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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cLFwccgTWxk7fyXyFpFGx7b</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000200001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000200001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>I diretriz de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e cuidados cardiovasculares de emerg&#234;ncia da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: resumo executivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Margarita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Gianotto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polastri</surname>
            <given-names>Thatiane Facholi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Augusto Palma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Sebasti&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Gel&#225;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernoche</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia San Mart&#237;n de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuso</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico Jos&#233; Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>105</fpage>
      <lpage>113</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Apesar de avan&#231;os nos &#250;ltimos anos relacionados &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e a tratamento, muitas s&#227;o as vidas perdidas anualmente no Brasil relacionado &#224; parada card&#237;aca e a eventos cardiovasculares em geral. O Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida envolve o atendimento &#224;s emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares principalmente em ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar, enfatizando reconhecimento e realiza&#231;&#227;o precoces das manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar com foco na realiza&#231;&#227;o de compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas de boa qualidade, assim como na r&#225;pida desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, por meio da implementa&#231;&#227;o dos programas de acesso p&#250;blico &#224; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. Esses aspectos s&#227;o de fundamental import&#226;ncia e podem fazer diferen&#231;a no desfecho dos casos como sobrevida hospitalar sem sequelas neurol&#243;gicas. O in&#237;cio precoce do Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia tamb&#233;m possui papel essencial, mantendo, durante todo o atendimento, a qualidade das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, adequado manejo da via a&#233;rea, tratamento espec&#237;fico dos diferentes ritmos de parada, desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento das poss&#237;veis causas. Mais recentemente d&#225;-se &#234;nfase a cuidados p&#243;s-ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, visando reduzir a mortalidade por meio do reconhecimento precoce e tratamento da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca. A hipotermia terap&#234;utica tem demonstrado melhora significativa da les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e deve ser realizada em indiv&#237;duos comatosos p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca. Para os m&#233;dicos que trabalham na emerg&#234;ncia ou unidade de terapia intensiva &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia o aperfei&#231;oamento no tratamento desses pacientes por meio de treinamentos espec&#237;ficos, possibilitando maiores chances de sucesso e maior sobrevida.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Massagem Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotermia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ESPECIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>I diretriz de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e cuidados cardiovasculares de emerg&#234;ncia da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: resumo executivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Margarita Gonzalez; Sergio Timerman; Renan Gianotto de Oliveira; Thatiane Facholi Polastri; Luis Augusto Palma Dallan; Sebasti&#227;o Ara&#250;jo; Silvia Gel&#225;s Lage; Andr&#233; Schmidt; Claudia San Mart&#237;n de Bernoche; Manoel Fernandes Canesin; Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso; Maria Helena Favarato</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de avan&#231;os nos &#250;ltimos anos relacionados &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e a tratamento, muitas s&#227;o as vidas perdidas anualmente no Brasil relacionado &#224; parada card&#237;aca e a eventos cardiovasculares em geral. O Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida envolve o atendimento &#224;s emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares principalmente em ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar, enfatizando reconhecimento e realiza&#231;&#227;o precoces das manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar com foco na realiza&#231;&#227;o de compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas de boa qualidade, assim como na r&#225;pida desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, por meio da implementa&#231;&#227;o dos programas de acesso p&#250;blico &#224; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. Esses aspectos s&#227;o de fundamental import&#226;ncia e podem fazer diferen&#231;a no desfecho dos casos como sobrevida hospitalar sem sequelas neurol&#243;gicas. O in&#237;cio precoce do Suporte Avan&#231;ado de Vida em Cardiologia tamb&#233;m possui papel essencial, mantendo, durante todo o atendimento, a qualidade das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, adequado manejo da via a&#233;rea, tratamento espec&#237;fico dos diferentes ritmos de parada, desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento das poss&#237;veis causas. Mais recentemente d&#225;-se &#234;nfase a cuidados p&#243;s-ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, visando reduzir a mortalidade por meio do reconhecimento precoce e tratamento da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca. A hipotermia terap&#234;utica tem demonstrado melhora significativa da les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e deve ser realizada em indiv&#237;duos comatosos p&#243;s-parada card&#237;aca. Para os m&#233;dicos que trabalham na emerg&#234;ncia ou unidade de terapia intensiva &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia o aperfei&#231;oamento no tratamento desses pacientes por meio de treinamentos espec&#237;ficos, possibilitando maiores chances de sucesso e maior sobrevida.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Parada Card&#237;aca, Massagem Card&#237;aca, Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar, Hipotermia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Embasada no consenso cient&#237;fico internacional de 2010 e atualizada com algumas novas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas recolhidas nesses dois &#250;ltimos anos, ocorre a edi&#231;&#227;o da I Diretriz de Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados Cardiovasculares da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia que visa atender &#224;s realidades brasileiras.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de avan&#231;os nos &#250;ltimos anos relacionados &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e a tratamento, muitas s&#227;o as vidas perdidas anualmente no Brasil relacionadas &#224; parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR), ainda que n&#227;o tenhamos a exata dimens&#227;o do problema pela falta de estat&#237;sticas robustas a esse respeito. Os avan&#231;os tamb&#233;m se estendem &#224; legisla&#231;&#227;o sobre acesso p&#250;blico &#224; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o e obrigatoriedade de disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o de desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico (DEA), bem como no treinamento em ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP), miss&#227;o em que a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia apresenta, h&#225; muitos anos, uma posi&#231;&#227;o de destaque. Podemos estimar algo em torno de 200.000 PCRs ao ano no Brasil, sendo metade dos casos em ambiente hospitalar, e a outra metade em ambiente extra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Suporte b&#225;sico de vida no adulto para profissionais de sa&#250;de</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o imediata de RCP em uma v&#237;tima de PCR, ainda que apenas com compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas no pr&#233;-hospitalar, contribui sensivelmente para o aumento das taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia<sup>1-6</sup>. Portanto, as a&#231;&#245;es realizadas durante os minutos iniciais de atendimento a uma emerg&#234;ncia s&#227;o cr&#237;ticas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia da v&#237;tima, o que inclui o Suporte B&#225;sico de Vida (SBV).</p>
    <p>Em uma situa&#231;&#227;o de PCR, um mnem&#244;nico pode ser utilizado para descrever os passos simplificados do atendimento em SBV: o "CABD prim&#225;rio" <sup>7,8</sup>. Checar responsividade e respira&#231;&#227;o da v&#237;tima, chamar por ajuda, checar o pulso da v&#237;tima, compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas (30 compress&#245;es), abertura das vias a&#233;reas, boa ventila&#231;&#227;o (2 ventila&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s 30 compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas), desfibrila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Deve-se, antes de qualquer atendimento em ambiente extra-hospitalar, verificar a seguran&#231;a do local. Com o local seguro, ao abordar a v&#237;tima, toque-a pelos ombros. Observe se h&#225; movimento tor&#225;cico de respira&#231;&#227;o em menos de 10 segundos e se estiver ausente ou se a v&#237;tima estiver apenas com <italic>gasping</italic>, chame ajuda imediatamente ligando para o n&#250;mero local de emerg&#234;ncia. Verifique o pulso da v&#237;tima em menos de 10 segundos e, caso haja pulso, aplique uma ventila&#231;&#227;o a cada 5 a 6 segundos e cheque o pulso a cada 2 minutos; se n&#227;o detectar pulso na v&#237;tima ou estiver em d&#250;vida, inicie os ciclos de compress&#245;es e ventila&#231;&#245;es. Inicie ciclos de 30 compress&#245;es e 2 ventila&#231;&#245;es, considerando que existe um dispositivo de barreira (por exemplo, m&#225;scara de bolso para aplicar as ventila&#231;&#245;es).</p>
    <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas: posicione-se ao lado da v&#237;tima - que deve ter o t&#243;rax desnudo, coloque a regi&#227;o hipot&#234;nar da m&#227;o sobre o esterno da v&#237;tima e a outra m&#227;o sobre a primeira, entrela&#231;ando-a, estenda os bra&#231;os e se posicione cerca de 90&#186; acima da v&#237;tima, comprima na frequ&#234;ncia de, no m&#237;nimo, 100 compress&#245;es/minuto, com profundidade de, no m&#237;nimo, 5 cm e permita o retorno completo do t&#243;rax ap&#243;s cada compress&#227;o, sem retirar o contato das m&#227;os com o mesmo. Minimize interrup&#231;&#245;es das compress&#245;es e reveze com outro socorrista a cada dois minutos para evitar a fadiga e compress&#245;es de m&#225; qualidade.</p>
    <p>Para n&#227;o retardar o in&#237;cio das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, a abertura das vias a&#233;reas deve ser realizada somente depois de aplicar trinta compress&#245;es. As ventila&#231;&#245;es devem ser realizadas em uma propor&#231;&#227;o de 30 compress&#245;es para 2 ventila&#231;&#245;es com apenas um segundo cada, fornecendo a quantidade de ar suficiente para promover a eleva&#231;&#227;o do t&#243;rax. Independentemente da t&#233;cnica utilizada para aplicar ventila&#231;&#245;es, ser&#225; necess&#225;ria a abertura de via a&#233;rea, que poder&#225; ser realizada com a manobra da inclina&#231;&#227;o da cabe&#231;a e eleva&#231;&#227;o do queixo e, se houver suspeita de trauma, a manobra de eleva&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo da mand&#237;bula. A ventila&#231;&#227;o com a bolsa-v&#225;lvula-m&#225;scara deve ser utilizada na presen&#231;a de dois socorristas, um respons&#225;vel pelas compress&#245;es e outro por aplicar as ventila&#231;&#245;es com o dispositivo.</p>
    <p>Em v&#237;tima que n&#227;o respira ou respira de forma anormal (somente <italic>gasping</italic>), por&#233;m apresente pulso, se encontra, portanto, em PCR. Nesses casos, realize uma ventila&#231;&#227;o a cada 5 a 6 segundos para v&#237;timas adultas. Para crian&#231;as e lactentes, aplique uma ventila&#231;&#227;o a cada 3 a 5 segundos.</p>
    <p>A desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce &#233; o tratamento espec&#237;fico para PCR em FV/Taquicardia Ventricular sem pulso, pode ser realizada com um equipamento manual (somente manuseado pelo m&#233;dico) ou com o DEA, que poder&#225; ser utilizado por qualquer pessoa assim que poss&#237;vel. Esse aparelho pode ser manuseado por leigos, e os passos para seu manuseio se resume em lig&#225;-lo e seguir as instru&#231;&#245;es que ser&#227;o dadas por ele.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a01tab01">Tabela 1</xref> inclui as principais orienta&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224;s compress&#245;es, ventila&#231;&#245;es e uso do DEA.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a01tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Suporte avan&#231;ado de vida em cardiologia no adulto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos adultos v&#237;timas de parada card&#237;aca em ambiente intra-hospitalar, grande parte apresenta ritmo de Atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso (37%) e Assistolia (39%) como ritmo inicial de PCR<sup>9</sup>. Os ritmos de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular e Taquicardia Ventricular sem pulso (FV/TVSP) s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 23% a 24% dos eventos de PCR em ambiente intra-hospitalar, apresentando as maiores taxas de sobrevida, 36 a 37%. A sobrevida geral, considerando todos os ritmos de PCR, &#233; de 18% <sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Manejo da via a&#233;rea</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A escolha do melhor m&#233;todo de ventila&#231;&#227;o deve ser feita com base na experi&#234;ncia do socorrista, sendo aceit&#225;vel a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo de bolsa-v&#225;lvula-m&#225;scara, isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com a c&#226;nula orotraqueal, assim como a m&#225;scara lar&#237;ngea, o combitube ou o tubo lar&#237;ngeo. O uso de oxig&#234;nio a 100% &#233; razo&#225;vel durante as manobras de RCP com o objetivo de aumentar a oxi-hemoglobina arterial e a oferta de oxig&#234;nio. Embora a exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada a 100% seja t&#243;xica, n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias que ocorra toxicidade com a exposi&#231;&#227;o breve, como no cen&#225;rio da RCP em adultos.</p>
    <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o com dispositivo bolsa-v&#225;lvula-m&#225;scara &#233; um m&#233;todo aceit&#225;vel para a ventila&#231;&#227;o durante as manobras de RCP, mas requer treinamento cont&#237;nuo para seu uso adequado. Idealmente, esse dispositivo deve ser utilizado por 2 socorristas. Durante a RCP, devem ser realizadas 2 ventila&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s 30 compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas.</p>
    <p>No caso de PCR intra-hospitalar por FV/TV refrat&#225;ria e, principalmente, por AESP /assistolia, a ventila&#231;&#227;o com c&#226;nula orotraqueal &#233; o m&#233;todo mais recomendado no manejo da via a&#233;rea. A interrup&#231;&#227;o da realiza&#231;&#227;o das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas por motivo da intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal dever&#225; ser minimizada ao extremo, e a intuba&#231;&#227;o dever&#225; ser realizada somente em momento oportuno, quando n&#227;o for interferir com as outras manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o. O treinamento e retreinamento nessa habilidade s&#227;o recomendados para socorristas que realizam esse procedimento. N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias na literatura sobre o melhor momento para realizar a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal durante o atendimento da PCR.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;nula traqueal, &#233; necess&#225;rio checar se o seu posicionamento est&#225; correto, o que &#233; feito inicialmente pela avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que consiste na visualiza&#231;&#227;o da expans&#227;o tor&#225;cica e da condensa&#231;&#227;o do tubo durante a ventila&#231;&#227;o e na ausculta em 5 pontos: epig&#225;strio, base pulmonar esquerda, base pulmonar direita, &#225;pice pulmonar esquerdo e &#225;pice pulmonar direito, preferencialmente nessa ordem. Al&#233;m disso, o posicionamento correto do tubo deve ser confirmado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um dispositivo. O mais indicado &#233; a capnografia quantitativa, mas na sua aus&#234;ncia pode-se utilizar dispositivos detectores esof&#225;gicos e detectores de CO<sub>2</sub><sup>11-14</sup>. Deve-se manter a ventila&#231;&#227;o e oxigena&#231;&#227;o com intervalo de uma ventila&#231;&#227;o a cada 6 a 8 segundos, o que corresponde a 8 a 10 ventila&#231;&#245;es por minuto de maneira ass&#237;ncrona &#224;s compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, que devem ser mantidas em frequ&#234;ncia igual ou superior a cem por minuto<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o durante a PCR</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O di&#243;xido de carbono exalado no final da expira&#231;&#227;o (expressado em mmHg - PETCO<sub>2</sub>) detectado pela capnografia quantitativa em pacientes intubados &#233; correlacionado com a qualidade da RCP e com o retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (RCE). Durante a PCR n&#227;o tratada, a produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> &#233; mantida, por&#233;m n&#227;o existe libera&#231;&#227;o pelos pulm&#245;es, sendo a presen&#231;a de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco a maior determinante da libera&#231;&#227;o do PETCO<sub>2</sub>. Os valores do PETCO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o correlacionados com o RCE e com a press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Valores &lt; 10 mmHg revelam pouca probabilidade de RCE, indicando a necessidade de melhora na qualidade da RCP<sup>17-20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outro mecanismo muito &#250;til para a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da RCP &#233; a medida da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) naqueles pacientes que disp&#245;em de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o arterial invasiva no momento da PCR. Seu valor &#233; correlacionado com a press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria e com o RCE. Nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que a press&#227;o de relaxamento (diast&#243;lica) &#233; &lt; 20 mmHg, &#233; razo&#225;vel considerar melhorar a qualidade da RCP, melhorando as compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas e as drogas vasoativas. Vale ressaltar que a presen&#231;a de dispositivos arteriais tamb&#233;m pode reduzir o tempo de interrup&#231;&#227;o da RCP na checagem de pulso em pacientes com atividade el&#233;trica organizada.</p>
    <p>Satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central &lt; 30% &#233; relacionada &#224; impossibilidade de atingir o RCE; sugerindo-se ent&#227;o que, durante a PCR, &#233; necess&#225;rio manter valores acima de 30%.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a01tab02">Tabela 2</xref>, as principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es no manejo da via a&#233;rea e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o durante a PCR.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a01tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Manejo da parada card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A parada card&#237;aca pode ser causada por quatro ritmos: Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular (FV), Taquicardia Ventricular Sem Pulso (TVSP), Atividade El&#233;trica Sem Pulso (AESP) e Assistolia. A sobrevida dos pacientes depende da integra&#231;&#227;o do SBV, do suporte avan&#231;ado de vida em cardiologia (SAVC) e dos cuidados p&#243;s-ressuscita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As pausas durante as manobras de RCP devem ser minimizadas e restritas a checagem de ritmo, desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, checagem de pulso quando houver ritmo organizado e breve pausa para obten&#231;&#227;o e confirma&#231;&#227;o de uma via a&#233;rea avan&#231;ada<sup>21,22</sup>. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da RCP &#233; fortemente recomendada. O atraso no in&#237;cio da administra&#231;&#227;o de vasopressores para al&#233;m dos primeiros cinco minutos de PCR, bem como a demora em instalar via a&#233;rea avan&#231;ada podem estar associados a pior progn&#243;stico. Assim, pode-se sugerir o in&#237;cio do uso de vasopressores nos primeiros ciclos de RCP<sup>23-25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Durante a tentativa de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, o socorrista deve tentar identificar a causa da PCR - diagn&#243;stico diferencial. A maioria das causas de parada pode ser resumida na memoriza&#231;&#227;o mnem&#244;nica "5 Hs e 5 Ts", a saber: Hip&#243;xia, Hipovolemia, Hidrog&#234;nio (acidose), Hiper/Hipocalemia, Hipotermia; T&#243;xicos, Tamponamento card&#237;aco, Tens&#227;o no t&#243;rax (pneumot&#243;rax hipertensivo), Trombose coron&#225;ria (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio), Tromboembolismo pulmonar<sup>26-28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para o ideal atendimento da PCR, al&#233;m de &#234;nfase na RCP de boa qualidade, deve-se atentar ao papel de cada um na equipe de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o. O treinamento do atendimento de PCR em equipe minimiza erros e &#233; recomendado<sup>29</sup>. Os dois princ&#237;pios fundamentais do bom trabalho em equipe s&#227;o: lideran&#231;a e comunica&#231;&#227;o efetiva<sup>30,31</sup>. Assim, a cada atendimento, deve haver um profissional que assuma o papel de l&#237;der na condu&#231;&#227;o do caso. Esse profissional deve garantir que todas as tarefas sejam compreendidas e executadas pelos diferentes membros da equipe, incorporar novas informa&#231;&#245;es, reavaliar o caso, centralizar a comunica&#231;&#227;o entre os membros da equipe e avaliar o desempenho de seus colegas, garantindo RCP de boa qualidade, controle adequado da via a&#233;rea e seguran&#231;a na manipula&#231;&#227;o do desfibrilador.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e taquicardia ventricular sem pulso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com desfibrilador manual revela ritmo de FV/TVSP, a prioridade deve ser a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o o mais precoce poss&#237;vel, assim que dispon&#237;vel, uma vez que dura&#231;&#227;o da arritmia &#233; fator progn&#243;stico para o sucesso da desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, sendo m&#225;ximo se a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada com desfibrilador manual ou autom&#225;tico em at&#233; 3 minutos do in&#237;cio da FV. Durante a reanima&#231;&#227;o, devem se consideradas drogas vasopressoras e antiarr&#237;tmicas, bem como identificar e tratar causas potencialmente revers&#237;veis<sup>26-28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Se um desfibrilador bif&#225;sico estiver dispon&#237;vel, a energia do choque deve ser entre 120-200J conforme as orienta&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Se o socorrista desconhece as orienta&#231;&#245;es do fabricante o choque deve ser administrado com a energia m&#225;xima dispon&#237;vel no aparelho. Se um desfibrilador monof&#225;sico estiver dispon&#237;vel, o choque deve ser administrado com 360J assim como os choques subsequentes<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o primeiro choque, preferencialmente com desfibrilador bif&#225;sico, procede-se RCP por 2 minutos, seguida de checagem de ritmo no monitor. Caso FV/TV persista, procede-se a um novo choque de alta energia, seguido por RCP durante 2 minutos. O melhor momento para administrar o vasopressor n&#227;o &#233; estabelecido, devendo-se considerar seu in&#237;cio ap&#243;s o estabelecimento do acesso venoso. A administra&#231;&#227;o precoce poderia otimizar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico antes do pr&#243;ximo choque. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias sugerindo que o in&#237;cio precoce das drogas melhore o progn&#243;stico<sup>21,24,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em qualquer ritmo de PCR, a primeira droga a ser utilizada deve ser um vasopressor. Embora o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia seja limitado, recomenda-se administra&#231;&#227;o de adrenalina 1 mg a cada tr&#234;s a cinco minutos<sup>32</sup>. </p>
    <p>A primeira ou segunda dose de adrenalina pode ser substitu&#237;da por vasopressina 40 U. Caso haja persist&#234;ncia de FV ou TVSP, apesar da RCP, desfibrila&#231;&#227;o e vasopressor, indica-se um antiarr&#237;tmico: amiodarona (antiarr&#237;tmico de escolha) ou lidoca&#237;na. A amiodarona, um antiarr&#237;tmico classe III de Vaughan-Williams, &#233; a droga antiarr&#237;tmica de primeira escolha no tratamento da FV/TVSP refrat&#225;ria ap&#243;s a droga vasopressora e nova desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es no manejo da PCR em FV/TVSP est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a01tab03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a01tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a01fig01">Figura 1</xref> ilustra o Algoritmo do Tratamento da PCR em fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular/Taquicardia ventricular sem pulso.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a01fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento da assistolia e da atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso (AESP)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#227;o ritmos em que a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#225; indicada. Deve-se, ent&#227;o, promover RCP de boa qualidade, aplicar as drogas indicadas e procurar identificar e tratar as causas revers&#237;veis<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Se no momento da checagem de ritmo, ap&#243;s dois minutos cont&#237;nuos de RCP, houver um ritmo organizado no monitor, procede-se &#224; checagem do pulso central carot&#237;deo por cinco a 10 segundos. Caso n&#227;o haja pulso palp&#225;vel nesse per&#237;odo, identifica-se AESP.</p>
    <p>Para ritmo de Assistolia ou AESP, um vasopressor, adrenalina ou vasopressina pode ser administrado com o objetivo de incrementar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral e mioc&#225;rdico<sup>33</sup>. O uso rotineiro de atropina n&#227;o &#233; recomendado. </p>
    <p>O uso da vasopressina no lugar da primeira ou segunda dose de adrenalina pode ser realizado, mas metan&#225;lise n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as entre as duas para nenhum dos ritmos de PCR. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia clara de benef&#237;cio terap&#234;utico com uso rotineiro de atropina no tratamento da PCR em AESP.</p>
    <p>AESP e Assistolia podem ser causadas por condi&#231;&#245;es revers&#237;veis e tratadas com sucesso se forem detectadas. Durante os 2 minutos de RCP, os socorristas devem lembrar dos "5Hs e 5Ts". Na AESP, quando existe a suspeita de um tromboembolismo pulmonar, a administra&#231;&#227;o emp&#237;rica de trombol&#237;ticos deve ser considerada. </p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da PCR em assistolia e AESP s&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a01tab04">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a01tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a01fig02">Figura 2</xref> ilustra o Algoritmo do tratamento da parada card&#237;aca em Atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso ou Assistolia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a01fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vias para administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante a parada card&#237;aca a prioridade sempre ser&#225; administrar RCP de boa qualidade e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o imediata; a administra&#231;&#227;o de drogas ser&#225; secund&#225;ria. Depois da tentativa de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, os socorristas devem estabelecer um acesso intravenoso (IV) ou intra&#243;sseo (IO), sem interrup&#231;&#227;o das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas. </p>
    <p>Deve-se escolher, de prefer&#234;ncia, o acesso venoso perif&#233;rico nos membros superiores (veia antecubital). Se n&#227;o for poss&#237;vel estabelecer acesso IV, a via intra&#243;ssea (IO), para administra&#231;&#227;o de drogas, pode proporcionar concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas adequadas, similares &#224;s alcan&#231;adas pelo acesso intravenoso. A administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos por um acesso central pode ser considerada se n&#227;o houver nenhuma contraindica&#231;&#227;o. Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que drogas como lidoca&#237;na, adrenalina, atropina, naloxone e vasopressina podem ser absorvidas por via endotraqueal. Por&#233;m, a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa (IV) ou intra&#243;ssea (IO) de medicamentos &#233; prefer&#237;vel &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cuidados p&#243;s-ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cuidados organizados p&#243;s-PCR com &#234;nfase em programas multidisciplinares t&#234;m como finalidade diminuir, numa fase inicial, a mortalidade associada &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e, como consequ&#234;ncia, limitar o dano cerebral e a les&#227;o nos demais &#243;rg&#227;os. O tratamento deve estar direcionado para disponibilizar um suporte que inclua ressuscita&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica, uso de drogas vasoativas, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e o emprego de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>O termo s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-PCR se refere a um processo fisiopatol&#243;gico complexo de les&#227;o tecidual secund&#225;ria &#224; isquemia, com inj&#250;ria adicional de reperfus&#227;o<sup>34</sup>. Nessa s&#237;ndrome, est&#227;o presentes e s&#227;o reconhecidos quatro componentes principais: inj&#250;ria cerebral, disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, isquemia de reperfus&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o na patologia precipitante<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o RCE, obten&#231;&#227;o de uma via a&#233;rea definitiva adequada para suporte da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica se faz necess&#225;ria. &#201; nesse momento, por exemplo, que uma m&#225;scara lar&#237;ngea colocada em regime de emerg&#234;ncia deve ser trocada por uma c&#226;nula orotraqueal.</p>
    <p>A oxigena&#231;&#227;o do paciente deve ser monitorizada de forma cont&#237;nua com oximetria de pulso. O capn&#243;grafo, quando dispon&#237;vel, pode auxiliar no estabelecimento da via a&#233;rea definitiva em local apropriado. Na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es, a cabeceira do leito deve ser mantida elevada ao menos a 30&#730; para prevenir edema cerebral, broncoaspira&#231;&#227;o e pneumonia associada &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</p>
    <p>A respeito da oferta ideal de oxig&#234;nio, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; que, j&#225; na primeira hora, a fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio (FIO<sub>2</sub>) seja ajustada para uma satura&#231;&#227;o arterial entre 94% e 96%, evitando assim a hiperoxia - que facilita aumento no estresse oxidativo e est&#225; associada a pior progn&#243;stico neurol&#243;gico<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Cuidados com volume corrente devem ser institu&#237;dos a fim de evitar barotrauma, volutrama e biotrauma. Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es dever&#225; ser precocemente realizado ap&#243;s o RCE para que possam ser detectadas eleva&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST ou bloqueio de ramo esquerdo supostamente novo. Mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, mas na suspeita de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda, tratamentos medicamentosos ou intervencionistas devem ser iniciados e n&#227;o devem ser atrasados devido ao estado de coma. A realiza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea e hipotermia &#233; segura e apresenta bons resultados.</p>
    <p>O emprego de drogas vasoativas est&#225; indicado para adequar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, e deve ser administradas preferencialmente por meio de acesso venoso central.</p>
    <p>Pelo fato de Hipotermia Terap&#234;utia (HT) ser a &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o que demonstrou melhora da recupera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica, deve ser considerada para qualquer paciente que seja incapaz de obedecer comandos verbais ap&#243;s o RCE<sup>37-40</sup>. </p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias indicam que pacientes adultos comatosos, ou seja, que n&#227;o apresentam resposta adequada aos comandos verbais, e que apresentem RCE ap&#243;s PCR no ritmo de FV / TVSP fora do ambiente hospitalar, devem ser resfriados a 32&#186; a 34&#186; C por 12 a 24 horas.</p>
    <p>Apesar de n&#227;o haver estudos consistentes espec&#237;ficos de hipotermia em subgrupos de pacientes que apresentam PCR em ritmo n&#227;o choc&#225;vel, a hipotermia induzida tamb&#233;m pode beneficiar pacientes adultos em coma, com RCE ap&#243;s PCR fora do hospital a partir de outros ritmos, como assistolia ou atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, ou nas paradas card&#237;acas intra-hospitalares.</p>
    <p>A temperatura central do paciente deve ser monitorada continuamente por meio de term&#244;metro esof&#225;gico, cateter vesical ou cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar. O resfriamento deve ser iniciado prontamente, preferencialmente no local do evento ou at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s o RCE.</p>
    <p>A fase de manuten&#231;&#227;o se inicia ao atingir temperatura de 34&#186; C, e se extende por 24 horas. Os cuidados s&#227;o direcionados para controle rigoroso de temperatura, a fim de se evitar o h&#237;per resfriamento (temperatura &lt; 32&#186; C).</p>
    <p>O in&#237;cio da fase do reaquecimento n&#227;o implica na descontinuidade imediata dos dispositivos de resfriamento, j&#225; que o ganho de temperatura dever&#225; ser gradativo. A velocidade ideal do reaquecimento n&#227;o &#233; conhecida; o consenso &#233; para que o ganho seja de 0,25 a 0,5&#186; C a cada hora. </p>
    <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o por tempo superior a 72 horas &#233; recomendada naqueles submetidos &#224; HT antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico. Devem ser consideradas estrat&#233;gias para tratar a hiperglicemia, j&#225; que valores de glicemia &gt; 180 mg/dl em pacientes com RCE podem ser delet&#233;rios. A hipoglicemia deve ser evitada. Dessa forma, estrat&#233;gias para um controle glic&#234;mico moderado - glicemias entre 144 e 180 mg/dl - podem ser institu&#237;das para adultos com RCE.</p>
    <p>A complexidade dos cuidados p&#243;s-RCP &#233; sabidamente comprovada. O avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico e a interven&#231;&#227;o precoce trouxeram maior perspectiva de sobrevida, contudo os desafios ainda s&#227;o grandes. Neste contexto, a hipotermia &#233; um dos t&#243;picos que certamente ainda dever&#225; ocupar um maior espa&#231;o na terap&#234;utica a ser oferecida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gonzalez MM, Oliveira RG, Polastri TF, Ara&#250;jo S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Polastri TF, Dallan LAP, Ara&#250;jo S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Schmidt A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira RG, Dallan LAP, Lage SG, Schmidt A, Bernoche CSM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Gonzalez MM, Timerman S, Oliveira RG, Lage SG, Bernoche CSM, Canesin MF, Mancuso FJN, Favarato, MH.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria Margarita Castro Gonzalez </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="maria.gonzalez@incor.usp.br">maria.gonzalez@incor.usp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="margarita.gonzalez@grupofleury.com.br">margarita.gonzalez@grupofleury.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 1/11/12; revisado em 1/11/12; aceito em 13/11/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <subject>Special Article</subject>
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      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Despite advances related to the prevention and treatment in the past few years, many lives are lost to cardiac arrest and cardiovascular events in general in Brazil every year. Basic Life Support involves cardiovascular emergency treatment mainly in the pre-hospital environment, with emphasis on the early recognition and delivery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers focused on high-quality thoracic compressions and rapid defibrillation by means of the implementation of public access-to-defibrillation programs. These aspects are of the utmost importance and may make the difference on the patient's outcomes, such as on hospital survival with no permanent neurological damage. Early initiation of the Advanced Cardiology Life Support also plays an essential role by keeping the quality of thoracic compressions; adequate airway management; specific treatment for the different arrest rhythms; defibrillation; and assessment and treatment of the possible causes during all the assistance. More recently, emphasis has been given to post-resuscitation care, with the purpose of reducing mortality by means of early recognition and treatment of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Therapeutic hypothermia has provided significant improvement of neurological damage and should be performed in comatose individuals post-cardiac arrest. For physicians working in the emergency department or intensive care unit, it is extremely important to improve the treatment given to these patients by means of specific training, thus giving them the chance of higher success and of better survival rates.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypothermia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>SPECIAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>I guideline for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care - Brazilian Society of Cardiology: executive summary</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Margarita Gonzalez; Sergio Timerman; Renan Gianotto de Oliveira; Thatiane Facholi Polastri; Luis Augusto Palma Dallan; Sebasti&#227;o Ara&#250;jo; Silvia Gel&#225;s Lage; Andr&#233; Schmidt; Claudia San Mart&#237;n de Bernoche; Manoel Fernandes Canesin; Frederico Jos&#233; Neves Mancuso; Maria Helena Favarato</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite advances related to the prevention and treatment in the past few years, many lives are lost to cardiac arrest and cardiovascular events in general in Brazil every year. Basic Life Support involves cardiovascular emergency treatment mainly in the pre-hospital environment, with emphasis on the early recognition and delivery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers focused on high-quality thoracic compressions and rapid defibrillation by means of the implementation of public access-to-defibrillation programs. These aspects are of the utmost importance and may make the difference on the patient's outcomes, such as on hospital survival with no permanent neurological damage. Early initiation of the Advanced Cardiology Life Support also plays an essential role by keeping the quality of thoracic compressions; adequate airway management; specific treatment for the different arrest rhythms; defibrillation; and assessment and treatment of the possible causes during all the assistance. More recently, emphasis has been given to post-resuscitation care, with the purpose of reducing mortality by means of early recognition and treatment of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Therapeutic hypothermia has provided significant improvement of neurological damage and should be performed in comatose individuals post-cardiac arrest. For physicians working in the emergency department or intensive care unit, it is extremely important to improve the treatment given to these patients by means of specific training, thus giving them the chance of higher success and of better survival rates. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / chest compression; Heart Arrest; Hypothermia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the 2010 International Scientific Consensus and updated with some new scientific evidence gathered in the past two years, the I Guideline for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Cardiovascular Care of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology is launched with the aim of meeting the Brazilian scenario realities.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Epidemiological aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite advances related to the prevention and treatment in recent years, many lives are still lost to cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in Brazil every year, although the exact magnitude of the problem is unknown due to the lack of robust statistics. The advances have also reached the legislation regarding the public access to defibrillation and mandatory availability of automatic external defibrillators (AED), as well the training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), an area in which the Brazilian Society of Cardiology has for many years been placed among the best. We can estimate approximately 200,000 CPRs in Brazil each year, with half of them being in-hospital and the other half, out-of-hospital cases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Advice to health professionals in adult basic life support</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Immediate delivery of CPR to a CPA victim, albeit using only pre-hospital thoracic compressions, significantly contributes to increase the survival rates<sup>1-6</sup>. Therefore, actions taken within the first minutes of an emergency care are critical in relation to the victim's survival, and this includes the Basic Life Support (BLS).</p>
      <p>In a CPA situation, a mnemonic may be used to describe the simplified steps in BLS care: the "primary CABD"<sup>7,8</sup>: check responsiveness and patient's breathing; call for help; check victim's pulse; compressions (30 compressions); open the airway; good ventilation (2 ventilations); defibrillation.</p>
      <p>Before any out-of-hospital treatment, safety of the site should be checked. If the place is safe, gently shake the victim's shoulder when addressing him/her. Look for chest movement within less than 10 seconds; if absent, or if the victim is only gasping, call for help immediately by dialing the local emergency telephone number. Verify the victim's pulse within less than 10 seconds. If pulse is present, apply ventilation every 5 or 6 seconds and check pulse every 2 minutes; if not, or in case of doubt, start compression and ventilation cycles. Start 30-compression and 2-ventilation cycles, considering that there is a barrier device (for example, pocket masks to apply rescue breaths).</p>
      <p>To perform thoracic compressions: position yourself by the side of the victim - who should be bare-chested - place the heel of one hand on the victim's sternum, and the heel of your other hand on top of the first hand. Interlock the fingers of your hands, keep your arms straight and position yourself at approximately 90&#186; above the victim. Apply compressions at a rate of at least 100 compressions/minute, to a depth of at least 5 cm, allowing complete chest recoil after each compression without losing contact of the hands with the chest. Minimize interruptions in compressions, and rotate the task with another rescuer every two minutes to prevent fatigue and poor-quality compressions. </p>
      <p>In order not to delay the initiation of thoracic compressions, the airway should be opened only after thirty compressions are delivered. Ventilations should be performed at a ratio of 30 compressions to 2 ventilations, one second-long each, with enough volume to make the victim's chest rise. Regardless of the technique used to apply ventilations, the airways have to be opened. This can be achieved by head tilt and chin lift or, if trauma is suspected, by jaw thrust. Bag-valve-mask ventilation should be performed when two rescuers are present, one in charge of the compressions and the other, of applying ventilation using the device.</p>
      <p>A victim who is not breathing or is not breathing normally (only gasping), but has a palpable pulse, is therefore in respiratory arrest. In these cases, apply one ventilation every 5 or 6 seconds for adult victims. For infants and toddlers, apply one ventilation every 3 to 5 seconds.</p>
      <p>Early defibrillation is the specific treatment for cardiopulmonary arrest in VF/pulseless ventricular tachycardia; it may be performed using manual equipment (only handled by a doctor) or an AED, which may be used by any person as soon as possible. This device may be handled by laypeople; all that is necessary is to switch it on and follow directions given by the device.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a01tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> includes the main directions regarding compressions, ventilations, and the use of AED.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a01tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Advanced adult cardiac life support</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A large part of adults victim of in-hospital cardiac arrest present with pulseless electrical activity (37%) and asystole (39%) as the baseline CPA rhythm<sup>9</sup>. Ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VF/PVT) account for 23% to 24% of the in-hospital CPA events, and have the highest survival rates, of 36% to 37%. The overall survival is of 18%, considering all CPA rhythms<sup>9,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Airway management</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The choice of the best ventilation method should be made based on the rescuer's experience. The use of the bag-valve-mask device alone or in combination with the tracheal tube, laryngeal mask, combitube or laryngeal tube is acceptable. Use of oxygen at 100% is reasonable during CPR maneuvers with the objective of increasing the arterial oxyhemoglobin and oxygen supply. Although prolonged exposure to oxygen at 100% is toxic, there are no evidences that toxicity occurs with short-term exposure, as in the setting of adult CPA.</p>
      <p> Ventilation with a bag-valve-mask device is an acceptable method during CPR maneuvers, but requires continuous training for its adequate use. Ideally, this device should be used by two rescuers. During CPR, 2 ventilations should be delivered after every 30 thoracic compressions. </p>
      <p>In the case of in-hospital CPA refratory VF/VT, and, mainly, PEA/asystole, ventilation with tracheal tube is the most frequently recommended method for airway management. Interruption of thoracic compressions to perform tracheal intubation should be minimized, and intubation should be performed only at the right time, when it does not interfere with other resuscitation maneuvers. Training and retraining of this skill are recommended for rescuers who perform this procedure. There is no evidence in the literature about the best moment to perform tracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary arrest maneuvers.</p>
      <p>Confirmation of correct placement of the tracheal tube is necessary. This is initially done by clinical assessment which consists of the observation of chest expansion, condensation in the tube during ventilation, and auscultation of 5 areas: the epigastrium, left and right pulmonary bases, left and right pulmonary apices, preferably in this order. Secondary confirmation of tracheal tube placement should be made with the help of a device; the most frequently recommended of these is quantitative capnography. If not available, esophageal detectors and carbon dioxide detectors could also be used<sup>11-14</sup>. Ventilation and oxygenation should be maintained at intervals of one ventilation every 6 to 8 second; this corresponds to 8 to 10 ventilations per minute, asynchronously with thoracic compressions, which should be maintained at a frequency equal to or higher than one hundred per minute<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Monitoring during CPA</bold>
      </p>
      <p>End-tidal carbon dioxide (expressed in mmHg - PETCO<sub>2</sub>) detected by quantitative capnography in intubated patients correlates with the quality of CPR and with restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). During untreated CPA, the CO<sub>2</sub> production is maintained; however it is not released by the lungs, and the presence of cardiac output is the most important determinant of PETCO<sub>2 </sub>release. PETCO<sub>2 </sub>values correlate with ROSC and with the coronary perfusion pressure. Values &lt; 10 mmHg show a low probability of ROSC, thus indicating the need for improvement in the quality of CPR<sup>17-20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another very useful mechanism for CPR monitoring is the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurement in patients with invasive arterial monitoring at the moment of CPA. Its value correlates with the coronary perfusion pressure as well as with ROSC. In situations in which the relaxation (diastolic) pressure is &lt; 20 mmHg, it is reasonable to consider improving the quality of CPR by means of better thoracic compressions and the use of vasoactive drugs. It is worth mentioning that the presence of arterial devices may also reduce the time of CPR interruption with pulse checking in patients with organized electrical activity.</p>
      <p>Central venous saturation &lt; 30% is related to the impossibility to achieve ROSC. Thus, it is necessary to maintain values above 30% during CPA.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a01tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the main recommendations for airway management and monitoring during CPA.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a01tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiac arrest management</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac arrest may be caused by four rhythms: ventricular fibrillation (VF), pulseless ventricular tachycardia (PVT), pulseless electrical activity (PEA), and asystole. Patients' survival depends on the integration of BLS, advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS), and post-resuscitation care.</p>
      <p>Pauses during CPR maneuvers should be minimized and restricted to rhythm checking, defibrillation, pulse checking when an organized rhythm is present, and a brief pause to obtain and confirm an advanced airway<sup>21,22</sup>. CPR quality monitoring is strongly recommended. Delay to start the administration of vasopressors beyond the first five minutes of CPA, as well as delay in establishing an advanced airway may be associated with a worse prognosis. Thus, it is suggested that vasopressors be started in the first few cycles of CPR<sup>23-25</sup>.</p>
      <p>During attempted resuscitation, the rescuer should try to identify the cause of CPA - differential diagnosis. Most of the arrest causes can be summarized in the mnemonics "5 Hs and 5 Ts", namely: Hypoxia, Hypovolemia, Hydrogen (acidosis), Hyper/Hypocalemia, Hypothermia; Toxics, cardiac Tamponade, thoracic Tension (hypertensive pneumothorax), coronary Thrombosis (acute myocardial infarction), and pulmonary Thromboembolism<sup>26-28</sup>.</p>
      <p>For an ideal management of CPA, in addition to the emphasis on high-quality CPR, special attention should be given to each member of the resuscitation team. Training CPA team management minimizes errors and is recommended<sup>29</sup>. The two fundamental principles for good team work are leadership and effective communication<sup>30,31</sup>. Thus, there should be a professional playing the role of the leader in the management of every case attended. This professional should: ensure that all tasks have been understood and performed by the different team members; incorporate new information; reassess the case; centralize communication among the team members; assess their colleagues' performance, thus ensuring high-quality CPR, adequate airway management, and confidence to manipulate the defibrillator.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Treatment of ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When monitoring with a manual defibrillator reveals VF/PVT rhythm, the priority should be defibrillation as soon as possible, as soon as available, since the duration of arrhythmia is a prognostic factor for a successful defibrillation, with the highest success rate achieved when defibrillation is performed with a manual or automated defibrillator within up to 3 minutes of the onset of VF. During resuscitation, the use of vasoactive and antiarrhythmic drugs as well as the identification and treatment of potentially reversible causes should be considered<sup>26-28</sup>. </p>
      <p>If a biphasic defibrillator is available, the shock energy level should be of 120-200J, according to the manufacturer's recommendations. If the rescuer is not aware of the manufacturer's recommendations, shock should be delivered using the highest energy level available in the device. If a monophasic defibrillator is available, shock should be delivered with 360J, same for subsequent shocks<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>After the first shock, preferably with a biphasic defibrillator, CPR is resumed for 2 minutes, followed by rhythm checking on the monitor. If VF/VT persists, a new high-energy level shock is delivered, followed by CPR for 2 minutes. The best moment to administrate a vasopressor has not been determined, and its use should be considered after an intravenous access is established. Early administration could optimize the myocardial blood flow prior to the next shock. There are evidences suggesting that the early initiation of drugs improves the prognosis<sup>21,24,25</sup>.</p>
      <p>In any CPA rhythm, the first drug to be used should be a vasopressor. Although the level of evidence is limited, administration of adrenalin 1 mg every three or five minutes is recommended<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>The first or second dose of adrenalin may be replaced by vasopressin 40 U. If VF or PVT persists despite CPR, defibrillation and vasopressor, an antiarrhythmic drug is indicated (amiodarone - the antiarrythmic drug of choice, or lidocaine). Amiodarone, a Vaughan-Williams class III antiarrhythmic drug, is the first choice antiarrythmic drug in the treatment of VF/PVT refractory to vasopressor and new defibrillation. </p>
      <p>Recommendations for the management of CPA in VF/PVT are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a01tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a01tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a01fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the Treatment of cardiac arrest in ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia algorithm.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a01fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Treatment of asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Defibrillation is not indicated for these rhythms. Therefore, their management consists of delivery of high-quality CPR, administration of the drugs recommended, and identification and treatment of reversible causes<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>If, when checking the rhythm two minutes after continuous CPR, an organized rhythm is observed on the monitor, the central carotid pulse should be checked for five to 10 seconds. No palpable pulse identified within this period characterizes PEA.</p>
      <p>For asystole or PEA, a vasopressor -adrenalin or vasopressin, may be administered with the objective of increasing cerebral and myocardial blood flow<sup>33</sup>. Routine use of atropin is not recommended. </p>
      <p>Vasopressin may be used instead of the first or second adrenalin dose, but a meta-analysis did not show differences between these two drugs for any of the CPA rhythms. </p>
      <p>There is no clear evidence of the therapeutic benefit of the routine use of atropin on the treatment of CPA with PEA.</p>
      <p>PEA and asystole may be caused by reversible conditions which can be successfully treated, if detected. For the two minutes of CPR, rescuers should remember the "5Hs and 5Ts". In PEA, when pulmonary thromboembolism is suspected, empirical use of thrombolytic drugs should be considered.</p>
      <p>Recommendations for the management of CPA with asystole and PEA are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a01tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a01tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a01fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the treatment of cardiac arrest in pulseless electrical activity or asystole algorithm.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a01fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-02-0105-30022-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Routes of drug administration</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During cardiac arrest, the priority is always to deliver high-quality CPR and immediate defibrillation; drug administration is secondary. After attempted defibrillation, rescuers should establish an intravenous (IV) or intraosseous (IO) access, without interrupting the thoracic compressions.</p>
      <p>Peripheral venous access in the upper limbs (antecubital vein) is preferred. If an IV access cannot be established, the intraosseous (IO) route may provide adequate plasma drug concentrations similar to those obtained with the intravenous access. Drug administration via a central access may be considered if not contraindicated. Studies have demonstrated that drugs such as lidocaine, adrenalin, atropine, naloxone, and vasopressin may be absorbed via the endotracheal route. However, IV or IO drug administration is preferable to endotracheal administration.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation care</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In an initial phase, the purpose of organized post-CPR care with emphasis on multidisciplinary programs is to reduce mortality associated with hemodynamic instability and, consequently, to limit brain damage and other organ damage. Treatment should be targeted at making available a support that includes fluid resuscitation, the use of vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, and circulatory assistance devices.</p>
      <p>The term post-CPR syndrome refers to a complex pathophysiological process of tissue damage secondary to ischemia, with additional reperfusion injury<sup>34</sup>. In this syndrome, four main components are present and recognized: brain injury, myocardial dysfunction, reperfusion ischemia, and intervention on the triggering condition<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>After ROSC, it is necessary to obtain an adequate permanent airway for mechanical ventilation support. At this moment, for instance, the laryngeal mask placed under emergency should be replaced by a tracheal tube.</p>
      <p>Patient oxygenation should be monitored continuously with a pulse oximeter. When available, a capnograph may help establish a permanent airway in an appropriate place. If not contraindicated, the headboard should be kept elevated at at least 30&#186; to prevent cerebral edema, aspiration and mechanical ventilation-associated pneumonia. </p>
      <p>As regards the optimal oxygen supply, it is recommended that, as of the first hour, the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO<sub>2</sub>) be adjusted to an arterial saturation between 94% and 96%, thus preventing hyperoxia - which facilitates increased oxidative stress and is associated with a worse neurological outcome<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>Care should be taken with the tidal volume to prevent barotrauma, volutrauma and biotrauma. A 12-lead electrocardiogram should be performed early after ROSC to detect ST-segment elevations or presumed new left bundle branch block. Even if ST-segment elevation is absent, but acute coronary syndrome is suspected, drug and intervention treatments should be initiated and should not be delayed if the patient is comatose. The simultaneous use of percutaneous coronary intervention and hypothermia is safe and provides good results.</p>
      <p>The use of vasoactive drugs is indicated to adjust the cardiac output; these drugs should be administered preferably via a central venous access.</p>
      <p>Because therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the only intervention that proved to provide better neurological recovery, it should be considered for any patient unable to respond to verbal commands after ROSC<sup>37-40</sup>.</p>
      <p>Evidence show that comatose adult patients, i.e., those who do not respond adequately to verbal commands, and who present with ROSC after out-of-hospital CPA in VF/PVT, should be cooled down to 32&#186; to 34&#186; C for 12 to 24 hours.</p>
      <p>Although consistent specific studies on hypothermia in subgroups of patients who had CPA in a non-shockable rhythm are not available, induced hypothermia may also benefit adult comatose patients with ROSC after out-of-hospital CPA with other rhythms such as asystole or pulseless electrical activity, or in in-hospital cardiac arrests.</p>
      <p>The patient's core temperature should be monitored continuously by means of an esophageal thermometer, urinary bladder catheter or pulmonary artery catheter. Cooling down should be promptly started, preferably in the site of the event, or up to 6 hours after ROSC.</p>
      <p>The maintenance phase starts when the temperature of 34&#186; C is reached, and lasts 24 hours. Care is directed toward a strict temperature control to prevent overcooling (temperature &lt; 32&#186; C).</p>
      <p>The beginning of the rewarming phase does not imply immediate discontinuation of the cooling devices, since the temperature gain should be gradual. The optimal speed of rewarming is unknown; consensus has been that 0.25 to 0.5&#186; C are gained very hour.</p>
      <p>Follow-up for more than 72 hours is recommended for patients undergoing HT before a prognostic assessment. Strategies to treat high blood glucose levels should be considered, since levels &gt; 180 mg/dL in patients with ROSC may be deleterious. Low blood glucose should be avoided. Thus, strategies for a moderate blood glucose control - blood glucose levels between 144 mg/dL and 180 mg/dL - may be started for adults with ROSC. </p>
      <p>The complexity of post-CPA care has already been proven. Technological advances and early intervention have provided better survival rates; however, there are great challenges ahead. In this context, hypothermia is one of the topics that will certainly play a more important role in the treatment to be offered.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Gonzalez MM, Oliveira RG, Polastri TF, Ara&#250;jo S; Acquisition of data: Polastri TF, Dallan LAP, Ara&#250;jo S; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Schmidt A; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira RG, Dallan LAP, Lage SG, Schmidt A, Bernoche CSM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gonzalez MM, Timerman S, Oliveira RG, Lage SG, Bernoche CSM, Canesin MF, Mancuso FJN, Favarato, MH.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
