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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RmGvCgqN3vHHdBm8wHyYQSr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em pacientes com doen&#231;a de chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Truccolo</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Barni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dipp</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eibel</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Antonini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casali</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Rabello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irigoyen</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Iseu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Plentz</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Della Me&#227;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Alegrete</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas: Endocrinologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>135</fpage>
      <lpage>140</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Em condi&#231;&#227;o homeost&#225;tica, o Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo (SNA), pela libera&#231;&#227;o de neurotransmissores vasoconstritores, e o endot&#233;lio, pela libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras, atuam em sintonia para manter o t&#244;nus vascular. Todavia, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois sistemas em portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada (DChI) ainda n&#227;o foi estudada. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros referentes &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em portadores da DChI. M&#201;TODOS: Treze pacientes com DChI (59,2 &#177; 11,23 anos) sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular foram avaliados para modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico da press&#227;o arterial (Finapress) e a an&#225;lise dos registros mediante a t&#233;cnica da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (VFC) no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial (DMF), usando imagens de ultrassom de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Na posi&#231;&#227;o em dec&#250;bito dorsal foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes espectrais de alta (HF) (r = 0,78 p = 0,007) e baixa (LF) frequ&#234;ncias normalizadas (r = 0,68 p = 0,01), bem como com o balan&#231;o simpatovagal (LF/HF) (r= -0,78 p = 0,004) com a DMF. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nosso estudo aponta a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em pacientes com doen&#231;a de chagas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adriana Barni Truccolo<sup>I,II</sup>; Thiago Dipp<sup>I</sup>; Bruna Eibel<sup>I</sup>; Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro<sup>III</sup>; Karina Rabello Casali<sup>IV</sup>; Maria Claudia Irigoyen<sup>I,V</sup>; Iseu Gus<sup>I</sup>; Lucia Campos Pellanda<sup>I,VI</sup>; Rodrigo Della Me&#227; Plentz<sup>I,VI</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul UERGS, Alegrete, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas: Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul- UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, USP - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>VI</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Em condi&#231;&#227;o homeost&#225;tica, o Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo (SNA), pela libera&#231;&#227;o de neurotransmissores vasoconstritores, e o endot&#233;lio, pela libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras, atuam em sintonia para manter o t&#244;nus vascular. Todavia, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois sistemas em portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada (DChI) ainda n&#227;o foi estudada. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros referentes &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em portadores da DChI. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Treze pacientes com DChI (59,2 &#177; 11,23 anos) sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular foram avaliados para modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico da press&#227;o arterial (Finapress) e a an&#225;lise dos registros mediante a t&#233;cnica da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (VFC) no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial (DMF), usando imagens de ultrassom de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Na posi&#231;&#227;o em dec&#250;bito dorsal foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes espectrais de alta (HF) (r = 0,78 p = 0,007) e baixa (LF) frequ&#234;ncias normalizadas (r = 0,68 p = 0,01), bem como com o balan&#231;o simpatovagal (LF/HF) (r= -0,78 p = 0,004) com a DMF. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nosso estudo aponta a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a de Chagas / fisiopatologia, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Endot&#233;lio, Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A despeito da comemora&#231;&#227;o do centen&#225;rio de descoberta da doen&#231;a de Chagas (DCh), essa ainda representa desafio m&#233;dico-cient&#237;fico, sendo a mais importante doen&#231;a parasit&#225;ria depois da mal&#225;ria e da esquistossomose. H&#225; cerca de 10 milh&#245;es de pessoas infectadas no mundo<sup>1</sup>, e 25% a 30% evoluem para a Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica (CCC)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A fisiopatologia tanto da DCh na fase indeterminada (DChI) como da CCC ainda &#233; pouco conhecida, mas a DChI parece ser de grande import&#226;ncia por ser a liga&#231;&#227;o entre a miocardite aguda e a CCC<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; foi demonstrado que a falha na regula&#231;&#227;o do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo (SNA) est&#225; associada ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>4</sup>, e observa&#231;&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<sup>5</sup> e vagal<sup>6</sup> na DChI s&#227;o conflitantes<sup>7</sup>. Alguns estudos sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<sup>8,9</sup> decorre da maior denerva&#231;&#227;o vagal gerando desequil&#237;brio na regula&#231;&#227;o neural da frequ&#234;ncia e ritmo card&#237;acos, e hipersensibilidade do mioc&#225;rdio &#224;s catecolaminas<sup>10</sup>; e outros, que a disautonomia est&#225; ausente<sup>11</sup>, sugerindo que o comprometimento auton&#244;mico est&#225; associado &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos mostram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial precede as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>13</sup> ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>14</sup>. Percebem-se, at&#233; o momento atual, resultados contradit&#243;rios nos poucos estudos que investigaram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na DChI. Enquanto um estudo encontrou disfun&#231;&#227;o venosa endotelial<sup>15</sup>, outro mostrou aus&#234;ncia<sup>16</sup> de endot&#233;lio disfuncional, impondo, dessa forma, a necessidade de novas investiga&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Em condi&#231;&#245;es normais o equil&#237;brio do t&#244;nus vascular &#233; mantido pelo antagonismo funcional entre os fatores vasoconstritores do sistema simp&#225;tico e vasodilatadores do endot&#233;lio<sup>17</sup>. Esse equil&#237;brio &#233; rompido em doen&#231;as como hipertens&#227;o<sup>18</sup>, aterosclerose<sup>19 </sup>e resist&#234;ncia a insulina<sup>20 </sup>onde se observa rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aumento da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica. Por&#233;m, estudos relacionando o SNA e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na DChI ainda n&#227;o foram realizados. </p>
    <p>Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e testar a associa&#231;&#227;o existente entre tais mecanismos em portadores da DChI.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Metodologia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Casu&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de desenho cl&#237;nico transversal aprovado (parecer 4360-09) pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC) do RS. Trinta e quatro pacientes selecionados consecutivamente no ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia em Doen&#231;a de Chagas do Instituto de Cardiologia (IC) do RS, no per&#237;odo entre janeiro e dezembro de 2010, todos os pacientes selecionados possu&#237;am exames de rotina que descartavam doen&#231;as associadas. Desses, 13 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 59,2 &#177; 11,2 anos, sendo oito (62%) do sexo feminino preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: 1) paciente nascido em zona end&#234;mica para DCh; 2) dois testes sorol&#243;gicos positivos, um de elevada sensibilidade - Elisa, e outro de alta especificidade Imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta - IFI; 3) Fun&#231;&#227;o e anatomia ventricular esquerda normais (fra&#231;&#227;o eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 60% avaliada por ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler); 4) Aus&#234;ncia de sintomas e sinais sugestivos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular; 5) Exames bioqu&#237;micos normais; 6) Eletrocardiograma (ECG) normal. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o compreenderam: tabagismo, diabete melito<sup>21</sup>, hipertens&#227;o<sup>22</sup>, hipercolesterolemia<sup>23</sup>, menopausa, uso de medica&#231;&#227;o com efeitos sobre o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo card&#237;aco (betabloqueador, clonidina e alfametildopa), bem como di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial menor que 2,5 mm ou maior que 5 mm.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram examinados no ambulat&#243;rio de DCh do IC/RS, para diagn&#243;stico de DChI, indica&#231;&#227;o de exames laboratoriais, ECG e ecodopplercardiograma com mapeamento de fluxo em cores. A an&#225;lise do perfil bioqu&#237;mico e inflamat&#243;rio ocorreu de acordo com o protocolo do laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas do IC/RS. Foram colhidos 5 mL de sangue dos pacientes, em jejum de 12 horas, para an&#225;lise do Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicer&#237;deos (T) e Glicemia (G) (m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico - Roche Laboratories, Basel, Switzerland); lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) (isolado pelo m&#233;todo heparina-2M Mncl2 e medido com o mesmo <italic>"kit"</italic> enzim&#225;tico usado para o colesterol plasm&#225;tico total); lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) (pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald e cols.<sup>24 </sup>em mg/dL); hemograma (contador autom&#225;tico, modelo 818 da <italic>AVL</italic>); prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us) (m&#233;todo Nefelom&#233;trico) e fibrinog&#234;nio (m&#233;todo de Clauss). </p>
    <p>Para a determina&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos de peso e estatura foi utilizada balan&#231;a de plataforma da marca Filizola com carga m&#225;xima de 150 Kg e divis&#245;es de 100 g com haste de metal inflex&#237;vel, marcada cm/cm at&#233; a altura de 2 m. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado dividindo-se o peso (kg) pelo quadrado da estatura (metros), sendo considerado obeso o paciente com IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS)<sup>25</sup>. A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) foi medida com o paciente em p&#233; medindo-se na metade da dist&#226;ncia entre a face inferior da &#250;ltima costela e a por&#231;&#227;o superior da crista il&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foram realizados no mesmo dia, em sala com temperatura controlada (22 &#186;C a 25 &#186;C), em sil&#234;ncio e com pouca luminosidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (VFC) &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular possuindo correla&#231;&#227;o com o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o, a angiografia coronariana<sup>26</sup>, sendo o m&#233;todo de escolha. Ap&#243;s serem informados de todos os passos do exame, os pacientes permaneceram em repouso por 15 minutos. O registro dos dados ocorreu na posi&#231;&#227;o supina seguida de manobra de ortostatismo ativo (estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica) de at&#233; sete minutos; com posterior retorno &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
    <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca batimento a batimento, de maneira cont&#237;nua, deu-se por meio de um sensor colocado no dedo m&#233;dio, e conectado a um transdutor (Ohmeda 2300, Monitoring Systems, Englewood, CO, USA). O transdutor captou os sinais, em tempo real, enviando-os a um microcomputador equipado com conversor anal&#243;gico-digital. A convers&#227;o e aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos sinais foi pelo sistema WindaQ (DataQ Instruments, Inc., Akron, Ohio, USA). Tr&#234;s canais foram registrados, cada um com taxa de amostragem calculada em 1KHz. Os sinais foram armazenados no formato bin&#225;rio CODAS para posterior an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico utilizou-se a an&#225;lise espectral, calculada por meio do modelo autorregressivo (AR)<sup>26</sup> aplicado a s&#233;ries temporais estacion&#225;rias de 300 batimentos<sup>26</sup>. A pot&#234;ncia espectral foi decomposta nas faixas de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF: 0,03 - 0,15Hz) e alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF: 0,15 - 0,40Hz), em unidades normalizadas para minimizar os efeitos das altera&#231;&#245;es da banda de muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (VLF), e na raz&#227;o entre esses componentes (LF/HF), que representa o balan&#231;o simpatovagal<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial (DMF)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional da reatividade vascular do endot&#233;lio e da camada muscular seguiu o protocolo de Correti e cols.<sup>28</sup>, realizada sempre pelo mesmo avaliador com experi&#234;ncia em ultrassonografia vascular. Os pacientes foram solicitados a n&#227;o fazer uso nas 24h anteriores ao exame de subst&#226;ncias estimulantes, &#225;lcool, vitamina C; n&#227;o praticarem exerc&#237;cio; e as mulheres realizarem o exame fora do per&#237;odo menstrual.</p>
    <p>A medida da DMF foi obtida com os pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Um manguito pneum&#225;tico foi colocado 5 cm acima da fossa cubital. Utilizando Eco-Doppler bidimensional de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (modelo <italic>EnVisor Philips Medical System; Bothel, WA, EUA) </italic>equipado com transdutor vascular linear, de alta frequ&#234;ncia de 7 a 12 MHz, e <italic>software</italic> para imagem e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica onde se obteve: a medida do di&#226;metro longitudinal da art&#233;ria braquial em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, seguido pela oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria durante 5 minutos quando da insufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito em 50 mmHg acima da PAS, e medida do di&#226;metro arterial ap&#243;s 45 a 60 segundos da libera&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas <italic>off-line</italic>, procedendo-se a mensura&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial, no final da di&#225;stole (no pico da onda R do eletrocardiograma). A an&#225;lise foi realizada em v&#225;rios pontos ao longo do vaso, com o aux&#237;lio de sistemas de computador espec&#237;ficos para mensura&#231;&#227;o de imagens ecogr&#225;ficas. As respostas de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependentes do fluxo foram expressas como varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do di&#226;metro braquial basal<sup>29</sup>. Ap&#243;s 10 minutos de repouso e o restabelecimento das condi&#231;&#245;es basais, foram registradas novas medidas antes e 3 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de nitroglicerina jato sublingual (0,4 mg) com intuito de avaliar a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio vascular e portanto para verificar a integridade do sistema da muscular dos vasos avaliados<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados pelo programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) vers&#227;o 13.0 para <italic>Windows </italic>e expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana e intervalo interquartil. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov analisou a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. A normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados assim&#233;tricos deu-se por transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica. Para verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis utilizou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e Spearman para os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e assim&#233;trica, respectivamente, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref> demonstra as caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, hemodin&#226;micas, o perfil bioqu&#237;mico e de prote&#237;nas inflamat&#243;rias de fase aguda dos 13 indiv&#237;duos que tiveram sorologia positiva para a DChI h&#225; 12,5 &#177; 7,4 anos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0135-30026-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de DMF% (18,1; 3,2 - 36,5) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>), observa-se que 50% da amostra apresenta percentual de dilata&#231;&#227;o de 18,1%, o que &#233; acima do considerado normal (8%)<sup>29 </sup>para homens e mulheres. Somente 25% da amostra apresenta percentual de dilata&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 3,2% e 25% dos valores de DMF% encontram-se entre 18,1% e 36,5%, demonstrando altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial desses pacientes.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0135-30026-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico, os pacientes demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas evidenciadas pela aus&#234;ncia de resposta &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica. Quando submetidos a manobra de ortostatismo, mediante a altera&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o supina para a ortost&#225;tica, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica (LF) (p = 1), parassimp&#225;tica (HF) (p = 0,43) e no balan&#231;o simpatovagal (LF/HF) (p = 0,98) dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Os dados da an&#225;lise da VFC e suas correla&#231;&#245;es com a DMF% podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a05tab03">tabela 3</xref>. Em dec&#250;bito dorsal houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa nos espectros de alta (HF) e baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF) em valores normalizados e com o balan&#231;o simpatovagal (LF/HF) com a DMF%. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros auton&#244;micos e a DMF% em situa&#231;&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a05tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0135-30026-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado deste trabalho foi a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre par&#226;metros ligados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em pacientes portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada. Nosso estudo encontrou evid&#234;ncias de altera&#231;&#245;es na dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo e defici&#234;ncia na resposta auton&#244;mica ao ortoestatismo, sendo o primeiro a relatar as correla&#231;&#245;es existentes entre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica (LF) quanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica (HF) e o balan&#231;o simpatovagal card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>A literatura evidencia que o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica influencia na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial reduzindo a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o em repouso e ante est&#237;mulos de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o<sup>7,30</sup>, e que o modo pelo qual a estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico provoca a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o parece n&#227;o ser &#250;nico. A vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o pode ser decorrente da libera&#231;&#227;o de norepinefrina<sup>31</sup> pelos terminais nervosos das fibras simp&#225;ticas agindo com os receptores &#945;<sub>1</sub> adren&#233;rgicos das c&#233;lulas endoteliais ou por meio do est&#237;mulo &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de endotelina<sup>31</sup>; sendo essa resposta vasoconstritora simp&#225;tica atenuada pelo &#243;xido n&#237;trico<sup>32</sup>, um potente vasodilatador. </p>
    <p>Sverrisd&#243;ttir e cols.<sup>33</sup> mostraram haver uma intr&#237;nseca rela&#231;&#227;o entre o endot&#233;lio e o Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico (SNS) quando investigaram dez indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis encontrando atividade simp&#225;tica inversamente relacionada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. O mesmo foi observado em estudo conduzido por Lambert e cols.<sup>34</sup> que avaliaram 25 universit&#225;rios com sobrepeso e obesidade. Nossos resultados sugerem que esses mecanismos est&#227;o presentes na doen&#231;a da Chagas na forma indeterminada e que essa associa&#231;&#227;o provavelmente ocorre de maneira compensat&#243;ria entre os sistemas envolvidos. &#201; importante salientar que as evid&#234;ncias de associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<sup>30</sup> observadas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>35</sup> e hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>36</sup> t&#234;m sido associadas a falhas nos dois sistemas. Carece de comprova&#231;&#227;o se as doen&#231;as citadas provocam disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e/ou se uma falha nos mecanismos de controle do SNA e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial afeta negativamente a homeostase, provocando-as. Quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es no equil&#237;brio entre esses dois sistemas, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e SNA, podem levar a efeitos delet&#233;rios tamb&#233;m sobre o sistema cardiovascular<sup>37</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foi observada uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o balan&#231;o simpatovagal, evidenciando que o aumento da predomin&#226;ncia simp&#225;tica diminui a resposta de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo. A literatura demonstra que o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; parassimp&#225;tica<sup>33 </sup>reduz a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o em repouso e ante est&#237;mulos de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, o que vai ao encontro do nosso achado.</p>
    <p>Achados secund&#225;rios deste estudo mostraram n&#227;o haver altera&#231;&#227;o significativa tanto na modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica (LF) quanto na parassimp&#225;tica (HF) quando os pacientes mudaram da posi&#231;&#227;o supina para a ortost&#225;tica, sugerindo que a retirada vagal encontra-se alterada uma vez que a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o propiciou o esperado deslocamento da predomin&#226;ncia vagal para a predomin&#226;ncia simp&#225;tica. Na verdade, os resultados encontrados apontam para comprometimento tanto da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica quanto parassimp&#225;tica. Estudos t&#234;m observado que em condi&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>16-18</sup> uma defici&#234;ncia na s&#237;ntese e ou libera&#231;&#227;o de NO pode contribuir para a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica sustentada vista nessas condi&#231;&#245;es<sup>38</sup>; o que n&#227;o &#233; o caso de nosso estudo onde o endot&#233;lio se encontra preservado. K&#246;berle<sup>6 </sup>e Rassi Jr e cols.<sup>4</sup> demonstraram a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, com predomin&#226;ncia parassimp&#225;tica em pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a. &#201; poss&#237;vel que em condi&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial uma defici&#234;ncia na s&#237;ntese e ou libera&#231;&#227;o de NO possa contribuir para a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica sustentada vista nessas condi&#231;&#245;es</p>
    <p>Um aspecto interessante a ser observado nesse grupo de pacientes &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico, verificada da aus&#234;ncia de resposta auton&#244;mica ante a manobra de ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<sup>27</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade total tem sido proposta como decorrente de uma exacerbada atividade simp&#225;tica e ou de um t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico diminu&#237;do<sup>39</sup>. Nossos achados est&#227;o de acordo com os de Vasconcelos e Junqueira Jr.<sup>11</sup> quando avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de 17 pacientes com DChI por meio do mesmo m&#233;todo e encontraram evid&#234;ncia de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca mostra um padr&#227;o claro e distinto de severidade quando comparando chag&#225;sicos na forma indeterminada com chag&#225;sicos na fase cr&#244;nica. Os autores mostraram que os dois grupos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC, contudo, mais acentuada no grupo da fase cr&#244;nica. A redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC tamb&#233;m tem sido associada ao processo de envelhecimento. De Resende e cols.<sup>40</sup> investigaram a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica por meio da VFC em 28 idosos portadores de DChI encontrando redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC nesses indiv&#237;duos. Contudo, nossos achados n&#227;o mostraram a mesma associa&#231;&#227;o descartando a idade como fator contribuinte para tal achado. </p>
    <p>Segundo Sterin-Borda<sup>39 </sup>a exist&#234;ncia de anticorpos circulantes, na DCh, ligando-se aos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos e muscar&#237;nicos colin&#233;rgicos nos linf&#243;citos e no mioc&#225;rdio mostra uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com pacientes soropositivos assintom&#225;ticos com disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica apontando para que a presen&#231;a desses anticorpos possa explicar parcialmente a cardioneuropatia na DCh, na qual os sistemas simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico s&#227;o afetados. </p>
    <p>Apesar de o objetivo principal do trabalho n&#227;o ter sido verificar presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, o que implicaria a necessidade de haver grupo controle, menciona-se que a aus&#234;ncia desse para melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos objetivos espec&#237;ficos &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, assim como a sele&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o aleat&#243;ria da amostra. Salienta-se que as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas neste estudo n&#227;o representam rela&#231;&#227;o de causa-efeito. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;acas, bem como uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o balan&#231;o simpatovagal em portadores da DChI. Sugere-se que novos estudos sejam realizados a fim de confirmar tais achados considerando a inclus&#227;o de um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com grupo de sujeitos h&#237;gidos pareados a esses. O estudo da rela&#231;&#227;o entre o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode fornecer um modelo para melhor identificar os processos envolvidos no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o, desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Truccolo AB, Ribeiro RA, Casali KR, Irigoyen MC, Gus I, Plentz RDM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dipp T, Eibel B, Ribeiro RA, Gus I, Plentz RDM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Plentz RDM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Truccolo AB, Pellanda LC, Plentz RDM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Truccolo AB, Casali KR, Irigoyen MC, Pellanda LC, Plentz RDM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e FAPICC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Adriana Barni Truccolo pelo Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Adriana Barni Truccolo </p>
        <p> Rua Sarmento Leite, 1011/33 - Cidade Baixa </p>
        <p> CEP 90050-170 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="truccolo@cpovo.net">truccolo@cpovo.net</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="truccoloab@hotmail.com">truccoloab@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/03/12; revisado em 03/08/12; aceito em 26/09/12.</p>
  </body>
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            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sterin-Borda</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borda</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. De Resende LA, Molina RJ, Ferreira BD, Carneiro AC, Ferreira LA, da Silva VJ, et al. Cardiac autonomic function in chagasic elderly patients in an endemic area: a time and frequency domain analysis approach. Auton Neurosci. 2007;131(1-2):94-101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac autonomic function in chagasic elderly patients in an endemic area: a time and frequency domain analysis approach</article-title>
          <source>Auton Neurosci</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>94</fpage>
          <lpage>101</lpage>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Resende</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molina</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carneiro</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>VJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between endothelial function and autonomic modulation in patients with chagas disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Under homeostatic condition, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), through the release of vasoconstrictor neurotransmitters, and the endothelium, through the release of vasodilating substances, interact to maintain blood vessel tone. However, the association between those two systems in patients with Chagas disease in its indeterminate phase (IChD) has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between autonomic modulation parameters and endothelial function in patients with IChD. METHODS: Thirteen patients with IChD (59.2 &#177; 11.23 years) and no risk factors for cardiovascular disease were assessed for autonomic modulation by using the blood pressure oscillometric method (Finapress) and the heart rate variability technique (HRV) in the frequency domain. Endothelial function was assessed by use of the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) method with high-resolution ultrasound images. RESULTS: In the dorsal decubitus position, correlation of FMD was observed with normalized high-frequency (r = 0.78; p = 0.007) and low-frequency spectral components (r = 0.68; p = 0.01), as well as with sympathovagal balance (r = -0.78; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates the existence of a relationship between the changes in autonomic modulation and endothelial function in patients with IChD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Association between endothelial function and autonomic modulation in patients with chagas disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Adriana Barni Truccolo<sup>I,I</sup>; Thiago Dipp<sup>I</sup>; Bruna Eibel<sup>I</sup>; Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro<sup>III</sup>; Karina Rabello Casali<sup>IV</sup>; Maria Claudia Irigoyen<sup>I,V</sup>; Iseu Gus<sup>I</sup>; Lucia Campos Pellanda<sup>I,VI</sup>; Rodrigo Della Me&#227; Plentz<sup>I,VI</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul UERGS, Alegrete, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas: Endocrinologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul- UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, USP - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>VI</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Under homeostatic condition, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), through the release of vasoconstrictor neurotransmitters, and the endothelium, through the release of vasodilating substances, interact to maintain blood vessel tone. However, the association between those two systems in patients with Chagas disease in its indeterminate phase (IChD) has not been studied. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the association between autonomic modulation parameters and endothelial function in patients with IChD. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirteen patients with IChD (59.2 &#177; 11.23 years) and no risk factors for cardiovascular disease were assessed for autonomic modulation by using the blood pressure oscillometric method (Finapress) and the heart rate variability technique (HRV) in the frequency domain. Endothelial function was assessed by use of the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) method with high-resolution ultrasound images.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In the dorsal decubitus position, correlation of FMD was observed with normalized high-frequency (r = 0.78; p = 0.007) and low-frequency spectral components (r = 0.68; p = 0.01), as well as with sympathovagal balance (r = -0.78; p = 0.004). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Our study indicates the existence of a relationship between the changes in autonomic modulation and endothelial function in patients with IChD. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(2):135-140)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Chagas Disease / physiopathology; Heart Failure; Endothelium; Autonomic Nervous System.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the celebration of the centennial of the first description of Chagas disease (ChD), it still is a medical-scientific challenge, being the third most important parasitic disease, following malaria and schistosomiasis. There are approximately 10 million people infected worldwide<sup>1</sup>, 25% to 30% of whom evolve to chronic Chagas heart disease (CCHD)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pathophysiology of both ChD in its indeterminate phase (IChD) and CCHD is still little known, but IChD seems to play an important role as it is the link between acute myocarditis and CCHD<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>A failure in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has been shown to be associated with the development of cardiovascular disease<sup>4</sup>, and observations of sympathetic<sup>5</sup> and vagal<sup>6</sup> dysfunction in IChD are conflicting<sup>7</sup>. Some studies have suggested that the autonomic dysfunction<sup>8,9</sup> results from the greater vagal denervation, which unbalances the neural regulation of heart rate and rhythm, and causes myocardial hypersensitivity to catecholamines<sup>10</sup>. Other studies have suggested that dysautonomia is not present<sup>11</sup>, being the autonomic dysfunction associated with the clinical evolution of the disease<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some studies have shown that endothelial dysfunction precedes the clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic lesions<sup>13</sup> and cardiovascular disease<sup>14</sup>. The few studies investigating endothelial function in IChD have reported contradictory results. While one study has found venous endothelial dysfunction<sup>15</sup>, another has shown no endothelial dysfunction<sup>16</sup>; thus, this subject requires further investigation.</p>
      <p>Under normal conditions, blood vessel tone balance is kept by the functional antagonism between vasoconstricting factors of the sympathetic system and vasodilating factors of the endothelium<sup>17</sup>. That balance is broken in some diseases, such as hypertension<sup>18</sup>, atherosclerosis<sup>19</sup>, and insulin resistance<sup>20</sup>, where a causal relation is observed between endothelial dysfunction and increased sympathetic nervous activity. However, studies relating the ANS and endothelial function in IChD have not yet been conducted. </p>
      <p>The present study aimed at assessing autonomic modulation and endothelial function, and at testing the association between those mechanisms in patients with IChD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methodology</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case series</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This cross-sectional study was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (protocol 4360-09). Thirty-four patients were consecutively selected at the ChD outpatient clinic of the Instituto de Cardiologia of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (IC-RS), from January to December 2010. All patients selected had routine tests ruling out associated diseases. Of the 34 patients, 13 (mean age of 59.2 &#177; 11.2 years; 8 (62%) females) met the following inclusion criteria: 1) birth in an endemic area of ChD; 2) two positive serologic tests, one highly sensitive (ELISA) and the other highly specific (indirect immunofluorescence); 3) normal left ventricular function and anatomy (ejection fraction &gt; 60% assessed on two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography); 4) lack of symptoms and signs suggesting cardiovascular disease; 5) normal biochemical profile; and 6) normal electrocardiogram (ECG). The exclusion criteria were as follows: smoking; diabetes mellitus<sup>21</sup>; hypertension<sup>22</sup>; hypercholesterolemia<sup>23</sup>; menopause; use of medication with effects on the cardiac ANS (beta-blocker, clonidine, and alpha methyldopa); and brachial artery diameter lower than 2.5 mm or greater than 5 mm.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients were examined at the ChD outpatient clinic of the IC-RS for the diagnosis of IChD, and the indication of laboratory tests, ECG and color flow Doppler echocardiography. The biochemical and inflammatory profile was analyzed according to the protocol of the IC-RS clinical analysis laboratory. Blood (5 mL) was collected after a 12-hour fasting to measure the following: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (T) and glycemia (G) (enzyme method - Roche Laboratories, Basel, Switzerland); high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C - isolated by use of the heparin-2M MnCl2 procedure and measured with the same enzyme kit used for total serum cholesterol); low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C - by use of the Friedewald et al<sup>24 </sup>formula, in mg/dL); complete blood count (automatic counter, model 818, AVL); high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP - nephelometry); and fibrinogen (Clauss method). </p>
      <p>The anthropometric parameters of weight and height were measured by use of a platform scale (Filizola) with a maximum load of 150 kg and 100-g grading, and an inflexible metal pole, graded in cm up to the height of 2 m. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height square (meter). Patients with a BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>were considered obese according to the World Health Organization (WHO)<sup>25</sup>. Abdominal circumference (AC) was measured, with the patient standing, at half of the distance between the lower margin of the last rib and the top of the iliac crest.</p>
      <p>Autonomic control and endothelial function were assessed on the same day, in a quiet, dark room with controlled temperature (22 &#186;C to 25 &#186;C).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assessing autonomic control</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive method to assess cardiovascular autonomic modulation; it correlates with the standard of measurement, coronary angiography<sup>26</sup>. After being instructed about the test, patients rested for 15 minutes. Data were recorded with patients in the supine position, followed by seven minutes of active standing position (sympathetic stimulation), and return to the supine position.</p>
      <p>Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously monitored beat-to-beat by use of a sensor placed on the middle finger and connected to a transducer (Ohmeda 2300, Monitoring Systems, Englewood, CO, USA). The transducer captured the signals at real time, and sent them to a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter. The signs were converted and acquired by use of the WindaQ system (DataQ Instruments, Inc., Akron, Ohio, USA). Three channels were recorded, each with a sampling rate calculated in 1KHz. The signs were stored in CODAS binary format for posterior analysis. </p>
      <p>Autonomic control was assessed by use of spectral analysis, calculated with the autoregressive model (AR)<sup>26</sup> applied to stationary time series of 300 beats<sup>26</sup>. The spectral power was decomposed into low-frequency (LF: 0.03 - 0.15Hz) and high-frequency (HF: 0.15 - 0.40Hz) bands, in normalized units to minimize the effects of the changes of the very low-frequency (VLF) band, and into the ratio between those components (LF/HF), which represents the sympathovagal balance<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)</bold>
      </p>
      <p> The functional assessment of the vascular reactivity of the endothelium and muscle layer followed the Correti et al<sup>28 </sup>protocol, being always performed by the same observer trained in vascular ultrasonography. Patients were instructed not to use stimulating substances, alcohol, and vitamin C, and not to practice exercise in the 24 hours preceding the test. Women were also instructed not to undergo the test during menstruation. </p>
      <p>Brachial artery FMD was measured with the patients in the supine position, by use of: a pneumatic cuff placed 5 cm above the cubital fossa; high-resolution ultrasound (EnVisor Philips Medical Systems; Bothell, WA, EUA), equipped with high frequency (7-12 MHz) linear vascular transducer; and software for imaging and electrocardiographic monitoring. After measuring the longitudinal diameter of the brachial artery at baseline, the artery was occluded for 5 minutes (when the cuff was inflated 50 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure), and a new measurement of the arterial diameter was taken 45-60 seconds after releasing the occlusion. The analyses were performed off-line, and the brachial artery diameter was measured at the end of diastole (at the peak of the R wave of the ECG). Several points along the vessel were analyzed with the aid of computer systems specific to measure echographic images. The responses of flow-dependent vasodilation were expressed as a percentage variation of the baseline brachial artery diameter<sup>29</sup>. After a 10-minute rest and re-establishment of baseline conditions, new measures were taken before and 3 minutes after the sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (0.4 mg), aimed at assessing endothelium-independent vasodilation, to evaluate the integrity of the muscular system of the vessels analyzed<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data were analyzed by use of the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 13.0 for Windows, and expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, median, and interquartile interval. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test analyzed data distribution. The asymmetric data were normalized by use of logarithmic transformation. The association between variables was assessed by use of Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients for data with normal and asymmetric distribution, respectively, with a 5%significance level (p &lt; 0.05). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the anthropometric and hemodynamic characteristics and the biochemical profile and acute phase inflammatory proteins of the 13 patients, whose serology was positive for IChD for 12.5 &#177; 7.4 years. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0135-30026-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the FMD% values (18.1; 3.2 - 36.5) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table 2</xref>), 50% of the sample had a percentage dilation of 18.1%, which is over that considered normal (8%)<sup>29 </sup>for men and women. Only 25% of the sample had a percentage dilation below 3.2%, and 25% of FMD% values were between 18.1% and 36.5%, demonstrating changes in the endothelial function of those patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0135-30026-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding autonomic control, the patients showed autonomic changes evidenced by the lack of response to sympathetic activation. When changing posture from a supine to a standing position, no significant difference was observed in the patients' sympathetic modulation (LF) (p = 1), parasympathetic modulation (HF) (p = 0.43), and sympathovagal balance (LF/HF) (p = 0.98).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a05tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows data from the HRV analysis and its correlations with FMD%. In the dorsal decubitus position, a significant correlation with FMD% was observed in the high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) spectra, in normalized values, and the sympathovagal balance (LF/HF). No correlation was observed between the autonomic parameters and FMD% in a sympathetic activation situation.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a05tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0135-30026-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The major finding of this study was the significant correlation between endothelial function parameters and cardiac autonomic modulation in patients with IChD. Our study evidenced alterations in FMD and deficiency in the autonomic response to the posture change from a supine to a standing position, being the first to report correlations between the endothelial function regarding both the sympathetic (LF) and the parasympathetic (HF) modulations, and the cardiac sympathovagal balance.</p>
      <p>The literature shows that the increase in sympathetic activity influences endothelial function, reducing vasodilation at rest and in face of vasodilation stimuli<sup>7,30</sup>, and that there seems to be not only one way by which stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction might result from the release of norepinefrine<sup>31</sup> at sympathetic nerve endings interacting with &#945;<sub>1</sub> adrenergic receptors of endothelial cells or from stimulus to the release of endothelin<sup>31</sup>; such sympathetic vasoconstrictor response is attenuated by nitric oxide<sup>32</sup>, a potent vasodilator. </p>
      <p>Sverrisd&#243;ttir et al<sup>33</sup>, studying ten healthy individuals, have shown an intrinsic relationship between the endothelium and the sympathetic nervous system, with sympathetic activity inversely related to endothelial function. The same has been reported by Lambert et al<sup>34</sup>, assessing 25 overweight and obese university students. Our results suggest that those mechanisms are present in IChD, and that such association might comprise a compensation between the systems involved. It is worth noting that the evidence of the association between endothelial dysfunction and autonomic dysfunction<sup>30</sup> observed in heart failure<sup>35</sup> and arterial hypertension <sup>36</sup> has been associated with flaws in both systems. It is yet to be proved whether those diseases cause endothelial dysfunction and autonomic dysfunction and/or whether a failure in the control mechanisms of the ANS and of the endothelial function affects negatively the homeostasis, causing them. Any change in the balance between those two systems, endothelial function and ANS, might also lead to deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system<sup>37</sup>. </p>
      <p>An inverse relation was observed between the endothelial function and the sympathovagal balance, showing that the increase in sympathetic predominance reduces the FMD response. The literature has shown that the increase in the sympathetic activity as compared to the parasympathetic one<sup>33 </sup>reduces vasodilation at rest and in face of vasodilating stimuli, which is in accordance with our finding.</p>
      <p>Secondary findings of this study showed no significant alteration in both sympathetic (LF) and parasympathetic (HF) modulations with a change in posture from a supine to a standing position. This suggests an alteration in vagal withdrawal, because the change in position did not cause the expected shift from vagal predominance to sympathetic predominance. In reality, our results indicate impairment of both sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations. Some studies have shown that, under conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction<sup>16-18</sup>, the deficiency in NO synthesis and/or release might contribute to the sustained sympathetic activation observed<sup>38</sup>. That is not the case of our study, in which the endothelium is preserved. K&#246;berle<sup>6 </sup>and Rassi Jr. et al<sup>4</sup> have shown the presence of autonomic dysfunction, with parasympathetic predominance in patients with IChD. In the presence of endothelial dysfunction, a deficiency in NO synthesis and/or release might contribute to the sustained sympathetic activation seen in those conditions.</p>
      <p>An interesting aspect of that group of patients is the alteration in autonomic control indicated by the lack of autonomic response to the sympathetic activation maneuver<sup>27</sup>. The reduction in total variability has been proposed to result from an exacerbated sympathetic activity and/or a reduced parasympathetic tone<sup>39</sup>. Our findings are in accordance with those of the study by Vasconcelos and Junqueira Jr.<sup>11</sup>, who, assessing the autonomic function of 17 patients with IChD by using the same method, have reported a clear and distinct severity pattern of cardiac autonomic dysfunction when comparing patients with IChD and patients with CCHD. Those authors have shown that the two groups of patients had reduced HRV, more marked in the CCHD group. The reduction in HRV has also been associated with the aging process. De Resende et al<sup>40</sup>, studying the autonomic function of 28 elderly with IChD by using HRV, have found a reduction in HRV. However, our findings did not show that same association, ruling out age as a contributor to that finding. </p>
      <p>According to Sterin-Borda<sup>39</sup>, the existence of circulating antibodies in ChD, binding to beta-adrenergic and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in lymphocytes and myocardium, is strongly associated with seropositive asymptomatic patients with autonomic dysfunction. This indicates that the presence of those antibodies might partially explain the cardioneuropathy in ChD, in which the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are affected. </p>
      <p>The major objective of this study was not to assess the presence of endothelial dysfunction and/or autonomic modulation dysfunction in patients with ChD, which would require a control group. However, the lack of that control group is a limitation of this study, as is the non-random selection of the sample. It is worth noting that the associations observed in this study do not represent a cause-effect relationship.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study showed a correlation between endothelial function and cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations, in addition to a correlation between endothelial function and sympathovagal balance in patients with IChD. Further studies are required to confirm such findings, and the inclusion of a larger number of patients and a paired group of healthy individuals should be considered. The study of the relationship between ANS and endothelial function might provide a model to better identify the processes involved in the development of cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception, design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data: Truccolo AB, Ribeiro RA, Casali KR, Irigoyen MC, Gus I, Plentz RDM; Acquisition of data: Dipp T, Eibel B, Ribeiro RA, Gus I, Plentz RDM; Statistical analysis and obtaining financing: Plentz RDM; Writing of the manuscript: Truccolo AB, Pellanda LC, Plentz RDM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Truccolo AB, Casali KR, Irigoyen MC, Pellanda LC, Plentz RDM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CNPq and FAPICC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Adriana Barni Truccolo, from Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Adriana Barni Truccolo </p>
          <p> Rua Sarmento Leite, 1011/33 - Cidade Baixa </p>
          <p> Postal Code 90050-170 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="truccolo@cpovo.net">truccolo@cpovo.net</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="truccoloab@hotmail.com">truccoloab@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received March 29, 2012; revised manuscript August 03, 2012; accepted September 26, 2012. </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
