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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sR37KFhBrqTcbBx8PBPgjXc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000200012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000200012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130033</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estetosc&#243;pio digital como ferramenta inovadora no ensino da ausculta card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Costa dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Cardoso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Amarante</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Athayde</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Cunto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lanzieri</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>187</fpage>
      <lpage>189</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>O exame f&#237;sico cardiovascular, em particular a ausculta card&#237;aca, &#233; uma das habilidades cl&#237;nicas mais dif&#237;ceis para os alunos durante seu treinamento m&#233;dico. Estudos sugerem que o uso de tecnologias, como o estetosc&#243;pio digital, aumente a acur&#225;cia do exame cl&#237;nico, entretanto, seu impacto no ensino da proped&#234;utica da ausculta card&#237;aca em alunos de gradua&#231;&#227;o de Medicina n&#227;o &#233; conhecido. O objetivo &#233; demonstrar a utilidade do estetosc&#243;pio digital, em compara&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;todos tradicionais, como instrumento de ensino da ausculta card&#237;aca. Estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o, longitudinal, controlado, unic&#234;ntrico e randomizado. Foram inscritos 38 alunos de medicina para um curso de semiologia cardiovascular com dura&#231;&#227;o de oito semanas. Definiu-se um programa com aulas expositivas e &#224; beira do leito nas enfermarias de Cardiologia. Nas aulas pr&#225;ticas, os alunos foram randomizados em dois grupos: 1) (n = 21) estetosc&#243;pio digital (Littmann&#174; modelo 3200, 3M); e 2) (n = 17) estetosc&#243;pios convencionais. Foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-treinamento, atrav&#233;s de um teste utilizando o software Heart Sounds&#174;, que foi repetida ao final do curso. As m&#233;dias das avalia&#231;&#245;es foram comparadas pelo teste T pareado e n&#227;o pareado. Observa-se que, ao final do curso, houve uma melhora significativamente maior no grupo que utilizou o estetosc&#243;pio digital (51,9%) quando comparado ao grupo que utilizou o estetosc&#243;pio convencional (29,5%). Interven&#231;&#245;es de curta dura&#231;&#227;o para o ensino de semiologia card&#237;aca s&#227;o capazes de contribuir de modo significativo para melhora da profici&#234;ncia da identifica&#231;&#227;o dos sons card&#237;acos. O uso do estetosc&#243;pio digital demonstrou ser um fator positivo no ensino dessas habilidades.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Auscuta&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Estetosc&#243;pios</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>COMUNICA&#199;&#195;O BREVE</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estetosc&#243;pio digital como ferramenta inovadora no ensino da ausculta card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Claudio Tinoco Mesquita; Jader Costa dos Reis; Luciana Silveira Sim&#245;es; Eduardo Cardoso de Moura; Gustavo Amarante Rodrigues; Carolina Cunto de Athayde; Hugo Lima Machado; Pedro Gemal Lanzieri</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico cardiovascular, em particular a ausculta card&#237;aca, &#233; uma das habilidades cl&#237;nicas mais dif&#237;ceis para os alunos durante seu treinamento m&#233;dico. Estudos sugerem que o uso de tecnologias, como o estetosc&#243;pio digital, aumente a acur&#225;cia do exame cl&#237;nico, entretanto, seu impacto no ensino da proped&#234;utica da ausculta card&#237;aca em alunos de gradua&#231;&#227;o de Medicina n&#227;o &#233; conhecido. </p>
    <p> O objetivo &#233; demonstrar a utilidade do estetosc&#243;pio digital, em compara&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;todos tradicionais, como instrumento de ensino da ausculta card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p> Estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o, longitudinal, controlado, unic&#234;ntrico e randomizado. Foram inscritos 38 alunos de medicina para um curso de semiologia cardiovascular com dura&#231;&#227;o de oito semanas. Definiu-se um programa com aulas expositivas e &#224; beira do leito nas enfermarias de Cardiologia. Nas aulas pr&#225;ticas, os alunos foram randomizados em dois grupos: 1) (n = 21) estetosc&#243;pio digital (Littmann<sup>&#174;</sup> modelo 3200, 3M); e 2) (n = 17) estetosc&#243;pios convencionais. Foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-treinamento, atrav&#233;s de um teste utilizando o software Heart Sounds<sup>&#174;</sup>, que foi repetida ao final do curso. As m&#233;dias das avalia&#231;&#245;es foram comparadas pelo teste T pareado e n&#227;o pareado. </p>
    <p> Observa-se que, ao final do curso, houve uma melhora significativamente maior no grupo que utilizou o estetosc&#243;pio digital (51,9%) quando comparado ao grupo que utilizou o estetosc&#243;pio convencional (29,5%). </p>
    <p> Interven&#231;&#245;es de curta dura&#231;&#227;o para o ensino de semiologia card&#237;aca s&#227;o capazes de contribuir de modo significativo para melhora da profici&#234;ncia da identifica&#231;&#227;o dos sons card&#237;acos. O uso do estetosc&#243;pio digital demonstrou ser um fator positivo no ensino dessas habilidades.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Auscuta&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca/m&#233;todos, Estetosc&#243;pios, Cardiologia/educa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico cardiovascular figura entre as mais dif&#237;ceis habilidades adquiridas pelos alunos durante o seu treinamento acad&#234;mico. M&#233;dicos e estudantes s&#227;o un&#226;nimes ao classificar o ensino da ausculta card&#237;aca como fundamental na forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, qualificando como insuficientes os m&#233;todos de ensino propostos nos programas da gradua&#231;&#227;o e, at&#233; mesmo, p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Fato este que faz reivindicarem um tempo maior a ser dedicado &#224; ausculta card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que o ensino baseado apenas em aulas te&#243;ricas parece n&#227;o melhorar o reconhecimento dos sopros card&#237;acos<sup>2</sup>. Por outro lado, interven&#231;&#245;es que incluem a repeti&#231;&#227;o de sons card&#237;acos em ferramentas multim&#237;dia podem melhorar a profici&#234;ncia da ausculta card&#237;aca<sup>3,4</sup> March e cols.<sup>5</sup>, utilizando grava&#231;&#245;es de sons card&#237;acos, conseguiram aumentar a profici&#234;ncia dos seus alunos de 26% para 45% ap&#243;s o treinamento<sup>5</sup>. Barrett e cols6. demonstraram que a repeti&#231;&#227;o da ausculta card&#237;aca aumenta substancialmente a acur&#225;cia dos treinandos<sup>6</sup>. Vukanovic e Criley<sup>7</sup> integraram informa&#231;&#245;es visuais com auditivas e conseguiram chegar a n&#237;veis de 78% de compet&#234;ncia na ausculta card&#237;aca<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas multim&#237;dia esteja bem fundamentada na literatura como boa estrat&#233;gia de ensino, pouco se conhece se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos modernos estetosc&#243;pios digitais pode melhorar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da pr&#225;tica auscultat&#243;ria. V&#246;r&#246;s e cols.<sup>8</sup>. organizaram um estudo comparando o estetosc&#243;pio digital e o convencional para a ausculta card&#237;aca em c&#227;es. Verificaram que o estetosc&#243;pio digital &#233; mais sens&#237;vel e por isso mais adequado para pessoas com menos experi&#234;ncia<sup>8</sup>. Esses aparelhos apresentam vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estetosc&#243;pio convencional, como a filtragem de ru&#237;dos externos, a amplifica&#231;&#227;o, a grava&#231;&#227;o e a reprodu&#231;&#227;o posterior dos sons.</p>
    <p>Portanto, perante a necessidade de buscar melhorias no ensino da semiologia cardiovascular, o nosso objetivo &#233; demonstrar a utilidade do estetosc&#243;pio digital, em compara&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;todos tradicionais, como ferramenta inovadora do ensino da ausculta card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Metodologia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o, longitudinal, controlado, unic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa em seres humanos do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP), n&#186; 0142.0.258.000-10. Por livre demanda e sem nenhum tipo de sele&#231;&#227;o, 38 alunos a partir do quarto ano da faculdade de medicina foram inscritos para um curso de semiologia cardiovascular, com oito semanas de dura&#231;&#227;o (carga hor&#225;ria de 24 horas). Definiu-se um programa com aulas expositivas, com a finalidade de homogeneizar o conhecimento te&#243;rico dos participantes, e aulas pr&#225;ticas, realizadas nas enfermarias de Cardiologia do HUAP. Nas aulas pr&#225;ticas, os alunos foram randomizados em dois grupos: 1) (n = 21) estetosc&#243;pios digitais (Littmann<sup>&#174;</sup> modelo 3200, 3M); e 2) (n = 17) estetosc&#243;pios convencionais (Littmann<sup>&#174;</sup> modelo Classic II, 3M). As aulas te&#243;ricas foram realizadas com os dois grupos juntos.</p>
    <p>Para o levantamento de dados, foi feito uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-treinamento (pr&#233;-teste), atrav&#233;s de uma prova utilizando sons card&#237;acos do software Heart Sounds<sup>&#174;</sup>, contendo dez quest&#245;es discursivas de n&#237;vel intermedi&#225;rio, onde os alunos deveriam identificar os seguintes achados da ausculta: B3, B4, B3 e B4, Ritmo de Galope, Ausculta Normal, Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral, Estenose Mitral, Insufici&#234;ncia A&#243;rtica, Estenose A&#243;rtica e Sopro Sist&#243;lico Inocente. As quest&#245;es foram iguais para os dois grupos e repetiu-se o mesmo teste ao final do curso (p&#243;s-teste), apenas com a ordem das quest&#245;es alterada.</p>
    <p>Para a corre&#231;&#227;o da prova foi atribu&#237;do um ponto para cada resposta correta, sendo o valor m&#225;ximo de dez pontos atribu&#237;do para cada teste. Durante o curso, seis pessoas desistiram, sendo duas do grupo 1 e quatro do grupo 2. Foram comparadas as m&#233;dias das avalia&#231;&#245;es pelo teste T de Student pareado e n&#227;o pareado. O crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia foi o n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a12tab01">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as m&#233;dias de acertos dos grupos que utilizaram estetosc&#243;pio digital e convencional no pr&#233;-teste e no p&#243;s-teste em rela&#231;&#227;o a um total m&#225;ximo de 10 pontos. Observa-se que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as significativas no pr&#233;-teste entre os grupos que utilizaram estetosc&#243;pio digital (4,14 &#177; 1,8) e convencional (4,06 &#177; 2,08), com um p-valor de 0,74 no teste T n&#227;o pareado.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a12tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0187-30033-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Ao analisar as m&#233;dias no p&#243;s-teste, v&#234;-se que ambos os grupos obtiveram um melhor desempenho: estetosc&#243;pio digital (6,27 &#177; 2,6) e estetosc&#243;pio convencional (5,27 &#177; 2,39). O grupo que utilizou estetosc&#243;pio convencional apresentou uma melhora de 29,5%, com um p-valor de 0,06 no teste T pareado, enquanto o grupo que utilizou o estetosc&#243;pio digital apresentou uma melhora de 51,2%, com um p-valor de 0,02 no teste T pareado. No entanto, &#233; importante observar que houve uma melhora significativamente maior no grupo que utilizou o estetosc&#243;pio digital ap&#243;s o treinamento (6,27) quando comparado ao grupo que utilizou o estetosc&#243;pio convencional (5,27), com um p-valor de 0,028 no teste T n&#227;o pareado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a12gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a12gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0187-30033-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diversos autores t&#234;m descrito que apenas a leitura em livros-texto e as aulas te&#243;ricas n&#227;o melhoram o desempenho no aprendizado da ausculta card&#237;aca<sup>6</sup>. Atualmente, embora a teoria curricular dos cursos de medicina preconize a associa&#231;&#227;o do ensino te&#243;rico ao treinamento pr&#225;tico, temos cada vez mais o processo de aprendizagem centrado no bin&#244;mio da teoria e verifica&#231;&#227;o do aprendizado com provas escritas, restando pouco espa&#231;o para a pr&#225;tica &#224; beira do leito<sup>2</sup>. O n&#237;vel reduzido de acertos na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos sons card&#237;acos, demonstrado por alguns trabalhos, denota a necessidade de mudan&#231;as no ensino da ausculta card&#237;aca<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O nosso estudo encontrou um desempenho equivalente entre os grupos no pr&#233;-teste, demonstrando uma randomiza&#231;&#227;o eficaz, e um melhor desempenho de ambos ap&#243;s o treinamento. Isso mostra que o curso te&#243;rico-pr&#225;tico ministrado foi efetivo em aumentar as habilidades auscultat&#243;rias dos alunos. Observamos, ainda, uma maior profici&#234;ncia aferida pelo p&#243;s-teste no grupo que recebeu aulas com estetosc&#243;pio digital, o que sugere que tal estrat&#233;gia &#233; ben&#233;fica no ensino da semiologia cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>No curso ministrado em nosso projeto, as aulas te&#243;ricas foram imediatamente seguidas por aulas pr&#225;ticas, fato este que proporcionou maior solidifica&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento, por estimular nos alunos a percep&#231;&#227;o da aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica dos assuntos discutidos, al&#233;m de ser um espa&#231;o imediato para tirar as d&#250;vidas e repetir os conceitos rec&#233;m comentados em aula. Acrescenta-se ainda, o entusiasmo dos alunos diante do uso de uma tecnologia inovadora para seu aprendizado, oferecendo possibilidades, como: gravar, modificar o volume dos sons, deix&#225;-los livres de ru&#237;dos externos e permitir a repeti&#231;&#227;o quantas vezes fosse necess&#225;rio do som gravado.</p>
    <p>O abandono de alguns alunos ao longo do curso pode ser decorrente do per&#237;odo de provas em que o mesmo foi ministrado. Houve uma n&#237;tida associa&#231;&#227;o entre as provas da faculdade e maior incid&#234;ncia de faltas no curso. Outra quest&#227;o a ser considerada consiste no hor&#225;rio da realiza&#231;&#227;o das aulas, que ocorriam entre 12 h e 13 h. Alguns alunos relataram a dificuldade em abdicar do hor&#225;rio do almo&#231;o. Entretanto, para os idealizadores do projeto, este se configurou como o melhor hor&#225;rio, por n&#227;o interferir nas atividades curriculares da faculdade.</p>
    <p>O resultado obtido em nosso trabalho mostrou que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do estetosc&#243;pio digital foi ben&#233;fica para o ensino da ausculta card&#237;aca. Evidenciamos, ao final do trabalho, que apenas as aulas te&#243;ricas utilizadas em nossa metodologia com a inten&#231;&#227;o de evitar o vi&#233;s foram, por si s&#243;s, impactantes, fato este que ficou claro com os resultados favor&#225;veis do grupo que utilizou o estetosc&#243;pio convencional. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a teoria e a pr&#225;tica ficou, assim, bem caracterizada como efetiva no processo de ensino-aprendizagem da ausculta card&#237;aca. Novos trabalhos visando aperfei&#231;oar o emprego de t&#233;cnicas similares devem ser feitos para definir o papel desta metodologia no ensino da semiologia cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados sugerem que interven&#231;&#245;es de curta dura&#231;&#227;o para o ensino de semiologia card&#237;aca s&#227;o capazes de contribuir de modo significativo para a melhora da profici&#234;ncia da identifica&#231;&#227;o dos sons card&#237;acos. O uso do estetosc&#243;pio digital como ferramenta de inova&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica demonstrou ser um fator positivo no ensino de tais habilidades.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Reis JC, Athayde CC, Machado HL, Lanzieri PG, Sim&#245;es LS, Moura EC, Rodrigues GA, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Reis JC, Athayde CC, Machado HL, Lanzieri PG, Sim&#245;es LS, Rodrigues GA, Mesquita CT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Reis JC, Athayde CC, Machado HL, Lanzieri PG, Sim&#245;es LS, Moura EC, Rodrigues GA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela PROPPI-UFF.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Tinoco Mesquita </p>
        <p> Av. Almte Ary Parreiras, 60 apto 801 </p>
        <p> CEP 24230-322, Icara&#237;, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ctinocom@cardiol.br">ctinocom@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com">claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 06/06/12, revisado em 01/11/12, aceito em 27/11/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Digital stethoscope as an innovative tool on the teaching of auscultatory skills</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Physical cardiovascular examination, particularly cardiac auscultation, is one of the most difficult clinical skills for students during their medical training. Studies suggest that the use of technologies such as digital stethoscope increase the accuracy of clinical examination, however, its impact on the teaching of cardiac auscultation for undergraduate students of medicine is not known. The objective is to demonstrate the usefulness of the digital stethoscope compared to traditional methods as a tool in the teaching of auscultatory skills. nterventional, longitudinal, controlled, unicenter and randomized study. Thirty-eight medicine students were enrolled for a cardiovascular semiology course lasting eight weeks. The course program included lectures and bedside practice in Cardiology wards. In the practical lessons, the students were randomized into two groups: 1) (n = 21) digital stethoscope (Littmann&#174; Model 3200, 3M); and 2) (n = 17) conventional stethoscopes. A pre-training evaluation was conducted through a test using the software Heart Sounds&#174;, which was repeated after the course. The average scores were compared by paired T test and unpaired T test. It is observed that, at the end of the course, there was a significantly greater improvement in the group that used the digital stethoscope (51.9%) compared to the group using the conventional stethoscope (29.5%). Short-term interventions for cardiac semiology teaching are able to contribute significantly to improving proficiency in the identification of heart sounds. The use of digital stethoscope proved to be a positive factor in teaching these skills.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Auscultation</kwd>
        <kwd>Stethoscopes</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>BRIEF COMMUNICATION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Digital stethoscope as an innovative tool on the teaching of auscultatory skills</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Claudio Tinoco Mesquita; Jader Costa dos Reis; Luciana Silveira Sim&#245;es; Eduardo Cardoso de Moura; Gustavo Amarante Rodrigues; Carolina Cunto de Athayde; Hugo Lima Machado; Pedro Gemal Lanzieri</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Physical cardiovascular examination, particularly cardiac auscultation, is one of the most difficult clinical skills for students during their medical training. Studies suggest that the use of technologies such as digital stethoscope increase the accuracy of clinical examination, however, its impact on the teaching of cardiac auscultation for undergraduate students of medicine is not known.</p>
      <p> The objective is to demonstrate the usefulness of the digital stethoscope compared to traditional methods as a tool in the teaching of auscultatory skills.</p>
      <p> nterventional, longitudinal, controlled, unicenter and randomized study. Thirty-eight medicine students were enrolled for a cardiovascular semiology course lasting eight weeks. The course program included lectures and bedside practice in Cardiology wards. In the practical lessons, the students were randomized into two groups: 1) (n = 21) digital stethoscope (Littmann<sup>&#174;</sup> Model 3200, 3M); and 2) (n = 17) conventional stethoscopes. A pre-training evaluation was conducted through a test using the software Heart Sounds<sup>&#174;</sup>, which was repeated after the course. The average scores were compared by paired T test and unpaired T test.</p>
      <p> It is observed that, at the end of the course, there was a significantly greater improvement in the group that used the digital stethoscope (51.9%) compared to the group using the conventional stethoscope (29.5%). </p>
      <p> Short-term interventions for cardiac semiology teaching are able to contribute significantly to improving proficiency in the identification of heart sounds. The use of digital stethoscope proved to be a positive factor in teaching these skills.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Auscultation/methods; Stethoscopes; Cardiology/education.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Physical cardiovascular examination, particularly cardiac auscultation, is one of the most difficult clinical skills for students during their medical training. Studies suggest that the use of technologies such as digital stethoscope increase the accuracy of clinical examination, however, its impact on the teaching of cardiac auscultation for undergraduate students of medicine is not known.</p>
      <p>The objective is to demonstrate the usefulness of the digital stethoscope compared to traditional methods as a tool in the teaching of auscultatory skills.</p>
      <p>nterventional, longitudinal, controlled, unicenter and randomized study. Thirty-eight medicine students were enrolled for a cardiovascular semiology course lasting eight weeks. The course program included lectures and bedside practice in Cardiology wards. In the practical lessons, the students were randomized into two groups: 1) (n = 21) digital stethoscope (Littmann<sup>&#174;</sup> Model 3200, 3M); and 2) (n = 17) conventional stethoscopes. A pre-training evaluation was conducted through a test using the software Heart Sounds<sup>&#174;</sup>, which was repeated after the course. The average scores were compared by paired T test and unpaired T test.</p>
      <p>It is observed that, at the end of the course, there was a significantly greater improvement in the group that used the digital stethoscope (51.9%) compared to the group using the conventional stethoscope (29.5%). </p>
      <p>Short-term interventions for cardiac semiology teaching are able to contribute significantly to improving proficiency in the identification of heart sounds. The use of digital stethoscope proved to be a positive factor in teaching these skills.</p>
      <p>Physical cardiovascular examination is among the most difficult skills acquired by students during their academic training. Doctors and students are unanimous in considering the teaching of auscultatory skills as fundamental in medical training, qualifying as insufficient the teaching methods proposed both in undergraduate and graduate programs. This fact leads them to claim for a longer time to be devoted to auscultatory skills<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is known that teaching based solely on theoretical classes does not seem to improve recognition of heart murmurs<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, interventions that include the repetition of heart sounds in multimedia tools can improve the proficiency of auscultatory skills<sup>3,4</sup>. March et al.<sup>5</sup> using recordings of heart sounds, managed to increase their students' proficiency from 26% to 45% after training5. Barrett et al.<sup>6</sup> demonstrated that repeated cardiac auscultation substantially increases the accuracy of the auscultation made by students<sup>6</sup>. Vukanovic and Criley<sup>7</sup> integrated visual and auditory information and reached levels of 78% competency in cardiac auscultation<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the use of multimedia tools is corroborated in the literature as a good teaching strategy, little is known whether the use of modern digital stethoscopes can improve the process of teaching and learning auscultatory skills. V&#246;r&#246;s et al8 organized a study comparing the digital and conventional stethoscope for cardiac auscultation in dogs. They found that the digital stethoscope is more sensitive and therefore more suitable for people with little experience<sup>8</sup>. These devices have advantages over conventional stethoscope, such as the external noise filtering, amplifying, recording and playing back sounds.</p>
      <p>Therefore, given the need to seek improvements in the teaching of cardiovascular semiology, our purpose is to demonstrate the usefulness of the digital stethoscope compared to traditional methods as an innovative tool in the teaching of cardiac auscultation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methodology</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conducted an interventional longitudinal controlled unicenter randomized study, which was approved by the human research ethics committee from Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP), No. 0142.0.258.000-10. On demand and without any type of screening, 38 students from the fourth year of medical school were enrolled for a course on cardiovascular semiology lasting eight weeks (24 hours). We set up a program with lectures in order to homogenize the participants' theoretical knowledge and practical classes conducted in the HUAP's Cardiology wards. In the practical lessons, the students were randomized into two groups: 1) (n = 21) digital stethoscope (Littmann<sup>&#174;</sup> Model 3200, 3M); and 2) (n = 17) conventional stethoscopes (Littmann<sup>&#174;</sup> model Classic II, 3M). The lectures were conducted with two groups together.</p>
      <p>For data collection, a pre-training (pre-test) assessment was made through a test using the heart sounds produced by the software Heart Sounds<sup>&#174;</sup>, containing ten intermediate level discursive questions, where the students were asked to identify the following auscultation findings: B3, B4, B3 and B4, Gallop Rhythm, Normal Auscultation, Mitral Regurgitation, Mitral Stenosis, Aortic Regurgitation, Aortic Stenosis and Innocent Systolic Murmur. The questions were the same for both groups and the same test was repeated after the course (post-test); only the order of the questions was changed.</p>
      <p>To grade the test, one point was assigned for each correct answer. The maximum score of ten points was awarded for each test. During the course, six people gave up: two from group 1 and four from group 2. We compared the mean scores by Student's paired and unpaired t test. The significance criterion was level 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a12tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the average of correct answers of the groups using the digital and conventional stethoscope in the pretest and in the posttest for a maximum total of 10 points. It is observed that there are significant differences in the pre-test between the groups using the digital stethoscope (4.14 &#177; 1.8) and the conventional stethoscope (4.06 &#177; 2.08) with a p-value of 0.74 in the unpaired t test.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a12tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0187-30033-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>By analyzing the average scores in the posttest, it is seen that both groups had a better performance: digital stethoscope (6.27 &#177; 2.6) and conventional stethoscope (5.27 &#177; 2.39). The group using the conventional stethoscope showed an improvement of 29.5%, with a p-value of 0.06 in the paired t test, while the group using the digital stethoscope showed an improvement of 51.2%, with a p- value of 0.02 in the paired t test. However, it is important to note that there was a significantly greater improvement in the group using the digital stethoscope after training (6.27) compared to the group using the conventional stethoscope (5.27) with a p-value of 0.028 in the unpaired t test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a12cha01-body2">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a12cha01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0187-30033-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Several authors have reported that merely reading textbooks and lectures do not improve performance on acquiring auscultatory skills<sup>6</sup>. Currently, although the curricular theory of medicine courses associates theoretical to practical training, the learning process has been increasingly focused on theory and assessment of learning through written tests, leaving little space to practice on the bedside<sup>2</sup>. The reduced level of success in identifying heart sounds, as shown by some studies, indicates the need for changes in the teaching of cardiac auscultation<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our study found equivalent performance between the groups in the pretest, demonstrating an effective randomization, and improved performance of both after training. This shows that the theoretical-practical course was effective in increasing the students' auscultatory skills. We also observed a greater proficiency measured by the posttest in the group receiving lessons with the digital stethoscope, which suggests that such strategy is beneficial in the teaching of cardiovascular semiology.</p>
      <p>In the course taught in our project, the lectures were immediately followed by practical sessions, a fact that provided greater solidification of knowledge, by stimulating the students' perception of the practical applicability of the issues discussed. Besides this, it proved to be the suitable space to clear doubts and repeat the concepts discussed in class. In addition to that, the students were enthusiastic about the use of an innovative learning technology, offering opportunities such as: recording, modifying the volume of sounds, leaving them free from external noise and repeating the sounds recorded as many times as necessary.</p>
      <p>Some students have quit the course and this may be due to the period of college tests in which it was delivered. There was a clear association between the college tests and a higher rate of absences in the course. Another issue to be considered is the class hours: from 12 p.m. to 1 p.m. Some students reported difficulty in giving up their lunchtime. However, for the creators of the project, that was the best time, as it did not interfere with the curricular activities of the college.</p>
      <p>The results obtained in our study showed that using the digital stethoscope was beneficial to the teaching of cardiac auscultation. We observed, at the end our work, that the theoretical classes used in our methodology in order to avoid bias were impactful, a fact that became clear with the favorable results of the group using the conventional stethoscope. The association between theory and practice was thus characterized as effective in the teaching and learning of cardiac auscultation. Further studies aiming to improve the use of similar techniques should be conducted to define the role of this methodology in the teaching of cardiovascular semiology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our findings suggest that short-term interventions for cardiac semiology teaching are able to contribute significantly to improving proficiency in the identification of heart sounds. The digital stethoscope as a tool for methodological innovation has proved to be a positive factor in teaching such skills.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis: Reis JC, Athayde CC, Machado HL, Lanzieri PG, Sim&#245;es LS, Moura EC, Rodrigues GA, Mesquita CT; Obtaining funding: Reis JC, Athayde CC, Machado HL, Lanzieri PG, Sim&#245;es LS, Rodrigues GA, Mesquita CT; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Reis JC, Athayde CC, Machado HL, Lanzieri PG, Sim&#245;es LS, Moura EC, Rodrigues GA.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by PROPPI-UFF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
