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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WZQ96t655N6NNtzFRds4DqD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130042</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e angiotomografia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Di&#243;genes de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Carvalhinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prezotti</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Amarino de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Volta Redonda</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Volta Redonda</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>238</fpage>
      <lpage>245</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A angiotomografia coronariana por m&#250;ltiplos detectores (Angio TC) tem demonstrado boa acur&#225;cia para detec&#231;&#227;o de estenose coronariana. Embora essa t&#233;cnica seja promissora para avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC, sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a manifesta&#231;&#227;o funcional da doen&#231;a ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a presen&#231;a de DAC e o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana avaliados pela Angio TC se associam com altera&#231;&#245;es no exame de Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CPM). M&#201;TODOS: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, que incluiu consecutivamente 99 pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita. Realizaram-se exames de CPM e Angio TC. Comparamos a presen&#231;a de defeitos de perfus&#227;o pela CPM com a presen&#231;a de DAC e grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal pela Angio TC. Utilizou-se para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica o teste t de Student, ANOVA, o teste qui-quadrado (ou teste de Fisher para n &lt; 5). Foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e o crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de idade foi 62 &#177; 11,4 anos, sendo 46 (71,7%) homens. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis foi realizada por paciente (n = 99) e por territ&#243;rio de irriga&#231;&#227;o coronariana (n = 297). Dos 67 territ&#243;rios que apresentaram DAC significativa pela Angio TC, 44,8% apresentaram CPM alterada. Considerando-se o grau de estenose, CPM alterada esteve presente em 18,7% dos territ&#243;rios com estenose n&#227;o significativa, 45,28% dos territ&#243;rios com estenose moderada e 42,8% dos territ&#243;rios com les&#245;es graves. CONCLUS&#213;ES: A Angio TC &#233; um bom m&#233;todo para exclus&#227;o da DAC. No entanto, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose e sua repercuss&#227;o funcional n&#227;o demonstrou boa correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das Coron&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </p>
    <p> CARDIOLOGIA NUCLEAR</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e angiotomografia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jader Cunha de Azevedo<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Di&#243;genes de Souza Ferreira Junior<sup>II</sup>; Felipe Carvalhinho Vieira<sup>II</sup>; La&#237;s Santos Prezotti<sup>II</sup>; Luciana Silveira Sim&#245;es<sup>II</sup>; Marcelo Souto Nacif<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte<sup>I,IV</sup>; Amarino de Carvalho Oliveira Junior<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I,II</sup>; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Centro Universit&#225;rio de Volta Redonda, Volta Redonda, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A angiotomografia coronariana por m&#250;ltiplos detectores (Angio TC) tem demonstrado boa acur&#225;cia para detec&#231;&#227;o de estenose coronariana. Embora essa t&#233;cnica seja promissora para avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC, sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a manifesta&#231;&#227;o funcional da doen&#231;a ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar se a presen&#231;a de DAC e o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana avaliados pela Angio TC se associam com altera&#231;&#245;es no exame de Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CPM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, que incluiu consecutivamente 99 pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita. Realizaram-se exames de CPM e Angio TC. Comparamos a presen&#231;a de defeitos de perfus&#227;o pela CPM com a presen&#231;a de DAC e grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal pela Angio TC. Utilizou-se para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica o teste t de Student, ANOVA, o teste qui-quadrado (ou teste de Fisher para n &lt; 5). Foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e o crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia de idade foi 62 &#177; 11,4 anos, sendo 46 (71,7%) homens. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis foi realizada por paciente (n = 99) e por territ&#243;rio de irriga&#231;&#227;o coronariana (n = 297). Dos 67 territ&#243;rios que apresentaram DAC significativa pela Angio TC, 44,8% apresentaram CPM alterada. Considerando-se o grau de estenose, CPM alterada esteve presente em 18,7% dos territ&#243;rios com estenose n&#227;o significativa, 45,28% dos territ&#243;rios com estenose moderada e 42,8% dos territ&#243;rios com les&#245;es graves. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> A Angio TC &#233; um bom m&#233;todo para exclus&#227;o da DAC. No entanto, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose e sua repercuss&#227;o funcional n&#227;o demonstrou boa correla&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a das Coron&#225;rias / diagn&#243;stico, Tomografia Computadorizada, Cora&#231;&#227;o / cintilografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A despeito dos importantes avan&#231;os no entendimento da fisiopatologia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e na cria&#231;&#227;o de novos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, a Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) mant&#233;m-se ainda no s&#233;culo XXI como uma das principais causas de morte no Brasil e no mundo<sup>1,2</sup>. Apesar de a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ser prioridade para a medicina moderna, tamb&#233;m se faz necess&#225;rio o desenvolvimento de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos complementares que auxiliem na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da DAC, j&#225; que o tratamento r&#225;pido &#233; decisivo para a modifica&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, a cineangiocoronariografia &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC; entretanto, novos m&#233;todos de imagem n&#227;o invasivos, como a angiotomografia coronariana por tom&#243;grafo com multidetectores (Angio TC), t&#234;m se mostrado uma alternativa confi&#225;vel para o diagn&#243;stico dessa doen&#231;a. Desde que essa t&#233;cnica passou a ser utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, houve uma r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o na qualidade das imagens obtidas, permitindo a expans&#227;o da aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desse m&#233;todo cujas acur&#225;cia, especificidade e sensibilidade para detectar estenose das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias j&#225; est&#227;o bem estabelecidas na literatura<sup>2-7</sup>. Contudo, &#233; importante salientar que, assim como a coronariografia invasiva, esse m&#233;todo identifica a estenose anat&#244;mica das art&#233;rias coronarianas, mas n&#227;o possibilita avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional das les&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Dentre os m&#233;todos que avaliam a repercuss&#227;o funcional das les&#245;es obstrutivas coronarianas destaca-se a Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) que possui grande acur&#225;cia para detectar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, al&#233;m de ser uma poderosa ferramenta para prever o risco de eventos coronarianos futuros, possibilitando estratificar os pacientes e orientar para uma melhor conduta terap&#234;utica<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a Angio TC seja uma t&#233;cnica promissora para avaliar a DAC, sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a manifesta&#231;&#227;o funcional da doen&#231;a ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida e necessita ser investigada. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar se a exist&#234;ncia de DAC e o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana avaliados pela Angio TC se associam com altera&#231;&#245;es no exame de CPM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, no qual foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes consecutivos, com DAC suspeita ou confirmada, que realizaram os exames de Angio TC e CPM no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2006 a setembro de 2009, com intervalo inferior a 90 dias entre os dois exames. A indica&#231;&#227;o dos exames ficou a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente, n&#227;o sendo objetivo do estudo a an&#225;lise das indica&#231;&#245;es. Utilizamos como fontes de informa&#231;&#227;o as fichas de anamnese do Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco e prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes com hist&#243;ria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pr&#233;via e aqueles com dados de prontu&#225;rio incompletos. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco do Rio de Janeiro, sob o registro 412.</p>
    <p>Estudamos as caracter&#237;sticas: sexo, idade, fatores de risco para DAC (hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes, hist&#243;ria familiar, obesidade) e DAC pr&#233;via (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea, coronariografia com les&#245;es obstrutivas maiores que 50%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cintilogr&#225;ficas avaliadas foram: tipo de estresse utilizado; n&#250;mero de segmentos apresentando defeitos de perfus&#227;o revers&#237;veis (isquemia) e defeitos fixos (fibrose) pela an&#225;lise qualitativa e quantifica&#231;&#227;o desses defeitos por meio de softwares (QPS-Cedars Cinai e Emory Cardiac Toolbox); an&#225;lise da contratilidade global e segmentar e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo Gated SPECT. O modelo de segmenta&#231;&#227;o utilizado foi o de 17 segmentos<sup>10</sup>. Os exames cintilogr&#225;ficos classificados como alterados foram aqueles que apresentaram defeitos de perfus&#227;o revers&#237;veis ou fixos.</p>
    <p>Todos os exames de CPM foram realizados no Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco do Rio de Janeiro, em c&#226;mara de cintila&#231;&#227;o do tipo Anger tomogr&#225;fica digital (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) da marca Siemens, modelo E-Cam de detector duplo, com colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos por cintilografia foram comparados com a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana (sendo considerada DAC significativa a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, e DAC n&#227;o significativa, &lt; 50%), e grau de estenose (n&#227;o significativa: &lt; 50%; moderada: 50%-70%; grave: &gt; 70%) avaliados pela Angio TC.</p>
    <p>Os exames de Angio TC foram realizados em aparelho LightSpeed VCT 64 GE Healthcare. Os pacientes receberam entre 5 e 20 mg de metoprolol endovenoso para controle da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC), obtendo FC m&#233;dia de 70 bpm. Para an&#225;lise de escore de c&#225;lcio foi realizada aquisi&#231;&#227;o convencional com trigger prospectivo e 3 mm de colima&#231;&#227;o. Na an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica utilizou-se aquisi&#231;&#227;o helicoidal e trigger prospectivo ou retrospectivo, de acordo com a FC e peso do paciente, com 0,625 mm de colima&#231;&#227;o e inje&#231;&#227;o de 80 mL de contraste iodado n&#227;o i&#244;nico com fluxo de 5,0 mL/s. Foram reconstru&#237;das 20 fases card&#237;acas e selecionada a que apresentava o menor grau de movimento card&#237;aco no n&#237;vel das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Para a an&#225;lise utilizaram-se imagens axiais fontes, reformata&#231;&#245;es multiplanares, curvas e reconstru&#231;&#245;es tridimensionais por volume rendering, em workstation ADW<sup>4.3</sup> (GE Healthcare).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise foi realizada por paciente (n = 99) e por territ&#243;rio de irriga&#231;&#227;o coronariana (n = 297). Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado o software SPSS vers&#227;o 17. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas no formato de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para as m&#233;dias dessas vari&#225;veis, e ANOVA para a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher para n &lt; 5. Foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e o crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia foi o n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 99 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 62 &#177; 11,4 anos, e 71,7% eram do sexo masculino; 6% tinham hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; 18% apresentavam angioplastia coronariana pr&#233;via com implante de stent. Do total da amostra, 47% referiam dor precordial como o principal motivo da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi o primeiro m&#233;todo em 66% dos pacientes. O intervalo entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames foi de 12,4 &#177; 17,5 dias. O tipo de estresse empregado na cintilografia foi farmacol&#243;gico em 52 pacientes e f&#237;sico em 47 pacientes. As demais caracter&#237;sticas de base da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Analisando cada paciente por territ&#243;rio coronariano, obtivemos 297 territ&#243;rios, correspondendo a 297 segmentos. A CPM encontrou-se alterada em 73 segmentos (24,57%). Dos segmentos avaliados, 230 apresentaram DAC n&#227;o significativa. Desses, 43 (18,7%) apresentaram CPM alterada, como demonstrado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a05gra01">gr&#225;fico 1-A</xref>. Dos 67 segmentos que apresentaram DAC significativa, 30 (44,8%) apresentaram CPM alterada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a05gra01">gr&#225;f. 1-B</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a05gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a05gra02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref> observa-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es cintilogr&#225;ficas de acordo com a gravidade da estenose coronariana. A CPM alterada esteve presente em 18,7% (n = 43) dos territ&#243;rios com estenose n&#227;o significativa, 45,28% (n = 24) dos territ&#243;rios com estenose moderada e 42,8% (n = 6) dos territ&#243;rios com les&#245;es graves. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da presen&#231;a de CPM alterada em les&#245;es acima de 50% e em les&#245;es acima de 70% de estenose.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a05gra02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O Valor Preditivo Positivo (VPP) da Angio TC para CPM alterada &#233; de 44,8%, e o Valor Preditivo Negativo (VPN) &#233; de 81,3%. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da Angio TC s&#227;o, respectivamente, 41,1% e 83,5%.</p>
    <p>Ao analisarmos as cintilografias por paciente quanto &#224;s poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis que poderiam explicar a presen&#231;a de cintilografia alterada, verificamos que, na an&#225;lise univariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab02">Tabela 2</xref>), a hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (p = 0,01) e hist&#243;ria de angioplastia pr&#233;via (p = 0,04) apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com CPM alterada. A presen&#231;a de DAC significativa pela Angio TC (p = 0,01) tamb&#233;m demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de CPM alterada. Segundo an&#225;lise multivariada de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab03">Tabela 3</xref>), a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es significativas na Angio TC foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente associada &#224; presen&#231;a de CPM alterada (p = 0,018).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a05tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a05tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a05fig01">figura 1</xref> demonstramos a Angio TC de um dos pacientes da nossa s&#233;rie. Um paciente de 66 anos, assintom&#225;tico, com teste ergom&#233;trico com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isoladas no pico do esfor&#231;o (atingiu 10 METS no protocolo de Rampa) foi encaminhado para Angio TC. As imagens tomogr&#225;ficas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a05fig01">Figura 1</xref>) demonstraram a presen&#231;a de uma les&#227;o obstrutiva na art&#233;ria descendente anterior, logo ap&#243;s a emerg&#234;ncia da primeira art&#233;ria diagonal. Como o paciente apresentava excelente capacidade funcional e era assintom&#225;tico, foi encaminhado para cintilografia de estresse e repouso a fim de quantificar a &#225;rea de isquemia. Realizou estresse f&#237;sico similar ao anterior e na avalia&#231;&#227;o das imagens perfusionais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a05fig02">Figura 2</xref>) observa-se defeito perfusional restrito (&lt; 5% da massa mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) no septo interventricular. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til nas imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas do GATED SPECT p&#243;s-estresse. O paciente foi conduzido clinicamente e encontra-se com mais de dois anos de acompanhamento, assintom&#225;tico e sem eventos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a05fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a05fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; uma importante informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. Os pacientes que t&#234;m &#225;reas de isquemia significativas t&#234;m um pior progn&#243;stico quando mantidos em tratamento cl&#237;nico<sup>11</sup>. Obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas s&#227;o as principais causas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, e a sua detec&#231;&#227;o por meio de exames morfol&#243;gicos &#233; essencial na defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. Entretanto, diversos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que n&#227;o existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o bin&#225;ria entre a exist&#234;ncia de estenoses coronarianas maiores que 50% de di&#226;metro e a presen&#231;a de isquemia<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, comparamos os resultados da Angio TC com os da CPM em pacientes com DAC suspeita ou conhecida, e a principal conclus&#227;o observada foi que a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es obstrutivas (&gt; 50%) tem baixo valor preditivo para identifica&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; CPM: apenas 44,8% dos territ&#243;rios com les&#227;o moderada ou grave pela angio TC apresentaram CPM anormal. Esse achado &#233; semelhante ao obtido por Schuijf e cols.<sup>12</sup>, que demonstraram correspond&#234;ncia entre DAC significativa pela Angio TC e CPM anormal em apenas 45% (33 de 73) dos pacientes analisados. Resultados semelhantes t&#234;m sido reproduzidos por outros autores na literatura<sup>13-15</sup>. Essa discord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos &#233; parcialmente atribu&#237;da &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es que a Angio TC possui em demonstrar as repercuss&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas da estenose coronariana. Ao utilizarmos a gravidade da estenose coronariana estamos nos limitando a apenas uma das vari&#225;veis da placa ateroscler&#243;tica que determinam a resist&#234;ncia coronariana, negligenciando aspectos relevantes como extens&#227;o, forma e excentricidade, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de estenoses em s&#233;rie, que afetam de modo importante o fluxo sangu&#237;neo. Al&#233;m disso, t&#244;nus vascular, integridade da microcircula&#231;&#227;o e circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, que n&#227;o s&#227;o avaliados por m&#233;todos morfol&#243;gicos como a Angio TC, podem contribuir significativamente para os achados cintilogr&#225;ficos e funcionais. </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia anual de morte ou infarto em pacientes com cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica normal &#233; menor que 1%, conforme in&#250;meros estudos e meta-an&#225;lises<sup>16</sup>. Revascularizar pacientes em que n&#227;o h&#225; isquemia presente pode ser pouco ben&#233;fico, ou mesmo contraprodutivo, conforme demonstrou o estudo DEFER<sup>17</sup>; nos pacientes em que n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia funcional h&#225; seguran&#231;a em n&#227;o se realizar interven&#231;&#227;o. A discord&#226;ncia anatomofuncional passa ent&#227;o a ter impacto n&#227;o s&#243; no diagn&#243;stico quanto tamb&#233;m na tomada de decis&#227;o quanto &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A recente publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo FAME trouxe bastante aten&#231;&#227;o para esse assunto neste estudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da signific&#226;ncia funcional das les&#245;es coronarianas de modo invasivo pela Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo (FFR), que consegue detectar com muita acur&#225;cia a presen&#231;a de discord&#226;ncia visual funcional<sup>18</sup>. Os pesquisadores do FAME observaram que de todos os pacientes triarteriais ao cateterismo, somente em 14% desses todas as les&#245;es tinham signific&#226;ncia funcional (avaliada pela FFR), e, ainda mais importante, 9% dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam nenhuma estenose com signific&#226;ncia funcional. Em um total de 1.329 les&#245;es coronarianas com mais de 50% de estenose (com obstru&#231;&#227;o significante), apenas 816 les&#245;es (61%) tinham significado funcional, conforme o FFR<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>A Angio TC &#233; excelente m&#233;todo para exclus&#227;o da DAC, fato confirmado no nosso estudo, no qual constatamos que a maioria dos territ&#243;rios coronarianos com les&#227;o n&#227;o significativa tamb&#233;m apresenta CPM normal (VPN: 81%). Resultado semelhante foi encontrado por outros investigadores<sup>12-15,19</sup>, que constataram essa boa acur&#225;cia da Angio TC para excluir isquemia. Isso sugere que em pacientes com estenose coronariana inferior a 50%, n&#227;o deve ser necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste funcional adicional.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade de estenose coronariana &#233; pouco precisa com a Angio TC, por sua resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial ser inferior &#224; da coronariografia invasiva<sup>20,21</sup>, o que implica a incapacidade de precisar o grau de estenose de forma similar &#224;quele exame. Esse fato pode ter sido o respons&#225;vel pela impossibilidade de demonstrarmos diferen&#231;as entre a frequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o em pacientes com estenose moderada (50%-70%) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com estenose grave (&gt; 70%): 45,3% e 42,8%, respectivamente. Entretanto alguns grupos t&#234;m obtido resultados diferentes daqueles encontrados em outros estudos, onde a maioria dos pacientes com estenose grave apresenta CPM anormal. Provavelmente, essa diferen&#231;a se deve ao reduzido n&#250;mero de pacientes com estenose grave inclu&#237;dos em nosso estudo (n = 14). </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos casos foi retrospectiva, o que pode limitar a capacidade de obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas; entretanto, como todos os exames foram feitos na mesma institui&#231;&#227;o, foi realizada a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dados obtidos em ambos os exames. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o significativa &#233; que os pacientes frequentemente tiveram a indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do segundo exame a partir do resultado do primeiro, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para o aumento do n&#250;mero de casos discordantes entre as t&#233;cnicas, visto que os achados cl&#237;nicos somados aos do primeiro exame ainda poderiam estar associados &#224; d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica. Os casos de exames fortemente positivos ou claramente normais raramente s&#227;o encaminhados para novos exames n&#227;o invasivos como parte da estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica. Entretanto, um dos m&#233;ritos do estudo &#233; avaliar o uso dessas estrat&#233;gias numa situa&#231;&#227;o de mundo real.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Angio TC demonstrou grande utilidade na exclus&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de DAC, por&#233;m sua acur&#225;cia para avaliar a gravidade das les&#245;es &#233; insatisfat&#243;ria. Para esse fim, a CPM j&#225; demonstrou em diversos estudos ser bastante acurada. Conclui-se, portanto, que Angio TC e CPM fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es complementares sobre DAC, a primeira sobre os aspectos morfol&#243;gicos e a segunda sobre os aspectos funcionais. O modo como ambas as t&#233;cnicas podem ser integradas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica ainda n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, ao incluirmos pacientes consecutivamente, obtivemos uma amostra que se assemelha ao observado no cotidiano da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o que torna os nossos resultados de grande relev&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conception and design of the research: Azevedo JC, Rochitte CE, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; Acquisition of data: Azevedo JC, Ferreira Junior DS, Vieira FC, Prezotti LS, Sim&#245;es LS, Nacif MS, Oliveira Junior AC, Mesquita CT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Azevedo JC, Ferreira Junior DS, Vieira FC, Prezotti LS, Sim&#245;es LS, Nacif MS, Oliveira Junior AC, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; Statistical analysis: Azevedo JC, Ferreira Junior DS, Vieira FC, Prezotti LS, Sim&#245;es LS, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; Writing of the manuscript: Azevedo JC, Ferreira Junior DS, Vieira FC, Prezotti LS, Sim&#245;es LS, Mesquita CT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Azevedo JC, Nacif MS, Rochitte CE, Oliveira Junior AC, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Tinoco Mesquita </p>
        <p> Av. Almirante Ary Parreiras, 60, Apto 801, Icara&#237; </p>
        <p> CEP 24230-322, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com">claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ctinocom@cardiol.br">ctinocom@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/04/12; revisado em 29/05/12; aceito em 06/06/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation between myocardial scintigraphy and ct angiography in the evaluation of coronary disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Coronary multidetector CT angiography (CTA) has shown good accuracy for detection of coronary stenosis. Although this is a promising technique for the evaluation of CAD, its correlation with the functional expression of the disease is not yet well established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the presence of CAD and the degree of coronary stenosis assessed by CT angiography are associated with changes in the Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy (MPS). METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study, which included 99 consecutive patients with known or suspected CAD. MPS and CTA were conducted. We compared the presence of perfusion defects by MPS with the presence of CAD and the degree of luminal obstruction by CTA. For statistical analysis, Student's t-test, ANOVA, and Chi-square (or Fisher's exact test for n &lt;5) tests were used. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression: the level of significance was 5%. RESULTS: Mean age was 62 &#177; 11.4 years, with 46 (71.7%) men. The variable analysis was performed per patient (n = 99) and per coronary irrigation territory (n = 297). Of the 67 territories that had significant CAD by CTA, 44.8% had abnormal MPS. Considering the degree of stenosis, abnormal MPS was present in 18.7% of the territories with no significant stenosis, 45.28% of the territories with moderate stenosis, and 42.8% of the territories with severe injuries. CONCLUSIONS: CTA is a good method for exclusion of CAD. However, its use to evaluate the severity of stenosis and its functional impact has not shown good correlation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Correlation between myocardial scintigraphy and ct angiography in the evaluation of coronary disease</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jader Cunha de Azevedo<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Di&#243;genes de Souza Ferreira Junior<sup>II</sup>; Felipe Carvalhinho Vieira<sup>II</sup>; La&#237;s Santos Prezotti<sup>II</sup>; Luciana Silveira Sim&#245;es<sup>II</sup>; Marcelo Souto Nacif<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte<sup>I,IV</sup>; Amarino de Carvalho Oliveira Junior<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I,II</sup>; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Centro Universit&#225;rio de Volta Redonda, Volta Redonda, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Coronary multidetector CT angiography (CTA) has shown good accuracy for detection of coronary stenosis. Although this is a promising technique for the evaluation of CAD, its correlation with the functional expression of the disease is not yet well established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate whether the presence of CAD and the degree of coronary stenosis assessed by CT angiography are associated with changes in the Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy (MPS).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is a retrospective observational study, which included 99 consecutive patients with known or suspected CAD. MPS and CTA were conducted. We compared the presence of perfusion defects by MPS with the presence of CAD and the degree of luminal obstruction by CTA. For statistical analysis, Student's t-test, ANOVA, and Chi-square (or Fisher's exact test for n &lt;5) tests were used. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression: the level of significance was 5%.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Mean age was 62 &#177; 11.4 years, with 46 (71.7%) men. The variable analysis was performed per patient (n = 99) and per coronary irrigation territory (n = 297). Of the 67 territories that had significant CAD by CTA, 44.8% had abnormal MPS. Considering the degree of stenosis, abnormal MPS was present in 18.7% of the territories with no significant stenosis, 45.28% of the territories with moderate stenosis, and 42.8% of the territories with severe injuries.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> CTA is a good method for exclusion of CAD. However, its use to evaluate the severity of stenosis and its functional impact has not shown good correlation.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Coronary Disease / diagnosis; Computed Tomography; Heart / radionuclide imaging.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite major advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and the creation of new diagnostic methods, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) still remains, even in the 21st century, as a major cause of death in Brazil and in the world<sup>1,2</sup>. Although primary prevention is a priority for modern medicine, it is also necessary to develop complementary diagnostic tools that may aid in the early identification of CAD, since early treatment is crucial for modifying the prognosis.</p>
      <p>Currently, coronary angiography is the standard method of reference for the diagnosis of CAD; however, new noninvasive imaging methods, such as coronary multidetector CT angiography (CTA), have proven to be a reliable alternative for the diagnosis of this disease. Since this technique began to be utilized in clinical practice, there has been a rapid evolution in the quality of the images obtained, allowing the expansion of the clinical application of this method, whose accuracy, specificity and sensitivity for detecting coronary artery stenosis had already been well established in the literature<sup>2-7</sup>. However, it is important to note that similarly to the invasive coronary angiography, this method identifies the anatomic stenosis of the coronary arteries, but does not allow a functional evaluation of the lesions.</p>
      <p>Among the methods for assesssing the functional impact of obstructive coronary lesions, Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy (MPS) stands out for its high accuracy in detecting myocardial ischemia; it is also a powerful tool to predict the risk of future coronary events, enabling a stratification of patient risk to guide therapeutic management decisions<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although CTA is a promising technique for assessing CAD, its correlation with the functional expression of the disease is not well established and needs to be investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether the existence of CAD and the degree of coronary stenosis assessed by CTA are associated with changes in MPS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conducted an observational retrospective study, which included consecutive patients with suspected or known CAD who underwent CTA and MPS from August 2006 to September 2009, with an interval of less than 90 days between the two procedures. The indication of the procedures was determined by the attending physician, and the analysis of these indications was not among the objectives of this study. We used as data sources the medical history records of the Nuclear Medicine Service of the Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Hospital and the medical records of the patients. The study excluded patients with a history of prior CABG and those with incomplete data records. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Hospital (Rio de Janeiro) under registration number 412.</p>
      <p>We studied the following characteristics: gender, age, risk factors for CAD (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking habit, physical inactivity, diabetes, family history, obesity), and prior CAD (acute myocardial infarction, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary obstructive lesions with reduction greater than 50% diameter).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objective</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following scintigraphic variables were evaluated: type of stress used, number of segments showing reversible (ischemia) and fixed (fibrosis) perfusion defects by qualitative and quantitative data analysis softwares (QPS-Cedars Cinai and Emory Cardiac Toolbox); evaluation of global and segmental contractility and ejection fraction by gated SPECT. The segmentation model used was the 17-segment model<sup>10</sup>. Scintigraphy tests with reversible or fixed perfusion defects were classified as abnormal.</p>
      <p>All MPS tests were conducted at the Nuclear Medicine Service of the Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, in a Siemens Anger-type digital tomographic scintillation camera (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), using an E-Cam double detector with low power and high resolution collimator.</p>
      <p>The results obtained by scintigraphy were compared with the presence of coronary artery disease (significant CAD: <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% luminal obstruction; not significant CAD: &lt; 50% luminal obstruction) and the degree of stenosis (not significant: &lt;50%; moderate: 50%-70%; severe: &gt; 70%) assessed by CTA. </p>
      <p>CTA tests were performed in a GE Healthcare's LightSpeed<sup>&#174;</sup> VCT 64-slice CT Scanner. Patients received from 5 to 20 mg of intravenous metoprolol to control Heart Rate (HR), obtaining an average HR of 70 bpm. Calcium scoring was analyzed through prospectively triggered conventional data acquisition and a collimation of 3 mm. In the angiographic analysis; we used prospectively or retrospectively triggered helical acquisition, according to the HR and the weight of the patient, with 0.625 mm collimation and the injection of 80 ml of non-ionic iodinated contrast with a flow rate of 5.0 ml/s.<sup>20</sup> A total of 20 cardiac phases were reconstructed, and the phase with the least cardiac motion at the level of the coronary arteries was selected. For the analysis, we used axial imaging sources, multiplanar reformatting, and three-dimensional curves and reconstructions per volume rendering, in an ADW<sup>4.3</sup> workstation (GE Healthcare).</p>
      <p>The analysis was performed per patient (n = 99) and coronary irrigation territory (n = 297). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 17. Continuous variables were presented in the form of mean and standard deviation. We used the Student's t-test for the means of these variables, and ANOVA analysis of variance. For categorical variables, we used the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for n &lt; 5. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression, and the level of significance was 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study included 99 patients with a mean age of 62 &#177; 11.4 years: 71.7% were male; 6% had a history of myocardial infarction; 18% had previous coronary angioplasty with stenting. Of the total sample, 47% reported chest pain as the main reason for the examination; myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was the first method used in 66% of patients. The interval between tests was 12.4 &#177; 17.5 days. The type of stress used in scintigraphy was pharmacological in 52 patients, and physical in 47 patients. The other baseline characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Analyzing each patient by coronary territory, we obtained 297 territories, corresponding to 297 segments. An abnormal MPS was found in 73 segments (24.57%). Of the segments evaluated, 230 showed not significant CAD. Of these, 43 (18.7%) had an abnormal MPS, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a05graf01-body2">Chart 1-A</xref>. Of the 67 segments that showed significant CAD, 30 (44.8%) had abnormal MPS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a05graf01-body2">Chart 1-B</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a05graf01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a05graf02-body2">Chart 2</xref> shows the distribution of scintigraphic changes according to the severity of coronary stenosis. An abnormal MPS was present in 18.7% (n = 43) of the territories with no significant stenosis, in 45.28% (n = 24) of the territories with moderate stenosis, and in 42.8% (n = 6) of the territories with severe injuries. There was a significant association of the presence of abnormal MPS in lesions with stenosis above 50% and in lesions with stenosis above 70%.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a05graf02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of CTA for abnormal MPS was 44.8%, and the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was 81.3%. The sensitivity and specificity of CTA were, respectively, 41.1% and 83.5%.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the scintigrams per patient, regarding the possible variables that could explain the presence of scintigraphic changes, we found that, in the univariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a05tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), a history of hypertension (p = 0.01) and a history of previous angioplasty (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with an abnormal MPS. The presence of significant CAD by CTA (p = 0.01) also showed a correlation with the presence of an abnormal MPS. According to the multivariate logistic regression (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a05tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>), the presence of significant lesions on CTA was the only variable independently associated with the presence of abnormal MPS (p = 0.018).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a05tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a05tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a05fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the CTA of one of the patients in our series: Male patient aged 66 years, asymptomatic, with an exercise stress test showing isolated ECG changes at peak exercise (he reached 10 METS in the ramp protocol), was referred for CTA. The tomographic images (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a05fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) showed the presence of an obstructive lesion in the anterior descending artery, immediately after the emergence of the first diagonal artery. As the patient had excellent functional capacity and was asymptomatic, he was referred for stress and rest scintigraphy to quantify the area of ischemia. He underwent a physical stress similar to the previous, and in the evaluation of the perfusion images (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a05fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>), a restricted perfusion defect (&lt;5% of the left ventricular myocardial mass) was observed in the interventricular septum. There were no contractile changes in post-stress gated SPECT scintigraphic images. The patient was clinically managed and has been monitored for more than two years, remaining asymptomatic, with no events.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a05fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a05fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-03-0238-30042-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The presence of myocardial ischemia is an important prognostic information. Patients who have significant areas of ischemia have a poor prognosis when maintained in clinical treatment<sup>11</sup>. Coronary stenoses are the major causes of myocardial ischemia, and their detection by morphological examination is essential in defining the therapeutic strategy. However, several studies have shown that there is a binary relationship between the existence of coronary stenoses with more than 50% diameter narrowing and the presence of ischemia<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, we compared the results of CTA with those of MPS in patients with known or suspected CAD, and the main conclusion was that the presence of obstructive lesions (&gt; 50%) has low predictive value for identifying myocardial ischemia using MPS: only 44.8% of the territories with moderate or severe injuries by CTA showed abnormal MPS. This finding is similar to that obtained by Schuijf et al.<sup>12</sup> who demonstrated a correlation between significant CAD by CTA and abnormal MPS in only 45% (33 of 73) of the patients analyzed. Similar results have been reproduced by other authors in the literature<sup>13-15</sup>. This discrepancy between the methods is partly attributed to CTA limitations in showing the physiological effects of coronary stenosis. By using the severity of coronary stenosis we are limited to only one of the variables that determine the atherosclerotic coronary resistance, neglecting important aspects such as length, shape and eccentricity, and the presence of stenoses in series, which significantly affect blood flow. Furthermore, vascular tone, integrity of microcirculation and collateral circulation, which are not assessed by morphological methods such as CT angiography, can contribute significantly to scintigraphic and functional findings.</p>
      <p>The annual incidence of death or myocardial infarction in patients with normal myocardial scintigraphy is less than 1%, as demonstrated by numerous studies and meta-analyses<sup>16</sup>. Revascularization in patients who present no ischemia may be of little clinical benefit, or be even counterproductive, as demonstrated by the DEFER<sup>17</sup> study. In patients in whom there was no functional significance, there is safety in not performing an intervention. Therefore, this anatomofunctional discordance impacts not only in diagnosis, but also in decision-making regarding revascularization. The recent publication of the FAME study brought enough attention to this issue, in this study, the assessment of the functional significance of coronary lesions by invasive Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR), which can detect with great accuracy the presence of visual functional discordance<sup>18</sup>. The FAME researchers observed that for all patients with triple artery in catheterization, in only 14% of them all lesions had functional significance (assessed by FFR) and, most importantly, 9% of patients had no stenosis with functional significance. In a total of 1329 coronary lesions with more than 50% stenosis (with significant obstruction), only 816 lesions (61%) had functional significance, according to FFR<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>CTA is an excellent method for exclusion of CAD, a fact confirmed in our study, which found that the majority of coronary territories with no significant injury also present normal MPS (NPV: 81%). Similar results were found by other investigators<sup>12-15,19</sup>, who found this same good accuracy of CTA to exclude ischemia. This suggests that in patients with less than 50% coronary stenosis, there should be no necessity for performing additional functional tests.</p>
      <p>Through CTA the assessment of the severity of coronary stenosis is not very precise, for it has lower spatial resolution than the invasive coronary angiography<sup>20,21</sup>, which implies an inability to specify the degree of stenosis in a manner similar to the latter examination. This may have been responsible for the inability to demonstrate differences between the frequency of perfusion changes in patients with moderate stenosis (50% - 70%) compared to patients with severe stenosis (&gt; 70%): 45.3% and 42 8%, respectively. However, some groups have obtained different results from those found in other studies, in which most patients with severe stenosis present abnormal MPS. Probably, this difference is due to the small number of patients with severe stenosis included in our study (n = 14). </p>
      <p>The case series review was retrospective, which may have limited the ability to obtain clinical information; however, as all tests were performed at the same institution, a correlation was determined between the data obtained in both tests. Another significant limitation was that patients often had been referred to the second examination from the result of the first, which may have contributed to the increase in the number of discordant cases between techniques, since the clinical findings added to the first exam could still be associated with diagnostic uncertainty. The cases with strongly positive or clearly normal test results are rarely referred for further examinations as part of a noninvasive diagnostic strategy. However, one of the merits of the study was the evaluation of the use of these strategies in a real world situation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>CTA proved useful in excluding the diagnosis of CAD, but its accuracy in assessing the severity of lesions is unsatisfactory. To this end, MPS has shown in several studies to be quite accurate. It is concluded, therefore, that CTA and MPS provide supplemental information about CAD, the former on morphological aspects, and the latter on functional aspects. How both techniques can be integrated into clinical practice is not yet fully understood.</p>
      <p>In our study, by including consecutive patients, we obtained a sample that is similar to that seen in everyday clinical practice, which attaches great relevance to our results.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Azevedo JC, Rochitte CE, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Azevedo JC, Ferreira Junior DS, Vieira FC, Prezotti LS, Sim&#245;es LS, Nacif MS, Oliveira Junior AC, Mesquita CT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Azevedo JC, Ferreira Junior DS, Vieira FC, Prezotti LS, Sim&#245;es LS, Nacif MS, Oliveira Junior AC, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Azevedo JC, Ferreira Junior DS, Vieira FC, Prezotti LS, Sim&#245;es LS, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Azevedo JC, Ferreira Junior DS, Vieira FC, Prezotti LS, Sim&#245;es LS, Mesquita CT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Azevedo JC, Nacif MS, Rochitte CE, Oliveira Junior AC, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
