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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9GZrXtbYyHTLp7mLSBQR9NR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes de hemodi&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bucharles</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Gardano Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Admar Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Roberto Frack</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pecoits-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>141</fpage>
      <lpage>146</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) concomitante, apontou-se rela&#231;&#227;o entre o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR). OBJETIVO: Verificar a presen&#231;a de associa&#231;&#245;es entre inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE em pacientes de hemodi&#225;lise (HD) sem DCV clinicamente manifesta. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo observacional transversal em popula&#231;&#227;o sob HD (&gt; 3 meses), excluindo-se pacientes com afec&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas ou agudas (infec&#231;&#245;es, neoplasias, doen&#231;as autoimunes) instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, uso de drogas anti-inflamat&#243;rias, hiperparatireoidismo, arritmias, valvopatia mitral e evento cardiovascular (CV) pr&#233;vio. Dosagens de PCR e interleucina 6 (IL-6), e ecodopplercardiograma foram obtidos. Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o foram determinados para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis. RESULTADOS: Inclu&#237;dos 58 pacientes (28 homens, idade 55 &#177; 15 anos), sob HD h&#225; 24 &#177; 16 meses, 45% hipertensos, 26% diab&#233;ticos, com medianas de PCR 5,1 mg/dl e IL-6 6,1 pg/dl. A PCR correlacionou-se significativamente com dimens&#227;o do AE (p = 0,040), volume indexado do AE (VIAE, p = 0,02) e onda E do fluxo mitral (p = 0,014). A IL-6, apesar da forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a PCR (r = 0,75, p &lt; 0,001), n&#227;o se correlacionou com &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Indiv&#237;duos no quartil superior da PCR tiveram VIAE significativamente maior do que os demais (42 &#177; 17 versus 32 &#177; 11 ml/m&#178;, p = 0,015). CONCLUS&#213;ES: Em indiv&#237;duos sob HD sem evento CV pr&#233;vio, houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCR e aumento do AE. Os achados sugerem uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e o estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico de pacientes sob HD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C-Reativa</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes de hemodi&#225;lise</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Silvio Henrique Barberato<sup>I,II</sup>; S&#233;rgio Gardano Elias Bucharles<sup>I</sup>; Admar Moraes de Souza<sup>II</sup>; Costantino Ortiz Costantini<sup>II</sup>; Costantino Roberto Frack Costantini<sup>II</sup>; Roberto Pecoits-Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) concomitante, apontou-se rela&#231;&#227;o entre o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar a presen&#231;a de associa&#231;&#245;es entre inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE em pacientes de hemodi&#225;lise (HD) sem DCV clinicamente manifesta. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo observacional transversal em popula&#231;&#227;o sob HD (&gt; 3 meses), excluindo-se pacientes com afec&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas ou agudas (infec&#231;&#245;es, neoplasias, doen&#231;as autoimunes) instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, uso de drogas anti-inflamat&#243;rias, hiperparatireoidismo, arritmias, valvopatia mitral e evento cardiovascular (CV) pr&#233;vio. Dosagens de PCR e interleucina 6 (IL-6), e ecodopplercardiograma foram obtidos. Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o foram determinados para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Inclu&#237;dos 58 pacientes (28 homens, idade 55 &#177; 15 anos), sob HD h&#225; 24 &#177; 16 meses, 45% hipertensos, 26% diab&#233;ticos, com medianas de PCR 5,1 mg/dl e IL-6 6,1 pg/dl. A PCR correlacionou-se significativamente com dimens&#227;o do AE (p = 0,040), volume indexado do AE (VIAE, p = 0,02) e onda E do fluxo mitral (p = 0,014). A IL-6, apesar da forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a PCR (r = 0,75, p &lt; 0,001), n&#227;o se correlacionou com &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Indiv&#237;duos no quartil superior da PCR tiveram VIAE significativamente maior do que os demais (42 &#177; 17 versus 32 &#177; 11 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,015). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> Em indiv&#237;duos sob HD sem evento CV pr&#233;vio, houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCR e aumento do AE. Os achados sugerem uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e o estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico de pacientes sob HD. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Inflama&#231;&#227;o, &#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o / anormalidades, Di&#225;lise Renal, Prote&#237;na C-Reativa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco tradicionais para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) n&#227;o explicam completamente a alta morbimortalidade cardiovascular entre indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) em tratamento por hemodi&#225;lise (HD). O excesso de risco cardiovascular desse grupo parece ser influenciado por fatores n&#227;o tradicionais, sendo alguns peculiares da DRC<sup>1</sup>. Entre os chamados fatores de risco n&#227;o tradicionais, a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ocupa papel de destaque na investiga&#231;&#227;o atual da patog&#234;nese da DCV<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com DRC em di&#225;lise, diversos estudos apontaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas e mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>3-6</sup>. Em paralelo, a ecodopplercardiografia tem desempenhado papel fundamental na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular de pacientes com DRC, provendo marcadores substitutos &#250;teis para desfechos cl&#237;nicos<sup>7</sup>. Assim, o volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo (VIAE) foi apontado como poderosa ferramenta para a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos em pacientes sob HD cr&#244;nica<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nesse sentido, Rao e cols.<sup>9</sup> estabeleceram uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois importantes aspectos da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a cardiovascular em pacientes portadores de DRC ao demonstrar associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre VIAE e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), em pacientes com nefropatia e DCV concomitante. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica possa contribuir nos processos que levam &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e ao correspondente aumento do risco cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presen&#231;a de correla&#231;&#245;es entre a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e as altera&#231;&#245;es ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas (em especial do &#225;trio esquerdo), em grupo de indiv&#237;duos sob HD de manuten&#231;&#227;o e sem DCV clinicamente manifesta.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo do tipo transversal, baseado em popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob HD cr&#244;nica, proveniente de centro de terapia renal substitutiva. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 anos, tempo de tratamento dial&#237;tico acima de tr&#234;s meses, com acesso vascular definitivo (f&#237;stula arteriovenosa) e interesse em participar do estudo. Os pacientes passaram por detalhada avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, anotando-se a doen&#231;a de base causadora da DRC, fatores de risco e hist&#243;rico de evento CV. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: presen&#231;a de afec&#231;&#245;es potencialmente geradoras de processos inflamat&#243;rios agudos e cr&#244;nicos, como infec&#231;&#245;es, neoplasias e doen&#231;a autoimunes, presen&#231;a de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, uso cr&#244;nico de anti-inflamat&#243;rio (n&#227;o hormonais ou corticoide), hiperparatireoidismo (valor de paratorm&#244;nio <underline>&gt;</underline> 300 pg/ml), arritmias card&#237;acas, valvopatia mitral significativa (qualquer grau de estenose ou refluxo moderado/importante) e antecedente de evento CV (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angina, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente e acidente vascular cerebral). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa, em consoante &#224; resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bioqu&#237;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas entre sess&#245;es regulares de HD no meio de semana, &#224;s ter&#231;as e quintas-feiras, dias em que habitualmente o excesso de volume &#233; menor. Dados laboratoriais rotineiros (hemat&#243;crito, hemoglobina, c&#225;lcio, f&#243;sforo, paratorm&#244;nio e albumina) foram avaliados. Dosagens de interleucina-6 (IL-6) foram determinadas pelo m&#233;todo ELISA em laborat&#243;rio universit&#225;rio de centro de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com t&#233;cnicas padronizadas<sup>6,10</sup>. Dosagens de PCR ultrassens&#237;vel foram quantificadas em laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas pelo m&#233;todo nefelom&#233;trico<sup>11</sup>. Foram considerados como portadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica aqueles que apresentaram n&#237;vel de PCR superior a 3 mg/L.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecodopplercardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados por ecocardiografista &#250;nico (S.H.B.) em dias interdial&#237;ticos (ter&#231;as e quintas-feiras), com hor&#225;rio marcado entre 12 e 18 horas<sup>7</sup>. Utilizamos ecocardi&#243;grafo Envisor HD Philips, equipado com transdutor de 2,5 -4 MHz, para realizar estudo completo aos modos M, bidimensional e Doppler (puls&#225;til, cont&#237;nuo, colorido e tecidual). De acordo com a conven&#231;&#227;o de Penn<sup>12</sup>, as medidas lineares do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram obtidas ao modo M (espessura do septo interventricular, espessura da parede posterior, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE). Foram empregados valores de corte para o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE: &gt; 56 mm para homens; e &gt; 53 mm para mulheres. A massa do VE foi obtida por meio da equa&#231;&#227;o de Devereux<sup>13</sup> e indexada pela altura em metros elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 2,7, diagnosticando hipertrofia se <underline>&gt;</underline> 45 g/m<sup>2,7</sup> para mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 49 g/m<sup>2,7 14</sup> para homens.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi analisada pelo c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o por meio do m&#233;todo de Simpson biplanar modificado, cujo limite inferior foi definido em 55%<sup>14</sup>. As velocidades do fluxo transvalvar mitral foram registradas no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras com a amostra do Doppler puls&#225;til posicionada entre as extremidades das c&#250;spides da v&#225;lvula mitral, solicitando-se ao paciente breve per&#237;odo de apneia no momento da medida. Foram registradas as velocidades de enchimento r&#225;pido precoce (E), velocidade de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (A), rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e o intervalo de tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TD). As velocidades do anel mitral ao Doppler tecidual foram registradas no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras com uma amostra de volume de 2 mm na jun&#231;&#227;o das paredes septal e lateral do VE com o anel mitral. A partir da m&#233;dia dos dois locais, determinaram-se a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel (e') e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e'. Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi definida como: (1) E/A &lt; 1 (altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento); (2) E/A &gt; 2 (fluxo restritivo); (3) E/A entre 1 e 2 com E/e' &gt; 10 (pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o)<sup>15</sup>. O tamanho do AE foi avaliado pela dimens&#227;o anteroposterior ao bidimensional (anormal quando &gt; 40 mm para homens e &gt; 38 mm para mulheres) e pelo c&#225;lculo do volume, usando a planimetria bidimensional por t&#233;cnica de Simpson biplanar, no quadro precedente &#224; abertura da valva mitral<sup>14</sup>. O VIAE foi obtido pela raz&#227;o entre o volume do AE e a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (anormal &gt; 28 ml/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>14</sup>. Todas as medidas ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas apresentadas no estudo correspondem &#224; m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e/ou mediana (dependendo da distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student ou Wilcoxon. Propor&#231;&#245;es foram comparadas com teste de qui-quadrado. Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou Spearman foram determinados para avaliar as correla&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica uni e multivariada foram empregadas para avaliar o papel do marcador inflamat&#243;rio na predi&#231;&#227;o do VAIE aumentado (&gt; 28 ml/m<sup>2</sup>). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi p &lt; 0,05. C&#225;lculo do tamanho da coorte foi realizado considerando preval&#234;ncia de inflama&#231;&#227;o de 50%<sup>16</sup>, n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e poder estat&#237;stico do teste de 90%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, bioqu&#237;micas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>. Foram inclu&#237;dos 58 pacientes, com idade 55 &#177; 15 anos, sendo 28 homens, &#237;ndice de massa corporal 23 &#177; 4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e tempo de HD de 24 &#177; 16 (mediana 21) meses. A etiologia da DRC foi atribu&#237;da &#224; nefroesclerose hipertensiva (45%), nefropatia diab&#233;tica (26%), glomerulonefrite cr&#244;nica (19%), rim polic&#237;stico (5%), lit&#237;ase (3%) e causa desconhecida (2%). A maioria dos pacientes (77%) estava em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, em especial os antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio (48%), inibidores da enzima conversora (46%), betabloqueadores (22%) e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (19%), isolados ou em associa&#231;&#227;o. Do total de pacientes, 32 (56%) estavam em uso de estatinas. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0141-30027-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE foi diagnosticada em 26%, hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica em 75%, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em 16%, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em 68% e dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE em 52% de nossos pacientes, isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o. Somente 13 (22%) tinham cora&#231;&#227;o normal ao ecocardiograma. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (PCR &gt; 3 mg/L) foi observada na maioria de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o (39 pacientes, 67%). As medianas de PCR e IL-6 foram 5,1 mg/L (0,5 a 296) e 6,1 pg/dl (9,9 a 196), respectivamente. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores de PCR correlacionaram-se significativamente com dimens&#227;o do AE (r = 0,17, p = 0,040), VIAE (r = 0,27, p = 0,02) e onda E (r = 0,32, p = 0,014). Os valores de IL-6, apesar da forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a PCR (r = 0,75, p &lt; 0,001), n&#227;o se correlacionaram significativamente com nenhum &#237;ndice ecocardiogr&#225;fico. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi ent&#227;o dividida conforme a dosagem da PCR, utilizando-se o quartil superior (i.e., indiv&#237;duos com maior grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o dentro de nossa amostra - Grupo II) para compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais ("controle"- Grupo I). Quando comparados os grupos (valor de corte para o quartil superior da PCR foi 14,8 mg/L), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as de idade, g&#234;nero, tempo sob HD, etiologia da DRC, drogas em uso, par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos tradicionais, massa/dimens&#227;o/fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, onda A, e' e rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a06tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a06tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0141-30027-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, o grupo II teve maiores m&#233;dias da dimens&#227;o do AE (41 &#177; 6 <italic>versus</italic> 37 &#177; 5 mm, p = 0,021), VIAE (42 &#177; 17 <italic>versus</italic> 32 &#177; 11 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,015) e onda E do fluxo mitral (103 &#177; 38 <italic>versus</italic> 79 &#177; 17 cm/s, p = 0,003), al&#233;m de tend&#234;ncia para maior rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' (14 &#177; 7 <italic>versus</italic> 11 &#177; 4, p = 0,08) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a06tab02">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a06fig01">Figura 1</xref>). O poder estat&#237;stico das diferen&#231;as encontradas foi <underline>&gt;</underline> 90%. A mesma an&#225;lise, quando empregada para a IL-6, n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as entre indiv&#237;duos acima e abaixo do quartil superior. Adicionalmente, an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o uni e multivariada mostraram que a PCR foi preditora do VIAE aumentado (p = 0,046), independente de idade, g&#234;nero e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a06fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0141-30027-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo acrescenta informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o papel da inflama&#231;&#227;o na DRC, tendo como principal achado a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCR e aumento do AE em indiv&#237;duos sob terapia renal substitutiva cr&#244;nica, sem evento CV pr&#233;vio. No grupo de indiv&#237;duos "mais inflamados" (maiores n&#237;veis de PCR), encontramos "os maiores &#225;trios esquerdos". A fisiopatologia das transforma&#231;&#245;es induzidas pela uremia no cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; complexa e multifatorial, mas a inflama&#231;&#227;o tem sido reconhecida como um dos principais fatores de risco n&#227;o tradicionais da DCV. Estima-se que o estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico exacerbado, avaliado por biomarcadores espec&#237;ficos como PCR e IL-6, esteja presente em pelo menos 50% dos pacientes com DRC em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados<sup>16</sup>. A resposta inflamat&#243;ria contribui para o crescimento e expans&#227;o de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas precoces, al&#233;m da instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa, resultando em significativa morbidade e mortalidade<sup>17</sup>. Nos pacientes com DRC em terapia hemodial&#237;tica, existe rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre valores elevados de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas e progn&#243;stico adverso<sup>4-6,18</sup>. O melhor entendimento de como esse processo se desenvolve, a determina&#231;&#227;o de novos preditores para o seu surgimento e a cria&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos para atenu&#225;-lo &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade desses pacientes. </p>
    <p>A ecodopplercardiografia ocupa atualmente posi&#231;&#227;o fundamental na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular dos pacientes com DRC, na medida em que detecta e quantifica anormalidades morfofisiol&#243;gicas essenciais na predi&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e defini&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas<sup>7,19,20</sup>. A liga&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e altera&#231;&#245;es ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas neste grupo de indiv&#237;duos j&#225; foi abordada previamente. Zoccali e cols.<sup>21</sup> indicaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre fibrinog&#234;nio s&#233;rico, hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com nefropatia cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao AE, Rao e cols.<sup>9</sup> demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre o VIAE e a PCR em amostra de 99 pacientes com DRC (61 em di&#225;lise) e DCV pr&#233;via. Nossa amostra difere daquela do estudo supracitado, uma vez que foi constitu&#237;da na sua totalidade por indiv&#237;duos sob HD de manuten&#231;&#227;o sem evento CV. Embora nossos achados pare&#231;am similares aos de Rao e cols., o fato de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ter antecedente de DCV parece refor&#231;ar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a PCR e AE aumentado na cardiopatia ur&#234;mica. Outro reconhecido marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o, a IL-6, n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com o tamanho do AE, apesar da forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a PCR.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o nefropatas descreveram n&#237;veis aumentados de PCR em indiv&#237;duos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>22,23</sup>, sugerindo que a inflama&#231;&#227;o possa estimular o remodelamento atrial, possivelmente por meio do aumento da express&#227;o de metaloproteinases de matriz e ativa&#231;&#227;o hormonal<sup>24</sup>. Outra hip&#243;tese para explicar a potencial a&#231;&#227;o mediadora de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios sobre o remodelamento atrial esquerdo emerge da aparente rela&#231;&#227;o entre ativa&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos, fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, frequentemente encontrada na vig&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e/ou hipertrofia ventricular. Kuwahara e cols.<sup>25</sup> utilizaram modelo experimental de sobrecarga press&#243;rica em cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos para demonstrar que a a&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos, mediada por MCP-1 (<italic>myocite chemoattractant protein</italic>) e TGF-beta (<italic>transforming growth factor</italic>), leva ao aumento da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, induzindo aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE. Sabe-se que o VIAE reflete a m&#233;dia das press&#245;es de enchimento de longo prazo<sup>8</sup>, raz&#227;o pela qual pode ter atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na associa&#231;&#227;o com a PCR em nosso estudo, enquanto a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' (capaz de uma estimativa pontual) foi apenas marginal nesse sentido. Por outro lado, encontramos significativa associa&#231;&#227;o entre PCR e onda E do fluxo mitral. A onda E mitral reflete o gradiente de press&#227;o entre AE e VE durante a di&#225;stole precoce, sendo afetada pela pr&#233;-carga e relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Como a sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de volume e/ou press&#227;o ativa uma s&#233;rie de processos adaptativos que modificam profundamente a estrutura do mioc&#225;rdio, existe a possibilidade dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios atuarem na media&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que refletem o remodelamento card&#237;aco em geral e, talvez, do AE em especial. Assim, existe a possibilidade de que o aumento do AE seja simplesmente a express&#227;o da presen&#231;a de hipervolemia subjacente, e que esta possa ser a desencadeante do aumento da PCR, possivelmente por congest&#227;o hep&#225;tica. Esta interpreta&#231;&#227;o permite conciliar a intrigante falta de liga&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre IL-6 e tamanho do AE, apesar da esperada e forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a PCR. Por outro lado, nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o teve o cuidado de realizar os ecocardiogramas e coletas de sangue para dosagem de marcadores em dias interdial&#237;ticos no meio de semana, o que teoricamente minimiza (mas n&#227;o invalida) o impacto da sobrecarga de volume nos resultados da PCR. </p>
    <p>Outra hip&#243;tese, que nos parece improv&#225;vel, &#233; a a&#231;&#227;o do paratorm&#244;nio, considerado um dos principais fatores envolvidos nas altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas relacionadas &#224; DRC<sup>19,27</sup>. Como tivemos o cuidado de excluir indiv&#237;duos com hiperparatireoidismo da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, baseado nos crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelas diretrizes internacionais mais recentes<sup>28</sup>, sugere-se que h&#225; outros pontos importantes, que n&#227;o o aumento do paratorm&#244;nio, envolvidos nesta via fisiopatol&#243;gica em especial. </p>
    <p>Embora pare&#231;a plaus&#237;vel que a inflama&#231;&#227;o participe nos processos que levam &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara atrial esquerda e ao correspondente aumento do risco cardiovascular, mais estudos com desenho adequado para comprovar tal especula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. Nosso estudo, embora forne&#231;a elementos para dar continuidade &#224; discuss&#227;o, tem uma s&#233;rie de limita&#231;&#245;es. Entre as principais, podemos apontar o car&#225;ter transversal da investiga&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o permite estabelecer rela&#231;&#245;es causais entra as vari&#225;veis; o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de participantes; e a exclus&#227;o de DCV baseada em dados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos basais, sem realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais exames complementares. Por outro lado, outros potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, como a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do VE (altera&#231;&#245;es frequentemente acompanhadas do aumento do AE) n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos, o que minimiza sua influ&#234;ncia na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em indiv&#237;duos sob HD sem DCV manifesta, houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o da PCR e aumento do AE. Os achados sugerem uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda e o estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico de pacientes sob HD.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o, desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barberato SH, Bucharles SGE e Pecoits-Filho R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Barberato SH, Bucharles SGE e de Souza AM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Barberato SH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Barberato SH, Bucharles SGE, Constantini CO, Constantini CRF e Pecoits-Filho R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barberato SH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Barberato SH e Pecoits-Filho R.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Silvio Henrique Barberato </p>
        <p> Rua Rezala Sim&#227;o, 1316/ Casa 28 - Santa Quit&#233;ria </p>
        <p> CEP 80330-180 - Curitiba, PR, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="silviohb@cardiol.br">silviohb@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="msbarberato@terra.com.br">msbarberato@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/03/12; revisado em 02/07/12; aceito em 26/09/12.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Rostand</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drueke</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
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        <mixed-citation>28.  Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2009;113:S1-130.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)</article-title>
          <source>Kidney Int</source>
          <date>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between inflammatory markers and left atrial enlargement in patients on hemodialysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In individuals with concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the association between left atrial volume (LAV) and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) is shown. OBJECTIVE: Verify the presence of associations between systemic inflammation and LA dilation in patients on hemodialysis (HD) without clinically evident CVD. METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study of a population on HD (&gt; 3 months), which excluded patients with acute or chronic inflammatory diseases (infections, malignancies, autoimmune diseases) hemodynamic instability, use of anti-inflammatory drugs, hyperparathyroidism, arrhythmias, mitral valve disease and prior cardiovascular (CV) events. CRP and interleukin-6 (IL-6) measurements as well as Doppler echocardiography were obtained. Correlation coefficients were determined to evaluate the associations between variables. RESULTS: A total of 58 patients were included (28 men, aged 55 &#177; 15 years), on HD for 24 &#177; 16 months, 45% were hypertensive, 26% diabetic, with median CRP of 5.1 mg/dL and IL-6 of 6.1 pg/dL. CRP significantly correlated with LAV (p = 0.040), LAV index (LAVi, p = 0.02) and mitral inflow E wave (p = 0.014). IL-6, despite the strong association with CRP levels (r = 0.75, p &lt; 0.001), did not correlate with echocardiographic indices. Individuals in the top quartile of CRP had significantly higher LAVi than the others (42 &#177; 17 versus 32 &#177; 11 mL/m&#178;, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: In subjects on HD with no prior CV event, there was an association between elevated CRP levels and LA enlargement. The findings suggest an association between physiopathological processes related to left atrial dilation and systemic inflammatory state of patients on HD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>C-Reactive Protein</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Association between inflammatory markers and left atrial enlargement in patients on hemodialysis</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Silvio Henrique Barberato<sup>I,I</sup>; S&#233;rgio Gardano Elias Bucharles<sup>I</sup>; Admar Moraes de Souza<sup>II</sup>; Costantino Ortiz Costantini<sup>II</sup>; Costantino Roberto Frack Costantini<sup>II</sup>; Roberto Pecoits-Filho<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> In individuals with concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the association between left atrial volume (LAV) and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) is shown. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Verify the presence of associations between systemic inflammation and LA dilation in patients on hemodialysis (HD) without clinically evident CVD. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This was an observational cross-sectional study of a population on HD (&gt; 3 months), which excluded patients with acute or chronic inflammatory diseases (infections, malignancies, autoimmune diseases) hemodynamic instability, use of anti-inflammatory drugs, hyperparathyroidism, arrhythmias, mitral valve disease and prior cardiovascular (CV) events. CRP and interleukin-6 (IL-6) measurements as well as Doppler echocardiography were obtained. Correlation coefficients were determined to evaluate the associations between variables. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 58 patients were included (28 men, aged 55 &#177; 15 years), on HD for 24 &#177; 16 months, 45% were hypertensive, 26% diabetic, with median CRP of 5.1 mg/dL and IL-6 of 6.1 pg/dL. CRP significantly correlated with LAV (p = 0.040), LAV index (LAVi, p = 0.02) and mitral inflow E wave (p = 0.014). IL-6, despite the strong association with CRP levels (r = 0.75, p &lt; 0.001), did not correlate with echocardiographic indices. Individuals in the top quartile of CRP had significantly higher LAVi than the others (42 &#177; 17 versus 32 &#177; 11 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.015). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> In subjects on HD with no prior CV event, there was an association between elevated CRP levels and LA enlargement. The findings suggest an association between physiopathological processes related to left atrial dilation and systemic inflammatory state of patients on HD.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Inflammation; Heart Atria/abnormalities; Renal Dialysis; C-Reactive Protein.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) do not fully explain the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) treated by hemodialysis (HD). The excess cardiovascular risk in this group seems to be influenced by non-traditional factors, some of which are inherent to CKD<sup>1</sup>. Among the so-called non-traditional risk factors, systemic inflammation has a prominent role in the current investigation of the pathogenesis of CVD<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In patients with CKD undergoing dialysis, several studies have pointed out the association between systemic proinflammatory cytokines and cardiovascular mortality<sup>3-6</sup>. In parallel, Doppler echocardiography has played a key role in cardiovascular risk stratification of patients with CKD, providing surrogate markers that are useful for clinical outcomes<sup>7</sup>. Thus, the left atrial volume index (LAVi) was appointed as a powerful tool to predict adverse events in patients on chronic HD<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this sense, Rao et al<sup>9</sup> established a link between these two important aspects of the evaluation of cardiovascular disease pathophysiology in patients with CKD by demonstrating an independent association between LAVi and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with nephropathy and concomitant CVD. We hypothesized that systemic inflammation may contribute to the processes that lead to left atrium (LA) dilation and to the corresponding increase in cardiovascular risk. </p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of correlations between systemic inflammation and Doppler echocardiographic alterations (mainly in the left atrium), in a group of individuals on maintenance HD and no clinically manifest CVD. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional, population-based study of patients undergoing chronic HD, from a renal replacement therapy center. Inclusion criteria were age <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years, duration of dialysis &gt; 3 months, with permanent vascular access (arteriovenous fistula) and interest in participating in the study. Patients underwent detailed clinical assessment, noting the underlying disease that caused the CKD, risk factors and history of CV events.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: presence of diseases that could potentially generate acute and chronic inflammatory processes, such as infections, malignancies and autoimmune disease, presence of hemodynamic instability, chronic use of anti-inflammatory drugs (non-hormonal or steroids), hyperparathyroidism (PTH value <underline>&gt;</underline> 300 pg/mL), cardiac arrhythmias, significant mitral valve disease (any degree of stenosis or moderate/severe regurgitaion) and previous CV event (myocardial infarction, angina, myocardial revascularization, intermittent claudication and stroke). The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee in accordance with resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected between regular HD sessions in the middle of the week, on Tuesdays and Thursdays, days when the excess volume is usually smaller. Routine laboratory data (hematocrit, hemoglobin, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone and albumin) were evaluated. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were determined by ELISA in a university post-graduation center laboratory in accordance with standard techniques<sup>6,10</sup>. Ultrasensitive CRP levels were measured in the clinical laboratory by the nephelometric method<sup>11</sup>. Patients were classified as having systemic inflammation when they had CRP levels &gt; 3 mg/L.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Doppler echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The examinations were performed by a single echocardiographer (SHB) on interdialytic days (Tuesdays and Thursdays), by appointment between 12 PM and 6 PM<sup>7</sup>. An Envisor HD Philips ultrasound machine was used, equipped with a 2.5-4 MHz transducer to perform comprehensive study on M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler (pulsed, continuous, color and tissue). According to the Penn convention<sup>12</sup>, the linear measurements of the left ventricle (LV) were obtained in M-mode (interventricular septum thickness, posterior wall thickness, end-diastolic diameter and LV end-systolic diameter). Cutoff values were employed for LV end-diastolic diameter: &gt; 56 mm for men and &gt; 53 mm for women. The LV mass was obtained through the Devereux equation<sup>13</sup> and indexed by height in meters to the 2.7 power; hypertrophy was diagnosed if <underline>&gt;</underline> 45 g/m<sup>2.7</sup> for women and <underline>&gt;</underline> 49 g/m<sup>2.714</sup> for men.</p>
      <p>LV systolic function was assessed by calculating the ejection fraction (LVEF) using the modified biplane Simpson's method, of which lower limit was set at 55%<sup>14</sup>. The mitral inflow velocities were recorded in the apical four-chamber view with the pulsed Doppler sample placed between the ends of the cusps of the mitral valve, while asking the patient to maintain a short period of apnea at the time of measurement. The early rapid filling velocity (E), atrial contraction velocity (A), E/A ratio and E-wave deceleration time (DT) interval were recorded.</p>
      <p>Mitral annulus velocities by Tissue Doppler were recorded in the apical four chamber view with a sample volume of 2 mm at the junction of the septal and lateral LV walls with the mitral annulus. Based on the average of the two sites, early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (e') and the E/e' ratio were determined. Diastolic dysfunction was defined as: (1) E/A &lt;1 (abnormal relaxation pattern), (2) E/A &gt; 2 (restrictive flow pattern), (3) E/A between 1 and 2 with E/e' &gt; 10 (pseudonormalization)<sup>15</sup>. LA size was evaluated by the anteroposterior dimension by two-dimensional (abnormal when &gt; 40 mm for men and &gt; 38 mm for women) and the volume calculation, by two-dimensional planimetry using the biplane Simpson technique in the frame before mitral valve opening<sup>14</sup>. LAVi was obtained by the ratio between the LA volume and body surface area (abnormal&gt; 28 mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>14</sup>. All Doppler echocardiographic measures in the study correspond to the mean of three cardiac cycles.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation and/or median (depending on the sample distribution). Continuous variables were compared by the Student's t or Wilcoxon test. Proportions were compared by the Chi-square test. Pearson's or Spearman correlation coefficients were determined to evaluate the correlations between variables. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the inflammatory marker role in predicting increased LAVi (&gt; 28 mL/m<sup>2</sup>). The statistical significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05. The cohort size calculation was performed considering the prevalence of inflammation of 50%<sup>16</sup>, a significance level of 5% and a test statistical power of 90%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. A total of 58 patients were included, aged 55 &#177; 15 years, 28 men, with a body mass index of 23 &#177; 4 kg / m<sup>2</sup> and time on HD of 24 &#177; 16 (median 21) months. The etiology of CKD was attributed to hypertensive nephrosclerosis (45%), diabetic nephropathy (26%), chronic glomerulonephritis (19%), polycystic kidney (5%), lithiasis (3%) and unknown causes (2%). Most patients (77%) received cardiovascular medication, especially calcium channel antagonists (48%), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (46%), beta-blockers (22%) and angiotensin receptor blockers (19 %), singly or in combination. Of all patients, 32 (56%) were using statins.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0141-30027-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic alterations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>LV dilation was diagnosed in 26%, myocardial hypertrophy in 75%, systolic dysfunction in 16%, diastolic dysfunction in 68% and LA dilation in 52% of our patients, alone or in combination. Only 13 (22%) had normal heart on echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Inflammatory markers</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The presence of systemic inflammation (CRP &gt; 3 mg/L) was observed in most of our population (39 patients, 67%). Median CRP and IL-6 levels were 5.1 mg/L (0.5 to 296) and 6.1 pg/dL (9.9 to 196), respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Association between inflammation and echocardiographic alterations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>CRP values were significantly correlated with LA dimension (r = 0.17, p = 0.040), LAVi (r = 0.27, p = 0.02) and E wave (r = 0.32, p = 0.014). The levels of IL-6, despite the strong association with CRP (r = 0.75, p &lt;0.001), did not correlate significantly with any echocardiographic index. The study population was then divided according to CRP levels, using the upper quartile (i.e., individuals with higher levels of inflammation in our sample - Group II) compared to the others ("Control" - Group I). When comparing the groups (cutoff value for the upper quartile of CRP was 14.8 mg/L), there were no differences in age, gender, time on HD, etiology of CKD, drug use, traditional biochemical parameters, LV mass/size/ejection fraction, A wave, e' wave and E/A ratio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a06tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a06tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0141-30027-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>On the other hand, group II had higher means of LA dimension ((41 &#177; 6 <italic>versus</italic> 37 &#177; 5 mm, p = 0.021), LAVi (42 &#177; 17 <italic>versus</italic> 32 &#177; 11 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.015)) and the mitral inflow E wave ((103 &#177; 38 <italic>versus</italic> 79 &#177; 17 cm/s, p = 0;003), in addition to greater tendency for higher E/e' ratio (14 &#177; 7 <italic>versus</italic> 11 &#177; 4, p = 0,08) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a06tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a06fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The statistical power of the differences observed was <underline>&gt;</underline> 90%. The same analysis, when used for IL-6, showed no differences between individuals above and below the upper quartile. Additionally, uni- and multivariate regression analyses showed that predictor of CRP was predictive of increased LAVi (p = 0.046), regardless of age, gender, and ejection fraction. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a06fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0141-30027-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study adds information on the role of inflammation in CKD, with the main finding demonstrating the association between elevated CRP and enlarged LA in subjects undergoing chronic renal replacement therapy without previous CV event. </p>
      <p>In the group of individuals with "more inflammation" (higher CRP levels), we found the "largest left atria". The physiopathology of uremia-induced alterations in the heart is complex and multifactorial, but inflammation has been recognized as a major non-traditional CVD risk factor. It is estimated that the exacerbated systemic inflammatory state, as judged by specific PCR biomarkers and IL-6, is present in at least 50% of CKD patients at advanced stages<sup>16</sup>. The inflammatory response contributes to the growth and expansion of early atherosclerotic lesions in addition to plaque destabilization, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>In patients with CKD on hemodialysis, there is a direct association between high levels of systemic proinflammatory cytokines and adverse prognosis<sup>4-6,18</sup>. A better understanding of how this process develops, as well as the determination of new predictors for its onset and the creation of mechanisms to attenuate it are extremely important to reduce mortality in these patients. </p>
      <p> Doppler Echocardiography currently holds a key position in cardiovascular risk stratification of CKD patients, as it detects and quantifies morphophysiological abnormalities that are essential in predicting prognosis and defining therapeutic strategies<sup>7,19,20</sup>. The association between inflammation and Doppler echocardiographic alterations in this group of individuals has been previously addressed. Zoccali et al<sup>21</sup> indicated an association between serum fibrinogen, myocardial hypertrophy and lower ejection fraction in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Regarding the LA, Rao et al<sup>9</sup> demonstrated an independent association between LAVi and CRP in a sample of 99 patients with CKD (61 on dialysis) and prior CVD. Our sample differs from the aforementioned study, as it consisted entirely of individuals on maintenance HD without CV event. Although our findings may seem similar to those of Rao et al., the fact that our population has no history of CVD seems to reinforce the association between CRP and enlarged LA in uremic cardiomyopathy. Another known marker of inflammation, IL-6, showed no correlation with LA size, despite the strong association with CRP. </p>
      <p> Some studies in populations without CKD described increased levels of CRP in patients with atrial fibrillation<sup>22,23</sup>, suggesting that inflammation might stimulate atrial remodeling, possibly through increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and hormonal activation<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Another hypothesis to explain the potential mediator action of inflammatory markers on left atrial remodeling arises from the apparent association between macrophage activation, myocardial fibrosis and LV diastolic dysfunction, often found in the presence of hypertension and/or ventricular hypertrophy. Kuwahara et al<sup>25</sup> used an experimental model of pressure overload in rats' hearts to demonstrate that the action of macrophages mediated by MCP-1 (myocyte chemoattractant protein) and TGF-&#945; (transforming growth factor), leads to increased myocardial fibrosis, inducing increased LV end-diastolic pressure. It is known that LAVi reflects the mean of long-term filling pressures<sup>8</sup>, which is why it may have reached statistical significance in the association with CRP in our study, while the E/e' ratio (capable of a point estimation) was only borderline in this sense. On the other hand, we found a significant association between CRP and mitral inflow E wave. The mitral E-wave reflects the pressure gradient between LA and LV during early diastole, being affected by preload and myocardial relaxation<sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>As the chronic volume overload and/or pressure activates a series of adaptive processes that deeply modify myocardial structure, there is a possibility that the inflammatory markers will mediate the echocardiographic alterations that reflect cardiac remodeling in general and, perhaps, of the LA, particularly. Thus, there is a possibility that the enlarged LA is simply the expression of the presence of underlying hypervolemia, and that this may be the trigger of increased CRP, possibly by hepatic congestion. This interpretation allows conciliating the intriguing lack of association between IL-6 and LA size, despite the expected strong association with CRP. On the other hand, our investigation was careful to perform the echocardiograms and blood samples collections for inflammatory marker measurements on interdialytic days in midweek, which theoretically minimizes (but does not invalidate) the impact of volume overload on CRP results. </p>
      <p>Another hypothesis, which seems unlikely, it is the action of parathyroid hormone, considered one of the main factors involved in myocardial alterations related to CKD<sup>19,27</sup>. As we were careful to exclude patients with hyperparathyroidism from our population, based on criteria established by the latest international guidelines<sup>28</sup>, this suggests that there are other important factors, rather than the increase in parathyroid hormone, involved in this physiopathological pathway in particular. </p>
      <p>Although it seems plausible that inflammation participates in the processes that lead to left atrial chamber dilation and corresponding increase in cardiovascular risk, more studies with adequate design to confirm this speculation are needed. Our study, although it provides elements to continue the discussion, has a number of limitations. Among the main ones, we can mention the cross-sectional nature of the investigation, which does not allow establishing causal associations between the variables, the relatively small number of participants, and the exclusion of CVD based on clinical, basal electrocardiographic and Doppler echocardiographic data, without performing further examinations. Moreover, other potential confounding factors, such as the presence of hypertrophy, LV diastolic and systolic dysfunction (alterations often accompanied by enlarged LA) did not differ between the groups, which minimizes their influence when interpreting the results. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In individuals with no clinically manifest CVD undergoing HD, there was an association between elevated CRP and enlarged LA. The findings suggest an association between the physiopathological processes related with left atrial enlargement and the systemic inflammatory state observed in patients on HD. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
