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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6g6DR6HKPpmZwZGjs638KSf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130032</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com e sem s&#237;ncope</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macatr&#227;o-Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Frota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga-Fernandez</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Sandoli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Central Brasileira de Holter</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>180</fpage>
      <lpage>186</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Diversos mecanismos podem estar envolvidos no desencadeamento da s&#237;ncope em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), incluindo colapsos hemodin&#226;micos que podem estar relacionados a um desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de pacientes que apresentam CMH com s&#237;ncope inexplicada (SI) com os que n&#227;o apresentam s&#237;ncope. M&#201;TODOS: Trinta e sete pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, sendo 16 com SI e 21 sem s&#237;ncope. Sua fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica foi avaliada por sensibilidade barorreflexa (SB) espont&#226;nea e induzida por fenilefrina, pela variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) no dom&#237;nio do tempo durante o Holter de 24 horas e no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia (an&#225;lise espectral), ambos em dec&#250;bito dorsal e no teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI) a 70&#186;. RESULTADOS: A SB espont&#226;nea mostrou-se semelhante em ambos os grupos (16,46 &#177; 12,99 vs. 18,31 &#177; 9,88 ms/mmHg, p = 0,464), assim como a SB induzida por fenilefrina (18,33 &#177; 9,31 vs. 15,83 &#177; 15,48 ms/mmHg, p = 0,521). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as no SDNN (137,69 &#177; 36,62 vs . 145,95 &#177; 38,07 ms, p = 0,389). O grupo com s&#237;ncope apresentou um RMSSD significativamente menor (24,88 &#177; 10,03 vs. 35,58 &#177; 16,43 ms, p = 0,042) e tend&#234;ncia a menor pNN50 (4,51 &#177; 3,78 vs . 8,83 &#177; 7,98%, p =0,085) e a menores valores do componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC em repouso (637,59 &#177; 1.295,53 vs. 782,65 &#177; 1.264,14 ms2 , p = 0,075). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada em resposta ao TI (p = 0,053). A sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia do TI na identifica&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da SI em pacientes com CMH foram 6%, 66% e 40%, respectivamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: Observou-se t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico mais baixo em pacientes com CMH e SI, mas a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica deste achado ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara. O TI n&#227;o &#233; uma ferramenta vantajosa para avaliar a origem da s&#237;ncope em tais doentes, principalmente por causa da sua baixa especificidade.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com e sem s&#237;ncope</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Milena Frota Macatr&#227;o-Costa<sup>I</sup>; Edmundo Arteaga-Fernandez<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Sandoli de Brito<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Darrieux<sup>I</sup>; Sissy Lara de Melo<sup>I</sup>; Mauricio Scanavacca<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Sosa<sup>I</sup>; Denise Hachul<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Central Brasileira de Holter, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Diversos mecanismos podem estar envolvidos no desencadeamento da s&#237;ncope em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), incluindo colapsos hemodin&#226;micos que podem estar relacionados a um desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar e comparar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de pacientes que apresentam CMH com s&#237;ncope inexplicada (SI) com os que n&#227;o apresentam s&#237;ncope. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trinta e sete pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, sendo 16 com SI e 21 sem s&#237;ncope. Sua fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica foi avaliada por sensibilidade barorreflexa (SB) espont&#226;nea e induzida por fenilefrina, pela variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) no dom&#237;nio do tempo durante o Holter de 24 horas e no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia (an&#225;lise espectral), ambos em dec&#250;bito dorsal e no teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI) a 70&#186;. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A SB espont&#226;nea mostrou-se semelhante em ambos os grupos (16,46 &#177; 12,99 vs. 18,31 &#177; 9,88 ms/mmHg, p = 0,464), assim como a SB induzida por fenilefrina (18,33 &#177; 9,31 vs. 15,83 &#177; 15,48 ms/mmHg, p = 0,521). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as no SDNN (137,69 &#177; 36,62 vs . 145,95 &#177; 38,07 ms, p = 0,389). O grupo com s&#237;ncope apresentou um RMSSD significativamente menor (24,88 &#177; 10,03 vs. 35,58 &#177; 16,43 ms, p = 0,042) e tend&#234;ncia a menor pNN50 (4,51 &#177; 3,78 vs . 8,83 &#177; 7,98%, p =0,085) e a menores valores do componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC em repouso (637,59 &#177; 1.295,53 vs. 782,65 &#177; 1.264,14 ms2 , p = 0,075). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada em resposta ao TI (p = 0,053). A sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia do TI na identifica&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da SI em pacientes com CMH foram 6%, 66% e 40%, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Observou-se t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico mais baixo em pacientes com CMH e SI, mas a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica deste achado ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara. O TI n&#227;o &#233; uma ferramenta vantajosa para avaliar a origem da s&#237;ncope em tais doentes, principalmente por causa da sua baixa especificidade.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica; S&#237;ncope, Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope inexplicada &#233; considerada um importante fator de risco para a morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), principalmente em jovens<sup>1</sup>. No entanto, sua baixa sensibilidade e especificidade s&#227;o explicadas pelos diversos mecanismos poss&#237;veis envolvidos na patog&#234;nese desse sintoma, o que pode ou n&#227;o estar associado &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subjacente<sup>2-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, demonstrou-se que pacientes com CMH podem apresentar controle vascular anormal, apresentando hipotens&#227;o durante exerc&#237;cio<sup>8,9</sup>, ou mesmo em atividades cotidianas<sup>10</sup>, como resultado de uma queda exagerada na resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, devido a uma defici&#234;ncia na vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o do antebra&#231;o ou vasodilata&#231;&#227;o paradoxal. Esta altera&#231;&#227;o pode determinar a s&#237;ncope ou a pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope<sup>10</sup>, estando provavelmente relacionada a uma defici&#234;ncia na al&#231;a aferente do arco reflexo cardiopulmonar<sup>11</sup>, o que sugere que uma disfun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) pode desempenhar um papel no desenvolvimento desses sintomas. </p>
    <p>Apesar desses relatos recentes, poucos estudos compararam pacientes com CMH com e sem hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ncope inexplicada. Considerando o poss&#237;vel envolvimento do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo na patog&#234;nese desta doen&#231;a, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, representado pela variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sensibilidade barorreflexa e resposta ao estresse ortost&#225;tico em pacientes com CMH com e sem s&#237;ncope inexplicada. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram prospectivamente selecionados entre abril de 2007 e agosto de 2009. O diagn&#243;stico da CMH baseou-se no achado de uma hipertrofia do VE igual ou superior a 15 mm na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas ou sist&#234;micas que pudessem explicar esta anomalia. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram idade superior a 60 anos (n = 4), ritmo card&#237;aco al&#233;m do ritmo sinusal (n = 4), epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope associados com arritmias atriais (n = 3), hist&#243;rico de miectomia (n = 1), gradiente de via de sa&#237;da superior a 70 mmHg (n = 2), contraindica&#231;&#245;es da interrup&#231;&#227;o de antiarr&#237;tmicos (n = 1), disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (n = 1) e press&#227;o arterial superior a 160/90 mmHg na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos com base em seu hist&#243;rico de epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope. </p>
    <p>Assim, o grupo de estudo final envolveu 37 pacientes, 16 com e 21 sem hist&#243;rico de epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a11tab01">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="a11tab02">2</xref>). No grupo com s&#237;ncope, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar as causas arr&#237;tmicas durante a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do Holter de 24 horas, n&#227;o tendo sido observada obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa da via de sa&#237;da (definida como gradiente superior a 50 mmHg) por ecocardiograma em repouso, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o de um paciente que apresentou gradiente de via de sa&#237;da de 68 mmHg. Observou-se gradiente intraventricular superior a 30 mmHg em cinco (33,3%) pacientes do grupo s&#237;ncope e em tr&#234;s (14,3%) pacientes sem s&#237;ncope (p = 0,175).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a11tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0180-30032-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a11tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0180-30032-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os pacientes submetidos ao teste ergom&#233;trico (93,8% dos pacientes do grupo s&#237;ncope e 90,5% do grupo sem s&#237;ncope), encontramos uma resposta anormal da press&#227;o arterial ao exerc&#237;cio semelhante entre os grupos (26,67 <italic>vs</italic>. 21,05%, p = 0,618).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do hospital. Todos os pacientes assinaram seu consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os pacientes chegaram entre 8 e 9 horas da manh&#227;, depois de um per&#237;odo de jejum de pelo menos 6 horas. Todos os medicamentos cardioativos foram suspensos por pelo menos cinco meias-vidas antes do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram convidados a responder um question&#225;rio pessoal e de hist&#243;rico familiar. Dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em descanso, ecocardiograma, dosagem do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral e resposta da press&#227;o arterial (PA) ao exerc&#237;cio foram coletados. A resposta da press&#227;o arterial foi considerada anormal em casos de queda ou aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica inferior a 20 mmHg.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Press&#227;o arterial e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram obtidas medi&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e medi&#231;&#245;es da PA batimento a batimento. Essas medi&#231;&#245;es foram analisadas pelo <italic>Task Force System</italic> (CNSystems Medizintechnik GmbH, Graz, &#193;ustria). Ap&#243;s a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, e com acesso venoso perif&#233;rico em uma veia antecubital, o paciente permaneceu descansando em dec&#250;bito dorsal por pelo menos 15 minutos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sensibilidade barorreflexa espont&#226;nea (SBE)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de descanso, foram registrados 15 minutos consecutivos de PA sist&#243;lica e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cont&#237;nua. A SB espont&#226;nea foi analisada pelo m&#233;todo sequencial, que se baseia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de ocorr&#234;ncia espont&#226;nea de tr&#234;s ou mais batimentos que se caracterizam por um aumento progressivo da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica associada com um prolongamento do intervalo RR, ou por uma diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva da PA sist&#243;lica associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o do intervalo RR. Esta identifica&#231;&#227;o foi autom&#225;tica e os dados foram considerados eleg&#237;veis quando modifica&#231;&#245;es da PA sist&#243;lica e do intervalo RR foram iguais ou superiores a 1 mmHg e 5 ms, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sensibilidade barorreflexa induzida pela fenilefrina</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram mantidos sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da PA e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. O agente vasoconstritor fenilefrina foi administrado por via intravenosa (2 a 4 mcg/kg), utilizando no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s b&#243;lus em intervalos de 10 minutos para produzir um aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 15 a 40 mmHg. Os valores consecutivos da BP sist&#243;lica e os intervalos RR correspondentes, considerados um batimento depois, foram tra&#231;ados e, em seguida, construiu-se um gr&#225;fico de regress&#227;o linear. A inclina&#231;&#227;o desta linha representou a medi&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da SB. Foram consideradas apenas as rampas em que o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r2) foi maior que 0,60. A m&#233;dia dessas medi&#231;&#245;es foi calculada para cada paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram expostos &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o de 70 graus por 40 minutos sobre uma mesa basculante de comando el&#233;trico com um estribo de suporte e dois cintos de seguran&#231;a, um ao n&#237;vel do t&#243;rax e outro ao n&#237;vel dos joelhos. No caso de uma resposta positiva ao TI, a mesa foi imediatamente retornada para a posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito dorsal. Os crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia foram utilizados para definir as respostas ao TI<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A VFC foi adquirida em dom&#237;nios de tempo e frequ&#234;ncia. As vari&#225;veis no dom&#237;nio do tempo da VFC consideradas foram o desvio-padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais (SDNN), a raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas (RMSSD) e a porcentagem de intervalos RR normais adjacentes que diferissem em pelo menos 50 ms (pNN50) durante 24 horas de registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. No dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, foram consideradas as bandas de alta frequ&#234;ncia (0,15-0,4Hz), baixa frequ&#234;ncia (0,04-0,15Hz) e muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (0-0,04Hz), e a densidade total de energia do espectro, em valores absolutos e em unidades normalizadas, em repouso (15 minutos) e durante os primeiros 5 minutos da inclina&#231;&#227;o de 70 graus.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%). A associa&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis e do hist&#243;rico da s&#237;ncope foi avaliada pelo teste do qui-quadrado, ajustado pelas estat&#237;sticas de Fisher. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas s&#227;o descritas como o valor m&#233;dio &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e mediana; a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste de Mann-Whitney, uma vez que nem todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas foram distribu&#237;das normalmente. Para as vari&#225;veis estudadas em dois momentos no tempo, o teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para verificar as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos nos momentos estudados. Em seguida, o teste de Wilcoxon foi aplicado para verificar as diferen&#231;as entre os dois momentos de observa&#231;&#227;o. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sensibilidade barorreflexa espont&#226;nea</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada na SB espont&#226;nea quando os pacientes com e sem s&#237;ncope foram comparados (16,46 &#177; 12,99 <italic>vs</italic>. 18,31 &#177; 9,88 ms/mmHg, p = 0,464). Quando apenas os valores da SB espont&#226;nea caracterizada por aumentos progressivos da PA sist&#243;lica e prolongamentos dos intervalos RR foram considerados, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (18,48 &#177; 17,42 <italic>vs</italic>. 18,95 &#177; 11,20 ms/mmHg, p = 0,373). Uma resposta semelhante foi observada quando os valores caracterizados pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e intervalo RR foram considerados (15,17 &#177; 9,32 <italic>vs</italic>. 17,45 &#177; 9,77 ms/mmHg, p = 0,524). Os dados de um paciente (sem s&#237;ncope) foram omitidos porque o paciente n&#227;o cumpriu os crit&#233;rios do m&#233;todo para a identifica&#231;&#227;o das sequencias espont&#226;neas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sensibilidade barorreflexa induzida pela fenilefrina</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao comparar os pacientes com s&#237;ncope e sem s&#237;ncope, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na SB induzida pela fenilefrina (18,33 &#177; 9,31 <italic>vs</italic>. 15,48 &#177; 15,48 ms/mmHg, p = 0,521). Os dados de tr&#234;s pacientes (dois sem s&#237;ncope e um com s&#237;ncope) foram exclu&#237;dos devido a <italic>r<sup>2</sup></italic> menor que 0,60.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O TI foi positivo em oito pacientes (40%), que apresentaram hipotens&#227;o e referiram pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, um deles (6%) com hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de s&#237;ncope e sete sem s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via (33,33%), p = 0,053. Este achado atribuiu ao TI as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas para a detec&#231;&#227;o da etiologia s&#237;ncope nesta popula&#231;&#227;o: sensibilidade de 6%, especificidade de 66%, valor preditivo positivo de 12,5%, valor preditivo negativo de 48% e acur&#225;cia de 40%. Entre as respostas positivas, duas eram vasodepressoras e seis foram mistas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises no dom&#237;nio do tempo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica foi de 23 h 55 min. Durante a an&#225;lise, 2,8% dos dados se perderam devido a interfer&#234;ncias ou artefatos. N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia entre os grupos (77,75 &#177; 10,33 <italic>vs</italic>. 80,48 &#177; 12,36 bpm, p = 0,701). Para as an&#225;lises da VFC, os dados de dois pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos, ambos sem s&#237;ncope, por causa de uma porcentagem significativa de artefatos durante o registro. Quando os valores de SDNN foram considerados, nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada entre os grupos (137,69 &#177; 36,62 <italic>vs</italic>. 145,95 &#177; 38,07 ms, p = 0,389). O grupo com s&#237;ncope apresentou valores significativamente mais baixos de RMSSD do que o grupo sem s&#237;ncope (24,88 &#177; 10,03 <italic>vs</italic>. 35,58 &#177; 16,43 ms, p = 0,042) e observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia para valores mais elevados de pNN50 em pacientes sem s&#237;ncope (4,51 &#177; 3,78 <italic>vs</italic>. 8,83 &#177; 7,98%, p = 0,085). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a11tab03">Tabela 3</xref>, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos quando se considera as vari&#225;veis de dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia da VFC estudada. &#201; importante ressaltar que o grupo s&#237;ncope apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia para valores mais baixos do componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia em dec&#250;bito dorsal (p = 0,075). Quando as influ&#234;ncias das mudan&#231;as posturais sobre os par&#226;metros referidos foram estudadas, a postura ortost&#225;tica causou um aumento semelhante significativo na rela&#231;&#227;o BF/AF em ambos os grupos (p = 0,010 para o grupo com s&#237;ncope; p = 0,021 para o grupo sem s&#237;ncope).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a11tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0180-30032-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Identificar a origem da s&#237;ncope em pacientes com CMH ainda &#233; um desafio. A CMH pode ser causada por v&#225;rios mecanismos, tais como as arritmias ou obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ventricular, mas, na maioria dos casos, pode resultar de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de fatores que influenciam o equil&#237;brio circulat&#243;rio. Sabe-se que o SNA desempenha um papel importante na homeostase cardiovascular, uma vez que a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal e simp&#225;tica representam o mecanismo principal da manuten&#231;&#227;o adequada da perfus&#227;o cerebral. </p>
    <p>O valor progn&#243;stico de uma fun&#231;&#227;o adequada do SNA j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido em algumas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas<sup>13,14</sup>. Muitos anos atr&#225;s, Gilligan e cols.<sup>15</sup> observaram que pacientes com CMH apresentavam menor atividade parassimp&#225;tica (medida pela varia&#231;&#227;o da FC durante a respira&#231;&#227;o profunda e pela manobra de Valsalva) do que os indiv&#237;duos normais, compat&#237;veis com uma altera&#231;&#227;o da al&#231;a parassimp&#225;tica aferente. Outros estudos demonstraram que pacientes com CMH podem apresentar um comportamento hemodin&#226;mico alterado durante o exerc&#237;cio, caracterizado por uma queda na resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica e hipotens&#227;o<sup>8,9</sup>, tendo sugerido que esta queda poderia advir da ativa&#231;&#227;o de mecanorreceptores ventriculares levando a uma retirada simp&#225;tica para os vasos de resist&#234;ncia. Prasad e cols.<sup>10</sup> demonstraram que este fen&#244;meno de hipotens&#227;o ocorre tamb&#233;m durante as atividades de rotina e at&#233; mesmo em repouso, quando estudaram um grupo de pacientes com s&#237;ncope frequente ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, e observaram que pacientes com esses sintomas e epis&#243;dios de hipotens&#227;o durante o monitoramento da PA tiveram uma SB espont&#226;nea inferior.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medi&#231;&#245;es da SB espont&#226;nea</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o encontramos uma diferen&#231;a significativa na SB espont&#226;nea entre pacientes com CMH com e sem s&#237;ncope. Esses resultados conflitantes podem ser explicados pelos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos dois estudos. Em nosso estudo, pacientes com s&#237;ncope apresentavam menos epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope e n&#227;o inclu&#237;mos pacientes com pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope. Por outro lado, os pacientes do estudo Prasad apresentaram mais epis&#243;dios e tiveram pelo menos um no m&#234;s anterior. Outra explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel para a diferen&#231;a entre os nossos achados &#233; que, em nosso estudo, as medi&#231;&#245;es da SB espont&#226;nea foram obtidas durante o repouso e em dec&#250;bito dorsal. Em contrapartida, os dados do outro estudo foram adquiridos em diferentes ocasi&#245;es durante 24 horas de monitoramento. Por este motivo, pode-se sugerir que a SB pode ter mais varia&#231;&#245;es na sua capacidade de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao longo do dia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sensibilidade barorreflexa induzida pela fenilefrina</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A resposta reflexa da FC para a fenilefrina - um agente vasopressor - tem sido amplamente utilizada para avaliar a SB desde sua descri&#231;&#227;o inicial em 1969<sup>16</sup>, embora tenha sido pouco estudada em pacientes com CMH. Neste estudo, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na SB induzida pela fenilefrina entre pacientes com e sem s&#237;ncope. No relat&#243;rio original publicado anteriormente, onde se utilizou este m&#233;todo, Thomson e cols.<sup>11</sup> compararam pacientes com CMH a pessoas normais e observaram resultados similares entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (TI)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas em respostas positivas ao TI em pacientes com CMH com e sem s&#237;ncope, mas com uma tend&#234;ncia a mais testes positivos no grupo sem s&#237;ncope. Outros autores publicaram resultados semelhantes, o que sugere que o TI n&#227;o &#233; uma boa ferramenta para avaliar a etiologia da s&#237;ncope em pacientes com CMH<sup>10,17,18</sup>. Apenas Gilligan e cols.<sup>19</sup> encontraram uma frequ&#234;ncia mais elevada de respostas positivas em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ncope. &#201; importante ressaltar que esses autores utilizaram infus&#227;o de isoproterenol em casos de resposta inicial negativa &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o passiva e sup&#245;e-se que pacientes com CMH s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o dos mecanorreceptores e deflagra&#231;&#227;o do reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch quando submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica excessiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O TI apresentou fraca sensibilidade, especificidade e acur&#225;cia na identifica&#231;&#227;o da etiologia da s&#237;ncope nessa amostra. Devemos lembrar que os pacientes com s&#237;ncope inexplicada podem ter muitos motivos para um colapso hemodin&#226;mico, incluindo arritmias. Finalmente, foi j&#225; demonstrado que a s&#237;ncope mediada neuralmente corresponde a uma pequena porcentagem de casos entre os indiv&#237;duos acometidos por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural. Tal constata&#231;&#227;o difere completamente do que se encontra em pacientes com cora&#231;&#245;es normais, nos quais a s&#237;ncope mediada neuralmente representa a causa mais comum de colapsos hemodin&#226;micos.</p>
    <p>A VFC tem sido extensivamente estudada em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, e o seu valor progn&#243;stico est&#225; bem estabelecido na maior parte destas doen&#231;as, principalmente na doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>13,20</sup>. Neste estudo, observou-se que o SDNN, uma estimativa da VFC total, foi semelhante entre os grupos. No entanto, os valores de RMSSD foram significativamente inferiores em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ncope (p = 0,042); valores de pNN50 tendem a ser inferiores no mesmo grupo (p = 0,085). Ao considerar os par&#226;metros analisados no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia para menores os valores do componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia durante o dec&#250;bito dorsal no grupo s&#237;ncope. RMSSD, pNN50 e o componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia de an&#225;lises espectrais s&#227;o medidas que representam principalmente a atividade parassimp&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal j&#225; foi relatada em pacientes com CMH quando comparados a pessoas normais<sup>21-23</sup>. Esta diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica se correlaciona com apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de maior import&#226;ncia. Doven e cols.<sup>22</sup> observaram valores inferiores de SDNN, RMSSD e pNN50 em pacientes na classe funcional III e IV, e naqueles com maior grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da. Observou-se menor atividade vagal em pacientes com CMH, principalmente naqueles com hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ncope, dor tor&#225;cica durante dispneia, esfor&#231;o e refluxo mitral<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Counhihan e cols.<sup>24</sup> observaram que os par&#226;metros espec&#237;ficos da atividade vagal, incluindo pNN50 e o componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia de an&#225;lises espectrais, mostravam-se inferiores em pacientes com arritmias atriais em registros ambulatoriais de ECG. Os mesmos autores tamb&#233;m encontraram medidas inferiores de VFC, atividade global e espec&#237;fica &#224; vagal (pNN50 e componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia), em pacientes com taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada no Holter de 24h. A diminui&#231;&#227;o do componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia das an&#225;lises espectrais foi o &#250;nico componente da VFC relacionado a maiores chances de eventos card&#237;acos (&#243;bito ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), ap&#243;s 28 meses de acompanhamento, no estudo publicado por Kawasaki e cols.<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, Bittencourt e cols.<sup>26</sup> compararam pacientes com CMH a volunt&#225;rios normais e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas na VFC entre os grupos, quando se considera registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos curtos.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o encontramos, depois de uma revis&#227;o de literatura, nenhum estudo que comparou especificamente a VFC em pacientes portadores de CMH com e sem epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope anteriores. No entanto, Bonaduce e cols.<sup>21</sup> j&#225; identificaram menor atividade vagal em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com CMH, incluindo os que apresentam s&#237;ncope.</p>
    <p>Ainda especula-se como a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade parassimp&#225;tica pode estar associada &#224; s&#237;ncope em tais pacientes. &#201; poss&#237;vel que ela atue modulando o aparecimento de arritmias atriais e ventriculares. Talvez possa ser considerada um marcador de uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais grave da doen&#231;a, uma vez que foi demonstrada em outras cardiomiopatias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; importante considerar o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Apesar de ser um centro terci&#225;rio, com uma unidade ambulatorial especializada em CMH, trata-se de uma doen&#231;a rara e a s&#237;ncope inexplicada n&#227;o era um sintoma muito comum apresentado pela nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o podemos descartar uma causa arr&#237;tmica de s&#237;ncope nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica prospectiva prolongada e cont&#237;nua &#233; fortemente recomendada para confirmar ou excluir eventos arr&#237;tmicos durante o seguimento. Quanto a esta quest&#227;o, devemos notar que epis&#243;dios anteriores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foram mais frequentes em pacientes com s&#237;ncope em nossa amostra.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo sugere que pacientes com CMH que apresentam s&#237;ncope inexplicada possuem menor atividade vagal do que aqueles sem s&#237;ncope.</p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m conclu&#237;mos que o TI n&#227;o &#233; uma boa ferramenta no diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ncope nesses pacientes. Esta descoberta corrobora a ideia de que esse m&#233;todo n&#227;o deve ser recomendado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina da s&#237;ncope inexplicada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, principalmente por causa da baixa especificidade do teste.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF, Arteaga-Fernandez E, Hachul D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF, Arteaga-Fernandez E, Brito FS, Hachul D; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF, Brito FS, Hachul D; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Arteaga-Fernandez E, Darrieux F, Melo SL, Scanavacca M, Sosa E, Hachul D.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Milena Frota Macatr&#227;o-Costa pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Milena Frota Macatr&#227;o-Costa </p>
        <p> Rua Capit&#227;o Macedo, 171, apto 114 - Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> CEP 04021-020 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="milenamacatrao@cardiol.br">milenamacatrao@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="milenamacatrao@ibest.com.br">milenamacatrao@ibest.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/05/12; revisado em 20/08/12; aceito em 04/09/12.</p>
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        <mixed-citation>24. Counihan PJ, Fei L, Bashir Y, Farrel TG, Haywood GA, McKenna WJ. Assessment of heart rate variability in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: association with clinical and prognostic features. Circulation. 1993;88(4 Pt 1):1682-90.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Counihan</surname>
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              <surname>Fei</surname>
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            </name>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Farrel</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Haywood</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>25. Kawasaki T, Azuma A, Sakatani T, Hadase M, Kamitani T, Kawasaki S, et al. Prognostic value of heart variability in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Electrocardiol. 2003;36(4):333-8.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Prognostic value of heart variability in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
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            <year>2003</year>
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          <fpage>333</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
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            <name>
              <surname>Kawasaki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azuma</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Sakatani</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Hadase</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Kamitani</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawasaki</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>26. Bittencourt MI, Benchimol Barbosa PR, Drumond Neto C, Bedirian R, Barbosa EC, Brasil F, et al. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;85(6):388-96.</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the autonomic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with and without syncope</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Several mechanisms may be involved in the trigger of syncope in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), including hemodynamic collapses that might be related to an autonomic imbalance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the autonomic function of patients presenting HCM with unexplained syncope (US) to those without syncope. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients were included, 16 with US and 21 without syncope. Their autonomic function was assessed by spontaneous and phenylephrine induced baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), by heart rate variability (HRV) in time domain during 24-hour Holter and in frequency domain (spectral analysis), both in supine position and at 70&#186; head-up tilt (HUT). RESULTS: The spontaneous BRS was similar in both groups (16,46 &#177; 12,99 vs. 18,31 &#177; 9,88 ms/mmHg, p = 0,464), as was phenylephrine-induced BRS (18,33 &#177; 9,31 vs. 15,83 &#177; 15,48 ms/mmHg, p = 0,521). No differences were observed in SDNN (137,69 &#177; 36,62 vs . 145,95 &#177; 38,07 ms, p=0,389). The group presenting syncope had a significantly lower RMSSD (24,88&#177;10,03 vs. 35,58 &#177; 16,43 ms, p = 0,042) and a tendency to lower pNN50 (4,51 &#177; 3,78 vs . 8,83 &#177; 7,98%, p =0,085) and lower values of the high frequency component of HRV spectral analysis at rest (637,59&#177;1.295,53 vs. 782,65&#177;1.264,14ms2, p=0,075). No significant difference was observed in response to HUT (p = 0,053). HUT sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in identifying the etiology of US in HCM patients were 6%, 66% and 40%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A lower parasympathetic tone was observed in HCM patients with US, but the clinical relevance of this finding remains unclear. HUT is not a valuable tool for evaluating the origin of syncope in these patients, mainly because of its poor specificity.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>autonomic nervous system</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Evaluation of the autonomic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with and without syncope</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Milena Frota Macatr&#227;o-Costa<sup>I</sup>; Edmundo Arteaga-Fernandez<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Sandoli de Brito<sup>II</sup>; Francisco Darrieux<sup>I</sup>; Sissy Lara de Melo<sup>I</sup>; Mauricio Scanavacca<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Sosa<sup>I</sup>; Denise Hachul<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Central Brasileira de Holter, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Several mechanisms may be involved in the trigger of syncope in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), including hemodynamic collapses that might be related to an autonomic imbalance.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate and compare the autonomic function of patients presenting HCM with unexplained syncope (US) to those without syncope.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-seven patients were included, 16 with US and 21 without syncope. Their autonomic function was assessed by spontaneous and phenylephrine induced baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), by heart rate variability (HRV) in time domain during 24-hour Holter and in frequency domain (spectral analysis), both in supine position and at 70&#186; head-up tilt (HUT).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The spontaneous BRS was similar in both groups (16,46 &#177; 12,99 vs. 18,31 &#177; 9,88 ms/mmHg, p = 0,464), as was phenylephrine-induced BRS (18,33 &#177; 9,31 vs. 15,83 &#177; 15,48 ms/mmHg, p = 0,521). No differences were observed in SDNN (137,69 &#177; 36,62 vs . 145,95 &#177; 38,07 ms, p=0,389). The group presenting syncope had a significantly lower RMSSD (24,88&#177;10,03 vs. 35,58 &#177; 16,43 ms, p = 0,042) and a tendency to lower pNN50 (4,51 &#177; 3,78 vs . 8,83 &#177; 7,98%, p =0,085) and lower values of the high frequency component of HRV spectral analysis at rest (637,59&#177;1.295,53 vs. 782,65&#177;1.264,14ms2, p=0,075). No significant difference was observed in response to HUT (p = 0,053). HUT sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in identifying the etiology of US in HCM patients were 6%, 66% and 40%, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> A lower parasympathetic tone was observed in HCM patients with US, but the clinical relevance of this finding remains unclear. HUT is not a valuable tool for evaluating the origin of syncope in these patients, mainly because of its poor specificity. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic; syncope; autonomic nervous system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Unexplained syncope is considered a major risk factor for sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), especially in young people<sup>1</sup>. Nevertheless, its low sensitivity and specificity is explained by the several possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this symptom, which may or may not be associated with the underlying cardiac disease<sup>2-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has recently been demonstrated that patients with HCM may have an abnormal vascular control, presenting with hypotension during exercise<sup>8,9</sup> or even during daily activities<sup>10</sup>, as a result of an exaggerated drop in systemic vascular resistance, because of an impaired forearm vasoconstriction or a paradoxical vasodilatation. This abnormality may determine syncope or near syncope<sup>10</sup> and is probably related to a deficiency in the afferent limb of the cardiopulmonary reflex arc<sup>11</sup>, suggesting that an autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction may play a role in the development of these symptoms. </p>
      <p>Despite these recent reports, few studies have compared HCM patients with and without history of unexplained syncope. Considering the possible involvement of the autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis of this disorder, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the autonomic nervous system function, represented by heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity and response to orthostatic stress, in HCM patients with and without unexplained syncope. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were prospectively selected between April 2007 and August 2009. The diagnosis of HCM was based on the finding of a LV hypertrophy equal to or greater than 15 mm in the absence of either cardiac or systemic disease that could explain this abnormality. Exclusion criteria were an age older than 60 years (n = 4), a cardiac rhythm other than a sinus rhythm (n = 4), syncope episodes associated with atrial arrhythmias (n = 3), previous miectomy (n = 1), an outflow tract gradient greater than 70 mmHg (n = 2), contraindications for interrupting antiarrhythmic drugs (n = 1), systolic dysfunction (n = 1) and blood pressure exceeding 160/90 mmHg at the first evaluation. The patients were divided in two groups based on their history of previous syncope episodes. Therefore, the final study group involved 37 patients, 16 with and 21 without previous syncope episodes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab02-body2">2</xref>). In the group presenting syncope, it was not possible to identify arrhythmic causes during the 24-hour Holter monitoring, and no significant outflow tract obstruction (defined as gradient greater than 50 mmHg) had been observed by echocardiogram at rest, except in one patient who presented an outflow tract gradient of 68 mmHg. Intraventricular gradient greater than 30 mmHg was found in 5 (33,3%) patients in syncope group and in 3 (14,3%) patients without syncope (p = 0,175).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a11tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0180-30032-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a11tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0180-30032-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Among the patients submitted to exercise test (93,8% of syncope group patients and 90,5% of without syncope group), we found that abnormal blood pressure response to exercise was similar between the groups (26,67 vs. 21,05%, p = 0,618).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The evaluation was performed after the hospital's Ethical Committee approval. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Patients arrived between 8 and 9 AM, after a fasting period of at least 6 hours. All cardioactive medications were discontinued for at least five half-lives before the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Initial evaluation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were asked to answer a personal and family history questionnaire. Data from a rest electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, brain natriuretic peptide dosage and blood pressure (BP) response to exercise were then collected. Blood pressure response was considered abnormal if there was a drop or if the increase in the systolic BP was lower than 20 mmHg.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood pressure and electrocardiogram monitoring</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram and beat-to-beat BP measurements were obtained and analyzed by the Task Force System (CNSystems Medizintechnik GmbH, Graz, Austria). After monitoring and with a peripheral venous access in an antecubital vein, the patient remained resting in the supine position for at least 15 minutes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After the rest period, 15 consecutive minutes of continuous systolic BP and heart rate were registered. The spontaneous BRS was analyzed by the sequence method, which is based on the identification of the spontaneous occurrence of three or more beats that are characterized by a progressive increase in the systolic BP associated with prolongation of the RR interval, or by a progressive decrease in the systolic BP associated with a reduction of the RR interval. This identification was automatic and the data were considered eligible when modifications of the systolic BP and the RR interval were equal to or greater than 1 mmHg e 5ms, respectively. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Phenylephrine induced baroreflex sensitivity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were maintained on continuous BP and electrocardiogram monitoring. The vasoconstrictor agent phenylephrine was administered intravenously (2 to 4 mcg/kg), at least three bolus in 10-minute intervals, to produce an increase in the systolic BP of 15 to 40 mmHg. The consecutive values of the systolic BP and the corresponding RR intervals, considered one beat later, were plotted, and then a linear regression graphic was constructed. The inclination of this line represented the quantitative measurement of the BRS. We considered only those ramps in which the correlation coefficient (<italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup>) was greater than 0.60. The average of these measurements was calculated for each patient.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Head-up tilting (HUT)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were exposed to 70 degree tilting for 40 minutes on an electrically operated tilt table with a footboard support and two security belts, one at the level of the thorax and the other at the level of the knees. In case of a positive response to HUT, the table was immediately returned to a supine position. The European Society of Cardiology criteria were used to define the responses to HUT<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Heart rate variability (HRV)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The HRV was acquired in time and frequency domains. The time domain variables of HRV considered were the standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN), the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and the percentage of adjacent normal RR intervals that differ by at least 50 ms (pNN50) during 24 hours of electrocardiogram recording. In the frequency domain, the high (0.15-0.4Hz), low (0.04-0.15Hz) and very low (0-0.04Hz) frequency bands and the total power density of the spectrum were considered, in absolute values and in normalized units, at rest (for 15 minutes) and in the first 5 minutes of 70 degree tilting.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Categorical variables are expressed as absolute (n) and relative frequencies (%). The association of these variables and the previous history of syncope were evaluated by the chi-squared test, adjusted by Fisher statistics. Quantitative variables are expressed as the mean value &#177; standard deviation and median; the comparison between the groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, once not all variables studied were normally distributed. For the variables studied at two moments in time, the Mann-Whitney test was used to verify the differences between the groups at the moments studied. Then, the Wilcoxon test was applied to verify the differences between the two times of observation. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No significant difference was found in the spontaneous BRS when the patients with and without syncope were compared (16.46 &#177; 12.99 <italic>vs.</italic> 18.31 &#177; 9.88 ms/mmHg; p = 0.464). When only the values of spontaneous BRS characterized by progressive systolic BP increases and RR interval prolongations were considered, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups (18.48 &#177; 17.42 <italic>vs.</italic> 18.95 &#177; 11.20 ms/mmHg; p = 0.373). A similar response was noted when the values characterized by the decrease of the systolic BP and RR interval were considered (15.17 &#177; 9.32 <italic>vs.</italic> 17.45 &#177; 9.77 ms/mmHg; p = 0.524). Data from one patient (without syncope) were omitted, because that patient did not fulfill the method criteria for identification of the spontaneous sequences.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Phenylephrine induced baroreflex sensitivity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When comparing patients with syncope and without syncope there was no significant difference in the phenylephrine-induced BRS (18.33 &#177; 9.31 <italic>vs.</italic> 15.48 &#177; 15.48 ms/mmHg; p = 0.521). Data from three patients (two without syncope and one with syncope) were excluded because the <italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup> was lower than 0.60.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Head-up tilting (HUT)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>HUT was positive in eight patients (40%), who presented hypotension and referred near syncope, one of them (6%) with previous history of syncope and seven without previous syncope (33.33%), p = 0.053. This finding attributed to HUT the following characteristics for detection of syncope etiology in this population: a sensitivity of 6%, a specificity of 66%, a positive predictive value of 12.5%, a negative predictive value of 48% and an accuracy of 40%. Among the positive responses, two were vasodepressive and six were mixed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Heart rate variability</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analyses in time domain</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean duration of the electrocardiographic monitoring was 23 h 55 min. During analysis, 2.8% of the data were lost due to interferences or artifacts. We did not find statistically significant differences in the mean heart rate between the groups (77.75 &#177; 10.33 vs. 80.48 &#177; 12.36 bpm; p = 0.701). For the analyses of HRV, data from two patients were excluded, both without syncope, because of a significant percentage of artifacts during the recording. When the values of SDNN were considered, no significant difference was found between the groups (137.69 &#177; 36.62 vs. 145.95 &#177; 38.07 ms; p = 0.389). The group with syncope had significantly lower values of RMSSD than the group without syncope (24.88 &#177; 10.03 vs. 35.58 &#177; 16.43 ms; p = 0,042) and we observed a tendency toward higher values of pNN50 in patients without syncope (4.51 &#177; 3.78 vs. 8.83 &#177; 7.98 %; p = 0.085). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analyses in frequency domain</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a11tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>, we did not find any statistically significant differences between the groups when considering the frequency domain variables of the HRV studied. Note that the syncope group presented a tendency to lower values of the high frequency component in the supine position (p = 0.075). When the influences of postural changes on the referred parameters were studied, orthostatic posture caused a similar significant increase in the LF/HF ratio in both groups (p<italic> = </italic>0.010 for the group with syncope; p<italic> = </italic>0.021 for the group without syncope).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a11tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0180-30032-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To identify the origin of syncope in HCM patients is still a challenge. It may be caused by several mechanisms, like arrhythmias or ventricular outflow tract obstruction, but in the majority of cases it may result of a combination of factors influencing the circulatory balance. It is well known that the ANS plays a major role in cardiovascular homeostasis, once the vagal and sympathetic modulation and balance represents the main mechanism of an adequate brain perfusion maintenance. </p>
      <p>The prognostic value of an adequate ANS function is already well established in some cardiac diseases<sup>13,14</sup>. Many years ago, Gilligan et al<sup>15</sup> observed that patients with HCM had lower parasympathetic activity (measured by HR variation during deep breathing and by Valsalva maneuver) than normal individuals, compatible with an afferent parasympathetic limb alteration. Other studies have demonstrated that HCM patients may present an altered hemodynamic behavior during exercise characterized by a drop in systemic vascular resistance and hypotension<sup>8,9</sup>, and suggested that this could be a consequence of the activation of ventricular mechanoreceptors leading to a sympathetic withdrawal to resistance vessels. Prasad et al<sup>10</sup> have demonstrated that this phenomenon of hypotension occurs also during routine activities and even at rest, when they studied a group of patients presenting frequent syncope or near syncope and noted that patients with these symptoms and hypotensive episodes during BP monitoring had a lower spontaneous BRS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Spontaneous BRS measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we did not find a significant difference in the spontaneous BRS between HCM patients with and without syncope. These conflicting results may be explained by the inclusion criteria of the two studies. Patients with syncope of our study had less episodes of syncope and we did not include patients with near syncope. On the other hand, patients from Prasad's study had more episodes and had at least one in the previous month. Another possible explanation for the difference in our findings is that, in our study, the measurements of spontaneous BRS were obtained during rest and in a supine position. In contrast, the other study's data were acquired on different occasions during 24 hours of monitoring. For this reason, one may suggest that the BRS might have more variations in its adaptation capacity over the course of the day.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Phenylephrine induced baroreflex sensitivity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The reflex response of HR to phenylephrine - a vasoselective pressor agent - has been extensively used to evaluate BRS since its initial description in 1969<sup>16</sup>, although it has been poorly studied in HCM patients. In our study, no differences were observed in the phenylephrine induced BRS between patients with and without syncope. In the unique report published previously that used this method, Thomson et al<sup>11</sup> compared HCM patients to normal people and observed similar results between the groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Head-up tilting (HUT)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We found no statistical difference in positive responses to HUT in HCM patients with and without unexplained syncope, but with a trend toward more positive tests in the non-syncope group. Other authors have published comparable findings, suggesting that HUT is not a good tool to evaluate the etiology of syncope in HCM patients<sup>10,17,18</sup>. Only Gilligan et al<sup>19</sup> found a greater frequency of positive responses in patients with a previous history of syncope. It is important to emphasize that these authors used isoproterenol infusion in cases with an initial negative response to passive tilting and it is supposed that HCM patients are more susceptible to mechanoreceptor activation and Bezold-Jarisch reflex deflagration when submitted to excessive adrenergic stimulation.</p>
      <p>HUT had poor sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in identifying the etiology of syncope in this sample. We must remember that patients with unexplained syncope may have many reasons for a hemodynamic collapse, including arrhythmias. Finally, it has already been demonstrated that neurally mediated syncope corresponds to a small percentage of cases among individuals suffering from structural heart disease. This differs completely from what is found among patients with normal hearts, in whom neurally mediated syncope represents the most common cause of hemodynamic collapses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold> Heart rate variability</bold>
      </p>
      <p>HRV has been extensively studied in cardiovascular diseases, and its prognostic value is well established in most of these disorders, especially in ischemic heart disease<sup>13,20</sup>. In this study, we observed that SDNN, an estimative of total HRV, was similar between the groups. However, RMSSD values were significantly lower in patients with a history of syncope (p = 0.042); pNN50 values tended to be lower in the same group (p = 0.085). When considering the parameters analyzed in the frequency domain, we observed a tendency to lower values of the high frequency component during a supine position in the syncope group. RMSSD, pNN50 and the high frequency component of spectral analyses are measures that represent especially the parasympathetic activity.</p>
      <p>A decrease in vagal activity has been previously related in patients with HCM when compared to normal people<sup>21-23</sup>. This decrease in parasympathetic function was correlated to more severe clinical presentations. D&#246;ven et al<sup>22</sup> observed lower values of SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50 in patients in the functional class III e IV and in those with a greater degree of outflow tract obstruction. A lower vagal activity was noted in HCM patients, especially in those with a history of syncope, thoracic pain during effort, dyspnea and mitral regurgitation<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Counhihan et al<sup>24</sup> observed that specific parameters of vagal activity, including pNN50 and the high frequency component of spectral analyses, were lower in patients presenting atrial arrhythmias on ambulatory ECG recordings. The same authors also found lower measures of HRV, global and specific to vagal activity (pNN50 and high frequency component), in patients with non-sustained ventricular tachycardia on 24h Holter monitoring. The decrease in the high frequency component of the spectral analyses was the only component of the HRV related to greater chances of cardiac events (death or hospitalization because of heart failure), after 28 months of follow-up, in the study published by Kawasaki et al<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, Bittencourt et al<sup>26</sup> compared HCM patients with normal volunteers and did not find significant differences in HRV between the groups, when considering short electrocardiographic recordings.</p>
      <p>We did not find, after a literature review, any study that has specifically compared the HRV in HCM patients with and without previous syncope episodes. Nevertheless, Bonaduce et al<sup>21</sup> have already identified a lower vagal activity in symptomatic HCM patients, including the ones presenting syncope.</p>
      <p>It is still speculative how a decrease in the parasympathetic activity could be associated with syncope in these patients. It is possible that it acts modulating the onset of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Maybe it could be considered a marker of a more severe presentation of the disease, as it has been demonstrated in other cardiomyopathies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is important to consider the small number of patients enrolled in the study. Despite being in a tertiary center, with a specialized HCM outpatients unit, it is a rare disease and unexplained syncope was not a very frequent symptom presented by our population of patients. Additionally, we cannot rule out an arrhythmic cause of syncope in this population. Continuous, prospective prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring is strongly recommended to confirm or exclude arrhythmic events during the follow-up. Concerning this issue, we must note that previous episodes of atrial fibrillation were more frequent in patients presenting syncope in our sample.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study suggests that HCM patients presenting unexplained syncope have lower vagal activity than those without syncope. </p>
      <p>We also concluded that HUT is not a good tool in diagnosing syncope in these patients. This finding supports the idea that this method should not be recommended for routine evaluation of unexplained syncope in this specific population, mainly because of the low specificity of the test.</p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF, Arteaga-Fernandez E, Hachul D; Acquisition of data: Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF, Arteaga-Fernandez E, Brito FS, Hachul D; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF, Brito FS, Hachul D; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Macatr&#227;o-Costa MF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Arteaga-Fernandez E, Darrieux F, Melo SL, Scanavacca M, Sosa E, Hachul D.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Milena Frota Macatr&#227;o-Costa, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
