<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="review-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XGBTrK4RTDDz9cBN87SCbgx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000200013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000200013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130034</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias favorecendo o uso de betabloqueadores e dobutamina na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Cristina Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Edval Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>190</fpage>
      <lpage>197</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Diversos estudos relataram os benef&#237;cios dos betabloqueadores (BB) para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica. No entanto, muitos pacientes hospitalizados em decorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda j&#225; est&#227;o usando os BB e requerem dobutaminas para hipotens&#227;o arterial e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Portanto, deve-se tomar uma decis&#227;o a respeito de se o BB deve ser mantido ou at&#233; mesmo iniciado nesses casos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se h&#225; provas que sustentem a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dos BB junto com a dobutamina para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada (ICAD). Foi realizada uma pesquisa na literatura de l&#237;ngua inglesa nas bases de dados MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de, Cochrane Library e o Portal de Revistas Cient&#237;ficas do Capes para identificar estudos relacionados. Literatura adicional foi obtida mediante a an&#225;lise das respectivas refer&#234;ncias encontradas nos artigos identificados. Os resultados esperados inclu&#237;ram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o progn&#243;stico (intra-hospitalar e na mortalidade no acompanhamento, n&#250;mero de dias de interna&#231;&#227;o e reinterna&#231;&#227;o), efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a (agravamento dos sintomas, choque, intoler&#226;ncia) do uso concomitante desses medicamentos em pacientes hospitalizados com ICAD e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Esta an&#225;lise incluiu nove estudos. No entanto, n&#227;o foram encontrados ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre o assunto. A maioria dos estudos inclui baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes, e n&#227;o foram encontrados estudos que abordem a seguran&#231;a do uso concomitante desses medicamentos. Os dados resultantes sugerem que uma cuidadosa revis&#227;o da literatura n&#227;o forneceu evid&#234;ncias para o uso sistem&#225;tico de BB em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco que necessitam de suporte inotr&#243;pico com dobutamina.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>antagonistas adren&#233;rgicos beta</kwd>
        <kwd>uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>dobutamina</kwd>
        <kwd>uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO DE REVIS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias favorecendo o uso de betabloqueadores e dobutamina na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Carlos Santana Passos; Andr&#233;a Cristina Costa Barbosa; M&#225;rcio Galv&#227;o Oliveira; Edval Gomes Santos Jr</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diversos estudos relataram os benef&#237;cios dos betabloqueadores (BB) para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica. No entanto, muitos pacientes hospitalizados em decorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda j&#225; est&#227;o usando os BB e requerem dobutaminas para hipotens&#227;o arterial e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Portanto, deve-se tomar uma decis&#227;o a respeito de se o BB deve ser mantido ou at&#233; mesmo iniciado nesses casos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se h&#225; provas que sustentem a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dos BB junto com a dobutamina para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada (ICAD). Foi realizada uma pesquisa na literatura de l&#237;ngua inglesa nas bases de dados MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de, Cochrane Library e o Portal de Revistas Cient&#237;ficas do Capes para identificar estudos relacionados. Literatura adicional foi obtida mediante a an&#225;lise das respectivas refer&#234;ncias encontradas nos artigos identificados. Os resultados esperados inclu&#237;ram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o progn&#243;stico (intra-hospitalar e na mortalidade no acompanhamento, n&#250;mero de dias de interna&#231;&#227;o e reinterna&#231;&#227;o), efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a (agravamento dos sintomas, choque, intoler&#226;ncia) do uso concomitante desses medicamentos em pacientes hospitalizados com ICAD e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Esta an&#225;lise incluiu nove estudos. No entanto, n&#227;o foram encontrados ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre o assunto. A maioria dos estudos inclui baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes, e n&#227;o foram encontrados estudos que abordem a seguran&#231;a do uso concomitante desses medicamentos. Os dados resultantes sugerem que uma cuidadosa revis&#227;o da literatura n&#227;o forneceu evid&#234;ncias para o uso sistem&#225;tico de BB em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco que necessitam de suporte inotr&#243;pico com dobutamina.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, antagonistas adren&#233;rgicos beta, uso terap&#234;utico, dobutamina, uso terap&#234;utico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda (ICA) &#233; uma das principais causas de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em adultos<sup>1,2</sup>. Apesar dos avan&#231;os em tratamentos modernos, muitos pacientes progridem para uma fase potencialmente terminal da doen&#231;a, isto &#233;, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) no est&#225;dio D, o qual compreende sintomas refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento convencional<sup>3,4</sup>. Em grandes s&#233;ries de casos, cerca de 20%-30% dos pacientes hospitalizados precisaram de um agente inotr&#243;pico intravenoso<sup>5-7</sup>. Em diversos pa&#237;ses ocidentais, a dobutamina &#233; o agente mais utilizado<sup>8</sup>. Ap&#243;s diversas d&#233;cadas de pesquisa cl&#237;nica, obteve-se como resultado dados conflitantes sobre a efic&#225;cia dos betabloqueadores (BB) na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ensaios cl&#237;nicos sobre o uso de carvedilol<sup>9-13</sup>, metoprolol e bisoprolol mostraram uma not&#225;vel redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica<sup>14-18</sup>. Os BB s&#227;o agentes inotr&#243;picos e cronotr&#243;picos negativos, enquanto a dobutamina &#233; um medicamento inotr&#243;pico positivo com efeitos agon&#237;sticos em receptores &#945;1, &#945;2 e (parcialmente) &#945;1 no cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>19</sup>. Embora sejam fisiologicamente incompat&#237;veis, esses agentes t&#234;m sido utilizados concomitantemente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>20-24</sup>. Alguns estudos sugerem que o carvedilol pode diminuir a resposta &#224; infus&#227;o intravenosa de dobutamina. Essa intera&#231;&#227;o necessita de aumentos de dosagens para obter efeitos significativos em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica e uso cont&#237;nuo de carvedilol<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os primeiros estudos sobre BB na IC restringiram-se a pacientes compensados, que n&#227;o necessitavam de doses adicionais ou intravenosas de diur&#233;ticos. Recentemente, no entanto, estudos observacionais sugeriram que a introdu&#231;&#227;o precoce de BB pode ser segura no curto prazo e ben&#233;fica no longo prazo<sup>20,24,27-29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, muitos pacientes internados por ICA j&#225; est&#227;o usando BB. Nessas circunst&#226;ncias, os m&#233;dicos devem optar por manter ou iniciar BB em pacientes que ainda necessitam de catecolamina inotr&#243;pica para manter um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco apropriado.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes internacionais sobre o uso de BB em descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda s&#227;o conservadoras. Elas recomendam a interrup&#231;&#227;o nos casos que requeiram suporte inotr&#243;pico<sup>2,30,31</sup>. Alternativamente, as diretrizes n&#227;o recomendam a interrup&#231;&#227;o dos BB sempre que poss&#237;vel e favorecem redu&#231;&#245;es de dosagem mesmo durante o uso de agentes inotr&#243;picos, particularmente a dobutamina<sup>8</sup>. Neste estudo, foi realizada uma revis&#227;o da literatura para estabelecer se as evid&#234;ncias apoiam a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia do uso conjunto de BB e dobutamina nesse cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os respectivos estudos foram encontrados por meio de buscas em artigos originais, ensaios cl&#237;nicos e estudos observacionais nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de - BVS; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de - MS), Cochrane Library e peri&#243;dicos do Capes (Portal Peri&#243;dicos Capes). Este &#250;ltimo &#233; um banco de dados desenvolvido pelo governo brasileiro para pesquisadores de universidades brasileiras.</p>
    <p>Os seguintes termos de pesquisa textual e MeSH foram usados em diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, betabloqueadores, betabloqueio, antagonista beta-adren&#233;rgico, carvedilol, agente inotr&#243;pico e dobutamina. A pesquisa foi projetada para selecionar ensaios cl&#237;nicos originais que avaliaram o uso de BB em pacientes com IC grave em tratamento com dobutamina. Os resultados esperados inclu&#237;ram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o progn&#243;stico (intra-hospitalar e mortalidade no acompanhamento, o n&#250;mero de dias de interna&#231;&#227;o e reinterna&#231;&#227;o) e a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a (agravamento dos sintomas, choque ou intoler&#226;ncia) do uso concomitante desses agentes em pacientes hospitalizados com diagn&#243;stico com IC descompensada aguda e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>As refer&#234;ncias nos artigos localizados foram procuradas manualmente para encontrar mais estudos sobre o assunto. Quatro pesquisadores independentes realizaram a revis&#227;o e, posteriormente, selecionaram os respectivos artigos. A extra&#231;&#227;o de dados foi realizada por dois autores.</p>
    <p><bold><italic>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</italic>:</bold> Estudos originais de qualifica&#231;&#227;o foram definidos como ensaios cl&#237;nicos ou estudos observacionais de pacientes hospitalizados por ICA e tratados com dobutamina e BB e que continham informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os resultados de interesse.</p>
    <p><bold><italic>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</italic>:</bold> Estudos que n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a frequ&#234;ncia de uso de dobutamina e BB e estudos em outros idiomas al&#233;m do Ingl&#234;s n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o de estudos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De 1.173 cita&#231;&#245;es identificadas em bancos de dados para inclus&#227;o nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, 54 foram eleg&#237;veis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Dessas, 13 foram exclu&#237;das porque se tratava de coment&#225;rios, editoriais ou opini&#245;es de especialistas. Dois estudos foram exclu&#237;dos porque a milrinona estava sendo utilizada em conjunto com os BB; quatro estudos foram exclu&#237;dos porque realizaram teste de esfor&#231;o ecocardiogr&#225;fico com dobutamina para avaliar a viabilidade em pacientes ambulatoriais usando BB; dois estudos foram exclu&#237;dos porque foram publicados apenas como resumos em processos. Finalmente, um estudo foi exclu&#237;do porque abordou o uso de medicamentos em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Em um segundo turno, 32 artigos completos foram avaliados em termos de elegibilidade. Sete foram exclu&#237;dos porque n&#227;o informaram sobre a frequ&#234;ncia de uso de BB e dobutamina; e 15 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o descrever os resultados de interesse. Um estudo foi exclu&#237;do porque foi escrito em franc&#234;s. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a13fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0190-30034-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Nove estudos foram inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o. Os dados dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o resumidos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="a13tab01">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="a13tab02">2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a13tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0190-30034-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a13tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0190-30034-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Resumo geral dos principais resultados:</p>
    <p>&#149; H&#225; um pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos que abordam o tema de interesse;</p>
    <p>&#149; A maioria dos estudos apresentava um n pequeno;</p>
    <p>&#149; Nenhum estudo cl&#237;nico foi projetado especificamente para responder &#224;s quest&#245;es de interesse (dados indiretos);</p>
    <p>&#149; N&#227;o foram encontrados estudos abordando a seguran&#231;a do uso concomitante desses medicamentos;</p>
    <p>&#149; Popula&#231;&#227;o muito heterog&#234;nea no que diz respeito aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, sele&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o randomizada do uso de BB, e poucos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de interesse na execu&#231;&#227;o de medidas sum&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nenhum dos estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre a efic&#225;cia do BB na IC aguda incluiu pacientes com baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (PAS &lt; 90 mmHg). Sendo assim, o IMPACT HF<sup>32</sup>, B-CONVINCED<sup>33</sup>, COMET<sup>34</sup> e OPTIMIZE HF<sup>35</sup> n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Dos 49 estudos potencialmente eleg&#237;veis para a an&#225;lise, apenas 9 inclu&#237;am dados sobre o uso de BB e dobutamina, permitindo avaliar os resultados de interesse.</p>
    <p>Nenhum dos 9 estudos avaliados utilizava uma abordagem adequada para avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dos BB em pacientes em uso de dobutamina. A avalia&#231;&#227;o direta da quest&#227;o requer um estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado, que compare um grupo no qual o uso de BB &#233; mantido enquanto o suporte inotr&#243;pico positivo &#233; fornecido com um grupo em que o uso de BB seja interrompido. Avalia&#231;&#245;es posteriores incluem a divis&#227;o dos pacientes que necessitam de dobutamina e n&#227;o apresentam qualquer utiliza&#231;&#227;o anterior de BB em dois grupos randomizados, um em que BB &#233; iniciado, e um grupo controle mantido sem esses f&#225;rmacos. Os estudos devem focalizar os seguintes resultados de interesse: tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, necessidade de interromper ou reduzir a dose de BB ao longo do estudo, eventos. Entre esses nove estudos avaliados, os estudos de Lowes e cols.<sup>25</sup>, Metra e cols.<sup>36</sup>, Duygu e cols.<sup>37</sup>, Bergh e cols.<sup>38</sup> e Triposkiadis e cols.<sup>39</sup> avaliaram especialmente as melhorias hemodin&#226;micas de curto prazo por meio de medidas invasivas ou n&#227;o invasivas em pacientes que utilizavam BB e dobutamina ou outro agente inotr&#243;pico intravenoso. Apesar do n&#250;mero pequeno de casos, esses estudos n&#227;o utilizaram controles (pacientes n&#227;o utilizando BB) para avaliar a efic&#225;cia hemodin&#226;mica dos agentes inotr&#243;picos. Al&#233;m disso, nenhum deles incluiu o grupo de maior interesse cl&#237;nico, a saber, pacientes com indica&#231;&#245;es formais de agentes inotr&#243;picos.</p>
    <p>No estudo LIDO<sup>26</sup>, os pacientes faziam uso de dobutamina ou levosimendan; 39% dos pacientes no grupo dobutamina utilizavam BB <italic>versus</italic> 37% dos pacientes no grupo levosimendan. Os efeitos da dobutamina foram atenuados pelo uso de BB. A melhoria hemodin&#226;mica entre os utilizadores de BB foi maior no grupo levosimendan do que no grupo dobutamina. Houve ocorr&#234;ncia de d&#233;bito em 31 dias em 8% dos pacientes no grupo levosimendan <italic>versus</italic> 17% dos pacientes no grupo dobutamina, e os tr&#234;s &#243;bitos hospitalares ocorreram no grupo dobutamina. Em geral, esses resultados sugerem que h&#225; intera&#231;&#245;es mais fortes entre BB e dobutamina do que entre BB e levosimendan. Uma discuss&#227;o sobre a seguran&#231;a e os efeitos adversos associados com o uso de BB na fase hospitalar n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel porque o baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes impede uma an&#225;lise estratificada. </p>
    <p>O estudo de Lima e cols.<sup>40</sup> aborda mais diretamente o tema deste estudo. Esses autores relatam resultados em pacientes que fizeram ou n&#227;o fizeram uso de BB e que patentemente exibiam baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, exigindo o uso de aminas vasoativas. Ap&#243;s realizar uma an&#225;lise estratificada do uso de BB em cada um dos grupos, os autores concluem que o uso cont&#237;nuo de BB n&#227;o resultou na pior progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. As principais limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo de Lima e cols.<sup>40</sup> s&#227;o de que ele compreende uma coorte observacional de pacientes sobreviventes que tiveram alta hospitalar e que a op&#231;&#227;o de usar ou n&#227;o BB n&#227;o foi baseada em crit&#233;rios expl&#237;citos, o que provavelmente permitiu o uso de BB em pacientes menos severamente afetados.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Triposkiadis e cols.<sup>39</sup> tamb&#233;m aborda mais diretamente o objetivo desta revis&#227;o. No entanto, sua avalia&#231;&#227;o foi restrita a pacientes nos quais o carvedilol exacerbou a IC, excluindo pacientes em uso de qualquer outro BB. Embora todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos utilizassem doses baixas de carvedilol, o estudo demonstrou que o uso de dobutamina estava associado a um pequeno aumento na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (1,5%) sem altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco, press&#227;o arterial, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou a resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica. Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es graves: o n&#250;mero de pacientes era pequeno<sup>31</sup>, n&#227;o foi realizada a randomiza&#231;&#227;o e o grupo controle e os pacientes n&#227;o foram avaliados cegamente. </p>
    <p>Mebazaa e cols.<sup>41</sup> e Bohm e cols.<sup>42</sup> realizaram estudos randomizados para comparar dois agentes inotr&#243;picos: levosimendan e dobutamina. Vale ressaltar que uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do uso do levosimendan &#233; a hipotens&#227;o em pacientes com baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Portanto, pacientes gravemente afetados que necessitam de agente inotr&#243;pico catecolamina foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. No estudo de Mebazaa e cols.<sup>41</sup>, 48% dos pacientes encontravam-se em uso de BB no momento da randomiza&#231;&#227;o. Esses autores indicam uma poss&#237;vel vantagem do levosimendan sobre a dobutamina no que diz respeito &#224; mortalidade de curto prazo por todas as causas em pacientes com IC aguda descompensada e IC pr&#233;via, tratados com BB por via oral. Esse achado sugere que em pacientes com ICA e hist&#243;rico de IC que utilizam BB por via oral, nos quais aminas vasoativas n&#227;o foram indicadas formalmente, o levosimendan &#233; prefer&#237;vel &#224; dobutamina como agente inotr&#243;pico. Essa conclus&#227;o pode estar relacionada a uma poss&#237;vel intera&#231;&#227;o indesejada entre os BB e a dobutamina.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Bohm e cols.<sup>42</sup> &#233; uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria dos dados SURVIVE com pacientes estratificados por uso de BB. Os pacientes foram randomizados para o uso de levosimendan ou dobutamina. Assim, o uso pr&#233;vio intra-hospitalar e p&#243;s-alta do BB n&#227;o foi randomizado. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes que morreram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, ficaram hospitalizados por mais de 30 dias ou que perderam contato antes do acompanhamento (16,8% da amostra) foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Esses autores dividiram sua popula&#231;&#227;o em quatro grupos por uso de BB na interna&#231;&#227;o e na alta. Eles conclu&#237;ram que os pacientes que usavam BB na interna&#231;&#227;o e continuaram esse uso ap&#243;s a alta apresentaram maiores taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia em 31 e 180 dias em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo que n&#227;o usava BB nem na interna&#231;&#227;o nem na alta. Esses achados refor&#231;am a ideia de que os pacientes que toleram o uso de BB, inclusive durante a descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda, possivelmente possuem melhor progn&#243;stico em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes que n&#227;o toleram BB nem antes nem durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (grupos de estudo n&#227;o/n&#227;o e sim/n&#227;o).</p>
    <p>Os dados descritos no presente estudo sugerem que uma cuidadosa revis&#227;o da literatura n&#227;o fornece evid&#234;ncias que sustentem o uso sistem&#225;tico de BB em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco que necessitam de suporte inotr&#243;pico na forma de dobutaminas. Os resultados secund&#225;rios do estudo SURVIVE<sup>42</sup> sugerem que pacientes que tenham utilizado BB e que podem continuar a us&#225;-lo durante a descompensa&#231;&#227;o provavelmente apresentam casos menos graves. Assim, eles provavelmente apresentar&#227;o maior sobreviv&#234;ncia no curto prazo. Concomitantemente com os achados do estudo LIDO, pode-se inferir que pacientes que necessitam de agentes inotr&#243;picos, mas n&#227;o apresentam hipotens&#227;o importante, ir&#227;o se beneficiar mais do levosimendan do que da dobutamina caso estejam usando agentes BB. Atualmente, muito pouco pode se concluir sobre a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia de iniciar a terapia com BB em pacientes com baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e hipotens&#227;o arterial. Essa quest&#227;o representa uma lacuna no conhecimento sobre a gest&#227;o da ICA, que deve ser preenchida em breve por estudos que utilizem m&#233;todos apropriados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; provas conclusivas que corroborem o uso concomitante de dobutamina e BB em pacientes com IC descompensada e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Passos LCS, Oliveira MG, Barbosa ACC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Passos LCS, Oliveira MG, Barbosa ACC, Santos Jr. EG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Passos LCS, Barbosa ACC, Santos Jr. EG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Passos LCS, Barbosa ACC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Andr&#233;a Cristina Costa Barbosa pela Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Carlos Passos </p>
        <p> Rua Waldemar Falc&#227;o, 870, 601 B, Candeal </p>
        <p> CEP 40296-710, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lcpassos@ufba.br">lcpassos@ufba.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/05/12; revisado em 30/07/12; aceito em 30/07/12. </p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De SG, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(7):e46-e215.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e46</fpage>
          <lpage>e215</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carnethon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, et al. 2009 Focused update: ACCFf/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2009;119(14):1977-2016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>2009 Focused update: ACCFf/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1977</fpage>
          <lpage>2016</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jessup</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ganiats</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Gheorghiade M, Filippatos GS, Felker GM. Diagnosis and management of acute heart failure syndromes. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DB, Libby P. (editors). Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier;2011. p. 517-39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>517</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gheorghiade</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Felker</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zipes</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Bocchi EA, Marcondes-Braga FG, Ayub-Ferreira SM, Rohde LE, Oliveira WA, Almeida DR, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretriz brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(1 supl.1):1-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>III Diretriz brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Berkowitz RL, LeJemtel TH, et al. In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(1):57-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costanzo</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berkowitz</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LeJemtel</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Follath F, Harjola VP, et al. EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(22):2725-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2725</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nieminen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brutsaert</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dickstein</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drexler</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harjola</surname>
              <given-names>VP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Lucci D, Cacciatore G, Ansalone G, Oliva F, et al. Nationwide survey on acute heart failure in cardiology ward services in italy. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(10):1207-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nationwide survey on acute heart failure in cardiology ward services in italy</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1207</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tavazzi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maggioni</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucci</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cacciatore</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ansalone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliva</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Montera MW, Almeida RA, Tinoco EM, Rocha RM, Moura LZ, R&#233;a-Neto A, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. II Diretriz brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(3 supl.3):1-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>II Diretriz brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tinoco</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>LZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#233;a-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure. The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS). CIBIS investigators and committees. Circulation. 1994;90(4):1765-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure: The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1765</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>90</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. SoRelle R. Beta-blocker trials seem to be in conflict. Circulation. 2001;103(23):E9049-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Beta-blocker trials seem to be in conflict</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>E9049</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>SoRelle</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Waagstein F, Hjalmarson A, Varnauskas E, Wallentin I. Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1975;37(10):1022-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1022</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Waagstein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hjalmarson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varnauskas</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallentin</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Talwar KK, Bhargava B, Upasani PT, Verma S, Kamlakar T, Chopra P. Hemodynamic predictors of early intolerance and long-term effects of propranolol in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail. 1996;2(4):273-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hemodynamic predictors of early intolerance and long-term effects of propranolol in dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>273</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Talwar</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhargava</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Upasani</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamlakar</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chopra</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(22):1659-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1659</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>344</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Effect of metoprolol cr/xl in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol cr/xl randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (merit-hf). Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of metoprolol cr/xl in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol cr/xl randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (merit-hf)</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2001</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>9169</issue>
          <volume>353</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Packer M, Bristow M, Cohn J, Colucci W, Fowler M, Gilbert E, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol heart failure study group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(21):1349-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1349</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <volume>334</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Packer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colucci</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilbert</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, Coats AJ, Katus HA, Krum H, et al. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation. 2002;106(17):2194-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2194</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Packer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowler</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roecker</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katus</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Packer M, Coats A, Fowler M, Katus H, Krum H, Mohacsi P, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(22):1651-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1651</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>344</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Packer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katus</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohacsi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9146):9-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>9146</issue>
          <volume>353</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Mann DL. Management of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DB, Libby P, (editors). Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders/ Elsevier; 2011. p. 543-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>543</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zipes</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Keller D, Carballo D, Garin N, Carballo S. [Beta-blocker therapy during acutely decompensated heart failure]. Rev Med Suisse. 2011;7(313):2035-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Beta-blocker therapy during acutely decompensated heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Rev Med Suisse</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2035</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>313</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Keller</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carballo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garin</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carballo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Yilmaz MB, Cohen-Solal A, Mebazaa A. Very early management of acute heart failure syndromes. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2011;39(5):427-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Very early management of acute heart failure syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>427</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mebazaa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Salem R, Sibellas F, Socrates T, Arenja N, Yilmaz MB, Mueller C, et al. Novelties in the early management of acute heart failure syndromes. Swiss Med Wkly. 2010;140:w13031.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Novelties in the early management of acute heart failure syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Swiss Med Wkly</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salem</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sibellas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Socrates</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arenja</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Omerovic E, Waagstein F, Swedberg K. Is levosimendan better than dobutamine in acute heart failure in patients on beta-blockade treatment? What is the evidence? Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12(4):313-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Is levosimendan better than dobutamine in acute heart failure in patients on beta-blockade treatment: What is the evidence?</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>313</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Omerovic</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waagstein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Marcondes-Braga FG, Mangini S, Ayub-Ferreira SM, Bocchi EA, Bacal F. How to treat acute decompensated heart failure in the 'beta-blocker era'? Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12(8):893-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>How to treat acute decompensated heart failure in the 'beta-blocker era'</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>893</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mangini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Lowes BD, Tsvetkova T, Eichhorn EJ, Gilbert EM, Bristow MR. Milrinone versus dobutamine in heart failure subjects treated chronically with carvedilol. Int J Cardiol. 2001;81(2-3):141-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Milrinone versus dobutamine in heart failure subjects treated chronically with carvedilol</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>141</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2-3</issue>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lowes</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsvetkova</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eichhorn</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilbert</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Follath F, Cleland JG, Just H, Papp JG, Scholz H, Peuhkurinen K, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the lido study): A randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9328):196-202.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the lido study): A randomised double-blind trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>196</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
          <issue>9328</issue>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Follath</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Just</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papp</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scholz</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peuhkurinen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Fares WH, Aneja A. Should beta-blockers be discontinued when a patient is admitted to the hospital with acutely decompensated heart failure? Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73(6):557-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Should beta-blockers be discontinued when a patient is admitted to the hospital with acutely decompensated heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Cleve Clin J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>557</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fares</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aneja</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Bristow MR, Shakar SF, Linseman JV, Lowes BD. Inotropes and beta-blockers: is there a need for new guidelines? J Card Fail. 2001;7(2 Suppl. 1):8-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Inotropes and beta-blockers: is there a need for new guidelines?</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>8</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shakar</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linseman</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lowes</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Lowes BD, Simon MA, Tsvetkova TO, Bristow MR. Inotropes in the beta-blocker era. Clin Cardiol. 2000;23(3 Suppl):III11-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Inotropes in the beta-blocker era</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>III11</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lowes</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simon</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsvetkova</surname>
              <given-names>TO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Ponikowski P, Poole-Wilson PA, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 of the european society of cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the heart failure association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10(10):933-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 of the european society of cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the heart failure association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>933</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dickstein</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen-Solal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poole-Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, Boehmer JP, Collins SP, Ezekowitz JA, Givertz MM, et al. HFSA 2010 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline. J Card Fail. 2010;16(6):e1-194.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>HFSA 2010 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>194</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lindenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albert</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boehmer</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowitz</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Givertz</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Gattis WA, O'Connor CM, Gallup DS, Hasselblad V, Gheorghiade M. Predischarge initiation of carvedilol in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure: results of the initiation management predischarge: Process for assessment of carvedilol therapy in heart failure (impact-hf) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(9):1534-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predischarge initiation of carvedilol in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure: results of the initiation management predischarge: Process for assessment of carvedilol therapy in heart failure (impact-hf) trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1534</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gattis</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Connor CM</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallup</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasselblad</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gheorghiade</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Jondeau G, Neuder Y, Eicher JC, Jourdain P, Fauveau E, Galinier M, et al. B-convinced: Beta-blocker continuation vs. Interruption in patients with congestive heart failure hospitalized for a decompensation episode. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(18):2186-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>B-convinced: Beta-blocker continuation vs. Interruption in patients with congestive heart failure hospitalized for a decompensation episode</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2186</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jondeau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuder</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eicher</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jourdain</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fauveau</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galinier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Metra M, Torp-Pedersen C, Cleland JG, Di LA, Komajda M, Remme WJ, et al. Should beta-blocker therapy be reduced or withdrawn after an episode of decompensated heart failure? Results from COMET. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9(9):901-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Should beta-blocker therapy be reduced or withdrawn after an episode of decompensated heart failure: Results from COMET</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>901</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torp-Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komajda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Remme</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, et al. Influence of beta-blocker continuation or withdrawal on outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(3):190-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Influence of beta-blocker continuation or withdrawal on outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF program</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>190</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albert</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stough</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gheorghiade</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Metra M, Nodari S, D'Aloia A, Muneretto C, Robertson AD, Bristow MR, et al. Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure: a randomized comparison of dobutamine and enoximone before and after chronic treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(7):1248-58.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure: a randomized comparison of dobutamine and enoximone before and after chronic treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1248</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Metra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nodari</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Aloia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muneretto</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robertson</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Duygu H, Turk U, Ozdogan O, Akyuz S, Kirilmaz B, Alioglu E, et al. Levosimendan versus dobutamine in heart failure patients treated chronically with carvedilol. Cardiovasc Ther. 2008;26(3):182-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Levosimendan versus dobutamine in heart failure patients treated chronically with carvedilol</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Ther</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duygu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turk</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozdogan</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akyuz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirilmaz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alioglu</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Bergh CH, Andersson B, Dahlstrom U, Forfang K, Kivikko M, Sarapohja T, et al. Intravenous levosimendan vs. dobutamine in acute decompensated heart failure patients on beta-blockers. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12(4):404-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intravenous levosimendan vs: dobutamine in acute decompensated heart failure patients on beta-blockers</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>404</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bergh</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andersson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahlstrom</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forfang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kivikko</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarapohja</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. Triposkiadis F, Dalampiras P, Kelepeshis G, Skoularigis J, Sitafidis G. Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients with an exacerbation of chronic systolic heart failure treated with low doses of carvedilol. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;46(3):136-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients with an exacerbation of chronic systolic heart failure treated with low doses of carvedilol</article-title>
          <source>Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Triposkiadis</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dalampiras</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelepeshis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skoularigis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitafidis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Lima MV, Cardoso JN, Ochiai ME, Grativvol KM, Grativvol PS, Brancalhao EC, et al. [Is it necessary to suspend betablockers in decompensated heart failure with low output?]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):530-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Is it necessary to suspend betablockers in decompensated heart failure with low output?</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>530</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ochiai</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grativvol</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grativvol</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brancalhao</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <mixed-citation>41. Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Filippatos GS, Cleland JG, Salon JE, Thakkar R, et al. Levosimendan vs. dobutamine: outcomes for acute heart failure patients on beta-blockers in SURVIVE. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(3):304-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Levosimendan vs. dobutamine: outcomes for acute heart failure patients on beta-blockers in SURVIVE</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>304</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mebazaa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieminen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salon</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thakkar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <mixed-citation>42. Bohm M, Link A, Cai D, Nieminen MS, Filippatos GS, Salem R, et al. Beneficial association of beta-blocker therapy on recovery from severe acute heart failure treatment: data from the survival of patients with acute heart failure in need of intravenous inotropic support trial. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(5):940-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Beneficial association of beta-blocker therapy on recovery from severe acute heart failure treatment: data from the survival of patients with acute heart failure in need of intravenous inotropic support trial</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>940</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Link</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cai</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieminen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salem</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Is there evidence favoring the use of beta-blockers and dobutamine in acute heart failure?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Several studies have reported the benefits of beta-blockers (BB) for patients presenting with systolic heart failure. however, many patients hospitalized as a result of acute heart failure are already using BB and require dobutamine for arterial hypotension and low cardiac output. Therefore, a decision must be made regarding whether BB should be maintained or even started in such cases. The aim of this study was to establish whether there is evidence supporting the safety andyeffectiveness of BB together with dobutamine for patients presenting with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). We conducted a search of the English-language literature in the databases MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane Library and the CAPES Portal of Scientific Journals to identify related studies. Additional literature was obtained through the review of relevant references in the identified articles. The expected outcomes included information on the prognosis (in-hospital and on follow-up mortality, number of days of hospitalization and readmission),yeffectiveness and safety (worsening of symptoms, shock, intolerance) of the concomitant use of these drugs in hospitalized patients with ADHF and low cardiac output. This review included nine studies. however, no randomized clinical trials on this subject were found. Most studies include a low number of patients, and no studies addressing the safety of the concomitant use of these drugs were found. The resulting data suggest that a careful literature review did not supply evidence for the systematic use of BB in patients with low cardiac output syndrome who require dobutamine for inotropic support.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac output, low</kwd>
        <kwd>adrenergic beta-agonists</kwd>
        <kwd>therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Dobutamine</kwd>
        <kwd>therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>REVIEW ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Is there evidence favoring the use of beta-blockers and dobutamine in acute heart failure?</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Luiz Carlos Santana Passos; Andr&#233;a Cristina Costa Barbosa; M&#225;rcio Galv&#227;o Oliveira; Edval Gomes Santos Jr</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Several studies have reported the benefits of beta-blockers (BB) for patients presenting with systolic heart failure. however, many patients hospitalized as a result of acute heart failure are already using BB and require dobutamine for arterial hypotension and low cardiac output. Therefore, a decision must be made regarding whether BB should be maintained or even started in such cases. The aim of this study was to establish whether there is evidence supporting the safety andyeffectiveness of BB together with dobutamine for patients presenting with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). We conducted a search of the English-language literature in the databases MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane Library and the CAPES Portal of Scientific Journals to identify related studies. Additional literature was obtained through the review of relevant references in the identified articles. The expected outcomes included information on the prognosis (in-hospital and on follow-up mortality, number of days of hospitalization and readmission),yeffectiveness and safety (worsening of symptoms, shock, intolerance) of the concomitant use of these drugs in hospitalized patients with ADHF and low cardiac output. This review included nine studies. however, no randomized clinical trials on this subject were found. Most studies include a low number of patients, and no studies addressing the safety of the concomitant use of these drugs were found. The resulting data suggest that a careful literature review did not supply evidence for the systematic use of BB in patients with low cardiac output syndrome who require dobutamine for inotropic support.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Failure; cardiac output, low; adrenergic beta-agonists, therapeutic use; Dobutamine, therapeutic use.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Several studies have reported the benefits of beta-blockers (BB) for patients presenting with systolic heart failure. however, many patients hospitalized as a result of acute heart failure are already using BB and require dobutamine for arterial hypotension and low cardiac output. Therefore, a decision must be made regarding whether BB should be maintained or even started in such cases. The aim of this study was to establish whether there is evidence supporting the safety andyeffectiveness of BB together with dobutamine for patients presenting with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). We conducted a search of the English-language literature in the databases MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane Library and the CAPES Portal of Scientific Journals to identify related studies. Additional literature was obtained through the review of relevant references in the identified articles. The expected outcomes included information on the prognosis (in-hospital and on follow-up mortality, number of days of hospitalization and readmission),yeffectiveness and safety (worsening of symptoms, shock, intolerance) of the concomitant use of these drugs in hospitalized patients with ADHF and low cardiac output. This review included nine studies. however, no randomized clinical trials on this subject were found. Most studies include a low number of patients, and no studies addressing the safety of the concomitant use of these drugs were found. The resulting data suggest that a careful literature review did not supply evidence for the systematic use of BB in patients with low cardiac output syndrome who require dobutamine for inotropic support.</p>
      <p>Acute Heart Failure (AHF) is one of the main causes of hospitalization in adult<sup>1,2</sup>. Despite advancements in modern treatment, many patients progress to a potentially terminal phase of the disease, namely heart failure (HF) stage D, which comprises symptoms refractory to conventional treatmen<sup>3,4</sup>. In large case-series studies, approximately 20 - 30% of hospitalized patients required an intravenous inotropic agen<sup>5-7</sup>. In several Western countries, dobutamine is the most frequently used agen<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>After several decades of clinical research resulted in conflicting data on the effectivenesy of beta-blockers (BB) in heart failur<sup>9-13</sup>, clinical trials on the use of carvedilol, metoprolol and bisoprolol showed a remarkable reduction in mortality and hospitalization in patients with systolic H <sup>14-18</sup>. BBs are negative inotropic and chronotropic agents, whereas dobutamine is a positive inotropic drug with agonistic effects on the &#945;1, &#945;2 and (partially) &#945;1 receptors in the hear<sup>19</sup>. Although they are physiologically incompatible, these agents have been used concomitantly in clinical practic<sup>20-24</sup>. Some studies suggest that carvedilol mightgdecrease the response to intravenous infusion of dobutamine. This interaction necessitates dosage increases to achieve significant effects in patients with chronic HF and continuing use of carvedilo<sup>25, 26</sup>. </p>
      <p>The first studies on BB in HF were restricted to compensated patients, who did not require additional or intravenous doses of diuretics. Recently, however, observational studies have suggested that the early introduction of BB might be safe in the short term and beneficial in the long ter<sup>20, 24, 27-29</sup>.</p>
      <p>In clinical practice, many patients admitted for AHF are already using BB. Under these circumstances, clinicians must decide whether to maintain or start BB in patients who still require an inotropic catecholamine agent to maintain an appropriate cardiac output.</p>
      <p>The international guidelines regarding the use of BB in acute decompensation are conservative. They recommend discontinuation in cases requiring inotropic suppor<sup>2, 30, 31</sup>. Alternatively, the guidelines recommend against discontinuing BB whenever possible and favor dosage reductions even during the use of inotropic agents, especially dobutamin<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, we performed a literature review to establish whether evidence supports the safety andyeffectiveness of the joint use of BB and dobutamine in this clinical setting.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The relevant studies were found by searching for original articles, clinical trials and observational studies in the following databases: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Virtual Health Library (Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de - BVS; Brazilian Ministry of Health - MS), Cochrane Library and CAPES journals (Portal peri&#243;dicos CAPES). The latter is a database developed by the Brazilian government for researchers in Brazilian universities.</p>
      <p>The following textual and MeSH search terms were used in different combinations: heart failure, beta-blocker, beta-blockade, adrenergic beta antagonist, carvedilol, inotropic agent, and dobutamine. The search was designed to select original clinical trials assessing the use of BB in patients with severe HF being treated with dobutamine. Expected outcomes included information on the prognosis (in-hospital and follow-up mortality, number of days of hospitalization and rehospitalization) and theyeffectiveness and safety (worsening of symptoms, shock or intolerance) of the concomitant use of these agents in hospitalized patients diagnosed with acute decompensated HF and low cardiac output.</p>
      <p>The references in the located articles were searched manually to find further studies on this subject. Four independent researchers performed the review and subsequently selected the relevant articles. Data extraction was performed by two authors.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Inclusion criteria:</italic></bold> Qualifying original studies were defined as clinical trials or observational studies on patients hospitalized for AHF and treated with dobutamine and BB and that contained information on the outcomes of interest.</p>
      <p><bold><italic>Exclusion criteria:</italic></bold> Studies that did not include information on the frequency of dobutamine and BB use and studies in languages other than English were not included. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Selection and assessment of studies:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From 1173 citations identified in databases for inclusion in this systematic review, 54 were eligible (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Of these, 13 were excluded because they were reviews, editorials or expert opinions. Two studies were excluded because milrinone was used together with BB; four studies were excluded because they performed echo stress test with dobutamine to assess viability in outpatients using BB; two studies were excluded because they were published only as abstracts in proceedings. Finally, one study was excluded because it addressed the use of medication in patients with postoperative low cardiac output syndrome. In a second round, thirty-two full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Seven were excluded because they did not report on the frequency of BB and dobutamine use; and 15 were excluded because they did not describe the outcomes of interest. One study was excluded because it was written in French. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0190-30034-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nine studies were included in this review. The data in the included studies are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a13tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a13tab02-body2">2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a13tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0190-30034-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a13tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0190-30034-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Overall summary of the main results: </p>
      <p>&#149; There is a small number of studies addressing the topic of interest;</p>
      <p>&#149; Most studies had a small n;</p>
      <p>&#149; No clinical trial was specifically designed to answer to the questions of interest (indirect data);</p>
      <p>&#149; No studies were found addressing the safety of the concomitant use of these drugs;</p>
      <p>&#149; Very heterogeneous population in regard to the inclusion criteria, nonrandomized selection of BB use, and few clinical outcomes of interest to perform summary-measures.</p>
      <p>None of the clinical studies on theyeffectiveness of BB in acute HF included patients with low cardiac output (SAP &lt; 90 mmHg). Thus, IMPACT H<sup>32</sup>, B-CONVINCE<sup>33</sup>, COMET<sup>34</sup> and OPTIMIZE HF<sup>35</sup> were not included in this analysis.</p>
      <p>Of 49 studies potentially eligible for analysis, only 9 included data on the use of BB and dobutamine, allowing assessing the outcomes of interest.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>None of the nine studies assessed used an adequate approach to assess the safety and effectiveness of BB in patients using dobutamine. The direct assessment of this question requires a randomized, double-blind, controlled study comparing a group in which the use of BB is maintained while positive inotropic support is provided with a group in which BB is discontinued. Further assessments include the division of patients who require dobutamine and have no previous use of BB into two randomized groups, one in which BB is started, and a control group maintained without these drugs. Studies should focus on the following outcomes of interest: time of hospitalization, need to discontinue or reduce the dose of BB throughout the study, adverse events and mortality between groups and death or rehospitalization on follow-up.</p>
      <p>Among the nine assessed studies, those by Lowes et al<sup>25</sup>, Metra et al<sup>36</sup>, Duygu et al<sup>37</sup>, Bergh et al<sup>38</sup> and Triposkiadis et al<sup>39</sup> primarily assess short-term hemodynamic improvements by means of invasive or noninvasive measurements in patients who were using BB as well as dobutamine or another intravenous inotropic agent. Despite the small number of cases, these studies did not use controls (patients not using BB) to assess the hemodynamic effectiveness of the inotropic agents. Moreover, none included the group of major clinical interest, namely patients with formal indications for inotropic agents.</p>
      <p>In the study LIDO<sup>26</sup>, patients used dobutamine or levosimendan; 39% of patients in the dobutamine group used BB versus 37% of patients in the levosimendan group. The effects of dobutamine were attenuated by the use of BB. The hemodynamic improvement among BB users was greater in the levosimendan group than in the dobutamine group. Death occurred within 31 days in 8% of patients in the levosimendan group versus 17% of patients in the dobutamine group, and the three in-hospital deaths occurred in the dobutamine group. In general, these findings suggest that there are stronger interactions between BB and dobutamine than between BB and levosimendan. A discussion of the safety and adverse effects associated with the use of BB in the in-hospital phase is not possible because the low number of patients precludes a stratified analysis. </p>
      <p>The study by Lima et al<sup>40</sup> more directly approaches the topic of this study. These authors report results in patients who did or did not use BB and who patently exhibited low cardiac output requiring the use of vasoactive amines. After performing a stratified analysis of BB use in each group, the authors conclude that continued use of BB did not result in worse progression of the disease. The main limitations of the Lima et al<sup>40</sup> study are that it comprises an observational cohort of surviving patients who were discharged from the hospital and that the choice to use BB or not was not based on explicit criteria, which probably allowed for the use of BB in less severely affected patients.</p>
      <p>Triposkiadis et al.'s study<sup>39</sup> also addresses more directly the aim of this review; however, their assessment was restricted to patients in whom carvedilol exacerbated HF, while excluding patients using any other BB. Although all included patients used low doses of carvedilol, the study showed that the use of dobutamine was associated with a small increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction (1.5%) without alterations of the heart rate, arterial pressure, cardiac output or systemic vascular resistance. This study has severe limitations: the number of patients was small <sup>31</sup>, randomization was not performed and the control group and the patients were not assessed blindly. </p>
      <p>Mebazaa et al<sup>41</sup> and Bohm et al<sup>42</sup> performed randomized studies to compare two inotropic agents: levosimendan and dobutamine. It is worth noting that one of the limitations of the use of levosimendan is the hypotension occurring in patients with low cardiac output. Therefore, severely affected patients requiring a catecholamine inotropic agent were excluded from the study. In Mebazaa et al<sup>41</sup>, 48% of patients were using BB at the time of randomization. These authors indicate a possible advantage of levosimendan over dobutamine regarding short-term mortality by all causes in patients with acute decompensated HF and previous HF who were treated with oral BB. This finding suggests that in patients with AHF and previous history of HF who use oral BB and in whom vasoactive amines are not formally indicated, levosimendan is preferable to dobutamine as an inotropic agent. This conclusion may be related to the potential for an undesirable interaction between BB and dobutamine.</p>
      <p>Bohm et al study<sup>42</sup> is a secondary analysis of SURVIVE data with patients stratified by BB use. The patients were randomized for levosimendan or dobutamine use; thus, previous, in-hospital and post-discharge use of BB was not randomized. Moreover, patients who died during hospitalization, were hospitalized for more than 30 days or lost contact before follow-up (16.8% of the sample) were excluded from the analysis. These authors divided their population into four groups by BB use at admission and upon discharge. They concluded that patients who used BB at admission and continued this use after discharge exhibited higher survival rates at 31 and 180 days compared to the group that used BB neither at admission nor at discharge. These findings reinforce the idea that the patients who tolerate the use of BB, including during acute decompensation, potentially have better prognoses compared to patients that do not tolerate BB neither before nor during hospitalization (study groups no/no and yes/no).</p>
      <p>The data described in the present study suggest that a careful literature review did not provide evidence supporting the systematic use of BB in patients with low cardiac output syndrome who require inotropic support in the form of dobutamine. The secondary results of SURVIVE<sup>42</sup> suggest that patients who have previously used BB and who may continue to use it during decompensation probably have less severe cases. Thus, they will potentially exhibit longer short-term survival. Concomitantly with the findings in LIDO, it might be inferred that patients who require inotropic agents but do not exhibit severe hypotension will benefit more from levosimendan than from dobutamine if they are using BB agents. Currently, very little may be concluded about the safety and effectiveness of starting BB therapy in patients with low cardiac output and arterial hypotension. This question represents a gap in knowledge about AHF management that should be filled soon by studies using the appropriate methods.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There are no conclusive evidence supporting the concomitant use of dobutamine and BB in patients with decompensated HF and low cardiac output.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Passos LCS, Oliveira MG, Barbosa ACC; Acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data and writing of the manuscript: Passos LCS, Oliveira MG, Barbosa ACC, Santos Jr. EG; Statistical analysis: Passos LCS, Barbosa ACC, Santos Jr. EG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Passos LCS, Barbosa ACC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Andr&#233;a Cristina Costa Barbosa, from Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
