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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">B43L5sg65KTsYSmHw53TZ4y</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto na reclassifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pela Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forestiero</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mauad</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Lustoza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forestiero</surname>
            <given-names>Camila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ganassin</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Peixoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzaga</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Doreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Bueno da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maring&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maring&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocl&#237;nica Maring&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>175</fpage>
      <lpage>179</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTOS: Novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre valores de refer&#234;ncia para normalidade em exames de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) foram propostas pela V Diretriz Brasileira de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, com base principalmente no estudo IDACO. OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo epidemiol&#243;gico tem o objetivo de avaliar o impacto da ado&#231;&#227;o desses novos crit&#233;rios em um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia em hipertens&#227;o arterial. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados resultados de 1.567 exames de MAPA realizados entre 2005 e 2010, exclu&#237;dos 481 pacientes da amostra por n&#227;o preencherem crit&#233;rios m&#237;nimos de qualidade do exame. Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o desses exames quanto &#224; anormalidade, foram utilizados os valores de refer&#234;ncia da IV Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA (2005) e comparados com as mudan&#231;as propostas na V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA (2011). Foi realizada an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica pelo m&#233;todo do Q&#178; de Pearson, considerando-se p significativo &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: Para os 1.086 exames avaliados, houve importante diferen&#231;a na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com MAPA alterado, em especial para a vari&#225;vel press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica do sono: 49% adotando os valores de corte de 2005 e 71% adotando os de 2011, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, p &lt; 0,0001. CONCLUS&#213;ES: A recomenda&#231;&#227;o da nova diretriz causou grande impacto na classifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pelos exames de MAPA dentro da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A quest&#227;o sobre os limiares desses exames para metas terap&#234;uticas de pacientes sabidamente hipertensos ainda est&#225; em aberto e carece de mais estudos, preferencialmente nacionais, para melhor defini&#231;&#227;o do assunto.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Diretrizes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto na reclassifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pela Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Daniel Forestiero<sup>I, II</sup>; Juliana Lustoza Mauad<sup>III</sup>; Camila Forestiero<sup>IV</sup>; Mario Lins Peixoto<sup>II</sup>; Fabio Peixoto Ganassin<sup>II</sup>; Carolina Gonzaga<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Cordeiro<sup>I</sup>; Gabriel Doreto Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Tiago Bueno da Silveira<sup>I</sup>; Celso Amodeo<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Cardiocl&#237;nica Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran&#225;, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran&#225;, Cascavel, PR - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTOS:</bold> Novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre valores de refer&#234;ncia para normalidade em exames de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) foram propostas pela V Diretriz Brasileira de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, com base principalmente no estudo IDACO. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold>O presente estudo epidemiol&#243;gico tem o objetivo de avaliar o impacto da ado&#231;&#227;o desses novos crit&#233;rios em um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia em hipertens&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados resultados de 1.567 exames de MAPA realizados entre 2005 e 2010, exclu&#237;dos 481 pacientes da amostra por n&#227;o preencherem crit&#233;rios m&#237;nimos de qualidade do exame. Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o desses exames quanto &#224; anormalidade, foram utilizados os valores de refer&#234;ncia da IV Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA (2005) e comparados com as mudan&#231;as propostas na V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA (2011). Foi realizada an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica pelo m&#233;todo do Q<sup>2</sup> de Pearson, considerando-se p significativo &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Para os 1.086 exames avaliados, houve importante diferen&#231;a na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com MAPA alterado, em especial para a vari&#225;vel press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica do sono: 49% adotando os valores de corte de 2005 e 71% adotando os de 2011, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, p &lt; 0,0001. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> A recomenda&#231;&#227;o da nova diretriz causou grande impacto na classifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pelos exames de MAPA dentro da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A quest&#227;o sobre os limiares desses exames para metas terap&#234;uticas de pacientes sabidamente hipertensos ainda est&#225; em aberto e carece de mais estudos, preferencialmente nacionais, para melhor defini&#231;&#227;o do assunto. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras chave: </bold>Hipertens&#227;o/classifica&#231;&#227;o, Hipertens&#227;o/epidemiologia, Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial, Diretrizes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular modific&#225;vel, tratando-se de uma patologia de elevada preval&#234;ncia e baixas taxas de controle<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) casual no consult&#243;rio, apesar de considerada procedimento-padr&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial e para o seguimento de pacientes hipertensos, est&#225; sujeita a in&#250;meros fatores de erro, destacando-se a influ&#234;ncia do observador e do ambiente onde a medida &#233; realizada. Al&#233;m disso, propicia um n&#250;mero reduzido de leituras que n&#227;o apresentam boa reprodutibilidade em longo prazo<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>As medidas obtidas pelos exames de MAPA estabelecem melhor o risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, tais como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, quando comparadas &#224;s medidas casuais de consult&#243;rio. Apresenta tamb&#233;m a vantagem de permitir a avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta terap&#234;utica durante as 24 horas<sup>6-13.</sup></p>
    <p>No ano de 2011, foi publicada a nova diretriz sobre exames de MAPA. Os limiares das m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas para o diagn&#243;stico de HA foram reduzidos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a10fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a10fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Essas altera&#231;&#245;es foram motivadas pela publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo Idaco, que estabeleceu limiares para o exame com base no risco cardiovascular em 10 anos<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo aplica os novos limiares em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com elevado risco cardiovascular, levantando o questionamento: Popula&#231;&#245;es com diferente risco cardiovascular devem ter os mesmos limiares para o exame de MAPA?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizada a an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 1.567 exames de MAPA implantados entre os anos de 2005 e 2010 no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC). Foram exclu&#237;dos 481 casos por n&#227;o preencherem crit&#233;rios m&#237;nimos de qualidade para o exame, restando 1.086 MAPAs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a10fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a10fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foram considerados exames inadequados, e portanto exclu&#237;dos, aqueles com menos de 21 horas de grava&#231;&#227;o, menos que 16 medidas no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia ou oito medidas no per&#237;odo do sono.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de qualidade para o exame obedecem &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es das duas diretrizes de MAPA, exceto para o percentual v&#225;lido de medidas que, segundo a IV Diretriz, deve ser maior que 80%. </p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o de 1.086 MAPAs restantes foi avaliada a mudan&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de exames alterados conforme os limiares modificados na &#250;ltima diretriz. Essa mesma an&#225;lise foi realizada em um subgrupo de pacientes (n = 80 exames) sem terapia institu&#237;da na &#233;poca da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de Q<sup>2</sup> de Pearson, sendo pr&#233;-especificados como significantes os valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="table" rid="a10tab01">Tabela 1</xref>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a10tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames de MAPA foram avaliados em alterados ou normais segundo os crit&#233;rios da IV e V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA. A preval&#234;ncia de exames alterados foi comparada entre as duas diretrizes.</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de 1.086 pacientes teve idade m&#233;dia de 57 &#177; 13 anos, sendo 61% homens e 39% mulheres.</p>
    <p>Todos os limiares modificados em 2011 reclassificaram os exames de maneira significativa, em especial para a vari&#225;vel press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica do sono: 49 <italic>versus</italic> 71%, com p &lt; 0,0001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a10gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a10gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A mudan&#231;a nos limiares sist&#243;licos aumentou a preval&#234;ncia de exames alterados em m&#233;dia de 2% para cada 1 mmHg reduzido nos limiares sist&#243;licos, e em 3% para cada 1 mmHg reduzido no limiar diast&#243;lico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No subgrupo sem terapia institu&#237;da, a idade m&#233;dia dos 80 pacientes foi de 46 &#177; 17 anos, com 45 homens (56%) e 35 mulheres (44%). A diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de exames alterados pela modifica&#231;&#227;o no limiar da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica do sono neste grupo n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a10gra02">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a10gra02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Completadas duas d&#233;cadas do in&#237;cio de estudos com o exame de MAPA, e os limiares continuavam sendo fundamentados em defini&#231;&#245;es arbitr&#225;rias. Esses trabalhos iniciais foram fundamentais para separar a hipertens&#227;o arterial em hipertens&#227;o arterial isolada e hipertens&#227;o arterial sustentada, sendo esta &#250;ltima associada aos principais desfechos cl&#237;nicos negativos da HAS<sup>6-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dois autores Massahiro Kikuya e cols.<sup>14</sup> e Ohkubo e cols.<sup>11</sup> destacaram-se por buscar os limiares espec&#237;ficos do exame de MAPA com base em desfechos cardiovasculares. Os resultados do estudo IDACO motivaram a modifica&#231;&#227;o de nossa diretriz de MAPA. Nesse estudo, foram avaliados 5.682 pacientes, por um seguimento m&#233;dio de 9,7 anos, registrando-se 814 desfechos cardiovasculares, todos desfechos duros com 377 AVCs e 435 eventos cardiovasculares: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), morte por IAM, morte s&#250;bita e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea, surgimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) e morte por ICC. </p>
    <p>Para a defini&#231;&#227;o dos limiares, os autores correlacionaram os desfechos cardiovasculares a v&#225;rios intervalos de m&#233;dias press&#243;ricas por meio de t&#233;cnica estat&#237;stica conhecida como <italic>Bootstrap</italic>, uma an&#225;lise de tentativa e erro que testou 1.000 intervalos.</p>
    <p>Os valores definidos para normalidade foram ent&#227;o aproximados, pelos pr&#243;prios autores do estudo, para casa decimal de 0 ou 5, sendo estes exatamente os valores adotados na V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo envolveu pa&#237;ses apenas do norte da Europa e o Jap&#227;o, e apenas 510 pacientes (9%) da popula&#231;&#227;o j&#225; apresentavam doen&#231;a cardiovascular e outros 1.338 (23,5%) pacientes j&#225; usavam algum tipo de anti-hipertensivo<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Salienta-se que em nossa an&#225;lise alguns MAPAs foram inclu&#237;dos mesmo tendo percentual v&#225;lido de medidas menor que 80%; esse fato, por&#233;m, n&#227;o leva limita&#231;&#227;o ao estudo, pois guarda maior correla&#231;&#227;o com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica vigente. </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o no IDPC possui baixo n&#237;vel socioeducacional, o que acreditamos promover um alto &#237;ndice de MAPA com percentual v&#225;lido de medidas menor que o recomendado. Somado a isso, existe grande demanda para a marca&#231;&#227;o de exames, o que inviabiliza a pratica de remarcar MAPA com percentual v&#225;lido menor que 80%. Dessa forma, em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o valorizados os outros crit&#233;rios de qualidade para o MAPA. A V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA<sup>5</sup> enfatiza as 16 medidas do per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e as oito medidas do per&#237;odo do sono em detrimento ao percentual v&#225;lido de medidas<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, a defini&#231;&#227;o desses limiares pelo estudo Idaco contribuiu muito para o contexto do diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial, mas n&#227;o esclareceu quais seriam os valores para meta terap&#234;utica em pacientes sabidamente hipertensos ou com doen&#231;a em &#243;rg&#227;o alvo estabelecida<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mudan&#231;a dos limiares provocou significante aumento da preval&#234;ncia de exames alterados em todas as categorias do MAPA, exceto para press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica de 24 horas no subgrupo de pacientes sem tratamento institu&#237;do.</p>
    <p>A metodologia para a defini&#231;&#227;o de valores de corte do exame com base em desfechos cardiovasculares resultou em menores limiares para o MAPA. Novos estudos com essa metodologia, preferencialmente nacionais, podem identificar os pacientes com maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Talvez, em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, os valores de corte para o MAPA possam ser individualizados para popula&#231;&#245;es com risco cardiovascular diferentes, incorporando aos limiares do exame escores de risco como o de Framingham para melhor defini&#231;&#227;o de metas terap&#234;uticas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Forestiero D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Forestiero D, Gonzaga C, Rodrigues GD, Silveira TB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Forestiero D, Mauad JL, Forestiero C, Amodeo C; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Forestiero D, Mauad JL, Forestiero C, Gonzaga C, Cordeiro AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Forestiero D, Mauad JL, Forestiero C, Gonzaga C, Cordeiro AC, Rodrigues GD, Silveira TB, Amodeo C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Forestiero D, Peixoto ML, Ganassin FP, Gonzaga C, Cordeiro AC, Amodeo C.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Daniel Forestiero </p>
        <p> Rua Governador Parigot de Souza, 377 - Zona 01 </p>
        <p> CEP 87013-300 - Maring&#225;, PR, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="daniel_foresti@hotmail.com">daniel_foresti@hotmail.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="niraforest@yahoo.com.br">niraforest@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/03/12; revisado em 26/06/12; aceito em 30/07/12.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact on hypertension reclassification by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) according to the V Brazilian Guidelines on ABPM</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: New recommendations on reference values for normal test results in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) were proposed by the V Brazilian Guidelines on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring, based mainly on the IDACO study. Objectives: This epidemiological study is aimed at evaluating the impact of adopting these new standards in an arterial hypertension referral center. METHODS: The results of 1,567 ABPM tests carried out between 2005 and 2010 were analyzed; 481 patients were excluded from the sample for not meeting minimum quality criteria of the test. Reference values from the IV Brazilian Guidelines on ABPM (2005) were used for the classification of these tests regarding the abnormality and compared with the changes proposed by the V Brazilian Guidelines on ABPM (2011). Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson's chi-square method and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: For the 1,086 tests evaluated, there was a significant difference in the proportion of patients with altered ABPM results, especially for the variable systolic pressure in the sleeping period: 49% when adopting the cutoff values of 2005 and 71% when adopting the values of 2011, with statistical significance, p &lt; 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations of the new guidelines had a great impact on the hypertension classification by ABPM test results in the study population. The question of thresholds of these tests for therapeutic targets of patients known to be hypertensive is still open and requires further studies, preferably national ones, for better definition of the subject.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Guidelines</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Impact on hypertension reclassification by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) according to the V Brazilian Guidelines on ABPM</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Daniel Forestiero<sup>I,I</sup>; Juliana Lustoza Mauad<sup>III</sup>; Camila Forestiero<sup>IV</sup>; Mario Lins Peixoto<sup>II</sup>; Fabio Peixoto Ganassin<sup>II</sup>; Carolina Gonzaga<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Cordeiro<sup>I</sup>; Gabriel Doreto Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Tiago Bueno da Silveira<sup>I</sup>; Celso Amodeo<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Cardiocl&#237;nica Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran&#225;, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran&#225;, Cascavel, PR - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> New recommendations on reference values for normal test results in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) were proposed by the V Brazilian Guidelines on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring, based mainly on the IDACO study.</p>
      <p><bold>Objectives:</bold> This epidemiological study is aimed at evaluating the impact of adopting these new standards in an arterial hypertension referral center.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The results of 1,567 ABPM tests carried out between 2005 and 2010 were analyzed; 481 patients were excluded from the sample for not meeting minimum quality criteria of the test. Reference values from the IV Brazilian Guidelines on ABPM (2005) were used for the classification of these tests regarding the abnormality and compared with the changes proposed by the V Brazilian Guidelines on ABPM (2011). Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson's chi-square method and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> For the 1,086 tests evaluated, there was a significant difference in the proportion of patients with altered ABPM results, especially for the variable systolic pressure in the sleeping period: 49% when adopting the cutoff values of 2005 and 71% when adopting the values of 2011, with statistical significance, p &lt; 0.0001. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The recommendations of the new guidelines had a great impact on the hypertension classification by ABPM test results in the study population. The question of thresholds of these tests for therapeutic targets of patients known to be hypertensive is still open and requires further studies, preferably national ones, for better definition of the subject.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hypertension/classification; Hypertension/epidemiology; Blood Pressure Monitoring Ambulatory; Guidelines</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) is a major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor, being a disease of high prevalence and low control rates<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Casual blood pressure (BP) measurement at the office, although considered standard procedure for the diagnosis of hypertension and for the monitoring of hypertensive patients, is subject to several sources of error, especially the influence of the observer and of the environment where the measurement is performed. Moreover, it provides a small number of readings that do not have good long-term reproducibility<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The measurements obtained by ABPM more accurately establish the risk of major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) when compared to casual office measurements. It also has the advantage of allowing the evaluation of the 24-hour therapeutic response<sup>6-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the year 2011, a new guideline was published on ABPM tests. The thresholds of the pressure means for the diagnosis of SAH were decreased (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a10fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a10fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>These changes were prompted by the publication of the IDACO study, which established thresholds for the test based on cardiovascular risk in 10 years<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study applies the new thresholds to a population with high cardiovascular risk, raising the question: should populations with different cardiovascular risks have the same thresholds for the ABPM test?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A retrospective analysis of 1,567 ABPM tests carried out between the years 2005 and 2010 at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC) was performed. A total of 481 cases were excluded for not meeting minimum quality criteria for the test, which resulted in a sample of 1,086 ABPM tests (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a10fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a10fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Tests were considered inappropriate and therefore excluded when they had less than 21 hours of recording time, less than 16 measurements during the wakefulness period or eight measurements during the sleeping period.</p>
      <p>The quality criteria for the test follow the recommendations of the two ABPM guidelines, except for the percentage of valid measurements, which according to the IV Guideline, must be greater than 80%. </p>
      <p>In the population of 1.086 remaining ABPM tests, the change in the prevalence of abnormal tests was assessed according to the thresholds modified in the last guideline. The same analysis was performed in a subgroup of patients (n = 80 tests) without therapy instituted at the time of the test.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-square method and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>ABPM test results were considered normal or altered according to the criteria in the IV and V Brazilian Guidelines on ABPM. The prevalence of abnormal test results was compared between the two guidelines.</p>
      <p>The population of 1,086 patients had a mean age of 57 &#177; 13 years; 61% were men and 39% were women. All thresholds modified in 2011 reclassified the exams significantly, especially for the variable systolic blood pressure during the sleeping period: 49 <italic>versus</italic> 71%, p &lt; 0.0001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a10tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a10tab01-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>The change in systolic thresholds increased the prevalence of abnormal results on average by 2% for every 1 mmHg decreased in the systolic thresholds, and by 3% for every 1 mmHg decreased in the diastolic threshold (Table 2).</p>
      <p>In the subgroup with no instituted therapy, the mean age of the 80 patients was 46 &#177; 17 years, 45 men (56%) and 35 women (44%). The difference in the prevalence of abnormal tests by the modification of the diastolic blood pressure threshold in the sleeping period was not statistically significant in this group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After two decades since the early ABPM studies were started, the thresholds were still based on arbitrary definitions. These early studies were essential to separate arterial hypertension into isolated arterial hypertension and sustained arterial hypertension, with the latter being associated with major adverse clinical outcomes of SAH<sup>6-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Two authors, Massahiro Kikuya et al<sup>14</sup> and Ohkubo et al<sup>11</sup> have strived to search for specific thresholds of the ABPM test based on cardiovascular outcomes. The IDACO study results led to the modification of our ABPM guideline. In this study, 5,682 patients were evaluated for a mean follow-up of 9.7 years, with 814 cardiovascular outcomes being recorded, all hard endpoints with 377 CVAs and 435 cardiovascular events: acute myocardial infarction (AMI), death from myocardial infarction, sudden death and surgical or percutaneous revascularization, emergence of congestive heart failure (CHF) and death from CHF.</p>
      <p>To define the thresholds, the authors correlated the cardiovascular outcomes at several intervals of mean blood pressure measurements through a statistical technique known as Bootstrap, a trial-and-error analysis that tested 1,000 intervals.</p>
      <p>The values defined for normality were then approximated by the study authors to the 0 or 5 decimal points, with these values being exactly the ones adopted in the V Brazilian Guidelines on ABPM<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a10cha01-body2">Chart 1</xref>
      </p>
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        <fig id="en_a10cha01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The population of this study involved only northern European countries and Japan, and only 510 patients (9%) of the population already had cardiovascular disease and other 1,338 (23.5%) patients used some type of antihypertensive drug<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>It should be noted that, in our analysis, some ABPM measurements were included even though they had a percentage of valid measures &lt; 80%; this fact, however, does not bring limitations to the study, as it has a higher correlation with the current clinical practice.</p>
      <p>The hypertension outpatient clinic population at IDPC has low socio-educational level, which we believe promotes a high number of ABPM tests with a lower percentage of valid measurements than the recommended one. Moreover, there is great demand for the exams, which prevents the practice to rescheduling ABPM tests with a valid percentage &lt; 80%. Therefore, in our institution, other quality criteria for the ABPM are taken into account. The V Brazilian Guideline on ABPM<sup>5</sup> emphasizes the 16 measurements during the wakefulness period and the eight measurements during the sleeping period to detriment of the valid percentage of measurements<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the definition of these thresholds by the IDACO study contributed much to the context of arterial hypertension diagnosis, but did not specify the values for therapeutic goal in patients with known SAH or established target-organ disease<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a10cha02-body2">Chart 2</xref>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a10cha02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0175-30031-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The change in thresholds caused significant increase in the prevalence of abnormal tests in all categories of ABPM, except for 24-hour diastolic blood pressure in the subgroup of patients without treatment.</p>
      <p>The methodology to define cutoff values for the test based on cardiovascular outcomes resulted in lower ABPM thresholds. Further studies using this methodology, preferably national ones, will be able to identify patients with increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Perhaps, in the near future, the cutoff values for ABPM can be individualized for different populations with cardiovascular risk, incorporating to the test thresholds risk scores as the Framingham's for better definition of therapeutic targets.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Forestiero D; Acquisition of data: Forestiero D, Gonzaga C, Rodrigues GD, Silveira TB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Forestiero D, Mauad JL, Forestiero C, Amodeo C; Statistical analysis: Forestiero D, Mauad JL, Forestiero C, Gonzaga C, Cordeiro AC; Writing of the manuscript: Forestiero D, Mauad JL, Forestiero C, Gonzaga C, Cordeiro AC, Rodrigues GD, Silveira TB, Amodeo C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Forestiero D, Peixoto ML, Ganassin FP, Gonzaga C, Cordeiro AC, Amodeo C.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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