>
    <p>Ratos machos Wistar, pesando 100 g, foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: 1) Grupo de controle (n = 25), ratos de controle sem exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro; 2) Grupo de expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro (ETS), n = 23. A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro durou 5 semanas.</p>
    <p>Os ratos do grupo ETS foram expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro numa c&#226;mara (dimens&#245;es 95 x 80 x 65 cm), conectados a um dispositivo de fuma&#231;a tendo como base um modelo adaptado de Paiva e cols.<sup>7,13-17</sup>. A fuma&#231;a foi retirada de cigarros comerciais com filtro (composi&#231;&#227;o por unidade: 1,1mg de nicotina, 14 mg de alcatr&#227;o e 15 mg de mon&#243;xido de carbono) com uma bomba de v&#225;cuo, tendo sido expelida dentro da c&#226;mara de fumo. Durante a 1&#170; semana, o n&#250;mero de cigarros foi gradualmente aumentado de 5 para 10 por um per&#237;odo de 30 minutos, por duas vezes, no per&#237;odo da tarde. Durante as pr&#243;ximas 3 a 4 semanas, aproximadamente, at&#233; que os ratos atingissem o peso alvo, 10 cigarros foram utilizados em cada ensaio de fumo, que foi repetido 4 vezes/dia, duas vezes durante a manh&#227; e duas vezes no per&#237;odo da tarde. Em um estudo anterior, com um tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabaco semelhante, os n&#237;veis de carboxihemoglobina nos ratos expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a eram maiores do que no grupo de controle (ratos de controle: 0,9 &#177; 0,7 % e ratos do grupo ETS: 5,3 &#177; 2,8 %, p = 0,008)<sup>14</sup>. Dessa forma, o &#250;ltimo estudo confirmou a efic&#225;cia da exposi&#231;&#227;o dos animais &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro. Todos os animais eram alimentados com uma dieta na mesma quantidade, que se baseou na ingest&#227;o de alimentos do grupo ETS. Depois desse per&#237;odo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro, os ratos foram sacrificados com uma dose excessiva de anestesia (pentobarbital de s&#243;dio 100 mg/kg de peso corporal). Os ratos do grupo ETS n&#227;o foram expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro durante as 12 horas anteriores &#224; eutan&#225;sia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Morfom&#233;trica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando da conclus&#227;o do per&#237;odo de tratamento, os ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo (incluindo o septo interventricular) foram dissecados, separados e pesados. As se&#231;&#245;es coronais, com cerca de 3 mm de espessura, feitas a 5 mm da ponta dos ventr&#237;culos, foram fixadas em uma solu&#231;&#227;o de formalde&#237;do tamponado a 10% por 48 horas, seguido de imers&#227;o em uma solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool a 70% por 48 horas. Ap&#243;s a fixa&#231;&#227;o, os tecidos foram embebidos em parafina. As se&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas de quatro e seis micra de espessura foram coradas, respectivamente, com Hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e Picrosirius vermelho col&#225;geno-espec&#237;fico. As &#225;reas transversais de mi&#243;citos (MA) foram medidas nas se&#231;&#245;es coradas com HE por um microsc&#243;pio LEICA DM LS conectado a uma c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo e um computador IBM compat&#237;vel, equipado com o programa de an&#225;lise de imagem Image Pro-plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, EUA). Cinquenta a setenta c&#233;lulas por l&#226;mina foram analisadas. As c&#233;lulas selecionadas apresentavam forma circular e estavam localizadas na camada subendoc&#225;rdica das paredes ventriculares. Esta precau&#231;&#227;o objetivou otimizar a uniformidade do formato dos mi&#243;citos entre os grupos. A &#225;rea transversal m&#233;dia obtida para cada grupo foi utilizada como um indicador de hipertrofia celular. As l&#226;minas coradas com Picrosirius vermelho foram utilizadas para quantificar a fra&#231;&#227;o de volume do col&#225;geno intersticial por meio de videodensitometria. As imagens do tecido card&#237;aco foram feitas e analisadas utilizando o sistema descrito acima. Os elementos do tecido card&#237;aco foram identificados de acordo com o n&#237;vel de cor. Portanto, as fibras col&#225;genas foram visualizadas em vermelho e os mi&#243;citos em amarelo. A fra&#231;&#227;o do volume de col&#225;geno (CVF) foi calculada automaticamente e correspondia &#224; soma das &#225;reas de col&#225;geno dividida pela soma dos tecidos de col&#225;geno e &#225;rea dos mi&#243;citos. Uma m&#233;dia de trinta campos foram analisados utilizando uma lente com uma amplia&#231;&#227;o de 40X. O col&#225;geno perivascular foi exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise<sup>14,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Imuno-histoqu&#237;mica para conexina 43</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os experimentos de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica foram realizados de acordo com Saffitz e cols.<sup>18 </sup>com algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es<sup>19</sup>. Todos os cora&#231;&#245;es, cortados transversalmente, foram fixados, sucessivamente, em uma solu&#231;&#227;o de formalde&#237;do tamponado a 10% por 24 horas, &#225;gua corrente por 24 horas e &#225;lcool a 70% por 24 horas. Ap&#243;s a fixa&#231;&#227;o, os tecidos foram embebidos em parafina e cortados em se&#231;&#245;es de 3 &#181;m. Antes da imunomarca&#231;&#227;o, caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual e orienta&#231;&#227;o, houve registro com colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina-eosina.</p>
    <p>As se&#231;&#245;es (3 &#181;m) foram dispostas em l&#226;minas de vidro revestidas com poli-D-lisina e, sucessivamente, desparafinadas tr&#234;s vezes, durante 5 minutos cada, em banhos de xilol, &#225;lcool 100%, &#225;lcool 95% e &#225;lcool 70%, seguido por rehidrata&#231;&#227;o em &#225;gua destilada por 10 minutos. Os locais antig&#234;nicos foram recuperados por meio do tratamento dos cortes em tamp&#227;o de &#225;cido c&#237;trico de 0,01M em um tamp&#227;o fosfato-salino (PBS) com pH 6,0, por 10minutos, em ambiente de micro-ondas. Ap&#243;s este per&#237;odo, os cortes foram mantidos congelados durante 20minutos, seguido por lavagem em PBS com pH de 7,2. As se&#231;&#245;es foram bloqueadas com solu&#231;&#227;o de albumina de soro bovino (BSA) de 3% em PBS por 30 minutos em temperatura ambiente. Depois desse procedimento, as se&#231;&#245;es foram incubadas durante a noite com anticorpo policlonal de coelho, anti-conexina 43 (Abcam Inc. Cambridge), dilu&#237;do a 1:100 em BSA a 2%, em PBS a 4 &#186;C. Na manh&#227; seguinte, as se&#231;&#245;es foram lavadas em PBS durante 15 minutos, por tr&#234;s vezes e incubadas em um anticorpo secund&#225;rio (IgG anti-coelho vermelho Texas, Vetor) na dilui&#231;&#227;o de 1:50 em BSA a 2%, em PBS &#224; temperatura ambiente, durante 1 hora.</p>
    <p>As se&#231;&#245;es foram lavadas em PBS durante 15 minutos, por tr&#234;s vezes, e montadas em meio de glicerol. Dez se&#231;&#245;es foram processadas simultaneamente em cada execu&#231;&#227;o de imunomarca&#231;&#227;o enquanto controles negativos, nas quais o anticorpo prim&#225;rio foi omitido, com execu&#231;&#227;o rotineira em paralelo<sup>20</sup>, visando a monitorar qualquer ocorr&#234;ncia de colora&#231;&#227;o inespec&#237;fica. A imunomarca&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 foi examinada por microscopia de epifluoresc&#234;ncia (Carl-Zeiss, Inc. North America), equipada com um cubo de filtro de WG (excita&#231;&#227;o = 550 nm e emiss&#227;o = 650 nm), conectado a uma c&#226;mara de v&#237;deo e um computador compat&#237;vel (AxioPlan 4,1; Carl-Zeiss Inc.). Todas as imagens foram registradas no mesmo dia da marca&#231;&#227;o, e os tecidos foram codificadas e examinados cegamente pela mesma pessoa.</p>
    <p>Em cada cora&#231;&#227;o, conforme descrito por Kostin e cols.<sup>21</sup>, 10 campos &#243;ticos tiveram registradas e analisadas a distribui&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 nos mi&#243;citos (ou seja, presen&#231;a da Cx43 dentro e fora do disco intercalado) e a intensidade da colora&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 em discos intercalados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Western blot para conexina 43</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os experimentos de Western blot foram realizados de acordo com Rolim e cols.<sup>22</sup>. As amostras foram homogeneizadas em tamp&#227;o de lise gelado (tamp&#227;o fosfato de pot&#225;ssio de 50 mM, pH de 7,0, 0,3 mM de sacarose, 0,5 mM de DTT, 1 mM de EDTA, pH de 8,0, 0,3 mM de PMSF, 10 mM de NaF e coquetel inibidores de protease).</p>
    <p>O sobrenadante foi recolhido por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 12000 rpm durante 20 minutos e armazenado a -80 &#186;C. A determina&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas foi realizada por curvas padr&#227;o de prote&#237;na BSA (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, EUA) e por meio do m&#233;todo de Bradford. As amostras de prote&#237;na foram dilu&#237;das em tamp&#227;o de Laemmli (Tris-HCl 240 mM; 0,8% de SDS; glicerol a 40%; 0,02% de azul de bromofenol e 200 mM de beta-mercaptoetanol). Em seguida, 50 &#181;g de cada amostra foi separada em g&#233;is de empilhamento de poliacrilamida a 10% (Tris-HCl 240 mM, pH 6,8; poliacrilamida a 30%; APS e TEMED) e g&#233;is separadores (Tris-HCl 240 mM, pH 8,8, 30% de poliacrilamida; APS e TEMED). A eletroforese foi executada em 120 V por 90 minutos.</p>
    <p>A transfer&#234;ncia para uma membrana de nitrocelulose (Bio-Rad) foi realizada no sistema Mini-Trans Blot (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, EUA), com tamp&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia (Tris25mM; glicina 192mM, metanol a 20% e 0,1% de SDS) por 90minutos a 120mA. Os blots foram bloqueados com 5% de leite desnatado, durante 2 horas &#224; temperatura ambiente com agita&#231;&#227;o e lavagem tr&#234;s vezes com PBS Tween (Tris 1 mM, pH2,8, 5 mM de NaCl e Tween 20). Em seguida, os blots foram imunomarcados durante a noite com um anticorpo prim&#225;rio monoclonal de camundongo anti-Cx43 (Ab11369-Abcam), correspondendo a 130-143 amino&#225;cidos de Cx43 dilu&#237;dos a 1:250 em PBS Tween (Tris 1mM, pH2,8; NaCl 5 mM e Tween20) ou camundongo monoclonal anti-Cx43 (13-8300-Zymed) dilu&#237;do a 3&#181;g/mL, espec&#237;fico para serina 368, e res&#237;duo n&#227;o fosforilado de Cx43. </p>
    <p>Na manh&#227; seguinte, as membranas foram lavadas tr&#234;s vezes em PBS Tween (Tris 1mM, pH2,8; 5mM de NaCl e Tween 20). Isso foi acompanhado por incuba&#231;&#227;o de 2 horas &#224; temperatura ambiente com anticorpo anticamundongo conjugado HRP (Sigma) dilu&#237;do a 1:10000. Depois de enxaguar tr&#234;s vezes em PBS Tween (Tris 1mM, pH2.8; NaCl5mom e Tween20), as membranas foram incubadas por 1 minuto em solu&#231;&#227;o de ECL (Amershan) (<italic>Solu&#231;&#227;o I</italic>: luminol 2,5 mM; &#225;cido p-cum&#225;rico 400 &#181;M; tris 100 &#181;M, pH 8.5; <italic>solu&#231;&#227;o II</italic>: 5,4 mM de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio a 30%; 100 &#181;M de tris, pH 8.5). Depois desse per&#237;odo, as membranas foram expostas a filme de raios-X (Eastman Kodak Co, EUA) por 10minutos em uma sala escura e, depois, sucessivamente imersos em solu&#231;&#245;es reveladora, &#225;gua e fixador por 1 minuto cada. A rea&#231;&#227;o entre o reagente de ECL e o anticorpo conjugado anticamundongo com HRP nas membranas emite uma luz que aparece como faixas escuras sobre o filme de raios-X ap&#243;s revela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s este procedimento, as densidades das faixas escuras obtidas foram analisadas &#8203;&#8203;por quantifica&#231;&#227;o densitom&#233;trica da intensidade do sinal com o software Scion Image (Scion Corporation, Frederick, Maryland, EUA), com as medi&#231;&#245;es de fundo de intensidade de sinal a ser subtra&#237;das individualmente de cada Lane<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo teste t de Student. As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas significativas ao n&#237;vel de 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando SigmaStat para Windows v2.03 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis morfom&#233;tricas n&#227;o diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos de controle e ETS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a10tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a10tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0274-30065-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a induziu uma colora&#231;&#227;o de menor intensidade de Cx43 no disco intercalado quando comparada aos ratos do grupo controle (Controle: 2,32 &#177; 0,19; ETS: 1,73&#177;0,18; p = 0.04). A distribui&#231;&#227;o da CX43 em discos intercalados n&#227;o diferiu entre os ratos do grupo de controle e ETS (Controle: 3,73 &#177; 0,12; ETS: 3,20 &#177; 0,17; p = 0,18); (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a10fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a10fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0274-30065-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os ratos do grupo ETS mostraram valores maiores de forma desfosforilada da Cx43 que os ratos do grupo controle (Controle: 0,45 &#177; 0,11; ETS: 0,90 &#177; 0,11; p = 0,03). Por outro lado, o Cx43 total n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos controle e ETS (Controle: 0,75 &#177; 0,19; ETS: 0,93 &#177; 0,27; p = 0,58); (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a10fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a10fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0274-30065-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro sobre a intensidade, distribui&#231;&#227;o ou fosforila&#231;&#227;o da conexina Cx43 no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos. Nossos dados indicam que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro induziu a remodela&#231;&#227;o das jun&#231;&#245;es de hiato card&#237;acas. </p>
    <p>Uma quest&#227;o importante a ser considerada &#233; que, al&#233;m dos efeitos j&#225; conhecidos sobre o endot&#233;lio vascular e os pulm&#245;es, os estudos anteriores mostraram que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro por pelo menos dois meses induz a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais. Na verdade, a fuma&#231;a produzia aumentos nos di&#226;metros da s&#237;stole diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, induzindo tamb&#233;m hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas foram associadas com a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda<sup>7,13,14,16,19,23-27</sup>. Entretanto, ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos os efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro nas jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>A principal conclus&#227;o do presente estudo foi que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro induz a remodela&#231;&#227;o das jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes card&#237;acas. Com efeito, o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o foi caracterizado por uma menor quantidade de Cx43 em discos intercalados e por um aumento na forma n&#227;o fosforilada da Cx43 no mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Outra quest&#227;o importante &#233; que a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca come&#231;a tipicamente com altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, moleculares, celulares, bioqu&#237;micas e, em seguida, estruturais<sup>28-31</sup>. Neste contexto, nossos achados de altera&#231;&#227;o na Cx43 sem diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo podem ser interpretados como observa&#231;&#227;o de est&#225;gio precoce da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Portanto, presumimos que a remodela&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 precede as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais induzidas pela exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro.</p>
    <p>As jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes s&#227;o aglomerados de canais transmembrana que ligam os compartimentos citoplasm&#225;ticos de c&#233;lulas vizinhas. As prote&#237;nas do componente de canais de jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes s&#227;o denominadas conexinas. Existem diversos tipos de conexinas, mas a isoforma predominante no cora&#231;&#227;o, principalmente no ventr&#237;culo, &#233; Cx43<sup>10</sup>. O principal papel das jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes no mioc&#225;rdio &#233; coordenar a excita&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e facilitar a troca intercelular de pequenas prote&#237;nas, como as prote&#237;nas transdutoras de sinal. &#201; importante notar que as fun&#231;&#245;es normais de jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes est&#227;o relacionadas com a express&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o normais da Cx43, dado que esta conexina est&#225; localizada principalmente no disco intercalado de cardiomi&#243;citos. Al&#233;m do mais, o grau de fosforila&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 &#233; essencial para a fun&#231;&#227;o da jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es na quantidade, localiza&#231;&#227;o e fosforila&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 foram observadas quando o cora&#231;&#227;o era submetido a eventos isqu&#234;micos ou hip&#243;xicos<sup>21,32,33</sup> e quando esses eventos s&#227;o precedidos por pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico<sup>34,35</sup>. A referida isquemia leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes card&#237;aca, caracterizada por uma menor express&#227;o da Cx43<sup>32,36</sup>. Dessa forma, as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas na intensidade da Cx43 provocadas pelo tabagismo no presente estudo s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;quelas induzidas por isquemia.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da intensidade da colora&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 em discos intercalados induzida pela exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro se assemelha aos efeitos do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, que inicia um processo de ocorr&#234;ncia de Cx43 na membrana plasm&#225;tica livre, no lado externo dos discos intercalados. Em decorr&#234;ncia deste efeito, o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico pode melhorar a possibilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia celular ap&#243;s isquemia prolongada<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito ao aumento da forma n&#227;o fosforilada da Cx43 induzida pela exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro, diversos estudos demonstram que a desfosforila&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 causa desacoplamento el&#233;trico nos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos<sup>34</sup> e a inibi&#231;&#227;o da desfosforila&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 leva a efeitos protetores na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante les&#227;o hip&#243;xica<sup>37</sup>. Nesse contexto, estudos revelam que os agentes de desacoplamento de jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes administrados antes da isquemia preservam o acoplamento el&#233;trico dos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos durante um insulto isqu&#234;mico subsequente, de maneira similar ao pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico<sup>38</sup>. Esses autores sugerem que o desacoplamento parcial e revers&#237;vel das jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes antes da isquemia resultam em um efeito antiarr&#237;tmico durante um insulto isqu&#234;mico prolongado, de maneira similar ao pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o presente estudo constatou que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro desencadeou um processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o nas jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes card&#237;acas, um efeito semelhante ao pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico. Portanto, nossos dados sugerem fortemente que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro pode induzir um efeito semelhante ao pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos. Com efeito, esse fen&#244;meno pode explicar o paradoxo dos fumantes observado em alguns estudos<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos envolvidos nos efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro sobre as jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes card&#237;acas s&#227;o desconhecidos. Entre os poss&#237;veis mecanismos, a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular induzida pela exposi&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada com uma ativa&#231;&#227;o aumentada de prote&#237;nas quinases ativadas por mit&#243;genos<sup>23</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que as vias PKCp38ep42/44 MAPK regulam a express&#227;o da Cx43<sup>39</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo deve ser analisado considerando uma potencial limita&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o inclu&#237;mos um grupo de pr&#233;-condicionamento. No entanto, as altera&#231;&#245;es na Cx43 induzidas pelo pr&#233;-condicionamento s&#227;o bem consolidadas. Portanto, acreditamos fortemente que os nossos dados contribuem com informa&#231;&#245;es importantes acerca do assunto aqui tratado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro resultou na remodela&#231;&#227;o de jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes card&#237;aca, caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es na quantidade e fosforila&#231;&#227;o da Cx43 em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o pode explicar o paradoxo dos fumantes observado em alguns estudos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Novo R, Paiva SAR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Novo R, Freire CM, Felisbino S, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS;An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Novo R, Freire CM, Felisbino S, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Novo R, Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Novo R, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Freire CM, Felisbino S, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Rosangela Novo pela Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Leonardo Zornoff </p>
        <p> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rubi&#227;o Jr, S/N </p>
        <p> CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 18/04/12, revisado em 08/10/12; aceito em 18/10/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
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        <article-title xml:lang="en">Smoking is associated with remodeling of gap junction in the rat heart: smoker's paradox explanation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In a previous study utilizing the rat model, exposure to tobacco smoke for 5 weeks increased survival after AMI, despite similar age and infarct size between the smokers and nonsmokers, and absence of reperfusion. OBJECTIVE: Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effects of exposure to tobacco smoke on intensity, distribution or phosphorylation of connexin 43 in the rat heart. METHODS: Wistar rats weighing 100 g were randomly allocated into 2 groups: 1) Control (n = 25); 2) Exposed to tobacco smoke (ETS), n = 23. After 5 weeks, left ventricular morphometric analysis, immunohisthochemistry and western blotting for connexin 43 (Cx43) were performed. RESULTS: Collagen volume fraction, cross-sectional areas, and ventricular weight were not statistically different between control and ETS. ETS showed lower stain intensity of Cx43 at intercalated disks (Control: 2.32 &#177; 0.19; ETS: 1.73 &#177; 0.18; p = 0.04). The distribution of CX43 at intercalated disks did not differ between the groups (Control: 3.73 &#177; 0.12; ETS: 3.20 &#177; 0.17; p = 0.18). ETS rats showed higher levels of dephosphorylated form of Cx43 (Control: 0.45 &#177; 0.11; ETS: 0.90 &#177; 0.11; p = 0.03). On the other hand, total Cx43 did not differ between control and ETS groups (Control: 0.75 &#177; 0.19; ETS: 0.93 &#177; 0.27; p = 0.58). CONCLUSION: Exposure to tobacco smoke resulted in cardiac gap junction remodeling, characterized by alterations in the quantity and phosphorylation of the Cx43, in rats hearts. This finding could explain the smoker's paradox observed in some studies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Smoking</kwd>
        <kwd>Smoke Inhalation Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias,Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Smoking is associated with remodeling of gap junction in the rat heart: smoker's paradox explanation?</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rosangela Novo<sup>I</sup>; Cristiana M. Freire<sup>I</sup>; Sergio Felisbino<sup>II</sup>; Marcos F. Minicucci<sup>I</sup>; Paula S. Azevedo<sup>I</sup>; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff<sup>I</sup>; Sergio A. R. Paiva<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> In a previous study utilizing the rat model, exposure to tobacco smoke for 5 weeks increased survival after AMI, despite similar age and infarct size between the smokers and nonsmokers, and absence of reperfusion.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effects of exposure to tobacco smoke on intensity, distribution or phosphorylation of connexin 43 in the rat heart.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Wistar rats weighing 100 g were randomly allocated into 2 groups: 1) Control (n = 25); 2) Exposed to tobacco smoke (ETS), n = 23. After 5 weeks, left ventricular morphometric analysis, immunohisthochemistry and western blotting for connexin 43 (Cx43) were performed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Collagen volume fraction, cross-sectional areas, and ventricular weight were not statistically different between control and ETS. ETS showed lower stain intensity of Cx43 at intercalated disks (Control: 2.32 &#177; 0.19; ETS: 1.73 &#177; 0.18; p = 0.04). The distribution of CX43 at intercalated disks did not differ between the groups (Control: 3.73 &#177; 0.12; ETS: 3.20 &#177; 0.17; p = 0.18). ETS rats showed higher levels of dephosphorylated form of Cx43 (Control: 0.45 &#177; 0.11; ETS: 0.90 &#177; 0.11; p = 0.03). On the other hand, total Cx43 did not differ between control and ETS groups (Control: 0.75 &#177; 0.19; ETS: 0.93 &#177; 0.27; p = 0.58).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Exposure to tobacco smoke resulted in cardiac gap junction remodeling, characterized by alterations in the quantity and phosphorylation of the Cx43, in rats hearts. This finding could explain the smoker's paradox observed in some studies.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Smoking/physiopathology; Smoke Inhalation Injury/mortality; Arrhythmias,Cardiac; Rats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite convincing data on the harmful effects of smoking, several studies have reported low mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) for smokers compared with nonsmokers. This phenomenon has been referred as the smoker's paradox <sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Many explanations have been proposed for the more favorable outcomes in smokers after AMI including: 1) smokers are younger and present fewer co-morbidities; 2) they have higher pre-hospital mortality; 3) smokers have a larger thrombus burden, inducing a greater effectiveness of intravenous thrombolysis; 4) ischemic preconditioning-like effect is induced by tobacco smoke. Ischemic preconditioning is a phenomenon whereby a brief period of ischemia renders the myocardium resistant to infarction from a subsequent ischemic insult. Ischemic preconditioning limits infarct size, reduces the incidence of fatal arrhythmias, and protects against stunning myocardium<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a previous study using the rat model, exposure to tobacco smoke for 5 weeks increased survival after AMI, despite similar age and infarct size between the smokers and nonsmokers, and absence of reperfusion. Importantly, the reduction of mortality was observed within the initial 24 hours after coronary occlusion<sup>7</sup>. In this model, 87% of early deaths were a consequence of ventricular arrhythmias<sup>8</sup>. Therefore, we assumed that the smoker's paradox in this model could be a result of a preconditioning-like effect. However, the potential mechanisms of this protection induced by exposure to tobacco smoke are still unknown.</p>
      <p>Ischemic preconditioning protection depends on functional channels of gap junction intercellular communication<sup>9</sup>. The gap junctions in myocardium are specialized intercellular contacts that allow electrical impulse propagation among cardiomyocytes. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the principal gap junction protein in ventricles of the heart<sup>10</sup> and plays a major role in ischemic preconditioning. This fact is evidenced by the finding that ischemic preconditioning cannot induce protection in heterozygous Cx43-deficient mice<sup>11</sup>. However, the effects of smoking on cardiac Cx-43 remain unknown<sup>12</sup>. Therefore, to address this issue, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to tobacco smoke would interfere with the intensity, distribution or phosphorylation of Cx43 in the rat heart. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Materials and Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Groups and Treatment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All experiments and procedures were performed in accordance with NIH guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of our Institution (protocol number 399). </p>
      <p>Male Wistar rats weighing 100 g, were randomly allocated into 2 groups: 1) Control group (n = 25), control rats without exposure to tobacco smoke; 2) Group exposed to tobacco smoke (ETS), n = 23. The tobacco smoke exposure lasted for 5 weeks.</p>
      <p>The ETS rats were exposed to cigarette smoke in a chamber (dimensions 95 x 80 x 65 cm) connected to a smoking device based on a model adapted by Paiva et al<sup>7,13-17</sup>. The smoke was drawn out of filtered commercial cigarettes (composition per unit: 1.1 mg of nicotine; 14 mg of tar; and 15 mg of carbon monoxide) with a vacuum pump and was exhausted into the smoking chamber. During wk 1, the number of cigarettes was gradually increased from 5 to 10 over a 30-min period, twice in the afternoon. For the next approximately 3-4 wk, until the rats reached the target weight, 10 cigarettes were used in each smoking trial, repeated 4 times/d, twice in the morning and twice in the afternoon. In a previous study, with similar tobacco exposure time, the carboxyhemoglobin levels in smoke-exposed rats were greater than in the control group (control rats: 0.9 &#177; 0.7% and ETS rats: 5.3 &#177; 2.8%, p= 0.008)<sup>14</sup>. Thus, the latter study confirmed the efficacy of the exposure of smoking animals to cigarette smoke. All animals were fed the same amount of diet, which was based on the food ingestion of the group ETS. After this period of tobacco smoke exposure, rats were euthanized by an excessive dosage of anesthesia (sodium pentobarbital 100 mg/kg of body weight). Rats in the ETS group were not exposed to tobacco smoke during the 12 h before euthanasia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Morphometric Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the completion of the treatment period, the right and left ventricles (including the interventricular septum) were dissected, separated, and weighed. Coronal sections, approximately 3 mm in thickness, taken 5 mm from the tip of the ventricles were fixed in a 10% buffered formaldehyde solution for 48 hours followed by immersion in a 70% alcohol solution for 48 hours. After fixation, the tissues were embedded in paraffin. Histological sections four and six microns in thickness were stained, respectively, with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and collagen-specific Picro Sirius red. The myocyte cross-sectional areas (MA) were measured in the HE-stained sections by a LEICA DM LS microscope connected to a video camera and IBM compatible computer, equipped with the image analysis program Image Pro-plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Fifty to seventy cells were analyzed per slide. The selected cells presented a circular shape and were located in the subendocardial layer of the ventricular walls. This precaution was taken in order to optimize myocyte shape uniformity among the groups. The average cross-sectional area obtained for each group was used as an indicator of cell hypertrophy. The slides stained with Picro Sirius red were used to quantify the interstitial collagen volume fraction using video densitometry. Images of the cardiac tissue were taken and analyzed using the system described above. The elements of the cardiac tissue were identified according to color level. Therefore, the collagen fibers were visualized in red and the myocytes in yellow. The collagen volume fraction (CVF) was calculated automatically and corresponded to the sum of the collagen areas divided by the sum of the collagen tissue and myocyte areas. An average of thirty fields was analyzed using a lens with 40X magnification. Perivascular collagen was excluded from the analysis<sup>14,16</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Immunohistochemistry for connexin 43</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Immunohistochemistry experiments were performed according to Saffitz et al<sup>18 </sup>with some modifications<sup>19</sup>. All hearts, transversally cut, were fixed, successively, in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution for 24 hours, running water for 24 hours and 70 percent alcohol for 24 hours. After fixation, tissues were embedded in paraffin and sliced into 3-&#181;m sections. Before immunolabeling, tissue characterization and orientation were recorded by hematoxylin-eosin staining.</p>
      <p>The sections (3 &#181;m) were placed on poly-D-lysine-coated glass slides and successively dewaxed three times, for 5 minutes each, in baths of xylol, 100% alcohol, 95% alcohol and 70% alcohol followed by rehydration in distilled water for 10 minutes. Antigenic sites were retrieved by treatment of slices in 0.01 M acid citric buffer in phosphate-saline buffer (PBS) pH 6.0 for 10 minutes in microwave environment. After this period, the slices were kept ice-cold for 20 minutes followed by washing in PBS pH 7.2. The sections were blocked with 3% serum albumin bovine (BSA) solution in PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. After this procedure, the sections were incubated overnight with rabbit polyclonal anti-connexin 43 antibody (Abcam Inc. Cambridge) diluted 1:100 in 2% BSA in PBS at 4 &#186;C. On the next morning, the sections were washed in PBS for 15 minutes three times and incubated in secondary antibody (Texas-red anti-rabbit IgG, Vector) at 1:50 dilution in 2% BSA in PBS at room temperature for 1 hour. </p>
      <p>The sections were washed in PBS for 15 minutes three times and mounted in glycerol medium. Ten sections were processed simultaneously in each immunolabeling run while negative controls, in which the primary antibody was omitted, were routinely run in parallel<sup>20</sup> with the objective of monitoring any occurrence of unspecific stain. Immunolabeling of Cx43 was examined by epi-fluorescent microscopy (Carl-Zeiss, Inc. North America) equipped with a WG filter cube (excitation = 550 nm and emission= 650 nm) connected to a video camera and compatible computer (AxioPlan 4.1; Carl-Zeiss Inc.). All images were recorded on the same day as labeling and the tissues were coded and examined blindly by the same person.</p>
      <p>From each heart, as described by Kostinet al<sup>21</sup>, 10 optical fields were recorded and analyzed for distribution of Cx43 in the myocytes (i.e. presence of Cx43 within or outside the intercalated disk) and intensity of Cx43 staining at intercalated disks.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Western blotting for connexin 43</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The western blotting experiments were performed according to Rolim et al<sup>22</sup>. The samples were homogenized in ice-cold lyses buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0; 0.3 mM sucrose ; 0.5 mM DTT; 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0; 0.3 mM PMSF; 10 mM NaF and protease inhibitor cocktail). </p>
      <p>The supernatant was collected by centrifugation at 12000 rpm for 20 minutes and stored at -80 &#186;C. The determination of proteins was performed by BSA protein standard (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) curves and the Bradford method. The protein samples were diluted in Laemmli buffer (240 mM Tris-HCl; 0.8% SDS; 40% glycerol; 0.02% bromophenol blue and 200 mM &#946;-mercapthoethanol). Then 50 &#181;g of each sample was separated on 10% polyacrylamide stacking gels (240 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8; 30% polyacrylamide; APS and TEMED) and resolving gels (240 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8; 30% polyacrylamide; APS and TEMED). Electrophoresis was run at 120 V for 90 minutes.</p>
      <p>The transfer onto nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-Rad) was performed in the Mini-Trans Blot system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) with transfer buffer (25 mM Tris; 192 mM glycine; 20% methanol and 0.1% SDS) for 90 minutes at 120 mA. The blots were blocked with 5% non-fat milk for 2 hours at room temperature with shaking and washing three times in PBS Tween (1mM Tris pH 2.8; 5 mM NaCl and Tween 20). Afterwards, the blots were immunolabeled overnight with a monoclonal mouse anti-Cx43 primary antibody (Ab11369 - Abcam), corresponding to amino acids 130 - 143 of Cx43 diluted to 1: 250 in PBS Tween (1mM Tris pH 2.8; 5 mM NaCl and Tween 20) or monoclonal mouse anti- Cx43 (13-8300 - Zymed) diluted to 3&#181;g/mL, specific to serine 368, an unphosphorylated residue of Cx43. </p>
      <p>On the next morning, the membranes were washed three times in PBS Tween (1mM Tris pH 2.8; 5 mM NaCl and Tween 20). This was followed by incubation for 2 hours at room temperature with an HRP- conjugated anti-mouse antibody (Sigma) diluted to 1:10000. After rinsing three times in PBS Tween (1mM Tris pH 2.8; 5 mom NaCl and Tween 20), the membranes were incubated for 1 minute in ECL solution (Amershan) (<italic>Solution I</italic>: 2.5mM luminol, 400 &#181;M p-cumaric acid, 100 &#181;M tris pH 8.5; <italic>solution II</italic>: 5.4 mM 30% hydrogen peroxide, 100 &#181;M tris pH 8.5). After this period, the membranes were exposed to x-ray film (Eastman Kodak Co, USA) for 10 minutes in a darkroom and then successively dipped in revealing solutions, water and fixative for 1 minute each. The reaction between ECL reagent and the HRP- conjugated anti-mouse antibody on the membranes emits light that appears as dark bands on the x-ray film after revelation. </p>
      <p>After this procedure, densities of the dark bands obtained were analyzed by densitometric quantification of signal intensity by Scion Image (Scion Corporation, Frederick, Maryland, USA) software with the background measurements of signal intensity being subtracted individually from each Lane<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data were expressed as means &#177; SD. The statistical analysis was performed by Student's <italic>t </italic>test. Differences were considered significant at level of 5%. Statistical analyses were performed using SigmaStat for Windows v2.03 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The morphometric variables did not differ statistically between control and ETS groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a10tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a10tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0274-30065-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Smoke exposure induced lower stain intensity of Cx43 at ID when compared to control rats (Control: 2.32 &#177; 0.19; ETS: 1.73 &#177; 0.18; p <italic>= </italic>0.04). The distribution of Cx43 at ID did not differ between control and ETS rats (Control: 3.73 &#177; 0.12; ETS: 3.20 &#177; 0.17; p = 0.18); (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a10fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a10fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0274-30065-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>ETS rats showed higher values of dephosphorylated form of Cx43 than control rats (Control: 0.45 &#177; 0.11; ETS: 0.90 &#177; 0.11; p <italic>= </italic>0.03). On the other hand, total Cx43 did not differ between control and ETS groups (Control: 0.75 &#177; 0.19; ETS: 0.93 &#177; 0.27; p = 0.58); (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a10fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a10fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0274-30065-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study aimed to analyze the effects of exposure to tobacco smoke on the intensity, distribution, and phosphorylation of Cx43 in the rat heart. Our data indicated that tobacco smoke exposure induced remodeling of the cardiac gap junctions. </p>
      <p>An important issue to be considered is that, in addition to the already well-known effects on the vascular endothelium and lungs, previous studies showed that cigarette smoke exposure that lasts at least two months induces cardiac remodeling, characterized by morphological and functional alterations. Indeed, smoking produced augmentations in the left ventricular diastolic and systolic diameters, and induced left ventricular hypertrophy. These morphological alterations were associated with reduction of left ventricular systolic function<sup>7,13,14,16,19,23-27</sup>. However, the effects of tobacco smoke exposure on the cardiac gap junctions are still unknown.</p>
      <p>The main finding of the present study was thatexposure to tobacco smoke induced remodeling of the cardiac gap junctions. Indeed, the remodeling process was characterized by a lower quantity of Cx43 at ID and an increase in the non phosphorylated form of Cx43 in the myocardium.</p>
      <p>Another important issue is that cardiac remodeling characteristically starts with genetic, molecular, cellular, biochemical, and then structural alterations<sup>28-31</sup>. In this context, our findings of Cx43 alterations and no differences in the left and right ventricular morphological variables can be interpreted as the observation of an early stage of the cardiacremodeling. Therefore, we assume that Cx43 remodeling precedes the morphological and functional alterations induced by tobacco smoke exposure.</p>
      <p>Gap junctions are clusters of transmembrane channels that connect the cytoplasmic compartments of neighboring cells. The component proteins of gap junction channels are termed connexins. There are many types of connexins, but the predominant isoform in the heart, mainly in the ventricle, is Cx43<sup>10</sup>. A major role of gap junctions in the myocardium is to coordinate electrical excitation and to facilitate intercellular change of small proteins, such as signal transduction proteins. Importantly, the normal gap junction functions are related to normal expression and distribution of Cx43, given that Cx43 is located mainly in the intercalated disc of cardiomyocytes. In addition, the degree of Cx43 phosphorylation is critical to gap junction function<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Alterations in the quantity, localization and phosphorylation of Cx43 have been observed when the heart was submitted to ischemic or hypoxic events<sup>21,32,33</sup> and when these events are preceded by ischemic preconditioning<sup>34,35</sup>. Such ischemia induces reduction of cardiac gap junction, characterized by lower expression of Cx43<sup>32,36</sup>. Thus, the observed alterations in Cx43 intensity provoked by smoking in the present study are similar to those induced by ischemia.</p>
      <p>The diminished Cx43 staining intensityat ID inducedby exposure to tobacco smoke in the present study resembles the effects of ischemic preconditioning, which initiates a process of Cx43 occurrence in the free plasma membrane, outside of the intercalated disks. As a consequence of this effect, ischemic preconditioning may improve the cell's chance of survival following prolonged ischemia<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>With respect to the increase in the non-phosphorylated form of Cx43 induced by exposure to tobacco smoke, many studies have evidenced that the dephosphorylation of Cx43 causes electrical uncoupling in the cardiac myocytes<sup>34</sup> and the inhibition of Cx43 dephosphorylation lead to protective effects on cardiac function during hypoxic injury<sup>37</sup>. In this context, studies found that gap junction-uncoupling agents administered prior to ischemia preserve the electrical coupling of cardiac myocytes during subsequent ischemic insult, similarly to ischemic preconditioning<sup>38</sup>. These authors suggest that the partial and reversible uncoupling of gap junctions prior to ischemia results in an antiarrhythmic effect during a prolonged ischemic insult, similarly to ischemic preconditioning.</p>
      <p>In this context, the present study found that exposure to tobacco smoke produced a remodeling process in the cardiac gap junction, an effect similar to ischemic preconditioning. Therefore, our data strongly suggest that exposure to tobacco smoke may induce an ischemic preconditioning-like effect in the rat heart. Importantly, this phenomenon could explain the smoker's paradox observed in some studies<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms involved in the effects of tobacco smoke exposure on cardiac gap junctions are unknown. Among the possible mechanisms, ventricular remodeling induced by such exposure is associated with augmented activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases<sup>23</sup>. In addition, there is evidence that the PKC p38 and p42/44 MAPK pathways regulate Cx43 expression<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our study should be analyzed considering a potential limitation. We did not include a preconditioning group. However, the alterations in the Cx43 induced by the preconditioning are well established. Therefore we strongly believe that our data add important information about this subject.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study has shown that exposure to tobacco smoke resulted in cardiac gap junction remodeling, characterized by alterations in the quantity and phosphorylation of Cx43, in rats hearts. This finding could explain the smoker's paradox observed in some studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Novo R, Paiva SAR; Acquisition of data: Novo R, Freire CM, Felisbino S, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Novo R, Freire CM, Felisbino S, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR; Statistical analysis: Novo R, Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR; Writing of the manuscript: Novo R, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Freire CM, Felisbino S, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Rosangela Novo, from Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
