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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3dzcTWc6Jrb5BjCF3kws9PC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2013005000001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiografia de pacientes talass&#234;micos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em tratamento com transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas e quela&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Villa&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;ssia Sp&#237;nola Cust&#243;dio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waib</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fabron-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Doralice Marvulle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina C. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>75</fpage>
      <lpage>81</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Pacientes com talassemia major (TM) apresentam hem&#243;lise cr&#244;nica e necessitam de transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas egularmente que podem causar cardiomiopatia por sobrecarga de ferro e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica. A hemocromatose &#233; caracterizada por ac&#250;mulo excessivo de ferro nos tecidos; acometimento do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; a principal causa de &#243;bito em pacientes com talassemia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as estruturas e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meio de ecocardiografia com Doppler convencional e Doppler tecidual em pacientes com TM, sem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Trata-se de estudo observacional prospectivo de 18 pacientes com TM que recebem transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea regularmente. Para avaliar, separadamente, os efeitos da anemia e da transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, dois grupos controles pareados por g&#234;nero, idade, peso e altura foram inclu&#237;dos: um com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (Saud&#225;vel, n = 18) e outro com pacientes com anemia por defici&#234;ncia de ferro (Anemia, n = 18). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Tukey ou Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn. RESULTADOS: As seguintes vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas apresentaram valores significativamente mais elevados no grupo TM do que nos grupos Anemia e Saud&#225;vel: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (Saud&#225;vel: 16,4 &#177; 6,08; Anemia: 17,9 &#177; 7,02; TM: 24,1 &#177; 8,30 cm/m); raz&#227;o E/Em septal mitral (Saud&#225;vel: 6,55 &#177; 1,60; Anemia: 6,74 &#177; 0,74; TM: 8,10 &#177; 1,31) e dura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo reverso em veias pulmonares [Saud&#225;vel: 74,0 (59,0-74,0); Anemia: 70,5 (67,0-74,0); TM: 111 (87,0-120) ms]. Araz&#227;o E/A mitral foi maior no grupo TM do que no grupo Anemia (Saud&#225;vel: 1,80 &#177; 0,40; Anemia: 1,80 &#177; 0,24; TM: 2,03 &#177; 0,34). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em vari&#225;veis estruturais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e em &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. CONCLUS&#195;O: A ecocardiografia com Doppler convencional e o Doppler tecidual permite que altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sejam identificadas em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com talassemia major.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doppler-Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Talassemia Beta</kwd>
        <kwd>Transfus&#227;o de Sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Quelantes de Ferro</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia de pacientes talass&#234;micos sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em tratamento com transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas e quela&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alexandre Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Villa&#231;a Guimar&#227;es-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira Braga<sup>I</sup>; C&#225;ssia Sp&#237;nola Cust&#243;dio Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Waib<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Fabron-Junior<sup>I</sup>; Doralice Marvulle Tan<sup>I</sup>; Ana Cristina C. V. Fran&#231;a<sup>I</sup>; Marina Politi Okoshi<sup>II</sup>; Katashi Okoshi<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia, FAMEMA </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Pacientes com talassemia major (TM) apresentam hem&#243;lise cr&#244;nica e necessitam de transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas egularmente que podem causar cardiomiopatia por sobrecarga de ferro e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica. A hemocromatose &#233; caracterizada por ac&#250;mulo excessivo de ferro nos tecidos; acometimento do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; a principal causa de &#243;bito em pacientes com talassemia. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar as estruturas e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meio de ecocardiografia com Doppler convencional e Doppler tecidual em pacientes com TM, sem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trata-se de estudo observacional prospectivo de 18 pacientes com TM que recebem transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea regularmente. Para avaliar, separadamente, os efeitos da anemia e da transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, dois grupos controles pareados por g&#234;nero, idade, peso e altura foram inclu&#237;dos: um com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (Saud&#225;vel, n = 18) e outro com pacientes com anemia por defici&#234;ncia de ferro (Anemia, n = 18). An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Tukey ou Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As seguintes vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas apresentaram valores significativamente mais elevados no grupo TM do que nos grupos Anemia e Saud&#225;vel: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (Saud&#225;vel: 16,4 &#177; 6,08; Anemia: 17,9 &#177; 7,02; TM: 24,1 &#177; 8,30 cm/m); raz&#227;o E/Em septal mitral (Saud&#225;vel: 6,55 &#177; 1,60; Anemia: 6,74 &#177; 0,74; TM: 8,10 &#177; 1,31) e dura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo reverso em veias pulmonares [Saud&#225;vel: 74,0 (59,0-74,0); Anemia: 70,5 (67,0-74,0); TM: 111 (87,0-120) ms]. Araz&#227;o E/A mitral foi maior no grupo TM do que no grupo Anemia (Saud&#225;vel: 1,80 &#177; 0,40; Anemia: 1,80 &#177; 0,24; TM: 2,03 &#177; 0,34). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em vari&#225;veis estruturais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e em &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A ecocardiografia com Doppler convencional e o Doppler tecidual permite que altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sejam identificadas em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com talassemia major. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doppler-Ecocardiografia, Talassemia Beta/complica&#231;&#245;es, Transfus&#227;o de Sangue, Quelantes de Ferro, Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A talassemia major, tamb&#233;m conhecida como anemia do Mediterr&#226;neo, &#233; considerada o mais comum dist&#250;rbio de um &#250;nico gene. A homozigose do gene geralmente provoca sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos significativos<sup>1</sup>. Pacientes com talassemia major apresentam estado de hem&#243;lise cr&#244;nica e elevada absor&#231;&#227;o de ferro pelo intestino. Geralmente, necessitam de transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas frequentes, levando a sobrecarga de ferro em &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos, incluindo cora&#231;&#227;o, f&#237;gado, gl&#226;ndulas e pele<sup>2,3</sup>. A hemocromatose faz parte de um grupo de doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito, sendo caracterizada por ac&#250;mulo excessivo de ferro nos tecidos. O acometimento card&#237;aco na doen&#231;a &#233; a principal causa de &#243;bito em pacientes portadores de talassemia major regularmente submetidos a transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea<sup>3-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com talassemia major permanecem assintom&#225;ticos, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal por longos per&#237;odos. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, antes do aparecimento dos sintomas, pode alterar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes porque refor&#231;a a necessidade de otimizar o tratamento com quelantes, que aliviam a sobrecarga de ferro no organismo<sup>8-11</sup>. Alguns estudos t&#234;m sugerido que a Doppler-ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual &#233; t&#233;cnica promissora para avalia&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas nessa situa&#231;&#227;o<sup>12-19</sup>. Contudo, os dados obtidos por esse m&#233;todo ainda s&#227;o escassos, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#224; estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meio da ecocardiografia com Doppler convencional e Doppler tecidual em pacientes com talassemia major sem sinais ou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em regime de transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas regulares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional e transversal que incluiu 18 pacientes com talassemia major sem sinais ou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que recebiam transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas regularmente. O estudo foi conduzido na Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia (FAMEMA), SP, Brasil, ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os participantes ou seus respons&#225;veis assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Para avaliar separadamente os efeitos da anemia e da transfus&#227;o de sangue, dois grupos controles pareados por g&#234;nero, idade, peso e altura foram inclu&#237;dos: um com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (Saud&#225;vel, n = 18) e outro com pacientes com anemia por defici&#234;ncia de ferro (Anemia, n = 18).</p>
    <p>O estudo incluiu pacientes com talassemia major de ambos os sexos submetidos a transfus&#245;es sangu&#237;neas frequentes por mais de dois anos. O diagn&#243;stico de talassemia major baseou-se em avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, hemograma, esfrega&#231;o de sangue perif&#233;rico e eletroforese de hemoglobina. Os pacientes vinham recebendo transfus&#245;es de hem&#225;cias (aproximadamente 250 mL) a cada 3-4 semanas. Os n&#237;veis-alvo pr&#233;-transfusionais de hemoglobina variaram entre 9,0 a 10,0 g/dL. Todos os pacientes estavam sob terapia de quela&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica com deferoxamina subcut&#226;nea (40-60 mg/kg/dia, 5-7 dias por semana) e/ou deferiprona oral (50-70 mg/kg/dia em tr&#234;s doses divididas), de acordo com a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de ferritina s&#233;rica e a toler&#226;ncia &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No grupo Anemia, a investiga&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades n&#227;o revelou quaisquer outras doen&#231;as; a anemia foi decorrente de defici&#234;ncia de ferro cr&#244;nica causada por dieta inadequada. Nenhum paciente apresentou evid&#234;ncia de anemia aguda.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes que apresentaram uma ou mais das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es foram exclu&#237;dos: sinais ou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita ou adquirida; anomalias sist&#234;micas que podem afetar a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, tireoideopatias, obesidade e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal ou hep&#225;tica; arritmia card&#237;aca; uso de f&#225;rmacos cardiot&#243;xicos; imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas inadequadas. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pelo mesmo cardiologista e a exames laboratoriais para determinar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina. Nos pacientes com talassemia major, tamb&#233;m foram mensuradas as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de ferritina, ferro, transferrina e capacidade de fixa&#231;&#227;o de ferro.</p>
    <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado no aparelho VIVID 3, General Electric, equipado com transdutor multifrequencial (1,7-4,5 MHz), com segunda harm&#244;nica, Doppler convencional associado a Doppler tecidual (General Electric Medical Systems Ultrasound, Milwaukee, WI, EUA), e registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo. Todos os exames foram realizados pelo mesmo cardiologista que fez a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, no m&#237;nimo, 4 horas ap&#243;s a transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. Todos os pacientes e controles apresentavam ritmo sinusal durante o exame. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica incluiu os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), espessuras do septo e da parede posterior do VE, em di&#225;stole e s&#237;stole, os volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico final do VE, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson. O volume atrial esquerdo (AE) foi calculado pelo m&#233;todo de &#225;rea-comprimento biplano em duas e quatro c&#226;maras. Os padr&#245;es de fluxo transmitral foram obtidos por ecocardiografia com Doppler puls&#225;til no corte apical quatro c&#226;maras. Foram medidas as velocidades diast&#243;licas precoce (E) e tardia (A) do fluxo mitral, a raz&#227;o E/A, o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E e o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico. Para o Doppler tecidual (DT), o filtro foi ajustado para evitar sinais de alta frequ&#234;ncia, e o limite de Nyquist foi ajustado a 15-20 cm/s. Os ganhos foram minimizados para permitir sinal claro tecidual com m&#237;nimo ru&#237;do de fundo. O DT foi avaliado ao n&#237;vel dos segmentos basais das paredes anterior, septal, lateral e inferior do VE, e as velocidades sist&#243;licas m&#225;ximas do mioc&#225;rdio e as velocidades diast&#243;licas precoces e tardias foram medidas a partir do corte apical de duas e quatro c&#226;maras. Todos os par&#226;metros do Doppler puls&#225;til e DT foram medidos no final da expira&#231;&#227;o e em velocidade de varredura de 100 mm/s em tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos, tomando-se a m&#233;dia de cada medi&#231;&#227;o. A press&#227;o capilar pulmonar (PCP) foi avaliada a partir da raz&#227;o entre a velocidade E mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral (Em), segundo a f&#243;rmula PCP = 1,9 + 1,24 (E/Em)<sup>20</sup>. Todas as imagens e medidas estruturais e funcionais foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos corno m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e percentis 25 e 75, dependendo da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou n&#227;o normal. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi feita por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) complementada pelo teste de Tukey ou Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn para distribui&#231;&#245;es normais e n&#227;o normais, respectivamente. Foi utilizado o pacote estat&#237;stico SigmaStat para Windows 2.0 Jandel Co., San Rafael, CA, EUA). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida no n&#237;vel p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop11812tab01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos indiv&#237;duos pertencentes aos grupos Saud&#225;vel, Anemia e Talassemia. Os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina no grupo Talassemia foram menores que no grupo Saud&#225;vel e maiores do que no grupo Anemia. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos para as seguintes vari&#225;veis: sexo, idade, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os seguintes exames de sangue foram realizados apenas em pacientes talass&#234;micos: ferro s&#233;rico 199 (138-206) pg/dL, ferritina 3289 &#177; 2331 ng/mL, transferrina 163 &#177; 44 mg/dL e capacidade de fixa&#231;&#227;o de ferro 318 &#177; 61 pg/dL.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop11812tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos relacionados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural e da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop11812tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. Os di&#226;metros e volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE e a espessura diast&#243;lica da parede n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE entre os grupos. A porcentagem de espessamento sist&#243;lico da parede do VE foi menor no grupo Talassemia. Os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop11812tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. As principais vari&#225;veis que foram estatisticamente diferentes no grupo Talassemia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos Saud&#225;vel e/ou Anemia s&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop11812fig01">Figura 1</xref>. A press&#227;o capilar pulmonar foi maior no grupo Talassemia do que nos outros dois grupos. &#192; avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional do ventr&#237;culo direito, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop11812tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop11812tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop11812tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop11812fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop11812tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na talassemia major, as estruturas e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca podem ser afetadas, principalmente, por dois fatores: aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e sobrecarga de ferro. A anemia e a expans&#227;o da medula &#243;ssea causam altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas caracterizadas por sobrecarga de volume e aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, com o consequente desenvolvimento de hipertrofia ventricular exc&#234;ntrica. Se mantidas cronicamente, essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem resultar no desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>22-25</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a deposi&#231;&#227;o de ferro no mioc&#225;rdio leva a anormalidades card&#237;acas e diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com talassemia major, comparando-os a grupo controle saud&#225;vel, sem considerar os efeitos isolados da anemia no cora&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o identificamos na literatura estudos que tenham comparado pacientes portadores de talassemia major com indiv&#237;duos controles saud&#225;veis e pacientes an&#234;micos. J&#225; est&#225; bem esclarecido que a anemia, isoladamente, causa altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e/ou funcionais cardiovasculares. Em nosso estudo, os pacientes com talassemia major apresentaram n&#237;veis inferiores de hemoglobina no momento do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico (realizado, pelo menos, 4 horas ap&#243;s transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles saud&#225;veis. Quando comparados ao grupo Anemia, os portadores de talassemia major apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de hemoglobina. Entretanto, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina dos pacientes com talassemia major, antes da transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, no dia da avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente dos valores do grupo Anemia (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Portanto, podemos supor que as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas encontradas no grupo Talassemia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo Anemia, s&#227;o causadas por sobrecarga de ferro e n&#227;o por anemia.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, normalizado pela superf&#237;cie corporal, foi significativamente maior no grupo Talassemia do que nos dois grupos controles. Esse achado sugere a ocorr&#234;ncia de aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o que reflete altera&#231;&#227;o nas propriedades diast&#243;licas, provavelmente causada por sobrecarga de ferro no cora&#231;&#227;o. Importante estudo observacional com 6.657 indiv&#237;duos sem hist&#243;rico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou doen&#231;a valvar mostrou que raz&#227;o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo/superf&#237;cie corporal <underline>&gt;</underline> 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> constitui preditor independente de &#243;bito, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico<sup>26</sup>. H&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a remodela&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e os &#237;ndices da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica obtidos pela ecocardiografia com Doppler. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo reflete o efeito cumulativo da altera&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular esquerdo<sup>27-29</sup>. Outro dado interessante &#233; a press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, estimada pela ecocardiografia com Doppler, maior no grupo Talassemia do que nos dois grupos controles. Esse resultado refor&#231;a os achados j&#225; discutidos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo. Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda apresentam press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo elevadas, com consequente aumento no volume do &#225;trio esquerdo e na press&#227;o capilar pulmonar<sup>27,30,31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o percentual de espessamento sist&#243;lico da parede posterior foi menor no grupo Talassemia que nos grupos Saud&#225;vel e Anemia. Esse foi o &#250;nico &#237;ndice que sugeriu algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O Doppler tecidual, m&#233;todo introduzido recentemente no estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, &#233; conhecido por permitir identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica mesmo quando a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ainda est&#225; preservada. Redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade sist&#243;lica do deslocamento do anel mitral (Sm) &#233; considerada sens&#237;vel marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica leve do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em indiv&#237;duos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada<sup>32-35</sup>; entretanto, n&#227;o identificamos altera&#231;&#245;es nessa vari&#225;vel em nossa amostra.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica realizada pelo Doppler convencional associado ao Doppler tecidual mostrou diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular diast&#243;lica entre o grupo Talassemia e os outros dois grupos, Saud&#225;vel e Anemia. Dep&#243;sito excessivo de ferro pode afetar todas as estruturas card&#237;acas, incluindo m&#250;sculos papilares, sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e peric&#225;rdio<sup>11</sup>. A regi&#227;o epic&#225;rdica da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; a mais afetada. A avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica de indiv&#237;duos com sobrecarga de ferro demonstrou hipertrofia de mi&#243;citos com deposi&#231;&#227;o de ferro no citoplasma e macr&#243;fagos. Al&#233;m disso, foram demonstrados ruptura de mi&#243;citos, n&#250;mero reduzido de c&#233;lulas musculares, n&#250;cleos densos e gr&#226;nulos citoplasm&#225;ticos contendo ferro. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o comumente encontradas em indiv&#237;duos com sobrecarga acentuada de ferro e quadro cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica geralmente precede a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na hist&#243;ria natural da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e, portanto, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica secund&#225;ria &#224; sobrecarga de ferro pode ser explicada pela fase inicial das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais descritas anteriormente.</p>
    <p>Recentes avan&#231;os na ecocardiografia permitiram que a t&#233;cnica fosse utilizada para a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular secund&#225;ria &#224; hemocromatose em pacientes com talassemia major. Embora a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com a t&#233;cnica T2* continue sendo o padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico precoce da hemocromatose card&#237;aca<sup>3,6,7,36</sup>, a ecocardiografia pode ser utilizada como m&#233;todo de triagem. Devido ao seu baixo custo e grande disponibilidade, a ecocardiografia tamb&#233;m constitui instrumento valioso para monitorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente, permitindo compara&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros card&#237;acos estruturais e funcionais em diferentes momentos.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, como o reduzido n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos, e a aus&#234;ncia de dados de <italic>strain</italic> e <italic>speckle tracking</italic>. No entanto, a inclus&#227;o de grupo controle com pacientes an&#234;micos para diferenciar os efeitos da anemia e da sobrecarga de ferro no cora&#231;&#227;o, fortalece a probabilidade de que as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas no grupo Talassemia sejam devidas &#224; hemocromatose card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, a ecocardiografia com Doppler convencional e tecidual permite identificar altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com talassemia major.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem a Colin Edward Knaggs pela edi&#231;&#227;o do texto em ingl&#234;s. Apoio financeiro: CNPq (K.O. proc. n. 304998/2009-5 e M.P.O. proc. n. 305013/2009-0).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Alexandre Rodrigues pela Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Katashi Okoshi </p>
        <p> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica </p>
        <p> Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior, S/N - Rubi&#227;o Junior </p>
        <p> 18618-000 - Botucatu, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="katashi@fmb.unesp.br">katashi@fmb.unesp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/01/12; revisado recebido em 11/06/12; aceito em 12/09/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiography in thalassemic patients on blood transfusions and chelation without heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Patients with thalassemia major present chronic hemolysis and require regular blood transfusions which may cause iron overload cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure. Hemochromatosis is characterized by excessive iron accumulation in tissues, and heart involvement is the main cause of death in patients with thalassemia. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac structure and function by conventional Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in patients with TM and no clinical evidence of heart failure. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study including 18 patients with thalassemia major (TM) receiving regular blood transfusion. To separately evaluate anemia and blood transfusion effects, two gender, age, weight, and height-matched control groups were included: one with healthy individuals (Healthy, n=18) and one with iron deficient anemia patients (Anemia, n=18). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test or Kruskal-Wallis's and Dunn's test. RESULTS: The following echocardiographic variables presented significantly higher values in TM than the Anemia and Healthy groups: left atrium volume index (Healthy: 16.4&#177;6.08; Anemia: 17.9&#177;7.02; TM: 24.1&#177;8.30 cm&#179;/m&#178;); mitral septal E/Em ratio (Healthy: 6.55&#177;1.60; Anemia: 6.74&#177;0.74; TM: 8.10&#177;1.31); and duration of reverse pulmonary vein flow [Healthy: 74.0 (59.0-74.0); Anemia: 70.5 (67.0-74.0); TM: 111 (87.0-120) ms]. The mitral E/A ratio was higher in TM than Anemia (Healthy: 1.80&#177;0.40; Anemia: 1.80&#177;0.24; TM: 2.03&#177;0.34). No differences were found in left ventricular structures and systolic function indexes. CONCLUSION: Conventional Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler allow changes in left ventricular diastolic function to be identified in asymptomatic patients with thalassemia major.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>beta-Thalassemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Transfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Iron Chelating Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Echocardiography in thalassemic patients on blood transfusions and chelation without heart failure </bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Alexandre Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; F&#225;bio Villa&#231;a Guimar&#227;es-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira Braga<sup>I</sup>; C&#225;ssia Sp&#237;nola Cust&#243;dio Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Waib<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Fabron-Junior<sup>I</sup>; Doralice Marvulle Tan<sup>I</sup>; Ana Cristina C. V. Fran&#231;a<sup>I</sup>; Marina Politi Okoshi<sup>II</sup>; Katashi Okoshi<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia, FAMEMA</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Patients with thalassemia major present chronic hemolysis and require regular blood transfusions which may cause iron overload cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure. Hemochromatosis is characterized by excessive iron accumulation in tissues, and heart involvement is the main cause of death in patients with thalassemia.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac structure and function by conventional Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in patients with TM and no clinical evidence of heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is a prospective observational study including 18 patients with thalassemia major (TM) receiving regular blood transfusion. To separately evaluate anemia and blood transfusion effects, two gender, age, weight, and height-matched control groups were included: one with healthy individuals (Healthy, n=18) and one with iron deficient anemia patients (Anemia, n=18). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test or Kruskal-Wallis's and Dunn's test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The following echocardiographic variables presented significantly higher values in TM than the Anemia and Healthy groups: left atrium volume index (Healthy: 16.4&#177;6.08; Anemia: 17.9&#177;7.02; TM: 24.1&#177;8.30 cm<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>); mitral septal E/Em ratio (Healthy: 6.55&#177;1.60; Anemia: 6.74&#177;0.74; TM: 8.10&#177;1.31); and duration of reverse pulmonary vein flow [Healthy: 74.0 (59.0-74.0); Anemia: 70.5 (67.0-74.0); TM: 111 (87.0-120) ms]. The mitral E/A ratio was higher in TM than Anemia (Healthy: 1.80&#177;0.40; Anemia: 1.80&#177;0.24; TM: 2.03&#177;0.34). No differences were found in left ventricular structures and systolic function indexes.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Conventional Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler allow changes in left ventricular diastolic function to be identified in asymptomatic patients with thalassemia major. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Echocardiography, Doppler; beta-Thalassemia/complications; Blood Transfusion; Iron Chelating Agents; Ventricular Function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thalassemia major, also known as Mediterranean anemia, is considered the most common single gene disorder. Beta gene homozygosis usually causes relevant clinical signs and symptoms<sup>1</sup>. Patients with thalassemia major present a state of chronic hemolysis, elevated iron absorption by the intestine, and require frequent blood transfusions leading to iron overload in organs and tissues including the heart, liver, glands, and skin<sup>2,3</sup>. Hemochromatosis is part of a group of storage diseases and is characterized by excessive iron accumulation in tissues. Heart involvement in the disease is the main cause of death in regularly transfused thalassemia major patients<sup>3-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with thalassemia major remain asymptomatic with normal left ventricular function for a long period of time. Early identification of ventricular dysfunction, before the appearance of symptoms, can alter the prognosis of these patients because it reinforces the need to optimize the therapy with chelators, drugs that alleviate iron overload in the organism<sup>8-11</sup>. Some reports indicate Doppler-echocardiogram with tissue Doppler as a promising technique for this situation<sup>12-19</sup>. However, data obtained by this method are still scarce, particularly in relation to left ventricular diastolic function and right ventricular structure and function.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac structure and function by conventional Doppler-echocardiogram and tissue Doppler imaging in patients with thalassemia major and regular blood transfusions with no signs or symptoms of heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is an observational and cross sectional study including 18 patients with thalassemia major receiving regular blood transfusion with no signs or symptoms of heart failure. The study was conducted at Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia (FAMEMA), Brazil, after approval by the institution Research Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their parents. To separately evaluate anemia and blood transfusion effects, two gender, age, weight, and height-matched control groups were included: one with healthy individuals (Healthy, n=18) and one with iron deficient anemia patients (Anemia, n=18).</p>
      <p>This study included thalassemia major patients of both genders under frequent blood transfusions for more than two years. The diagnosis of thalassemia major was based on clinical evaluation, hemogram, blood smear, and hemoglobin electrophoresis. The patients had been regularly receiving red blood cells transfusion (approximately 250 mL) every three to four weeks. Target pretransfusion hemoglobin levels ranged from 9.0 to 10.0 g/dL. All patients had received chronic chelation therapy with subcutaneous deferoxamine (40-60 mg/kg/day, 5 to 7 days per week) and/or oral deferiprone (50-70 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses) according to serum ferritin levels and tolerance.</p>
      <p>In the Anemia group, investigation of comorbidities did not reveal any other diseases and anemia etiology was considered to be chronic iron deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake. No patient presented evidence of acute anemia.</p>
      <p>Patients presenting one or more of the following conditions were excluded: signs or symptoms of heart failure; acquired or congenital heart disease; systemic abnormalities that can affect cardiac structure and function such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroidopathies, obesity, and renal or hepatic dysfunction; cardiac arrhythmia; use of cardiotoxic drugs; and inadequate echocardiographic image. All individuals were submitted to clinical evaluation by the same cardiologist and laboratory exams with measurements of hemoglobin levels. In thalassemia major patients, ferritin, serum iron, transferrin, and iron fixation capacity were also measured.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic study was performed using a General Electric VIVID 3 device, equipped with a multifrequency probe (1.7-4.5 MHz), with second harmonic imaging and conventional Doppler associated with tissue Doppler (General Electric Medical Systems Ultrasound, Milwaukee, WI, USA), under simultaneous electrocardiographic recording. All exams were performed by the same cardiologist who carried out the clinical evaluation at least 4 hours after blood transfusion. All patients and controls were in normal sinus rhythm during the examination. Echocardiographic evaluation included left ventricle (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, septum and LV posterior wall thicknesses in diastole and systole, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, and LV ejection fraction by Simpson's method. Left atrial (LA) volume was calculated using the biplane area-length method from two and four chamber views. Transmitral flow patterns were obtained by pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography from apical four chamber views. Mitral peak early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities, E/A ratio, E wave deceleration time, and isovolumetric relaxation time were measured. For tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), the filter was adjusted to prevent high frequency signals, and Nyquist limit was adjusted to 15-20 cm/s. Gains were minimized to allow for a clear tissue signal with minimal background noise. TDI was evaluated at the level of basal segments of anterior, septal, lateral and inferior LV wall and peak myocardial systolic, and early and late diastolic velocities were measured from apical two and four chamber views. All pulsed-wave Doppler and TDI parameters were measured at the end of expiration at a sweep speed of 100 mm/s on three consecutive heart beats with the average for each taken. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) was assessed using the mitral E velocity to early diastolic mitral annulus velocity (Em) ratio, with the formula PCWP=1.9+1.24(E/Em)<sup>20</sup>. All images and structural and functional measurements were performed according to American Society of Echocardiography recommendations<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles depending on normal or non-normal distribution. Comparison between groups was by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and complemented by the Tukey's or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests for normal and non-normal distributions, respectively. SigmaStat for Windows 2.0 statistics package (Jandel Co., San Rafael, CA, USA) was used for the tests. Statistical significance was accepted at the level of P&lt;0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop11812tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the general characteristics of individuals belonging to the three groups: Healthy, Anemia, and Thalassemia. Hemoglobin levels in the Thalassemia group were lower than the Healthy and higher than the Anemia group. There was no difference between groups for the following variables: age, gender proportion, weight, height, body mass index, blood pressure, and heart rate. The following blood tests were performed only in thalassemic patients: serum iron 199 (138-206) &#181;g/dL, ferritin 3289&#177;2331 ng/mL, transferrin 163&#177;44 mg/dL, and iron fixation capacity 318&#177;61 &#181;g/dL.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop11812tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic data related to left ventricular structural and systolic function evaluation are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop11812tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. LV diastolic and systolic diameters and volumes, and diastolic wall thickness were not different between groups. Also, no consistent differences in LV systolic function were found between groups. Only the percentage of LV systolic wall thickening was lower in the Thalassemia group. LV diastolic function indices are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop11812tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. The main variables that were statistically different in Thalassemia group compared to Healthy and/or Anemia groups are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop11812fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was higher in the Thalassemia group than the other two groups. Structural and functional right ventricle evaluation showed no significant differences between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop11812tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop11812tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop11812tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop11812fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop11812tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0075-00001-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac structure and function in thalassemia major patients are mainly affected by two factors: increased cardiac output and iron overload. In thalassemia major patients, anemia and bone marrow expansion cause hemodynamic alterations characterized by volume overload and increased cardiac output, with consequent development of eccentric ventricular hypertrophy. Chronic maintenance of this state can evolve into heart failure<sup>22-25</sup>. Also, iron deposition in the myocardium mainly results in decreased left ventricular function.</p>
      <p>Previous studies assessed cardiac function in thalassemia major patients by comparing them to a healthy control group, without considering the isolated effects of anemia on the heart. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare thalassemia major patients with groups comprised by healthy control individuals or anemic patients. Anemia is known to cause cardiovascular structural and/or functional alterations. In our study, individuals with thalassemia major presented lower levels of hemoglobin at the moment of echocardiographic exam (at least 4 hours after blood transfusion) in relation to healthy controls. When compared to the Anemia group, thalassemia major patients presented higher hemoglobin levels. We also observed that thalassemia major hemoglobin level before blood transfusion on the day of echocardiographic evaluation was not significantly different from the Anemia group (data not shown). Therefore, we can assume from our study that cardiac alterations found in the Thalassemia group, compared to Anemia group, are caused by iron overload and not by anemia.</p>
      <p>In our study, left atrium volume indexed by body surface area was significantly higher in Thalassemia than the two control groups. This suggests an increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure, reflecting an alteration in diastolic property, most probably caused by iron overload in the heart. An important observational study with 6,657 individuals without history of atrial fibrillation or valve disease showed that a left atrium volume/body surface area ratio <underline>&gt;</underline> 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> is an independent predictor of death, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and ischemic stroke<sup>26</sup>. There is a significant association between left atrium remodeling and diastolic function indices obtained by Doppler-echocardiogram. Furthermore, the increase in left atrium volume reflects the cumulative effect of alteration in left ventricular filling pressure<sup>27-29</sup>. Another interesting finding is that pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, estimated by Doppler echocardiography, was higher in Thalassemia than the two control groups. This result reinforces the findings already discussed in relation to the left atrium. Patients with left ventricular dysfunction present elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure and left atrium pressure, with a consequent increase in left atrium volume and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure<sup>27,30,31</sup>.</p>
      <p>In left ventricular systolic function evaluation, the percentage of systolic posterior wall thickening was lower in Thalassemia than the two control groups; this was the only index that suggested some degree of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Tissue Doppler, a recently introduced method in echocardiographic study, is known to permit early identification of systolic dysfunction even when left ventricular ejection fraction is still preserved. Reduced systolic velocity of mitral annulus displacement (Sm) is considered a sensitive marker of light left ventricular systolic dysfunction in individuals with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction<sup>32-35</sup>; but we identified no alterations in this variable in our sample.</p>
      <p>In our study, the echocardiographic evaluation obtained by conventional Doppler associated with tissue Doppler imaging showed differences in parameters of ventricular diastolic function between Thalassemia and the two other groups, Control and Anemia. According to literature<sup>11</sup>, iron can affect all cardiac structures including papillary muscles, conduction system, and pericardium. The epicardial region of the left ventricular free wall is the most affected. Histological evaluation of individuals with iron overload has demonstrated myocyte hypertrophy with iron deposition in cytoplasm and macrophages. Furthermore, myocyte disruption, reduced myofiber numbers, and dense nuclei and cytoplasmic granules containing iron were demonstrated. These alterations are commonly found in subjects with elevated iron overload and clinical features of heart failure. Diastolic dysfunction generally appears before systolic dysfunction in the natural history of ventricular dysfunction; therefore, diastolic dysfunction secondary to iron overload can be explained by the initial phase of the structural heart alterations described above.</p>
      <p>Recent advances in echocardiography have enabled this technique to be used for early identification of ventricular dysfunction secondary to hemochromatosis in thalassemia major patients. Although magnetic resonance with the T2* technique remains the gold standard for early diagnosis of cardiac hemochromatosis<sup>3,6,7,36</sup>, echocardiography can be used as a screening method. Due to its low cost and widespread availability, echocardiography is also a valuable instrument for monitoring patient evolution by permitting structural and functional cardiac parameter comparisons at different moments.</p>
      <p>Our study presents some limitations such as the small number of individuals and no availability of strain and speckle tracking data; however, inclusion of a control group with iron deficient anemic patients, to differentiate the effects of anemia and iron overload in the heart, strengthens the already high probability that the alterations found in the Thalassemia group are due to cardiac hemochromatosis.</p>
      <p>In summary, conventional Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler allow to identify left ventricular diastolic alterations in asymptomatic patients with thalassemia major.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors are grateful to Colin Edward Knaggs for English editing. Financial support: CNPq (K.O proc. n. 304998/2009-5, and M.P.O. proc. n. 305013/2009-0).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Alexandre Rodrigues, from Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
