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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wyXRKym499w93shV5XK8z9x</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130064</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o com ECG em recrutas militares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grossman</surname>
            <given-names>Alon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prokupetz</surname>
            <given-names>Alex</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lipchenca</surname>
            <given-names>Igor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tel Hashomer</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The Israeli air force aero</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">medical center </institution>
        <country country="IL">Israel</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tel Hashomer</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tel Aviv University</institution>
        <country country="IL">Israel</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tel Aviv University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Leviev Heart Center </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine E</institution>
        <country country="IL">Israel</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Petah Tikva</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tel Aviv University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rabin Medical Center Beilinson </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine E</institution>
        <country country="IL">Israel</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>269</fpage>
      <lpage>273</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os achados e investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais necess&#225;rios com base na triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o com eletrocardiograma (ECG) entre os recrutas militares est&#227;o mal definidos na literatura. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo foi elaborado para avaliar a taxa de achados anormais na triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o com ECG em adultos jovens e as avalia&#231;&#245;es adicionais necess&#225;rias com base nestes resultados. M&#201;TODOS: Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo foi realizado no centro aero-m&#233;dico da For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Israel (IAF), para candidatos das unidades das academias de voo e de tropa s de elite. Os candidatos das unidades das Academias de voo e de elite passam por uma triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o com ECG antes do alistamento nas For&#231;as de Defesa de Israel (IDF). Desde 2010, todos os ECGs s&#227;o realizados no centro aero-m&#233;dico da IAF. Todos os ECGs realizados desde janeiro de 2010 foram analisados por um de tr&#234;s cardiologistas e todos aqueles nos quais resultados significativos foram identificados foram encaminhados para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada, a pedido do cardiologista. As causas de encaminhamento para avalia&#231;&#227;o posterior, as avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas e os resultados dessas avalia&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o notificados para a popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo. RESULTADOS: 1.455 ECGs foram realizados nos anos 2010-2011. Desses, 1.388 (95,39%) foram interpretadas como normais. 67 indiv&#237;duos foram encaminhados para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada com base nos achados do ECG. Os achados mais comuns levando a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada foram altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T (16 casos, 23,88%), padr&#227;o de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o (14, 20,89%) e crit&#233;rios de voltagem para hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (11; 16,41%). Apenas 7 indiv&#237;duos (10,44%) tinham resultados anormais que foram considerados clinicamente significativos no final da avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. CONCLUS&#213;ES: A taxa de achados significantes levando &#224; desqualifica&#231;&#227;o para a atividade militar &#233; extremamente baixa e o encaminhamento para investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais baseado nos achados do ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es deve ser criterioso.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Triagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> ELETROCARDIOGRAFIA</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o com ECG em recrutas militares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alon Grossman<sup>I,II</sup>; Alex Prokupetz<sup>I</sup>; Igor Lipchenca<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>The Israeli air force aero medical center, Tel Hashomer, Israel </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Department of Internal Medicine E, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Campus affiliated to Tel Aviv University Sackler Medical School, Petah Tikva, Israel </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Os achados e investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais necess&#225;rios com base na triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o com eletrocardiograma (ECG) entre os recrutas militares est&#227;o mal definidos na literatura. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Este estudo foi elaborado para avaliar a taxa de achados anormais na triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o com ECG em adultos jovens e as avalia&#231;&#245;es adicionais necess&#225;rias com base nestes resultados. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo foi realizado no centro aero-m&#233;dico da For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Israel (IAF), para candidatos das unidades das academias de voo e de tropa s de elite. Os candidatos das unidades das Academias de voo e de elite passam por uma triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o com ECG antes do alistamento nas For&#231;as de Defesa de Israel (IDF). Desde 2010, todos os ECGs s&#227;o realizados no centro aero-m&#233;dico da IAF. Todos os ECGs realizados desde janeiro de 2010 foram analisados por um de tr&#234;s cardiologistas e todos aqueles nos quais resultados significativos foram identificados foram encaminhados para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada, a pedido do cardiologista. As causas de encaminhamento para avalia&#231;&#227;o posterior, as avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas e os resultados dessas avalia&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o notificados para a popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> 1.455 ECGs foram realizados nos anos 2010-2011. Desses, 1.388 (95,39%) foram interpretadas como normais. 67 indiv&#237;duos foram encaminhados para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada com base nos achados do ECG. Os achados mais comuns levando a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada foram altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T (16 casos, 23,88%), padr&#227;o de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o (14, 20,89%) e crit&#233;rios de voltagem para hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (11; 16,41%). Apenas 7 indiv&#237;duos (10,44%) tinham resultados anormais que foram considerados clinicamente significativos no final da avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> A taxa de achados significantes levando &#224; desqualifica&#231;&#227;o para a atividade militar &#233; extremamente baixa e o encaminhamento para investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais baseado nos achados do ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es deve ser criterioso.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Eletrocardiografia, Triagem, Atletas, Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Morte s&#250;bita em atletas assintom&#225;ticos &#233; um evento raro, mas tem um impacto significativo<sup>1-3</sup>. Apesar do grande n&#250;mero de atletas submetidos &#224; triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; um debate permanente sobre o melhor m&#233;todo de fazer essa triagem, com base tanto nas quest&#245;es m&#233;dicas quanto as econ&#244;micas. Diretrizes profissionais nos EUA n&#227;o recomendam o uso do eletrocardiograma (ECG) ou ecocardiograma para triagem de atletas universit&#225;rios<sup>4</sup>. Por outro lado, o ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es tem sido considerado para fins de triagem em atletas pela se&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia Esportiva da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia e da Comiss&#227;o M&#233;dica do Comit&#234; Ol&#237;mpico Internacional, e mostrou reduzir a mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. A principal preocupa&#231;&#227;o na realiza&#231;&#227;o da triagem pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o com ECG &#233; a grande quantidade de ECGs anormais que requerem exames adicionais e caros. Nesse estudo, descrevemos uma popula&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica de recrutas militares selecionados antes da participa&#231;&#227;o em atividade f&#237;sica extenuante e descrevemos a taxa de ECGs anormais identificados em exames de rotina, os exames adicionais necess&#225;rios com base nos achados do ECG e os resultados desses exames.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Materiais e m&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo e processo de sele&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recrutas para unidades de elite das For&#231;as de Defesa de Israel (IDF) s&#227;o submetidos a ECG de rotina antes de seu alistamento. Desde janeiro de 2010, esse exame &#233; realizado exclusivamente no centro aero-m&#233;dico da for&#231;a a&#233;rea de Israel (IAF). Todos os indiv&#237;duos passam por um processo de triagem preliminar no centro de recrutamento do IDF, que inclui um hist&#243;rico detalhado e exame f&#237;sico. Somente aqueles considerados saud&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;s&#227;o encaminhados &#224; triagem com ECG no centro aero-m&#233;dico da IAF. Esta popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; constitu&#237;da de indiv&#237;duos exclusivamente do sexo masculino com 17-19 anos de idade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eletrocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es &#233; realizado com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina durante a respira&#231;&#227;o calma e gravado a 25mm/segundo. Todos os tra&#231;ados s&#227;o revistos imediatamente ap&#243;s o exame para descartar problemas t&#233;cnicos e um estudo de repeti&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizado naqueles cujo ECG &#233; considerado tecnicamente ruim.</p>
    <p>Os padr&#245;es de ECG foram avaliados por um de tr&#234;s cardiologistas de acordo com os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos comuns e foram divididos em 8 categorias, com base nesses crit&#233;rios: 1) crit&#233;rios de voltagem suspeitos para hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HVE) - definidos como S<sub>1</sub>+R<sub>5,6</sub> de voltagem de onda maior do que 35 mm em deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais e / ou onda R maior do que 15 mm na deriva&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica I e/ou 12 mm de aVL; 2) anormalidades da onda T; 3) Padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce definido como a eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas ou precordiais, come&#231;ando a partir de um ponto J elevado e prosseguindo em padr&#227;o ascendente lento na onda T, 4) QT- Longo, definido como um intervalo QT corrigido (QTc) superior a 440 milissegundos,5) Suspeita de padr&#227;o de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o - definido como um segmento PR mais curto que 120 milissegundos, com ou sem onda delta; 6) Taquiarritmias - incluindo batimentos atriais e ventriculares prematuros; 7) dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o - incluindo bloqueios atrioventriculares (AV) de todos os graus, hemibloqueio fascicular (anterior ou posterior), bloqueio do ramo esquerdo ou bloqueio do ramo direito; 8) bradicardia sinusal - por causa de sua frequ&#234;ncia, somente os indiv&#237;duos com taxas menores que 40 batimentos / minuto foram encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram uma das anormalidades de ECG acima foram encaminhados para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada sob recomenda&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista. Alguns dos indiv&#237;duos foram encaminhados para v&#225;rias investiga&#231;&#245;es. HVE na ecocardiografia foi definida como espessura de septo interventricular de 12 mm ou superior, espessura de PP de 12mm ou maior ou MVE de 132 g/m<sup>2</sup> ou maior<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados do ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o apresentados como uma porcentagem dos resultados dos ECGs totais e como uma porcentagem da popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo. As avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas com base nos achados do ECG s&#227;o apresentadas em n&#250;meros absolutos e como uma porcentagem das raz&#245;es totais para encaminhamento para esse teste. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Corpo M&#233;dico das For&#231;as de Defesa de Israel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1.455 indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a ECG de rotina antes de seu alistamento nos anos de 2010-2011. Todos eram homens saud&#225;veis de 18-19 anos de idade. 1388(95,39%) dos exames foram interpretados como normais. Sessenta e sete indiv&#237;duos foram encaminhados para exames adicionais, e os resultados anormais do ECG s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a09tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Os achados mais comuns nos ECGs de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, foram: altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T (16 casos, 23,88%), sinais de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o (14 casos, 20,89%) e crit&#233;rios de voltagem para HVE (10 casos, 14,92%). Exames adicionais com base nos achados do ECG s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a09tab02">tabela 2</xref>. Alguns dos candidatos foram encaminhados para v&#225;rias investiga&#231;&#245;es. O ecocardiograma foi a investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional mais comum (46 indiv&#237;duos) e foi realizada principalmente em indiv&#237;duos com crit&#233;rios de voltagem para altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T ou HVE. Teste de esfor&#231;o foi executado em 38 indiv&#237;duos, particularmente aqueles com altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T, bradicardia sinusal e suspeita de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o. A monitora&#231;&#227;o por Holter foi feita em 22 pacientes, principalmente naqueles com bradicardia sinusal ou suspeita de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a09tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0269-30064-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a09tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0269-30064-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Somente 7 indiv&#237;duos mostraram achados cl&#237;nicos considerados significativos em exames de acompanhamento. Esses achados s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a09tab03">tabela 3</xref>, de acordo com a causa para o encaminhamento. Todos os achados cl&#237;nicos significantes foram identificados por ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a09tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0269-30064-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A triagem para doen&#231;a cardiovascular entre os atletas e candidatos militares &#233; imperativa, j&#225; que a morte s&#250;bita &#233; obviamente tr&#225;gica e potencialmente evit&#225;vel. O debate sobre o melhor m&#233;todo de triagem continua, variando da confian&#231;a apenas no hist&#243;rico e exame f&#237;sico, at&#233; a execu&#231;&#227;o do ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e ecocardiografia. Esse estudo analisa as causas do encaminhamento para investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais em indiv&#237;duos normais submetidos &#224; triagem por ECG e os achados significativos identificados.</p>
    <p>A taxa total de ECGs definidos como anormais nesse grupo foi de 4,6%, um percentual muito menor do que o anteriormente relatado<sup>7,8</sup>. No entanto, mesmo em um relat&#243;rio anterior de Pellicia e cols.<sup>8</sup> no qual 11,8% dos eletrocardiogramas foram interpretados como anormais, avalia&#231;&#245;es adicionais foram solicitadas em apenas 4,8% dos ECGs, desconsiderando algumas dos achados observadas no ECG de rotina. Essa taxa &#233; semelhante &#224; relatada no presente estudo e, provavelmente, representa a taxa real de achados de ECG que requerem avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional em atletas jovens. N&#227;o &#233; surpresa que uma das causas mais comuns de encaminhamento para investiga&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;nuas tenha sido altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T, que &#233; um achado n&#227;o espec&#237;fico. Sinais de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o foram identificados em 14 indiv&#237;duos, que compunham 0,96% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Essa &#233; uma porcentagem maior do que os resultados previamente relatados<sup>9</sup> e, provavelmente, um resultado da maior percep&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o entre os cardiologistas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos tra&#231;ados do ECG. Os sinais da HVE foram identificados em apenas 7,56% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, o que tamb&#233;m &#233; significativamente mais baixa do que a relatada em estudos anteriores<sup>10</sup>, mas que est&#225; de acordo com outros relatos<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Achados cl&#237;nicos significantes foram mais comumente identificados em indiv&#237;duos com altera&#231;&#245;es de onda T. Isso destaca o fato de que altera&#231;&#245;es da onda T devem ser consideradas com cautela, apesar de sua preval&#234;ncia relativamente alta, e que devem levar &#224; uma pesquisa de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, mesmo em atletas jovens.</p>
    <p>A falta de correla&#231;&#227;o entre HVE comprovada por ecocardiografia e crit&#233;rios de voltagem para HVE n&#227;o &#233; surpresa e foi relatada anteriormente<sup>11</sup>; no entanto, duas importantes condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas foram identificadas em indiv&#237;duos encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o com base em crit&#233;rios de voltagem para HVE no ECG. Por isso, acreditamos que, apesar da baixa especificidade dos crit&#233;rios de voltagem para HVE no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, estes indiv&#237;duos devem ser submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>Padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce no ECG provavelmente n&#227;o leva a um aumento significativo no risco de arritmia fatal<sup>12</sup>, mas por que o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos encaminhados para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada com base nesse achado na presente coorte era pequeno, &#233; dif&#237;cil fazer recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre a import&#226;ncia desse achado em atletas.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios utilizados nesse estudo de encaminhamento para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada foram semelhantes aos utilizados em um estudo anterior de Pellicia e cols.<sup>8</sup>. O uso ou n&#227;o desses crit&#233;rios como base de encaminhamento para avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada em atletas requer uma pesquisa mais extensa, incluindo acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos indiv&#237;duos para avaliar os desfechos cardiovasculares. A avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional exigida com base nestes achados do ECG n&#227;o &#233; clara, e tamb&#233;m necessita de estudos em maior escala. A falta de resultados significativos em indiv&#237;duos com suspeita de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce e bradicardia sinusal destaca a natureza benigna destes achados no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em indiv&#237;duos jovens e saud&#225;veis. Acreditamos que, devido ao fato da s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ser potencialmente fatal, aqueles com tal padr&#227;o de ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es devem ser submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o completa, de prefer&#234;ncia por meio de testes de adenosina, conforme descrito previamente<sup>13</sup>, mas aqueles cujo ECG demonstra baixos graus de bloqueio AV ou bradicardia sinusal, mesmo com taxas extremamente baixas, provavelmente possuem t&#244;nus vagal aumentado e n&#227;o necessitam de avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional.</p>
    <p>Esse estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, todos os ECGS foram interpretados por um &#250;nico cardiologista, o que pode ter causado um "diagn&#243;stico equivocado" de determinadas anomalias. No entanto, como o cardiologista que fez a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos exames tinha experi&#234;ncia com ECG em atletas jovens, e usou crit&#233;rios bem definidos, acreditamos que isso n&#227;o deve ter sido um motivo para subdiagn&#243;stico de condi&#231;&#245;es potencialmente fatais. A segunda limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o fato de que a coorte era composta de indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; exclus&#227;o preliminar pelo hist&#243;rico e exame f&#237;sico e que a maioria consistia de atletas saud&#225;veis. Dessa forma, a maior parte deles provavelmente j&#225; havia sido submetida &#224; triagem com ECG em anos anteriores. Portanto, a coorte pode n&#227;o ser representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o geral de atletas. Isso pode explicar a taxa relativamente baixa de achados significativos nos exames adicionais nessa coorte. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o fato de que os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o foram acompanhados prospectivamente para o desenvolvimento de desfechos cardiovasculares adversos. Desse modo, a verdadeira efic&#225;cia deste processo de triagem n&#227;o pode ser avaliada. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, acreditamos que essa coorte &#233; representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o geral de atletas e que seus resultados podem ajudar na elabora&#231;&#227;o de conclus&#245;es sobre essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ECG tem um papel no processo de triagem de atletas e militares para condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, uma vez que pode identificar condi&#231;&#245;es que podem ser fatais durante o exerc&#237;cio. No entanto, o encaminhamento para investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais baseado nos achados do ECG deve ser criterioso, a fim de diminuir os custos e tornar esse m&#233;todo de triagem tecnicamente mais aplic&#225;vel a grandes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Grossman A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Prokupetz A; Interpreta&#231;&#227;o de ECG: Lipchenca I.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC, Mueller FO. Sudden death in young competitive athletes. Clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA. 1996;276(3):199-204. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(11):1064-75. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1959-63. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, Balady G, Berger S, Cohen D, et al; American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2007;115(12):1643-55. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA. 2006;296(13):1593-601. </p>
    <p>6. Domienik-Kar&#322;owicz J, Lichodziejewska B, Lisik W, Ciurzynski M, Bienias P, Chmura A, et al. Electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with morbid obesity. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2011;16(3):258-62.</p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(6):364-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Pelliccia A, Culasso F, Di Paolo FM, Accettura D, Cantore R, Castagna W, et al. Prevalence of abnormal electrocardiograms in a large, unselected population undergoing pre-participation cardiovascular screening. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(16):2006-10. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Ferrer MF. Electrocardiographic variations, arrythmias, pacemakers. In: Lew EA, Gajewski J. (editors). Medical risks: trends in mortality by age and time. New York: Praeger; 1990. p. 7.1-7.64. </p>
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    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Somauroo JD, Pyatt JR, Jackson M, Perry RA, Ramsdale DR. An echocardiographic assessment of cardiac morphology and common ECG findings in teenage professional soccer players: reference ranges for use in screening. Heart. 2001;85(6):649-54. </p>
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    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Grossman A, Wand O, Matezki S, Kerner A, Assa A, Glikson M. Use of adenosine test for the exclusion of preexcitation syndrome in asymptomatic individuals. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2011;16(2):180-3. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Alon Grossman </p>
        <p> 29 Yosef Nakar St., Kfar Ganim </p>
        <p> CEP 49773, Petah Tikva </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="alon2206@012.net.il">alon2206@012.net.il</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="along@clalit.org.il">along@clalit.org.il</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 13/05/12, revisado em 19/09/12, aceito em 19/09/12.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>13. Grossman A, Wand O, Matezki S, Kerner A, Assa A, Glikson M. Use of adenosine test for the exclusion of preexcitation syndrome in asymptomatic individuals. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2011;16(2):180-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Use of adenosine test for the exclusion of preexcitation syndrome in asymptomatic individuals</article-title>
          <source>Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>180</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wand</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matezki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kerner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glikson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Pre-participation ECG screening in military recruits</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND:The findings and additional investigations required based on pre-participation electrocardiography (ECG) among military recruits are poorly defined in the literature. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the rate of abnormal findings on pre-participation ECG in young adults and the additional evaluations required based on these findings. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed in the Israeli Air Force (IAF) aero medical screening center for flight academy and elite units' candidates. Flight academy and elite units' candidates undergo pre-participation ECG prior to enlistment to the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). Since 2010, all ECGS have been performed at the IAF aero medical center. All ECGs performed since January 2010 were analyzed by one of three cardiologists and all those in which significant findings were identified were referred to further evaluation upon the cardiologist's request. Causes of referral for further evaluation, the evaluations performed and the results of these evaluations are reported for the study population. RESULTS: 1455 ECGS were performed in the years 2010-2011. Of these, 1388 (95.39%) were interpreted as normal. 67 subjects were referred to further evaluation based on ECG findings. The most common findings leading to further evaluation were T wave changes (16 cases, 23.88%), pre-excitation pattern (14, 20.89%) and voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (11, 16.41%). Only 7 subjects (10.44%) had abnormal findings which were considered clinically significant at the end of the medical evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of significant findings leading to disqualification from military activity is extremely low and referral to continued investigations based on 12-lead ECG findings should be judicious.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Triage</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pre-participation ECG screening in military recruits</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alon Grossman<sup>I,II</sup>; Alex Prokupetz<sup>I</sup>; Igor Lipchenca<sup>III</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>The Israeli air force aero medical center</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Tel Hashomer, Israel; Department of Internal Medicine E, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Campus affiliated to Tel Aviv University Sackler Medical School</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Petah Tikva, Israel; Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center and Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold>The findings and additional investigations required based on pre-participation electrocardiography (ECG) among military recruits are poorly defined in the literature.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> This study was designed to evaluate the rate of abnormal findings on pre-participation ECG in young adults and the additional evaluations required based on these findings.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A retrospective cohort study was performed in the Israeli Air Force (IAF) aero medical screening center for flight academy and elite units' candidates. Flight academy and elite units' candidates undergo pre-participation ECG prior to enlistment to the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). Since 2010, all ECGS have been performed at the IAF aero medical center. All ECGs performed since January 2010 were analyzed by one of three cardiologists and all those in which significant findings were identified were referred to further evaluation upon the cardiologist's request. Causes of referral for further evaluation, the evaluations performed and the results of these evaluations are reported for the study population.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> 1455 ECGS were performed in the years 2010-2011. Of these, 1388 (95.39%) were interpreted as normal. 67 subjects were referred to further evaluation based on ECG findings. The most common findings leading to further evaluation were T wave changes (16 cases, 23.88%), pre-excitation pattern (14, 20.89%) and voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (11, 16.41%). Only 7 subjects (10.44%) had abnormal findings which were considered clinically significant at the end of the medical evaluation.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The rate of significant findings leading to disqualification from military activity is extremely low and referral to continued investigations based on 12-lead ECG findings should be judicious.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Electrocardiography; Triage; Athletes, Cardiovascular Diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sudden death in asymptomatic athletes is a rare event, but has significant impact<sup>1-3</sup>. Despite the large number of athletes undergoing pre-participation screening, there is a continuing debate regarding the optimal method of screening, based on both medical and economic issues. Professional guidelines in the US do not recommend using either electrocardiography (ECG) or echocardiography for screening college athletes<sup>4</sup>. On the other hand, 12-lead ECG has been supported for screening purposes in athletes by the Sports Cardiology section of the European Society of Cardiology and Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee and has been shown to reduce mortality in this population<sup>5</sup>. The main concern in performing pre-participation ECG is the large amount of abnormal ECGs requiring additional and costly work-up. In this study, we describe a unique population of military recruits screened prior to participation in strenuous physical activity and describe the rate of abnormal ECGS identified on routine screening, the additional work-up required based on ECG findings and the results of this work-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Materials and methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population and screening process</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Recruits to elite units in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) undergo routine ECG prior to their enlistment. Since January 2010, this examination is performed exclusively at the Israeli air force (IAF) aero medical center. All subjects undergo a preliminary screening process at the IDF recruitment center which includes a detailed history and physical examination. Only those who are considered healthy are referred to screening ECG at the IAF aero medical center. This population consists of 17-19 year olds, exclusively male subjects.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Standard 12-lead ECG is performed with the subject in the supine position during quiet respiration and recorded at 25mm/second. All tracings are reviewed immediately following their performance to rule out technical problems and a repeat study is performed in those whose ECG is considered technically poor.</p>
      <p>ECG patterns were evaluated by one of three cardiologists according to common clinical criteria and were divided into 8 categories based on these criteria: 1) voltage criteria suspicious for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) - defined as S<sub>1</sub>+R<sub>5,6</sub> wave voltage greater than 35 mm in precordial leads and/or R-wave greater than 15 mm in peripheral lead I and/or 12 mm in aVL; 2) T wave abnormalities; 3) Early repolarization pattern- defined as upward ST-segment elevation in 2 or more peripheral or precordial leads, beginning from an elevated J point and continuing with an upsloping shape into the T-wave; 4) Long QT- defined as a corrected QT interval (QTc) greater than 440 milliseconds; 5) Suspected pre-excitation pattern - defined as a PR segment shorter than 120 milliseconds) with or without a delta wave; 6) Tachyarrhythmias - including atrial premature beats and ventricular premature beats; 7) Conduction disturbances - including atrioventricular (AV) blocks of all degrees, fascicular hemiblocks (anterior or posterior), left bundle branch block or right bundle branch block; 8) Sinus bradycardia - because of its frequency, only subjects with rates slower than 40 beats/minute were referred for further evaluation.</p>
      <p>Subjects who had one of the above ECG abnormalities were referred to further evaluation upon cardiologist's recommendation. Some of the subjects were referred to several investigations. Echocardiographic LVH was defined as either an IVS thickness of 12 mm or greater, PW thickness of 12 mm or greater or LVM of 132 g/m<sup>2</sup> or greater<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The findings on 12-lead ECG are shown as a percentage of the total ECG findings and as a percentage of the entire study population. The evaluations performed based on ECG findings are shown in absolute numbers and as a percentage of the total reasons for referral to this test. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Corps of the Israeli Defense Forces.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1,455 subjects underwent routine ECG prior to their enlistment in the years 2010-2011. All were 18-19 years old healthy male subjects. 1,388 (95.39%) of the examinations were interpreted as normal. Sixty-seven subjects were referred to additional investigations and the abnormal ECG findings are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a09tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The most common finding on 12-lead ECG were: T wave changes (16 cases, 23.88%), signs of pre-excitation (14 cases, 20.89%) and voltage criteria for LVH (10 cases, 14.92%). Additional investigations based on ECG findings are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a09tab02-body2">table 2</xref>. Some of the candidates were referred to several investigations. Echocardiography was the most common additional investigation performed (46 subjects) and was performed mainly in subjects with voltage criteria for LVH or T wave alterations. Exercise test was performed in 38 subjects, particularly those with T wave changes, sinus bradycardia and suspected pre-excitation. Holter monitoring was performed in 22 subjects, mainly in those with sinus bradycardia or suspected pre-excitation.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a09tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0269-30064-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a09tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0269-30064-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Only 7 subjects had clinical findings on follow-up examinations, which were considered significant. These are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a09tab03-body2">table 3</xref> according to the cause for referral. All significant clinical findings were identified by echocardiography.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a09tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0269-30064-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold> Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Screening for cardiovascular disease among athletes and military candidates is imperative as sudden death is obviously tragic and potentially preventable. Debate continues regarding the optimal method of screening, ranging from reliance solely on history and physical examination, to performance of 12-lead ECG and echocardiography. This study reviews both the causes for referral to continued investigations among healthy subjects undergoing screening ECG and the significant identified findings.</p>
      <p>The total rate of ECGS defined as abnormal in this cohort was 4.6%, a percentage much lower than that previously reported<sup>7,8</sup>. Yet, even in a previous report by Pellicia et al<sup>8</sup> in which 11.8% of ECGs were interpreted as abnormal, additional evaluation was requested in only 4.8% of ECGs, disregarding some of the findings noted on routine ECG. This rate is similar to that reported in this study and probably represents the true rate of ECG findings requiring further evaluation in young athletes. </p>
      <p>It is not surprising that one the most common causes for referral to continued investigations was T wave changes, which is a non-specific finding. Signs of pre-excitation were identified in 14 subjects, who comprised 0.96% of the study population. This is a higher percentage than the one previously reported<sup>9</sup> and probably results from the high awareness to this condition among the cardiologists interpreting these ECG tracings. Signs of LVH were identified in only 7.56% of the study population, which also is significantly lower than reported in previous studies<sup>10</sup> but is in accordance with other reports<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Significant clinical findings were most commonly identified in subjects with T wave alterations. This highlights the fact that T wave alterations should be regarded with caution, despite their relatively high prevalence, and should prompt a search for structural heart disease even in young athletes.</p>
      <p>The lack of correlation of echocardiography-proven LVH and voltage criteria for LVH is not surprising and has been previously reported<sup>11</sup>; yet, two significant medical conditions were identified in those referred for evaluation based on ECG voltage criteria for LVH. Therefore we believe that despite the low specificity of voltage criteria for LVH on 12-lead ECG, these subjects should undergo complete work-up by echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Early repolarization pattern on ECG probably does not lead to a significant increase in the risk of fatal arrhythmia<sup>12</sup>, but because the number of subjects referred for further evaluation based on this finding in the present cohort was small, it is difficult to make recommendations regarding the significance of this finding in athletes.</p>
      <p>The criteria used in this study for referral to further evaluation were similar to those used in a previous study by Pellicia et al<sup>8</sup>. Whether these criteria should be the ones used as basis for further evaluation referral in athletes requires more extensive research, including clinical follow-up of subjects to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes. The required additional evaluation based on these ECG findings is unclear and also requires larger scale studies. The lack of significant findings in subjects with suspected pre-excitation, conduction disturbances, early repolarization pattern and sinus bradycardia highlight the benign nature of these findings on 12-lead ECG in young healthy subjects. We believe that because pre-excitation syndrome is potentially fatal, those with such pattern on 12-lead ECG should undergo a complete evaluation, preferably by adenosine testing as previously described<sup>13</sup>, but those whose ECG demonstrates low degrees of AV block or sinus bradycardia, even at extremely low rates , probably have an increased vagal tone and require no further evaluation. </p>
      <p>This study has several limitations. First, all ECGS were interpreted by a single cardiologist, which may have caused 'misdiagnosis' of certain abnormalities. Yet, because the interpreting cardiologist was experienced in ECG interpretation in young athletes and used well-defined criteria, we believe this should not have been a cause for underdiagnosis of potentially fatal conditions. The second limitation is the fact that the cohort consisted of subjects who underwent preliminary exclusion by history and physical examination and most of whom were healthy athletes. Thus, most of them probably had undergone screening ECG in previous years. Therefore, the cohort may not be representative of the general athlete population. This may account for the relatively low rate of significant findings on the additional testing in this cohort. Another limitation is the fact that the subjects were not followed prospectively for the development of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, the true effectiveness of this screening process cannot be evaluated. Despite these limitations, we believe that this cohort is fairly representative of the general athlete population and its results may aid in drawing conclusions regarding this population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ECG has a role in the screening process of athletes and military personnel for cardiovascular conditions, as it may identify conditions which may prove fatal during exercise. Yet, referral to continued investigations based on ECG findings should be judicious in order to decrease costs and to make this screening method more technically applicable to large populations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Grossman A; Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Prokupetz A; ECG interpretation: Lipchenca I.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Maron BJ, Shirani J, Poliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC, Mueller FO. Sudden death in young competitive athletes. Clinical, demographic, and pathological profiles. JAMA. 1996;276(3):199-204. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(11):1064-75. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1959-63. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, Balady G, Berger S, Cohen D, et al; American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2007;115(12):1643-55. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA. 2006;296(13):1593-601. </p>
      <p>6. Domienik-Kar&#322;owicz J, Lichodziejewska B, Lisik W, Ciurzynski M, Bienias P, Chmura A, et al. Electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with morbid obesity. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2011;16(3):258-62.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(6):364-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Pelliccia A, Culasso F, Di Paolo FM, Accettura D, Cantore R, Castagna W, et al. Prevalence of abnormal electrocardiograms in a large, unselected population undergoing pre-participation cardiovascular screening. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(16):2006-10. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Ferrer MF. Electrocardiographic variations, arrythmias, pacemakers. In: Lew EA, Gajewski J. (editors). Medical risks: trends in mortality by age and time. New York: Praeger; 1990. p. 7.1-7.64. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Sharma S, Whyte G, Elliott P, Padula M, Kaushal R, Mahon N, et al. Electrocardiographic changes in 1000 highly trained junior elite athletes. Br J Sports Med. 1999,33(5):319-24. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Somauroo JD, Pyatt JR, Jackson M, Perry RA, Ramsdale DR. An echocardiographic assessment of cardiac morphology and common ECG findings in teenage professional soccer players: reference ranges for use in screening. Heart. 2001;85(6):649-54. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Stern S. Clinical aspects of the early repolarization syndrome: a 2011 update. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2011;16(2):192-5. </p>
      <p>13. Grossman A, Wand O, Matezki S, Kerner A, Assa A, Glikson M. Use of adenosine test for the exclusion of preexcitation syndrome in asymptomatic individuals. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2011;16(2):180-3.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Alon Grossman</p>
          <p> 29 Yosef Nakar St., Kfar Ganim</p>
          <p> Postal Code 49773, Petah Tikva</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="alon2206@012.net.il">alon2206@012.net.il</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="along@clalit.org.il">along@clalit.org.il</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received May 13, 2011; manuscript revised September 19, 2011; accepted September 19, 2012.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
