<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZgWbXS8zj4QRxg4yMfySsHb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130029</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A resposta oxidativa em cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongos &#233; modulada por background gen&#233;tico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nagato</surname>
            <given-names>Akinori Cardozo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trajano</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Tavares Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Jackson Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carla Balthar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Crist&#243;v&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Frank Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vassouras</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Severino Sombra</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>157</fpage>
      <lpage>163</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: o tabagismo apresenta importante papel sobre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, entretanto permanecem pouco compreendidos os motivos pelos quais alguns seres humanos as desenvolvem e outros n&#227;o. OBJETIVO: nosso objetivo foi analisar o perfil redox do cora&#231;&#227;o de diferentes linhagens de camundongos ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro. M&#201;TODOS: camundongos machos su&#237;&#231;os (n = 10), C3H (n = 10), BALB/c (n = 10) e C57BL/6 (n = 10) foram expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro (12 cigarros/dia), enquanto os respectivos controles (n = 10) ao ar ambiente por 60 dias. Ap&#243;s sacrif&#237;cio, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi retirado para an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas. RESULTADOS: embora o conte&#250;do de malondialde&#237;do n&#227;o tenha aumentado em nenhum grupo, a atividade da catalase diminuiu no grupo su&#237;&#231;o (p &lt; 0,05), BALB/c (p &lt; 0,05) quando comparados aos respectivos grupos-controle, enquanto a mieloperoxidase diminuiu no grupo C3H (p &lt; 0,05) e C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados aos respectivos grupos controle. O conte&#250;do de glutationa reduzida diminuiu nos grupos su&#237;&#231;o, C3H, C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0,05) e no grupo BALB/c (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados com os respectivos controles. Observamos aumento do conte&#250;do da glutationa oxidada no grupo Su&#237;&#231;o (p &lt; 0,05) e diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos C3H (p &lt; 0,05) e BALB/c (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados aos respectivos grupos-controle. A raz&#227;o glutationa reduzida/ glutationa oxidada apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o nos grupos su&#237;&#231;o e C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.05) quando comparados aos grupos controle. CONCLUS&#195;O: o background gen&#233;tico nos camundongos pode influenciar na resposta antioxidante ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro e parece ser um fator determinante para o desequil&#237;brio redox no su&#237;&#231;o e C57BL/6. Compreender as respostas antioxidantes e do background gen&#233;tico C3H e BALB/c podem fornecer importantes informa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; resist&#234;ncia card&#237;aca a fuma&#231;a de cigarro.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Tabaco</kwd>
        <kwd>Fuma&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Melhoramento Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Camundongos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>A resposta oxidativa em cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongos &#233; modulada por background gen&#233;tico </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos-Silva<sup>I</sup>; Akinori Cardozo Nagato<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Tavares Lima Trajano<sup>I,II</sup>; Jackson Nogueira Alves<sup>II</sup>; Ana Carla Balthar Bandeira<sup>III</sup>; Lu&#237;s Crist&#243;v&#227;o Porto<sup>II</sup>; Frank Silva Bezerra<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Severino Sombra, Vassouras, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto,Ouro Preto, MG - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> o tabagismo apresenta importante papel sobre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, entretanto permanecem pouco compreendidos os motivos pelos quais alguns seres humanos as desenvolvem e outros n&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> nosso objetivo foi analisar o perfil redox do cora&#231;&#227;o de diferentes linhagens de camundongos ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> camundongos machos su&#237;&#231;os (n = 10), C3H (n = 10), BALB/c (n = 10) e C57BL/6 (n = 10) foram expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro (12 cigarros/dia), enquanto os respectivos controles (n = 10) ao ar ambiente por 60 dias. Ap&#243;s sacrif&#237;cio, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi retirado para an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> embora o conte&#250;do de malondialde&#237;do n&#227;o tenha aumentado em nenhum grupo, a atividade da catalase diminuiu no grupo su&#237;&#231;o (p &lt; 0,05), BALB/c (p &lt; 0,05) quando comparados aos respectivos grupos-controle, enquanto a mieloperoxidase diminuiu no grupo C3H (p &lt; 0,05) e C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados aos respectivos grupos controle. O conte&#250;do de glutationa reduzida diminuiu nos grupos su&#237;&#231;o, C3H, C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0,05) e no grupo BALB/c (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados com os respectivos controles. Observamos aumento do conte&#250;do da glutationa oxidada no grupo Su&#237;&#231;o (p &lt; 0,05) e diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos C3H (p &lt; 0,05) e BALB/c (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados aos respectivos grupos-controle. A raz&#227;o glutationa reduzida/ glutationa oxidada apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o nos grupos su&#237;&#231;o e C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.05) quando comparados aos grupos controle. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> o <italic>background</italic> gen&#233;tico nos camundongos pode influenciar na resposta antioxidante ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro e parece ser um fator determinante para o desequil&#237;brio redox no su&#237;&#231;o e C57BL/6. Compreender as respostas antioxidantes e do <italic>background</italic> gen&#233;tico C3H e BALB/c podem fornecer importantes informa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; resist&#234;ncia card&#237;aca a fuma&#231;a de cigarro. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Estresse Oxidativo, Tabaco, Fuma&#231;a, Melhoramento Gen&#233;tico, Camundongos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fuma&#231;a de cigarro, uma mistura composta por mais de 4.700 subst&#226;ncias<sup>1</sup>, predisp&#245;e a doen&#231;as pulmonares<sup>2 </sup>e cardiovasculares<sup>3</sup>, como a doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>4</sup>. O h&#225;bito de fumar aumenta o risco para essas doen&#231;as<sup>5</sup>. A fuma&#231;a de cigarro &#233; uma das fontes ex&#243;genas de radicais livres como esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e nitrog&#234;nio (ERO e ERN, respectivamente). Esses oxidantes desempenham um importante papel na regula&#231;&#227;o da homeostasia celular, entretanto participam na patog&#234;nese de diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>6</sup>. As ERO advindas da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro (EFC) possuem a capacidade de iniciar uma cadeia de rea&#231;&#245;es qu&#237;micas que levam a altera&#231;&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis resultando em disfun&#231;&#227;o celular e citotoxicidade<sup>7</sup>. Para impedir a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos danos celulares existe um organizado sistema antioxidante e detoxificador formado por antioxidantes enzim&#225;ticos (super&#243;xido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase) e n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticos (glutationa reduzida e oxidada)<sup>8</sup>. Entretanto, sob condi&#231;&#245;es de excesso de agentes oxidantes e/ou defici&#234;ncia do sistema protetor, haver&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da catalase (CAT) e desequil&#237;brio entre o consumo de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e a produ&#231;&#227;o de glutationa oxidada (GSSG), o que caracteriza o estresse oxidativo<sup>9</sup>. Em situa&#231;&#245;es em que o sistema de oxirredu&#231;&#227;o est&#225; &#237;ntegro, haver&#225; recupera&#231;&#227;o da GSH. A an&#225;lise indireta do estresse oxidativo feita por meio da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes como CAT, concentra&#231;&#227;o de tripept&#237;deos como a GSH e GSSG e de peroxidases como mieloperoxidase (MPO) podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre o desequil&#237;brio redox e para terapias futuras. </p>
    <p>Estudos sugerem que a EFC nas diferentes linhagens camundongo pode comprometer o processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o de feridas da pele<sup>10,11</sup>. &#211;rg&#227;os de diferentes linhagens de camundongos apresentam respostas ao estresse oxidativo induzido por fuma&#231;a de cigarro. Um estudo demonstrou que camundongos C57BL/6 e BALB/c s&#227;o as melhores escolhas como modelo experimental para investigar as respostas oxidativas da fuma&#231;a de cigarro no f&#237;gado e pulm&#227;o, e as linhagens C3H e C57BL/6 no c&#233;rebro<sup>12</sup>. Entretanto, as respostas oxidativas no cora&#231;&#227;o nas diferentes linhagens de camundongos ap&#243;s a EFC permanecem pouco esclarecidas. Desse modo, esse conhecimento pode favorecer a compreens&#227;o dos motivos pelos quais alguns seres humanos desenvolvem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e outros n&#227;o ao serem tabagistas. Nosso objetivo foi investigar o perfil redox do cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongos Su&#237;&#231;os, C3H, BALB/c e C57BL/6 em resposta a EFC. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Animais </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados camundongos su&#237;&#231;os, C3H, BALB/c e C57BL/6 machos (20 animais/linhagem), oito semanas, acondicionados em grupos de dez animais/caixa, com temperatura e umidade controladas (21 &#177; 2&#186;C, 50 &#177; 10%, respectivamente), submetidos aos ciclos invertidos claro/ escuro de 12 h (luzes artificiais, 19 h-7 h) e exaust&#227;o 15 min/h no Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia (DHE). Os animais foram separados em um grupo que foi submetido exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fuma&#231;a de cigarro (grupo EFC - 10 animais/ linhagem) e outro grupo-controle exposto ao ar ambiente (grupo CTR - 10 animais/linhagem) por 60 dias. </p>
    <p>Os protocolos de manuseio e experimenta&#231;&#227;o seguiram o <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic> publicado pelo US National Institutes of Health (publica&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 85-23, revisado em 1985). Esse projeto foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para trabalhos com animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o - IBRAG - UERJ. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; Fuma&#231;a de Cigarro (EFC) </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante 60 dias por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma c&#226;mara de inala&#231;&#227;o de fuma&#231;a de cigarro, cada grupo EFC foi exposto a 12 cigarros comerciais por dia, tr&#234;s vezes ao dia. Cada cigarro foi acoplado a uma seringa de 60 ml que depois de insuflada a fuma&#231;a foi expelida na c&#226;mara de inala&#231;&#227;o. O procedimento de insuflar e desinsuflar terminam com a queima do cigarro at&#233; o seu ter&#231;o final que dura em m&#233;dia tr&#234;s minutos. Cada cigarro gera, aproximadamente, um litro de fuma&#231;a que foi dilu&#237;do em 30 litros presentes na c&#226;mara, gerando uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 3% para inala&#231;&#227;o durante um total de seis minutos por cigarro. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, a c&#226;mara foi aberta para total exaust&#227;o da fuma&#231;a, proporcionando aos animais contato com o ar ambiente por um minuto, e, ent&#227;o, o procedimento foi repetido com os cigarros restantes. Durante todo o per&#237;odo de experimento, os animais receberam a ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o balanceada e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s os 60 dias de EFC ou ao ar ambiente, os animais foram sacrificados por meio de deslocamento cervical e, em seguida, foi realizado uma incis&#227;o sagital no t&#243;rax do animal para retirada do cora&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Processamento tecidual </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o foi adicionado ao tubo de hem&#243;lise com 1 ml de tamp&#227;o (KPE), e homogeneizado por meio de um homogeneizador de tecidos (Nova T&#233;cnica, SP, Brasil), onde o movimento de tritura&#231;&#227;o foi repetido 10 vezes possibilitando a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o diferencial. Em seguida as amostras homogeneizadas foram centrifugadas a 7.500 rpm por 10 minutos (FANEM<sup>&#174;</sup>, SP, Brasil), o sobrenadante foi colhido e armazenado a 4 &#186;C para an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica e o <italic>pellet</italic> descartado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de Mieloperoxidase (MPO) </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O conte&#250;do da mieloperoxidase (MPO), enzima liberada por neutr&#243;filos, que participa da via antioxidante, por degradar elementos danosos como o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, foi extra&#237;do atrav&#233;s da adi&#231;&#227;o de HTBA (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) e TMB (3,3',5,5' tetramethylbenzidine). O tecido foi homogeneizado com 1 ml de HTAB (5 a 50 mg de tecido) ou para as amostras provenientes de flu&#237;dos corporais adicionar em tubo com amostra (100 &#181;l) + HTAB (900 &#181;l). Em seguida as amostras foram centrifugadas por 15 minutos a 11.000 RPM (14.000 g), refrigerado a 4 &#186;C, o sobrenadante foi coletado e as absorv&#226;ncias foram determinadas a 650 nm usando um leitor de placa ELISA (modelo 550, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, EUA). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise das subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBARS)</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Como &#237;ndice de dano oxidativo, foi utilizada a forma&#231;&#227;o de TBARS durante uma rea&#231;&#227;o de aquecimento &#225;cido como descrito por Draper<sup>13</sup>. As amostras de homogeneizados de pulm&#227;o foram misturados com 1 mL de &#225;cido tricloroac&#233;tico (TCA) 10% e 1 mL de &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBA) 0,67% e foram aquecidas em banho-maria por 1 hora. N&#237;veis de TBARS foram determinados por absorb&#226;ncia a 532 nm e expressas como equivalentes de malondialde&#237;do (MDA nM/mg de prote&#237;na).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ensaios da catalase (CAT), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e oxidada (GSSG)</bold>
    </p>
    <p> A atividade da CAT (U/mg de prote&#237;na) foi mensurada em resposta &#224; quantidade de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> e lida em um comprimento de onda de 240 nm (14). Al&#237;quotas de homogeneizado foram tratadas com &#225;cido sulfossalic&#237;lico na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:1, a fim de retirar os debris celulares. O sobrenadante foi utilizado nos ensaios de GSH e GSSG. A dosagem de GSH &#233; um m&#233;todo c&#237;clico, pois a GSH reage com o &#225;cido ditionitrobenz&#243;ico (DTNB) formando um conjugado (GSH-TNB) e um &#226;nion (TNB). Em seguida, o conjugado reage com o GSH remanescente, formando GSSG e TNB, o qual foi mensurado por espectrofotometria (412 nm). Toda GSSG presente na amostra &#233; convertida &#224; GSH, pela a&#231;&#227;o da glutationa redutase (GSH-Rd), e o consumo de NADPH. A taxa de produ&#231;&#227;o de TNB &#233; ent&#227;o mensurada, por um m&#233;todo cin&#233;tico, e &#233; proporcional &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o inicial de GSH na amostra. A GSSG foi mensurada em amostras tratadas com vinilpiridina, a fim de impedir a convers&#227;o c&#237;clica da GSH em GSSG. O m&#233;todo de dosagem de GSSG, tamb&#233;m &#233; cin&#233;tico e se baseia no consumo de NADPH pela glutationa redutase na rea&#231;&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o da GSSG &#224; GSH. A GSH reage ent&#227;o com o DTNB gerando o TNB, que foi ent&#227;o mensurado espectrofotometricamente (412 nm)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p> A normalidade de todos os dados foi testada por meio do teste de Kolmogorv-Smirnov. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; erro-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. As an&#225;lises dos dados foram realizadas pelo teste de vari&#226;ncia One-way Anova seguido pelo p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni, em que foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p &lt; 0.05. O software GraphPad InStat foi usado para an&#225;lise da performance estat&#237;stica (GraphPad InStat version 3.00 for Windows 95, GraphPad Software Inc.; San Diego, CA, USA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>EFC n&#227;o altera o conte&#250;do de Malondialde&#237;do (MDA) no cora&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Com o objetivo de caracterizar o estresse oxidativo em nosso modelo de EFC, analisamos o dano oxidativo mensurado por meio do TBARS (MDA). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao conte&#250;do de MDA nas diferentes linhagens de camundongos EFC, nossos resultados mostraram que n&#227;o houve aumento do MDA equivalente no grupo EFC das linhagens quando comparados aos grupos CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0157-30029-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold> EFC diminui a atividade da catalase (CAT) e Mieloperoxidase (MPO) no cora&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade dos antioxidantes nas diferentes linhagens de camundongos EFC, foi observado que atividade da CAT diminuiu nos grupos su&#237;&#231;o (p &lt; 0,05), BALB/c (p &lt; 0,05) quando comparados aos respectivos grupos CTR, enquanto a MPO diminuiu no grupo C3H (p &lt; 0,05) e C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados aos respectivos grupos CTR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig02">Figura 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig02">2B</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0157-30029-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold> EFC induz redu&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o GSH/GSSG no cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongos su&#237;&#231;os e C57BL/6</bold>
    </p>
    <p> O conte&#250;do de GSH diminuiu nos grupos su&#237;&#231;o, C3H, C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0,05) e no grupo BALB/c (p &lt; 0,001) ap&#243;s EFC quando comparado com os respectivos CTR (Figura 3A). Ap&#243;s a EFC, foi observado aumento do conte&#250;do da GSSG no grupo su&#237;&#231;o (p &lt; 0,05) e diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos C3H (p &lt; 0,05) e BALB/c (p &lt; 0,001), quando comparado aos respectivos grupos CTR (figura 3B). A raz&#227;o GSH/GSSG apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o nos grupos su&#237;&#231;o e C57BL/6 EFC (p &lt; 0,05) quando comparada aos grupos CTR (Figura 3C).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p> O remodelamento card&#237;aco &#233; decorrente das altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas e volum&#233;tricas do cora&#231;&#227;o em resposta &#224; agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>15</sup>. O estresse oxidativo adv&#233;m do desequil&#237;brio entre oxidantes e antioxidantes, e o dano oxidativo &#233; causado por esse desequil&#237;brio que modifica as macromol&#233;culas celulares, levando a morte celular por apoptose ou necrose<sup>16</sup>. Um estudo experimental mostrou que a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao mon&#243;xido de carbono aumentou a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de endotelina-1 e induziu hipertrofia card&#237;aca<sup>17</sup>. A hipertrofia ventricular foi reconhecida como agente importante no processo de remodelamento, pois estudos anteriores confirmam que a EFC foi seguida pelo aumento no tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em ratos18. Trinta dias de EFC s&#227;o suficientes para comprometer a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>19</sup>. Entretanto, a EFC por quatro meses provoca a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p> A sobrecarga press&#243;rica ocasiona estresse oxidativo e a inflama&#231;&#227;o no sistema cardiovascular3. O dano oxidativo no sistema cardiovascular &#233; analisado por meio da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, oxida&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas e pelo dano ao DNA<sup>21</sup>. Por mais de trinta anos, as subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBARS), como o malondialde&#237;do (MDA), s&#227;o utilizadas como importante marcador de peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica<sup>22</sup>. Apesar de camundongos C57BL/6 e BALB/c terem sido descritos como animais propensos a dano oxidativo nos pulm&#245;es, ap&#243;s um longo prazo da EFC<sup>12</sup>, os par&#226;metros oxidativos seguintes a EFC observados no presente estudo mostraram uma tend&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia ao dano oxidativo card&#237;aco nessas linhagens. Cerca de 80% dos estudos encontram aumento significativo de MDA em fumantes comparado a n&#227;o fumantes, entretanto tal resultado n&#227;o &#233; unanimidade<sup>21-24</sup>. Investiga&#231;&#245;es relacionando a dose-depend&#234;ncia da EFC com o conte&#250;do de MDA mostraram aumento significativo de acordo com a dose di&#225;ria de cigarros. Em um estudo, 298 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis foram divididos em n&#227;o fumantes, fumantes (&lt; 30 cigarros/dia) e fumantes (&gt; 30 cigarros/dia), os resultados mostraram uma alta rela&#231;&#227;o entre a EFC e o conte&#250;do de MDA no plasma (p &lt; 0,0001)<sup>25</sup>. Em outra investiga&#231;&#227;o com 130 volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis divididos em fumantes leves (<underline>&lt;</underline> 10 cigarros/dia), moderados (11-20 cigarros/ dia) e fumantes pesados (&gt; 20 cigarros/dia) mostrou que o conte&#250;do de MDA aumentou em todos os grupos fumantes comparados ao n&#227;o fumante no plasma (p &lt; 0,05, p &lt; 0,001 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente)<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p> A catalase &#233; uma hemoprote&#237;na citoplasm&#225;tica que catalisa a redu&#231;&#227;o do H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> a H<sub>2</sub>O e O<sub>2</sub><sup>27</sup>, sendo localizada em peroxissomos de cardiomi&#243;citos<sup>28</sup>. Em camundongos transg&#234;nicos em que s&#243; h&#225; catalase isolada dos outros componentes antioxidantes, observou-se que a enzima &#233; constitutiva e expressa em diferentes quantidades no cora&#231;&#227;o e que ao administrar doxorrubicina, o aumento da atividade da catalase aumenta de 60 a 100 vezes protegendo o cora&#231;&#227;o da toxicidade29. A atividade da catalase aumentada provoca resist&#234;ncia &#224; isquemia e reperfus&#227;o30. Nossos resultados mostraram que a catalase diminuiu nos grupos EFC das linhagens su&#237;&#231;o e BALB/c. Os camundongos BALB/c s&#227;o resistentes a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares induzidas por dieta ateroscler&#243;tica, entretanto s&#227;o sens&#237;veis a doen&#231;as imunol&#243;gicas e inflamat&#243;rias<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig03">Figura 3</xref>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0157-30029-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p> A nicotina &#233; capaz de ativar c&#233;lulas polimorfonucleares (PMN) com aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de IL-8 por neutr&#243;filos. Os PMN contribuem significativamente para a inicia&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular em fumantes, em que a mieloperoxidase (MPO) contribui para o desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>32</sup>. O conte&#250;do de MPO, uma enzima derivada de neutr&#243;filos que catalisa a forma&#231;&#227;o de numerosas ERO, &#233; significativamente elevado em fumantes em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o fumantes<sup>33</sup>. Os macr&#243;fagos utilizam NADPH oxidase para produzir O<sub>2</sub> - que, ao sofrer dismuta&#231;&#227;o, forma H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>; logo a MPO catalisa rea&#231;&#245;es com H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> para gerar oxidantes citot&#243;xicos mais potentes como &#225;cido hipocloroso (HOCl) e radical tirosil, sendo a &#250;nica enzima humana capaz de gerar HOCl<sup>34</sup>. Nossos resultados mostraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da MPO nos grupos EFC das linhagens C3H e C57BL/6. Os camundongos C57BL/6 s&#227;o suscet&#237;veis &#224;s les&#245;es induzidas pela dieta. Quando alimentados com uma dieta aterog&#234;nica (1,25% de colesterol, 0,5% de &#225;cido c&#243;lico e 15% de gordura) por 14 semanas desenvolvem les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas da aorta35.</p>
    <p> A MPO est&#225; relacionada com ativa&#231;&#227;o da cascata de proteases. A inativa&#231;&#227;o oxidativa de inibidores de proteases como &#145;-1-antitripsina e inibidores teciduais de metaloproteinases (TIMPs) associado &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o das proelastases e MMPs, afetam o remodelamento card&#237;aco e a estabilidade de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. Em estudo com ratos nulos para MPO (MPO-/-) com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), os animais apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o do infiltrado leucocit&#225;rio, a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e preserva&#231;&#227;o a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>34</sup>. Os alde&#237;dos derivados da oxida&#231;&#227;o de amino&#225;cidos comuns, catalisada pela MPO, representam um mecanismo r&#225;pido e relevante para a gera&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies citot&#243;xicas em s&#237;tios inflamat&#243;rios<sup>33</sup>. Um estudo observou um aumento de alde&#237;dos em tecidos p&#243;s-infartados de ratos selvagens em rela&#231;&#227;o aos MPO-/-, apontando claramente para o papel da MPO na forma&#231;&#227;o dessas esp&#233;cies<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p> A GSH detoxifica agentes qu&#237;micos e elimina produtos da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica<sup>37-39</sup>. Ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o da GSH ao agente oxidante, ocorre sua oxida&#231;&#227;o a GSSG. Na inativa&#231;&#227;o de um agente oxidante ocorre produ&#231;&#227;o de GSSG e deple&#231;&#227;o de GSH. A recupera&#231;&#227;o da GSH &#233; feita pela enzima GSH-Rd, uma etapa essencial para manter &#237;ntegro o sistema de prote&#231;&#227;o celular<sup>40</sup>. Em nossos resultados houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da GSH em todas as linhagens EFC. Nossos resultados sugerem que GSH-Rd recuperou a GSH nos grupos EFC das linhagens C3H e BALB/c comparados ao CTR, visto que h&#225; tamb&#233;m diminui&#231;&#227;o da GSSG nesses grupos. Entretanto, observamos que a GSSG nos grupos EFC do su&#237;&#231;o manteve-se aumentada. Em situa&#231;&#245;es em que o sistema de oxirredu&#231;&#227;o est&#225; &#237;ntegro, haver&#225; recupera&#231;&#227;o da GSH. Nossos resultados mostraram que a raz&#227;o GSH e GSSG diminuiu nos grupos EFC das linhagens su&#237;&#231;o e C57BL/6, logo as duas linhagens desenvolveram estresse oxidativo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados colocam o estresse oxidativo como ponto a ser considerado nas diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es que apresentam doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e abre uma nova discuss&#227;o sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil gen&#233;tico e o desequil&#237;brio redox nos modelos experimentais de EFC. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos-Silva MA, Nagato AC, Bezerra FS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos- Silva MA, Nagato AC, Trajano ETL, Alves JN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos-Silva MA, Nagato AC, Trajano ETL, Alves JN, Bandeira ACB, Bezerra FS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bandeira ACB, Porto LC, Bezerra FS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Porto LC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Trajano ETL, Alves JN, Bandeira ACB, Porto LC, Bezerra FS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Porto LC, Bezerra FS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Frank Silva Bezerra </p>
        <p> Laborat&#243;rio de Bioqu&#237;mica Metab&#243;lica - Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas (DECBI) </p>
        <p> Campus Universit&#225;rio, s/n - Morro do Cruzeiro </p>
        <p> CEP 35400-000 - Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="frank@iceb.ufop.br">frank@iceb.ufop.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="franksbezerra@hotmail.com">franksbezerra@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 29/02/12, revisado em 14/08/12, aceito em 04/09/12. </p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Valenca SS, Bezerra FS, Romana-Souza B, Paiva RO, Costa AM, Porto LC. Supplementation with vitamins C and E improves mouse lung repair. J Nutr Biochem. 2008;19(9):604-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Supplementation with vitamins C and E improves mouse lung repair</article-title>
          <source>J Nutr Biochem</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>604</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Valenca</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bezerra</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romana-Souza</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Valenca SS, Castro P, Pimenta WA, Lanzetti M, Silva SV, Barja-Fidalgo C, et al. Light cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and NFkappaB activation in mouse lung. Int J Exp Pathol. 2006;87(5):373-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Light cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and NFkappaB activation in mouse lung</article-title>
          <source>Int J Exp Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Valenca</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pimenta</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanzetti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barja-Fidalgo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Dimitrow PP, Undas A, Wolkow P, Tracz W, Dubiel JS. Enhanced oxidative stress in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61(3):491-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Enhanced oxidative stress in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Rep</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>491</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dimitrow</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Undas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolkow</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tracz</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dubiel</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Levitzky YS, Guo CY, Rong J, Larson MG, Walter RE, Keaney JF Jr, et al. Relation of smoking status to a panel of inflammatory markers: the Framingham offspring. Atherosclerosis. 2008;201(1):217-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relation of smoking status to a panel of inflammatory markers: the Framingham offspring</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>217</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>201</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levitzky</surname>
              <given-names>YS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rong</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walter</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keaney Jr</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Hool LC. Reactive oxygen species in cardiac signalling: from mitochondria to plasma membrane ion channels. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;33(1- 2):146-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reactive oxygen species in cardiac signalling: from mitochondria to plasma membrane ion channels</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>146</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hool</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Gu L, Pandey V, Geenen DL, Chowdhury SA, Piano MR. Cigarette smokeinduced left ventricular remodelling is associated with activation of mitogenactivated protein kinases. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10(11):1057-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cigarette smokeinduced left ventricular remodelling is associated with activation of mitogenactivated protein kinases</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1057</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandey</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geenen</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chowdhury</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piano</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Charniot JC, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Albertini JP, Dever S, Vignat N, Nataf P, et al. Oxidative stress implication after prolonged storage donor heart with blood versus crystalloid cardioplegia and reperfusion versus static storage. J Surg Res. 2010;160(2):308-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Oxidative stress implication after prolonged storage donor heart with blood versus crystalloid cardioplegia and reperfusion versus static storage</article-title>
          <source>J Surg Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>308</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Charniot</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnefont-Rousselot</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albertini</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dever</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vignat</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nataf</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Panda K, Chattopadhyay R, Chattopadhyay D, Chatterjee IB. Cigarette smokeinduced protein oxidation and proteolysis is exclusively caused by its tar phase: prevention by vitamin C. Toxicol Lett. 2001;123(1):21-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cigarette smokeinduced protein oxidation and proteolysis is exclusively caused by its tar phase: prevention by vitamin C</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Lett</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>21</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Panda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chattopadhyay</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chattopadhyay</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chatterjee</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Lanzetti M, Bezerra FS, Romana-Souza B, Brando-Lima AC, Koatz VL, Porto LC, et al. Mate tea reduced acute lung inflammation in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Nutrition. 2008;24(4):375-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mate tea reduced acute lung inflammation in mice exposed to cigarette smoke</article-title>
          <source>Nutrition</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lanzetti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bezerra</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romana-Souza</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brando-Lima</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koatz</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Cardoso JF, Mendes FA, Amadeu TP, Romana-Souza B, Valenca SS, Porto LC, et al. Ccn2/Ctgf overexpression induced by cigarette smoke during cutaneous wound healing is strain dependent. Toxicol Pathol. 2009;37(2):175-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ccn2/Ctgf overexpression induced by cigarette smoke during cutaneous wound healing is strain dependent</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>175</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendes</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amadeu</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romana-Souza</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valenca</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Cardoso JF, Souza BR, Amadeu TP, Valenca SS, Porto LC, Costa AM. Effects of cigarette smoke in mice wound healing is strain dependent. Toxicol Pathol. 2007;35(7):890-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of cigarette smoke in mice wound healing is strain dependent</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>890</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amadeu</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valenca</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porto</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Rueff-Barroso CR, Trajano ET, Alves JN, Paiva RO, Lanzetti M, Pires KM, et al. Organ-related cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress is strain-dependent. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(7):BR218-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Organ-related cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress is strain-dependent</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Monit</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>BR218</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rueff-Barroso</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trajano</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanzetti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pires</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Draper HH, Squires EJ, Mahmoodi H, Wu J, Agarwal S, Hadley M. A comparative evaluation of thiobarbituric acid methods for the determination of malondialdehyde in biological materials. Free Radic Biol Med. 1993;15(4):353-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A comparative evaluation of thiobarbituric acid methods for the determination of malondialdehyde in biological materials</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Biol Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>353</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Draper</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Squires</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahmoodi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agarwal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hadley</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Aebi H. [Erythrocyte catalase]. Expos Annu Biochim Med. 1969;29:139-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Erythrocyte catalase</article-title>
          <source>Expos Annu Biochim Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1969</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aebi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Duarte DR, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Matsubara BB, Matsubara LS, Novelli EL, et al. The role of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in ventricular remodeling induced by tobacco smoke exposure after myocardial infarction. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(7):691-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The role of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in ventricular remodeling induced by tobacco smoke exposure after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Clinics</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>691</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Novelli</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Trachtenberg BH, Hare JM. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin. 2009;5(4):561-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Biomarkers of oxidative stress in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Clin</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trachtenberg</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hare</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Zornoff LA, Matsubara BB, Matsubara LS, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Camapanha AO, et al. [Cigarette smoke exposure intensifies ventricular remodeling process following myocardial infarction]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(4):276-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cigarette smoke exposure intensifies ventricular remodeling process following myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>276</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camapanha</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Castardeli E, Duarte DR, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Matsubara BB, Matsubara LS, et al. Tobacco smoke-induced left ventricular remodelling is not associated with metalloproteinase-2 or -9 activation. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9(11):1081-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tobacco smoke-induced left ventricular remodelling is not associated with metalloproteinase-2 or -9 activation</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1081</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castardeli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Paiva SA, Matsubara LS, Matsubara BB, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Campana AO, et al. Retinoic acid supplementation attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. J Nutr. 2005;135(10):2326-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Retinoic acid supplementation attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats</article-title>
          <source>J Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2326</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campana</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Castardeli E, Duarte DR, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Matsubara BB, Matsubara LS, et al. Exposure time and ventricular remodeling induced by tobacco smoke exposure in rats. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14(3):BR62-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exposure time and ventricular remodeling induced by tobacco smoke exposure in rats</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Monit</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>BR62</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castardeli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Ozgen N, Guo J, Gertsberg Z, Danilo P, Rosen MR, Steinberg SF. Reactive oxygen species decrease cAMP response element binding protein expression in cardiomyocytes via a protein kinase D1-dependent mechanism that does not require Ser133 phosphorylation. Mol Pharmacol. 2009;76(4):896-902.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reactive oxygen species decrease cAMP response element binding protein expression in cardiomyocytes via a protein kinase D1-dependent mechanism that does not require Ser133 phosphorylation</article-title>
          <source>Mol Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>896</fpage>
          <lpage>902</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ozgen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gertsberg</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danilo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosen</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steinberg</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Polidori MC, Savino K, Alunni G, Freddio M, Senin U, Sies H, et al. Plasma lipophilic antioxidants and malondialdehyde in congestive heart failure patients: relationship to disease severity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002;32(2):148-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Plasma lipophilic antioxidants and malondialdehyde in congestive heart failure patients: relationship to disease severity</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Biol Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>148</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polidori</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savino</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alunni</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freddio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Senin</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sies</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Berr C, Coudray C, Bonithon-Kopp C, Roussel AM, Mainard F, Alperovitch A. Demographic and cardiovascular risk factors in relation to antioxidant status: the EVA Study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998;68(1):26-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Demographic and cardiovascular risk factors in relation to antioxidant status: the EVA Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Vitam Nutr Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berr</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coudray</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonithon-Kopp</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roussel</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mainard</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alperovitch</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Marangon K, Herbeth B, Lecomte E, Paul-Dauphin A, Grolier P, Chancerelle Y, et al. Diet, antioxidant status, and smoking habits in French men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(2):231-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diet, antioxidant status, and smoking habits in French men</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marangon</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herbeth</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lecomte</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paul-Dauphin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grolier</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chancerelle</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Block G, Dietrich M, Norkus EP, Morrow JD, Hudes M, Caan B, et al. Factors associated with oxidative stress in human populations. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(3):274-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Factors associated with oxidative stress in human populations</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>274</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>156</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Block</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dietrich</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norkus</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrow</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hudes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Solak ZA, Kabaroglu C, Cok G, Parildar Z, Bayindir U, Ozmen D, et al. Effect of different levels of cigarette smoking on lipid peroxidation, glutathione enzymes and paraoxonase 1 activity in healthy people. Clin Exp Med. 2005;5(3):99-105.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of different levels of cigarette smoking on lipid peroxidation, glutathione enzymes and paraoxonase 1 activity in healthy people</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solak</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kabaroglu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cok</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parildar</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayindir</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozmen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Zhou Z, Kang YJ. Cellular and subcellular localization of catalase in the heart of transgenic mice. J Histochem Cytochem. 2000;48(5):585-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cellular and subcellular localization of catalase in the heart of transgenic mice</article-title>
          <source>J Histochem Cytochem</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>585</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Yokota S, Asayama K. Proliferation of myocardial peroxisomes in experimental rat diabetes: a biochemical and immunocytochemical study. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1992;63(1):43-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Proliferation of myocardial peroxisomes in experimental rat diabetes: a biochemical and immunocytochemical study</article-title>
          <source>Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yokota</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asayama</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Kang YJ, Chen Y, Epstein PN. Suppression of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by overexpression of catalase in the heart of transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(21):12610-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Suppression of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by overexpression of catalase in the heart of transgenic mice</article-title>
          <source>J Biol Chem</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>12610</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <volume>271</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epstein</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Li G, Chen Y, Saari JT, Kang YJ. Catalase-overexpressing transgenic mouse heart is resistant to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol. 1997;273(3 Pt 2):H1090-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Catalase-overexpressing transgenic mouse heart is resistant to ischemia-reperfusion injury</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>H1090</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>3 Pt 2</issue>
          <volume>273</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saari</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Paigen B, Ishida BY, Verstuyft J, Winters RB, Albee D. Atherosclerosis susceptibility differences among progenitors of recombinant inbred strains of mice. Arteriosclerosis. 1990;10(2):316-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Atherosclerosis susceptibility differences among progenitors of recombinant inbred strains of mice</article-title>
          <source>Arteriosclerosis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>316</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paigen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishida</surname>
              <given-names>BY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verstuyft</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winters</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albee</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Iho S, Tanaka Y, Takauji R, Kobayashi C, Muramatsu I, Iwasaki H, et al. Nicotine induces human neutrophils to produce IL-8 through the generation of peroxynitrite and subsequent activation of NF-kappaB. J Leukoc Biol. 2003;74(5):942-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nicotine induces human neutrophils to produce IL-8 through the generation of peroxynitrite and subsequent activation of NF-kappaB</article-title>
          <source>J Leukoc Biol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>942</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iho</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanaka</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takauji</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muramatsu</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iwasaki</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Roman RM, Wendland AE, Polanczyk CA. Myeloperoxidase and coronary arterial disease: from research to clinical practice. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;91(1):e11-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myeloperoxidase and coronary arterial disease: from research to clinical practice</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e11</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roman</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wendland</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Askari AT, Brennan ML, Zhou X, Drinko J, Morehead A, Thomas JD, et al. Myeloperoxidase and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 play a central role in ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Exp Med. 2003;197(5):615-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myeloperoxidase and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 play a central role in ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Exp Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>615</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>197</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Askari</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brennan</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drinko</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morehead</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Ishida BY, Blanche PJ, Nichols AV, Yashar M, Paigen B. Effects of atherogenic diet consumption on lipoproteins in mouse strains C57BL/6 and C3H. J Lipid Res. 1991;32(4):559-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of atherogenic diet consumption on lipoproteins in mouse strains C57BL/6 and C3H</article-title>
          <source>J Lipid Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>559</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ishida</surname>
              <given-names>BY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blanche</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nichols</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yashar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paigen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Vasilyev N, Williams T, Brennan ML, Unzek S, Zhou X, Heinecke JW, et al. Myeloperoxidase-generated oxidants modulate left ventricular remodeling but not infarct size after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2005;112(18):2812-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myeloperoxidase-generated oxidants modulate left ventricular remodeling but not infarct size after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2812</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vasilyev</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brennan</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unzek</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heinecke</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Kadouri L, Kote-Jarai Z, Hubert A, Baras M, Abeliovich D, Hamburger T, et al. Glutathione-S-transferase M1, T1 and P1 polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk, in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(12):2006-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Glutathione-S-transferase M1, T1 and P1 polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk, in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers</article-title>
          <source>Br J Cancer</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2006</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kadouri</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kote-Jarai</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hubert</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baras</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abeliovich</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamburger</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Niemoeller OM, Foller M, Lang C, Huber SM, Lang F. Retinoic acid induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2008;21(1-3):193-202.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Retinoic acid induced suicidal erythrocyte death</article-title>
          <source>Cell Physiol Biochem</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
          <issue>1-3</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Niemoeller</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foller</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. Rainer M, Sonderegger H, Bakry R, Huck CW, Morandell S, Huber LA, et al. Analysis of protein phosphorylation by monolithic extraction columns based on poly(divinylbenzene) containing embedded titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide nano-powders. Proteomics. 2008;8(21):4593-602.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Analysis of protein phosphorylation by monolithic extraction columns based on poly(divinylbenzene) containing embedded titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide nano-powders</article-title>
          <source>Proteomics</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>4593</fpage>
          <lpage>602</lpage>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rainer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonderegger</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakry</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huck</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morandell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Probst-Hensch NM, Imboden M, Felber Dietrich D, Barthelemy JC, Ackermann- Liebrich U, Berger W, et al. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms, passive smoking, obesity, and heart rate variability in nonsmokers. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(11):1494-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms, passive smoking, obesity, and heart rate variability in nonsmokers</article-title>
          <source>Environ Health Perspect</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1494</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Probst-Hensch</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Imboden</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Felber Dietrich</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barthelemy</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ackermann- Liebrich</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The oxidative response of mouse hearts is modulated by genetic background</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Smoking plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. However, the reasons why some individuals develop those diseases and others do not remain to be explained. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing the redox profile of the heart of different mouse strains after exposure to cigarette smoke. METHODS: Male mice of the Swiss (n = 10), C3H (n = 10), BALB/c (n = 10) and C57BL/6 (n = 10) strains were exposed to cigarette smoke (12 cigarettes/day), while their respective controls (n = 10) were exposed to ambient air for 60 days. After being euthanized, their heart was removed for biochemical analyses. RESULTS: Although the malondialdehyde content did not increase in any of the groups, catalase activity decreased in the Swiss (p &lt; 0.05) and BALB/c (p &lt; 0.05) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups, while myeloperoxidase decreased in the C3H (p &lt; 0.05) and C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.001) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups. The reduced glutathione content decreased in the Swiss, C3H, C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.05) and BALB/c (p &lt; 0,001) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups. Regarding reduced glutathione content, an increase was observed in the Swiss strain mice (p &lt; 0.05), while a decrease was observed in the C3H (p &lt; 0.05) and BALB/c (p &lt; 0.001) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups. The reduced glutathione/reduced glutathione ratio showed a reduction in the Swiss and C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.05) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic background of mice can influence the antioxidant response after exposure to cigarette smoke and seems to be a determinant factor for redox imbalance in Swiss and C57BL/6 strain mice. Understanding antioxidant responses and genetic background of C3H and BALB/c strain mice might provide important information regarding cardiac resistance to cigarette smoke.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco</kwd>
        <kwd>Smoke</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Enhancement</kwd>
        <kwd>Mice</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>The oxidative response of mouse hearts is modulated by genetic background </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos-Silva<sup>I</sup>; Akinori Cardozo Nagato<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Tavares Lima Trajano<sup>I,II</sup>; Jackson Nogueira Alves<sup>II</sup>; Ana Carla Balthar Bandeira<sup>III</sup>; Lu&#237;s Crist&#243;v&#227;o Porto<sup>II</sup>; Frank Silva Bezerra<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Severino Sombra, Vassouras, RJ - Brasil </p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto,Ouro Preto, MG - Brasil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Smoking plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. However, the reasons why some individuals develop those diseases and others do not remain to be explained. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study aimed at assessing the redox profile of the heart of different mouse strains after exposure to cigarette smoke. METHODS: Male mice of the Swiss (n = 10), C3H (n = 10), BALB/c (n = 10) and C57BL/6 (n = 10) strains were exposed to cigarette smoke (12 cigarettes/day), while their respective controls (n = 10) were exposed to ambient air for 60 days. After being euthanized, their heart was removed for biochemical analyses. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Although the malondialdehyde content did not increase in any of the groups, catalase activity decreased in the Swiss (p &lt; 0.05) and BALB/c (p &lt; 0.05) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups, while myeloperoxidase decreased in the C3H (p &lt; 0.05) and C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.001) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups. The reduced glutathione content decreased in the Swiss, C3H, C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.05) and BALB/c (p &lt; 0,001) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups. Regarding reduced glutathione content, an increase was observed in the Swiss strain mice (p &lt; 0.05), while a decrease was observed in the C3H (p &lt; 0.05) and BALB/c (p &lt; 0.001) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups. The reduced glutathione/reduced glutathione ratio showed a reduction in the Swiss and C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.05) strain mice as compared with their respective control groups. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The genetic background of mice can influence the antioxidant response after exposure to cigarette smoke and seems to be a determinant factor for redox imbalance in Swiss and C57BL/6 strain mice. Understanding antioxidant responses and genetic background of C3H and BALB/c strain mice might provide important information regarding cardiac resistance to cigarette smoke. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Oxidative Stress; Tobacco; Smoke; Genetic Enhancement; Mice. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cigarette smoke, a mixture of more than 4,700 substances<sup>1</sup>, predisposes to pulmonary<sup>2</sup> and cardiovascular<sup>3 </sup>diseases, such as peripheral artery disease and myocardial infarction<sup>4</sup>. The smoking habit increases the risk of those diseases<sup>5</sup>. Cigarette smoke is one of the exogenous sources of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively). Those oxidants play an important role in the regulation of cell homeostasis, and participate in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases<sup>6</sup>. The ROSs originating from exposure to cigarette smoke (ECS) have the ability to trigger a chemical reaction chain that leads to irreversible changes, resulting in cell dysfunction and cytotoxicity<sup>7</sup>. To prevent the progression of cellular damage, there is an organized antioxidant and detoxifying system formed by enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (reduced and oxidized glutathione, GSH and GSSG, respectively)<sup>8</sup>. However, in the presence of too much oxidants and/or a deficient protective system, a reduction in catalase (CAT) activity and imbalance between the consumption of GSH and the production of GSSG occur, characterizing oxidative stress<sup>9</sup>. When the reduction-oxidation (redox) system is intact, GSH recovers. The indirect analysis of oxidative stress performed by measuring the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, and the concentration of tripeptides, such as GSH and GSSG, and of peroxidases, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), can provide important information about redox imbalance and future therapies. </p>
      <p>Studies have suggested that exposure of different mouse strains to cigarette smoke can impair cutaneous wound healing<sup>10,11</sup>. Organs of different mouse strains respond to oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke. A study has shown that C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice are the best experimental models to investigate oxidative responses to cigarette smoke in the liver and lungs, while C3H and C57BL/6 mice are the best models to study those responses in the brain<sup>12</sup>. However, the oxidative responses to ECS in the heart of different mouse strains remain to be clarified. Thus, knowing that might explain why some human smokers develop cardiovascular diseases and others do not. This study aimed at investigating the redox profile of the heart of Swiss, C3H, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in response to ECS. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Animals</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male Swiss, C3H, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice (20 animals / strain) were stored in groups of ten animals/box at controlled temperature and humidity (21 &#177; 2&#186;C, 50% &#177; 10%, respectively) for eight weeks. They were submitted to inverted 12-hour light/dark cycles (artificial light, 19 h-7 h) and 15 min/h exhaustion cycles at the Department of Histology and Embryology. For each strain, ten animals were exposed to cigarette smoke (ECS groups) and ten animals were exposed to ambient air (control [CTR] groups) for 60 days. </p>
      <p>The management and experimentation protocols followed the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (publication 85-23, reviewed in 1985). This project was approved by the Committee of Ethics for laboratory animals (IBRAG - UERJ).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exposure to cigarette smoke</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For 60 days, each animal of the ECS groups was exposed to the smoke of 12 commercial cigarettes per day (three exposures per day), in a chamber for cigarette smoke inhalation. Each cigarette was coupled to a 60-mL syringe, which, after being filled with smoke, was emptied into the inhalation chamber. That procedure ended with each cigarette burning up to its final third, taking, on average, three minutes. Each cigarette produced approximately one liter of smoke, which was diluted into the 30 liters present in the chamber, generating a 3% concentration for inhalation during a total of six minutes per cigarette. After that period, the chamber was opened for total exhaustion of the smoke, and the animals had contact with ambient air for one minute. Then, the procedure was repeated with the remaining cigarettes. During the entire experiment, the animals received a standard food preparation and water ad libitum. </p>
      <p>After the 60 days of exposure to cigarette smoke or ambient air, the animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and had their hearts removed through a sagittal incision in their chests. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tissue processing</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The heart was placed inside a hemolysis tube with 1 mL of KPE buffer and was homogenized in a tissue homogenizer (Nova T&#233;cnica, SP, Brazil), in which the grinding movement was repeated ten times, enabling differential centrifugation. Then, the homogenized samples were centrifuged at 7,500 rpm for ten minutes (FANEM<sup>&#174;</sup>, SP, Brazil), the supernate was stored at 4 &#186;C for biochemical analysis, and the pellet was discarded.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Determination of the MPO content</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The content of MPO, the enzyme released by neutrophils and that participates in the antioxidant pathway, because it degrades harmful elements, such as hydrogen peroxide, was extracted through the addition of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) and 3,3',5,5' tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The tissue (5 to 50 mg) was homogenized with 1 mL of HTAB, or, when the sample originated from body fluids, 100 &#181;l of it were added to 900 &#181;l HTAB in a tube. Then, the samples were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 11,000 rpm (14,000 g) and refrigerated at 4 &#186;C. The supernate was collected and absorbance was determined at 650 nm by using an ELISA plate reader (model 550, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). </p>
      <p>Analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)</p>
      <p>The formation of TBARS during an acid-heating reaction as described by Draper was used as an index of oxidative damage<sup>13</sup>. The samples of homogenized lung were mixed with 1 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 1 mL of 0.67% thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and heated for one hour in hot water bath. The TBARS levels were determined by absorbance at 532 nm and expressed as malondialdehyde equivalents (MDA - nM/mg of protein).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assays of CAT, GSH and GSSG</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Catalase activity (U/mg of protein) was measured in response to the amount of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and read at the wave length of 240 nm (14)@[esse n&#250;mero &#233; refer&#234;ncia?]@. Aliquots of the homogenate were treated with sulfosalicylic acid at the proportion of 1:1 to remove cellular debris. The supernate was used in the GSH and GSSG assays. The GSH measurement is a cyclic method, because GSH reacts with dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), forming a conjugate (GSH-TNB) and an anion (TNB). Then, the conjugate reacts with the remaining GSH, forming GSSG and TNB, which was measured by spectrophotometry (412 nm). All GSSG present in the sample was converted to GSH through the action of glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd) and NADPH consumption. The TNB production rate is then measured by use of a kinetic method, being proportional to the initial GSH concentration in the sample. GSSG was measured in samples treated with vinylpyridine, to prevent the cyclic conversion of GSH to GSSG. The method to measure GSSG is also kinetic and based on NADPH consumption by glutathione reductase in the reduction reaction of GSSG to GSH. Then, GSH reacts with DTNB, generating TNB, which is then measured by use of spectrophotometry (412 nm)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The normality of all data was tested by use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. Data were analyzed by use of the one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test, in which the significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05. The GraphPad InStat software was used to assess statistical performance (GraphPad InStat, version 3.00 for Windows 95, GraphPad Software Inc.; San Diego, CA, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ECS does not change MDA content in the heart</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aiming at characterizing oxidative stress in our ECS model, we analyzed the oxidative damage by measuring TBARS (MDA). Regarding the MDA content in the different mouse strains exposed to cigarette smoke, no increase in MDA equivalent was observed in the ECS groups as compared with the CTR groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a08fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0157-30029-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ECS reduces CAT and MPO activities in the heart</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the activity of antioxidants in the different mouse strains exposed to cigarette smoke, CAT activity decreased in the Swiss (p &lt; 0.05) and BALB/c (p &lt; 0.05) groups as compared with their respective CTR groups, while MPO activity decreased in the C3H (p &lt; 0.05) and C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.001) groups as compared with their respective CTR groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig02-body2">Figure 2 A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig02-body2">B</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a08fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0157-30029-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ECS reduces the GSH/GSSG ratio in the heart of Swiss and C57BL/6 mice</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The GSH content decreased in the Swiss, C3H, C57BL/6 (p &lt; 0.05) and BALB/c (p &lt; 0.001) groups after ECS as compared with their respective CTR groups (Figure 3A). After ECS, an increase in the GSSG content was observed in the Swiss group (p &lt; 0.05) and a decrease in the C3H (p &lt; 0.05) and BALB/c (p &lt; 0.001) groups as compared with their respective CTR groups (figure 3B). The GSH/GSSG ratio decreased in the Swiss and C57BL/6 groups (p &lt; 0.05) as compared with their respective CTR groups (Figure 3C).</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a08fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0157-30029-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac remodeling results from geometric and volumetric cardiac changes in response to myocardial injury<sup>15</sup>. Oxidative stress originates from the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, and the oxidative damage is caused by that imbalance that modifies cellular macromolecules, leading to cell death due to either apoptosis or necrosis<sup>16</sup>. An experimental study has shown that chronic exposure to carbon monoxide increases the gene expression of endothelin-1 and induces cardiac hypertrophy<sup>17</sup>. Ventricular hypertrophy has been recognized as an important agent in the remodeling process, as previous studies have confirmed that ECS is followed by left ventricular enlargement in rats<sup>18</sup>. Thirty days of ECS are sufficient to impair ventricular function<sup>19</sup>. However, ECS for four months causes ventricular dilation associated with systolic function reduction<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pressure overload causes oxidative stress and cardiovascular system inflammation<sup>3</sup>. The oxidative damage in the cardiovascular system is assessed by use of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and damage to DNA<sup>21</sup>. For over 30 years, TBARS, such as MDA, have been used as important markers of lipid peroxidation<sup>22</sup>. Although C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice have been described as animals prone to lung oxidative damage after a long ECS<sup>12</sup>, oxidative parameters following ECS observed in the present study showed a trend towards resistance to cardiac oxidative damage in those strains. Approximately 80% of the studies have found a significant increase in MDA in smokers as compared with non-smokers; however, that result is not unanimous<sup>21-24</sup>. Investigations regarding ECS dose-dependency and MDA content have shown a significant increase according to the daily dose of cigarettes. A study with 298 healthy individuals divided into non-smokers, smokers of less than 30 cigarettes/day, and smokers of more than 30 cigarettes/day has shown a strong relation between ECS and MDA plasma content (p &lt; 0.0001)<sup>25</sup>. Another study with 130 healthy volunteers divided into mild smokers (<underline>&lt;</underline> 10 cigarettes/day), moderate smokers (11-20 cigarettes/day), and heavy smokers (&gt; 20 cigarettes/day) has shown that MDA plasma content increased in all groups of smokers as compared with those of non-smokers (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively)<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Catalase is a cytoplasm hemoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>O and O<sub>2</sub><sup>27</sup>, being located in the peroxisomes of cardiomyocytes<sup>28</sup>. In transgenic mice, in which there is only catalase isolated from other antioxidants, the enzyme is constitutive and expressed in different amounts in the heart, and, when doxorubicin is administered, catalase activity increases 60 to 100 times, protecting the heart against toxicity<sup>29</sup>. Increased catalase activity causes resistance to ischemia and reperfusion<sup>30</sup>. Our results showed that catalase decreased in the ECS groups of the Swiss and BALB/c strains. BALB/c mice are resistant to cardiovascular diseases induced by an atherosclerotic diet; however, they are sensitive to immune and inflammatory diseases<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nicotine can activate polymorphonuclear cells, inducing neutrophils to produce IL-8. Polymorphonuclear cells significantly contribute to the beginning and progression of vascular inflammation in smokers, in which MPO contributes to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases<sup>32</sup>. The content of MPO, a neutrophil-derived enzyme that catalyzes the formation of innumerous ROS, is significantly high in smokers as compared with non-smokers<sup>33</sup>. Macrophages use NADPH oxidase to produce O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, which, when undergoing dysmutation, forms H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>; thus, MPO catalyzes reactions with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to generate more potent cytotoxic oxidants, such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the tyrosyl radical, being the only human enzyme that can generate HOCl<sup>34</sup>. Our results have shown a decrease in MPO in the ECS groups of the C3H and C57BL/6 strains. C57BL/6 mice are susceptible to diet-induced lesions. When fed an atherogenic diet (1.25% of cholesterol, 0.5% of cholic acid and 15% of fat) for 14 weeks, they develop atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>MPO is related to the activation of the protease cascade. The oxidative inactivation of protease inhibitors, such as &#945;-1-antitripsin and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in association with the activation of proelastases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) affect cardiac remodeling and the stability of atherosclerotic plaques. In a study of MPO null (MPO<sup>-/-</sup>) mice with acute myocardial infarction, the animals showed decreased leukocyte infiltration, reduced ventricular dilation, and preservation of the systolic function<sup>34</sup>. Aldehydes derived from the oxidation of common amino acids, catalyzed by MPO, represent a rapid and relevant mechanism for the generation of cytotoxic species in inflammatory sites<sup>33</sup>. A study has reported an increase in aldehydes in tissues after infarction in wild rats as compared with MPO<sup>-/- </sup>mice, clearly indicating the role of MPO in the formation of those species<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>GSH detoxifies chemical agents and eliminates products of lipid peroxidation<sup>37-39</sup>. After GSH exposure to an oxidant, it is oxidized to GSSG. In the inactivation of an oxidant, GSSG is produced and GSH depleted. GSH is recovered by the GSH-Rd enzyme, an essential step to maintain the integrity of the cell protection system<sup>40</sup>. We found a reduction in GSH in all strains of the ECS groups. Our results suggest that GSH-Rd recovered GSH in the C3H and BALB/c strains of the ECS groups as compared with the CTR groups, because a reduction in GSSG was also seen in those groups. However, GSSG in the Swiss strains of the ECS groups remained increased. When the redox system is intact, GSH recovers. Our results showed that the GSH/GSSG ratio decreased in the Swiss and C57BL/6 strains of the ECS groups, indicating that both strains developed oxidative stress.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our results show that oxidative stress should be considered in different populations with cardiovascular disease, and start a new discussion about the relationship between the genetic profile and redox imbalance in experimental models of ECS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos-Silva MA, Nagato AC, Bezerra FS; Acquisition of data: Santos-Silva MA, Nagato AC, Trajano ETL, Alves JN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos-Silva MA, Nagato AC, Trajano ETL, Alves JN, Bandeira ACB, Bezerra FS; Statistical analysis: Bandeira ACB, Porto LC, Bezerra FS; Obtaining financing: Porto LC; Writing of the manuscript: Trajano ETL, Alves JN, Bandeira ACB, Porto LC, Bezerra FS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Porto LC, Bezerra FS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
