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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BJ3Wq8FcYTXDpqwGGftbPqB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000100010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000100010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000116</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Velocidade da onda de pulso, press&#227;o arterial e adipocitocinas em adultos jovens: estudo do Rio de Janeiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pizzi</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eliane Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabete Viana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ayrton Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>60</fpage>
      <lpage>66</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Dados sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva vascular e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com vari&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular s&#227;o escassos em jovens. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade de onda de pulso e a press&#227;o arterial,vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e metab&#243;licas, incluindo as adipocitocinas, em indiv&#237;duos adultos jovens. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 96 indiv&#237;duos (51 homens) do estudo do Rio de Janeiro, de 26 a 35 anos (m&#233;dia 30,09 &#177; 1,92). Foram obtidos a velocidade de onda de pulso (m&#233;todo Complior), press&#227;o arterial, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, glicose, perfil lip&#237;dico, leptina, insulina, adiponectina e o &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina HOMA-IR. Os indiv&#237;duos foram estratificados em tr&#234;s grupos segundo o tercil da VOP para cada sexo. RESULTADOS: O grupo com maior tercil de VOP mostrou maiores m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, insulina, HOMA-IR e menores m&#233;dias de adiponectina, al&#233;m de maiores preval&#234;ncias de diabetes mellitus/intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e hiperinsulinemia. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva da velocidade da onda de pulso com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, press&#227;o de pulso e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, e LDL-colesterol e negativa com HDL-colesterol e adiponectina. Em modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, ap&#243;s ajuste do HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e adiponectina para sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, apenas o sexo masculino e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia mantiveram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a velocidade de onda de pulso. CONCLUS&#195;O: A velocidade de onda de pulso em adultos jovens mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com vari&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular, destacando-se o sexo masculino e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia como importantes vari&#225;veis no seu determinismo. Os achados sugerem que a medida da VOP pode ser &#250;til para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do acometimento vascular nessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>pulso arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as vasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>adiponectina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Velocidade da onda de pulso, press&#227;o arterial e adipocitocinas em adultos jovens: estudo do Rio de Janeiro</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Oswaldo Luiz Pizzi; Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o; Roberto Pozzan; Maria Eliane Campos Magalh&#227;es; Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves Campana; Flavia Lopes Fonseca; Elizabete Viana de Freitas; Ayrton Pires Brand&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Dados sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva vascular e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com vari&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular s&#227;o escassos em jovens. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade de onda de pulso e a press&#227;o arterial,vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e metab&#243;licas, incluindo as adipocitocinas, em indiv&#237;duos adultos jovens. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados 96 indiv&#237;duos (51 homens) do estudo do Rio de Janeiro, de 26 a 35 anos (m&#233;dia 30,09 &#177; 1,92). Foram obtidos a velocidade de onda de pulso (m&#233;todo Complior), press&#227;o arterial, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, glicose, perfil lip&#237;dico, leptina, insulina, adiponectina e o &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina HOMA-IR. Os indiv&#237;duos foram estratificados em tr&#234;s grupos segundo o tercil da VOP para cada sexo. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O grupo com maior tercil de VOP mostrou maiores m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, insulina, HOMA-IR e menores m&#233;dias de adiponectina, al&#233;m de maiores preval&#234;ncias de diabetes mellitus/intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e hiperinsulinemia. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva da velocidade da onda de pulso com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, press&#227;o de pulso e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, e LDL-colesterol e negativa com HDL-colesterol e adiponectina. Em modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, ap&#243;s ajuste do HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e adiponectina para sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, apenas o sexo masculino e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia mantiveram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a velocidade de onda de pulso. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A velocidade de onda de pulso em adultos jovens mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com vari&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular, destacando-se o sexo masculino e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia como importantes vari&#225;veis no seu determinismo. Os achados sugerem que a medida da VOP pode ser &#250;til para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do acometimento vascular nessa faixa et&#225;ria. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Press&#227;o arterial, fatores de risco, pulso arterial, doen&#231;as vasculares / preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle, adiponectina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos dias atuais, admite-se que a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica tem sua origem na inf&#226;ncia<sup>1-3</sup>. A busca por marcadores pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos de aterosclerose/arteriosclerose &#233; direcionada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva do comprometimento vascular e alguns estudos t&#234;m permitido demonstrar a associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco (FR) em idades jovens com comprometimento da elasticidade arterial na vida adulta<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os marcadores de doen&#231;a arterial, a rigidez arterial tem mostrado ser um par&#226;metro importante para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. Dos diversos m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial a medida da velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) car&#243;tida-femoral &#233; considerado o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro em virtude de sua relativa facilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o, ao amplo corpo de evid&#234;ncias demonstrando sua associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, independentemente dos fatores de risco tradicionais e em v&#225;rias popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios a respeito da rela&#231;&#227;o entre os FR convencionais e VOP no indiv&#237;duo jovem s&#227;o limitados e os resultados s&#227;o parcialmente controversos<sup>4</sup>. No estudo de Bogalusa<sup>7</sup>, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e o HDL-colesterol (HDL-c) (correla&#231;&#227;o inversa) da inf&#226;ncia se correlacionaram com a VOP na idade adulta. Em outro estudo<sup>8</sup>, a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), o IMC, o sexo e os n&#237;veis de homociste&#237;na estiveram associados &#224; VOP de forma independente. No estudo Arya<sup>9</sup> nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial (PA) na adolesc&#234;ncia e VOP na idade adulta foi observada.</p>
    <p>Portanto, alguns autores v&#234;m sugerindo que em indiv&#237;duos adultos jovens normotensos, a VOP &#233; determinada muito provavelmente por outros fatores al&#233;m daqueles dos indiv&#237;duos idosos hipertensos<sup>10</sup>. Eles podem estar associados com anormalidades prim&#225;rias na estrutura ou a altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais da parede vascular<sup>4,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos a esse respeito v&#234;m surgindo em popula&#231;&#245;es jovens, buscando avaliar os fatores de risco e altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares precoces. Tais informa&#231;&#245;es poderiam ajudar na melhor identifica&#231;&#227;o e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco entre indiv&#237;duos adultos jovens<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo faz parte do estudo do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ)<sup>13-15</sup>, uma linha de pesquisa de car&#225;ter longitudinal, sobre press&#227;o arterial (PA) e outros FR cardiovascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes e suas fam&#237;lias, que vem sendo desenvolvida desde 1983, e teve como objetivo avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a VOP e a PA, &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas, incluindo as adipocitocinas, em indiv&#237;duos na fase adulta jovem.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 96 indiv&#237;duos (51 homens), pertencentes &#224; coorte do ERJ, com idades variando de 26 a 35 anos (m&#233;dia 30,09 &#177; 1,92 anos). Todos foram submetidos ao protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o com medida da press&#227;o arterial, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA), peso, altura e calculado o IMC e dosagens de glicemia, colesterol total, HDL colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos (TG) ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas. Foram ainda dosados leptina, insulina, adiponectina, calculado o &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina HOMA-IR e obtida a VOP.</p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram estratificados segundo o sexo de acordo com os tercis de VOP em tr&#234;s grupos: 1&#186; tercil (grupo 1) constitu&#237;do por indiv&#237;duos masculinos com VOP menor que 8,69 m/s e femininos com VOP menor que 7,66 m/s; 2&#186; tercil (grupo 2) constitu&#237;do por indiv&#237;duos masculinos com VOP igual ou maior que 8,69 m/s e femininos com VOP igual ou maior que 7,66 m/s; 3&#186; tercil (grupo 3) constitu&#237;do por indiv&#237;duos masculinos com VOP igual ou maior que 9,65 m/s e femininos com VOP igual ou maior que 8,31 m/s (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A CA foi obtida de acordo com o procedimento descrito por Callaway e cols.<sup>16</sup> e definida como aumentada quando maior que 102 cm para homens e maior que 88 cm pra mulheres, de acordo com as VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida sobre a art&#233;ria braquial sendo utilizado esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio, manguitos de tamanho e largura apropriados, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira e Cardiologia (SBC)<sup>17</sup>. Foram obtidas duas medidas da PA com intervalo de cinco minutos entre elas e a &#250;ltima medida foi a utilizada para a an&#225;lise. Os indiv&#237;duos eram considerados hipertensos quando os valores da press&#227;o arterial fossem iguais ou maiores que 140 x 90 mmHg, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A glicose plasm&#225;tica, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos foram determinados pelo Konelab kit (BI 3000 WINER). Os n&#237;veis de colesterol foram determinados com base nos limites estabelecidos pelas IV Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>18</sup>. Os valores de glicose foram interpretados segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Diabetes Association<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises quantitativas da insulina, leptina e adiponectina s&#233;ricas foram realizadas por fluoroimunoensaio (Luminex xMAP; Luminex Corporation, 12212 Technology Blvd. Austin, TX 78727 US) com os kits CAT#HGT-68K-02 para insulina e leptina e CAT#HCVD1-67AK-03 para adiponectina. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o de hiperinsulinemia foi utilizado o ponto de corte de 20 (&#181;U/ml) segundo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo utilizado.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina HOMA-IR foi calculado de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o proposta por Mathews em 1995: HOMA-IR = Insulina em jejum (&#181;U/ml) X glicose em jejum (mmol/l)/22,5<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para a medida da VOP, foi utilizado o sistema autom&#225;tico computadorizado Complior (Complior, Colson, Garger les Genosse, France - Createch Industrie) de acordo com a metodologia descrita por Asmar e cols.<sup>21</sup> Foi considerada a m&#233;dia de 10 medidas para cada indiv&#237;duo. Todas as medidas foram obtidas pelo mesmo examinador.</p>
    <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi utilizado Anova complementado por an&#225;lise pareada. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es das frequ&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas de amostras independentes foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado. Para a correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi utilizada a regress&#227;o linear complementada com a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia. Em todas as an&#225;lises, foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% admitindo-se uma probabilidade "p" para rejeitar a hip&#243;tese nula igual ou menor que 0,05.</p>
    <p>O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os indiv&#237;duos assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop212tab2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop212tab3">3</xref> apresentam as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, estratificada pelo tercil da VOP, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis press&#243;ricas, antropom&#233;tricas e metab&#243;licas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop212tab2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop212tab3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O grupo com maior tercil de VOP apresentou maiores m&#233;dias de PAS, PAD, press&#227;o de pulso (PP) e PAM do que o grupo com menor tercil de VOP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop212tab2">Tabela 2</xref>); entretanto, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi semelhante nos tr&#234;s grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop212tab3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>O grupo com maior tercil de VOP exibiu maior m&#233;dia de IMC. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para os outros par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos (peso, altura e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal - <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop212tab2">Tabela 2</xref>). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal elevada e &#224; preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso/obesidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop212tab3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas demonstrou que o grupo de maior tercil de VOP apresentou maiores m&#233;dias de insulina, HOMA-IR e menores m&#233;dias de adiponectina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop212tab2">Tabela 2</xref>), quando comparado aos demais grupos. O grupo do 3<underline><sup>o</sup></underline> tercil mostrou tamb&#233;m maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>/intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (DM/IG) e de hiperinsulinemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop212tab3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Tabela 4</xref> est&#227;o descritas as correla&#231;&#245;es univariadas da VOP com as vari&#225;veis estudadas. Pode-se observar que houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com a PAS, PAD, PAM, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, LDL-colesterol e negativa com o HDL-colesterol e adiponectina. Em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, a inclus&#227;o das vari&#225;veis idade, sexo, IMC e PAM no modelo com o HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e adiponectina, fez com que a VOP mostrasse associa&#231;&#227;o significativa apenas com o sexo masculino e a PAM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo permitiu demonstrar a associa&#231;&#227;o da VOP com um pior perfil cardiovascular, sobretudo metab&#243;lico, traduzido por maior PA, maior IMC, maior taxa de insulina e menor taxa de adiponectina plasm&#225;ticas, maior &#237;ndice HOMA-IR e maiores preval&#234;ncias de diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>/intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (DM/IG) e de hiperinsulinemia em indiv&#237;duos adultos jovens com maior tercil de VOP.</p>
    <p>A idade e a press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o considerados os maiores determinantes da VOP. Acredita-se que o enrijecimento vascular relacionado &#224; idade seja acelerado pelas eleva&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas da press&#227;o arterial causadas pelas altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais nas paredes das art&#233;rias el&#225;sticas centrais. Por sua vez, o enrijecimento arterial promove, em parte, as altera&#231;&#245;es sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica relacionadas &#224; idade, particularmente em indiv&#237;duos mais idosos<sup>5,21,22</sup>. Abaixo dos 40 anos, quando os efeitos da idade sobre a estrutura da parede arterial e o padr&#227;o de enrijecimento vascular consequente ainda n&#227;o se desenvolveram plenamente, a cl&#225;ssica associa&#231;&#227;o entre a idade e a hipertens&#227;o arterial torna-se menos evidente<sup>23</sup>, sugerindo que o aumento da rigidez arterial avaliada pela VOP, no adulto jovem, deve sofrer influ&#234;ncia de outros fatores como o aumento da atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a VOP mostrou forte rela&#231;&#227;o com a press&#227;o arterial, traduzida por maiores m&#233;dias da PAS, PAD e PAM no grupo com maior tercil de VOP, al&#233;m de correla&#231;&#245;es significativas da PAM com a VOP, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo e IMC.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; idade, a faixa et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi muito estreita e n&#227;o representou fator importante no determinismo da VOP da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, nem mostrou influ&#234;ncia sobre os demais achados do estudo.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos, este estudo mostrou forte associa&#231;&#227;o da VOP com IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Esses achados tamb&#233;m encontram paralelo em estudos pr&#233;vios. Zebekakis e cols.<sup>24</sup> demonstraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o da VOP com IMC elevado e com a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril, independentemente de idade, sexo, ra&#231;a e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Dois outros estudos, controlando a interfer&#234;ncia causada pela idade, demonstraram associa&#231;&#245;es positivas entre VOP e v&#225;rios &#237;ndices de obesidade, tanto numa popula&#231;&#227;o com ampla faixa et&#225;ria (20-77 anos)<sup>25</sup> como numa popula&#231;&#227;o mais jovem (36 anos)<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos nem em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias nem em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s preval&#234;ncias das poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas, entretanto, a VOP apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o LDL-colesterol e HDL-colesterol.</p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias da correla&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e lip&#237;dios s&#227;o controversas. Wang e cols.<sup>27</sup> demonstraram rela&#231;&#227;o positiva da VOP com colesterol total e LDL-colesterol e correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com HDL-colesterol, n&#227;o havendo correla&#231;&#227;o da VOP com triglicer&#237;deos (TG)<sup>27</sup>. Por outro lado, Ferreira e cols.<sup>28 </sup>n&#227;o puderam demonstrar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre dislipidemia (TG elevados e HDL-colesterol baixo) com a VOP numa popula&#231;&#227;o de mulheres adultos jovens e, em um importante estudo populacional<sup>6</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se identificou influ&#234;ncia da dislipidemia sobre a VOP.</p>
    <p>Como essa rela&#231;&#227;o parece ser complexa, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os diversos mecanismos existentes para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre lip&#237;dios plasm&#225;ticos e rigidez arterial envolvam situa&#231;&#245;es e fatores de risco concomitantes, como o desenvolvimento de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o local e sist&#234;mica, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, baixa biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e a&#231;&#227;o de endotelinas<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>O grupo com maior tercil de VOP apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com DM/IG, apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a significativa na compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de glicose entre os grupos. H&#225; que se ressaltar que o grupo com o maior tercil da VOP apresentou, ainda, maiores taxas s&#233;ricas de insulina, maior preval&#234;ncia de hiperinsulinemia e maior &#237;ndice HOMA-IR.</p>
    <p>Diferentes autores t&#234;m relatado que a VOP &#233; maior em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos<sup>30</sup> e intolerantes &#224; glicose<sup>31</sup>, independente do n&#237;vel da press&#227;o arterial e da idade do paciente<sup>32</sup>; entretanto, n&#227;o est&#225; demonstrada nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o enrijecimento arterial com n&#237;veis normais de glicemia de jejum<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>A elasticidade arterial reduzida pode ser consequ&#234;ncia da a&#231;&#227;o direta da hiperglicemia e ou hiperinsulinemia ou pode ser consequ&#234;ncia da a&#231;&#227;o dos produtos finais da glica&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada sobre as prote&#237;nas da matriz vascular com consequente aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de fibras de col&#225;geno<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>O papel da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina na patog&#234;nese da esclerose vascular prematura pode ser uma caracter&#237;stica precoce importante da doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica<sup>34</sup>. O aumento da rigidez arterial &#233; proporcional ao grau da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, independentemente de idade, grau da obesidade, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos lip&#237;dios e press&#227;o arterial; e pode ser um dos mecanismos envolvidos nessa rela&#231;&#227;o<sup>35</sup>, envolvendo altera&#231;&#245;es tais como a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>De forma importante, o presente estudo demonstrou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre menores n&#237;veis de adiponectina e a rigidez arterial avaliada pela VOP, com forte correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de adiponectina e a VOP. Esses dados s&#227;o consistentes com os resultados de Mahmud<sup>36</sup>, que mostraram uma significativa rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de adiponectina e VOP em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos al&#233;m de uma rela&#231;&#227;o negativa entre adiponectina e glicose plasm&#225;tica sugerindo que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, que reconhecidamente eleva a VOP, possa ser um dos mecanismos<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>A descoberta e o estudo das adipocinas, como a leptina e a adiponectina, v&#234;m contribuindo para a compreens&#227;o do papel do tecido adiposo na homeostase metab&#243;lica. Essas mol&#233;culas podem desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e suas consequ&#234;ncias. As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de leptina t&#234;m se associado com fatores de risco cardiovascular, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia. A adiponectina &#233; uma importante adipocina moduladora da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina com propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias e antiaterog&#234;nicas<sup>37</sup>. Baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de adiponectina est&#227;o associadas com a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cardiovascular<sup>38</sup>.</p>
    <p>Windham e cols.<sup>39</sup> demonstraram que a leptina esteve envolvida na rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade abdominal e rigidez arterial, e que havia correla&#231;&#227;o independentemente da leptina, adiponectina e resistina com a VOP. Gauthier e cols.<sup>38 </sup>observaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre VOP e a rela&#231;&#227;o leptina/adiponectina ajustada para sexo e idade.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, embora a press&#227;o arterial tenha apresentado uma grande contribui&#231;&#227;o para a maior VOP, vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas como HDL colesterol, LDL-colesterol, insulina, HOMA-IR, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e hiperinsulinemia tamb&#233;m se relacionaram com a VOP. Essas vari&#225;veis est&#227;o fisiopatologicamente relacionadas, frequentemente coexistem em adultos jovens<sup>10</sup> e est&#227;o associadas com o comprometimento da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o arterial<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>A natureza transversal do presente estudo limita a nossa capacidade de inferir uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre as diferentes vari&#225;veis analisadas e a medida de rigidez arterial fornecida pela VOP em adultos jovens. Por ser um estudo explorat&#243;rio e ter utilizado diversos modelos multivariados para ajuste das hip&#243;teses formuladas, estima-se que alguns vieses possam ter sido produzidos. Dessa forma, acredita-se que mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar de que forma as vari&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular analisadas em si contribuem para o determinismo da rigidez arterial e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, para o desenvolvimento da arteriosclerose.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o comprometimento vascular avaliado pela VOP em indiv&#237;duos jovens mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com press&#227;o arterial, l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos, insulina e HOMA-IR, e adiponectina. Destaca-se que o sexo masculino e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia mostraram importante papel no determinismo de maior VOP em adultos jovens. Esses achados sugerem que a an&#225;lise n&#227;o invasiva da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o vascular pela medida da VOP pode ser &#250;til para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do acometimento vascular precoce em indiv&#237;duos jovens. Assim, os dados aqui apresentados se somam aos de estudos pr&#233;vios, que prop&#245;em que a integridade estrutural e a rigidez da parede arterial em jovens sejam determinadas por v&#225;rios mecanismos patog&#234;nicos relacionados aos diferentes fatores de risco cardiovascular, criando, dessa forma, um cen&#225;rio de elevado potencial preventivo nessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Oswaldo Luiz Pizzi pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Oswaldo Luiz Pizzi &#149; </p>
        <p>Rua Francisco Framback, 17. Cascatinha - 25716-120 - Petr&#243;polis, RJ, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="olpizzi@cardiol.br">olpizzi@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="olpizzi@yahoo.com.br">olpizzi@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 10/05/12; revisado recebido em 11/07/12; aceito em 30/07/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Pulse wave velocity, blood pressure and adipocytokines in young adults: the Rio de Janeiro study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Data on noninvasive vascular assessment and their association with cardiovascular risk variables are scarce in young individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between pulse wave velocity and blood pressure, anthropometric and metabolic variables, including adipocytokines, in young adults. METHODS: A total of 96 individuals aged 26 to 35 years (mean 30.09 &#177; 1.92; 51 males) were assessed in the Rio de Janeiro study. Pulse wave velocity (Complior method), blood pressure, body mass index, glucose, lipid profile, leptin, insulin, adiponectin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were analyzed. Subjects were stratified into three groups according to the PWV tertile for each gender. RESULTS: The group with the highest pulse wave velocity (PWV) tertile showed higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, body mass index, insulin, and HOMA-IR, as well as lower mean adiponectin; higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. There was a significant positive correlation of PWV with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and mean blood pressure, body mass index, and LDL-cholesterol, and a negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin. In the multiple regression model, after adjustment of HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and adiponectin for gender, age, body mass index and mean blood pressure, only the male gender and mean blood pressure remained significantly correlated with PWV. CONCLUSION: PWV in young adults showed a significant association with cardiovascular risk variables, especially in the male gender, and mean blood pressure as important determinant variables. The findings suggest that PWV measurement can be useful for the identification of vascular impairment in this age group.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiponectin</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Pulse wave velocity, blood pressure and adipocytokines in young adults: the Rio de Janeiro study</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Oswaldo Luiz Pizzi; Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o; Roberto Pozzan; Maria Eliane Campos Magalh&#227;es; Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves Campana; Flavia Lopes Fonseca; Elizabete Viana de Freitas; Ayrton Pires Brand&#227;o</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Data on noninvasive vascular assessment and their association with cardiovascular risk variables are scarce in young individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association between pulse wave velocity and blood pressure, anthropometric and metabolic variables, including adipocytokines, in young adults.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 96 individuals aged 26 to 35 years (mean 30.09 &#177; 1.92; 51 males) were assessed in the Rio de Janeiro study. Pulse wave velocity (Complior method), blood pressure, body mass index, glucose, lipid profile, leptin, insulin, adiponectin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were analyzed. Subjects were stratified into three groups according to the PWV tertile for each gender.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The group with the highest pulse wave velocity (PWV) tertile showed higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, body mass index, insulin, and HOMA-IR, as well as lower mean adiponectin; higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. There was a significant positive correlation of PWV with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and mean blood pressure, body mass index, and LDL-cholesterol, and a negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin. In the multiple regression model, after adjustment of HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and adiponectin for gender, age, body mass index and mean blood pressure, only the male gender and mean blood pressure remained significantly correlated with PWV.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> PWV in young adults showed a significant association with cardiovascular risk variables, especially in the male gender, and mean blood pressure as important determinant variables. The findings suggest that PWV measurement can be useful for the identification of vascular impairment in this age group. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Blood Pressure; Risk Factors; Pulse; Vascular Diseases / prevention &amp; control; Adiponectin.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is currently accepted that atherosclerosis has its origin in childhood<sup>1-3</sup>. The search for markers of preclinical atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis is directed to the noninvasive evaluation of the vascular involvement and some studies have demonstrated the association of risk factors (RF) in young individuals with impaired arterial elasticity in adulthood<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the markers of arterial disease, arterial stiffness has shown to be an important parameter for the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Of the several methods for the assessment of arterial stiffness, measurement of the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) is considered the gold standard method because it is relatively easy to perform and there is a large body of evidence demonstrating its association with cardiovascular disease, regardless of traditional risk factors in different populations<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies on the association between PWV and conventional RF in young individuals are limited and the results are partially controversial<sup>4</sup>. In the Bogalusa study<sup>7</sup>, systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index (BMI) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) in childhood correlated inversely with PWV in adulthood. In another study<sup>8</sup>, mean blood pressure (MBP), BMI, gender and homocysteine levels were independently associated with PWV. In the Arya study<sup>9</sup>, no association was observed between blood pressure (BP) in adolescence and PWV in adulthood.</p>
      <p>Therefore, some authors have suggested that in normotensive young adults, PWV is most likely determined by other factors, rather than those found in older individuals with hypertension<sup>10</sup>. They may be associated with primary abnormalities in the structure or function of the vascular wall<sup>4,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies on this subject have been carried out in young populations, seeking to evaluate RF and early vascular abnormalities. Such information could be useful for better identification and risk stratification in young adults<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study is part of the Rio de Janeiro study (ERJ)<sup>13-15</sup>, a longitudinal line of research on blood pressure (BP) and other cardiovascular RF in children and adolescents and their families, which has been developed since 1983 and aims to evaluate the association between PWV and BP, anthropometric and metabolic variables, including adipocytokines, in young adults.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We evaluated 96 individuals (51 men), from the ERJ cohort, aged 26 to 35 years (mean 30.09 &#177; 1.92 years). All of them underwent the evaluation protocol which included measurement of BP, waist circumference (WC), weight, height, and BMI calculation, as well as measurement of blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) levels after a 12-hour fasting. Leptin, insulin, adiponectin levels were also determined; the insulin resistance index HOMA-IR was calculated and PWV was obtained.</p>
      <p>The individuals were stratified by gender according to PWV tertiles in three groups: 1<sup>st</sup> tertile (Group 1) comprising men with PWV &lt; 8.69 m/s and women with PWV &lt; 7.66 m/s; 2<sup>nd</sup> tertile (Group 2) consisting of men with PWV <underline>&gt;</underline> 8.69 m/s and women with PWV <underline>&gt;</underline> 7.66 m/s; 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile (Group 3) consisting of men with PWV <underline>&gt;</underline> 9.65 m/s and women with PWV <underline>&gt;</underline> 8.31 m/s (<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab1-body2">T</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab1-body2">able 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="tab1-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>WC was obtained according to the procedure described by Callaway et al<sup>16</sup> and defined as increased when &gt; 102 cm in men and &gt; 88 cm in women, according to the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured on the brachial artery using a mercury sphygmomanometer, with a cuff of appropriate size and width, according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Society and Cardiology (SBC)<sup>17</sup>. Two BP measurements were obtained at a five-minute interval and the final measurement was used for the analysis. Subjects were considered hypertensive when the blood pressure values were <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 x 90 mmHg, according to the recommendations of the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined using the Konelab kit (BI WINER 3000). Cholesterol levels were determined based on the values established by the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention Guidelines of the Department of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>18</sup>. Glucose values were interpreted according to the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Quantitative analysis of serum insulin, leptin and adiponectin levels were performed by fluoroimmunoassay (Luminex xMAP, Luminex Corporation, 12212 Technology Blvd. Austin, TX 78727 U.S.) with the kits CAT#HGT-68K-02 for insulin and leptin and CAT#HCVD1-67AK-03 for adiponectin. For the determination of hyperinsulinemia a cutoff of 20 (&#181;U/mL) was used, as recommended by the manufacturer of the method used.</p>
      <p>The insulin resistance index HOMA-IR was calculated according to the equation proposed by Mathews in 1995: HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (&#181;U/mL) x fasting glucose (mmol/L) / 22.5<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured using the automated computerized system Complior (Complior, Colson, Garger les Genosse, France - Createch Industrie) according to the methodology described by Asmar et al<sup>21</sup>. The mean of 10 measurements was considered for each individual. All measurements were obtained by the same examiner.</p>
      <p>ANOVA was used to compare the means of continuous variables complemented by paired analysis. The Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency distributions of categorical variables for independent samples. Linear regression, complemented by analysis of variance, was used for correlation of continuous variables. The level of significance was set at 5% for all analyses, assuming a probability "p" equal to or less than 0.05 to reject the null hypothesis.</p>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics and Research Committee and all subjects gave written consent to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop212tab2-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop212tab3-body2">3</xref> show the characteristics of the study population stratified by PWV tertiles, regarding pressure, anthropometric and metabolic variables.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop212tab2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop212tab3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The group with the highest PWV tertile had higher SBP, DBP, pulse pressure (PP) and MBP than the group with the lowest PWV tertile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop212tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>), although the prevalence of hypertension was similar in the three groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop212tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The group with the highest PWV tertile had higher mean BMI. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for the other anthropometric parameters (weight, height and waist circumference - <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop212tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>). There was also no difference between groups regarding the prevalence of elevated waist circumference and the prevalence of overweight/obesity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop212tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The analysis of metabolic variables showed that the group with the highest PWV tertile had higher mean insulin and HOMA-IR, and lower mean adiponectin levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop212tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>) when compared to the other groups. The third tertile group also showed a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance (DM/GI) and hyperinsulinemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop212tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref> describes the univariate correlations of PWV with the study variables. A significant positive correlation with SBP, DBP, MBP, BMI, waist circumference, LDL-cholesterol, and a negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin can be observed. In the multivariate regression analysis, the inclusion of age, gender, BMI and blood pressure in the model with HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and adiponectin, showed that PWV had a significant association only with the male gender and MBP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0060-00116-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study demonstrated the association of PWV with a worse cardiovascular profile, especially regarding metabolic features, such as higher BP, BMI and insulin and lower plasma adiponectin levels, higher HOMA-IR index and prevalence of diabetes mellitus/glucose impairment (DM / GI) and hyperinsulinemia in young adults with the highest PWV tertile.</p>
      <p>Age and blood pressure are the major determinants of PWV. It is believed that age-related vascular stiffening is accelerated by the chronic elevation of blood pressure caused by structural and functional changes in central elastic arteries.</p>
      <p>In turn, arterial stiffening partly promotes changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure related to age, particularly in older individuals<sup>5,21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In individuals younger than 40 years, when the effects of aging on the arterial wall structure and consequent pattern of vascular stiffening is not yet fully developed, the conventional association between age and hypertension become less evident<sup>23</sup>, suggesting that the increased stiffness assessed by arterial PWV in young adults is influenced by other factors such as increased sympathetic nervous system activity and increased peripheral vascular resistance<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, PWV showed a strong correlation with blood pressure, reflected by higher SBP, DBP, and MBP means in the group with the highest PWV tertile, as well as significant correlations of MBP with PWV, even after adjustments for age, gender and BMI.</p>
      <p>Regarding age, the age range of the study population was too narrow and did not represent an important factor in the determination of PWV in the study population, showing no influence on the other study findings.</p>
      <p>In relation to the anthropometric indices, this study showed a strong association of PWV with BMI and waist circumference. These findings are also in agreement with previous studies. Zebekakis et al<sup>24</sup> demonstrated a strong correlation between PWV and high BMI and waist-hip ratio, regardless of age, gender, ethnicity and systolic blood pressure. Two other studies controlling the interference caused by age demonstrated positive associations between PWV and several obesity indices, both in a population with a wide age range (20-77 years)<sup>25</sup> and in a younger population (36 years)<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study there was no difference between groups regarding associations either with the means or with the prevalence of possible abnormalities in lipid parameters; however, PWV significantly correlated with LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol.</p>
      <p>The evidence on the correlation between arterial stiffness and lipid levels is controversial. Wang et al<sup>27</sup> showed a positive association between PWV and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and an inverse correlation with HDL-cholesterol, with no correlation between PWV and triglycerides (TG)<sup>27</sup>. On the other hand, Ferreira et al<sup>28</sup> could not demonstrate an association between dyslipidemia (elevated TG and low HDL-cholesterol) with PWV in a population of young adult women, and a major population study<sup>6</sup> did not identify any influence of dyslipidemia on PWV.</p>
      <p>As this association appears to be complex, it is possible that several existing mechanisms for the association between plasma lipids and arterial stiffness involve situations and concomitant risk factors, such as the development of atherosclerotic plaques, oxidative stress, local and systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, low bioavailability of nitric oxide and endothelin action<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The group with the highest PWV tertile showed a higher prevalence of individuals with DM/GI, although there was no significant difference in the comparison of mean glucose levels between the groups. It is noteworthy that the group with the highest PWV tertile also showed higher serum insulin levels, higher prevalence of hyperinsulinemia and increased HOMA-IR.</p>
      <p>Different authors have reported that PWV is higher in diabetic<sup>30 </sup>and glucose intolerant individuals<sup>31</sup>, regardless of BP levels and the patient's age<sup>32</sup>; however, no association has been demonstrated between arterial stiffening and normal fasting glucose levels<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reduced arterial elasticity can result from the direct action of hyperglycemia and/or hyperinsulinemia or may be a consequence of the action of advanced glycation end products on the vascular matrix proteins, with consequent increased production of collagen fibers<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>The role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of premature vascular sclerosis may be an important early feature of subclinical disease<sup>34</sup>. The increase of arterial stiffness is proportional to the degree of insulin resistance, regardless of age, degree of obesity, serum lipids and blood pressure, and can be one of the mechanisms involved in this association<sup>35</sup>, involving alterations such as endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and sympathetic activation<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Importantly, this study demonstrated an association between lower levels of adiponectin and arterial stiffness assessed by PWV, with a strong inverse correlation between adiponectin levels and PWV. These data are consistent with Mahmud's findings<sup>36</sup>, which showed a significant inverse association between plasma adiponectin levels and PWV in hypertensive individuals and a negative association between adiponectin and plasma glucose, suggesting that insulin resistance, which admittedly increases PWV, may be one of the mechanisms<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>The discovery and study of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, have contributed to the understanding of the role of the adipose tissue in the metabolic homeostasis. These molecules may play an important role in the development of insulin resistance and its consequences. Serum leptin concentrations have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Adiponectin is an important insulin resistance-modulating adipokine with anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties<sup>37</sup>. Low concentrations of adiponectin are associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors<sup>38</sup>.</p>
      <p>Windham et al<sup>39</sup> demonstrated that leptin was involved in the association between abdominal obesity and arterial stiffness, and that there was a correlation, independent of leptin, adiponectin and resistin, with PWV.</p>
      <p>Gauthier et al<sup>38 </sup>observed a positive association between PWV and leptin/adiponectin ratio adjusted for gender and age.</p>
      <p>In this study, although BP greatly contributed to a higher PWV, metabolic variables such as HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, insulin, HOMA-IR, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia also correlated with PWV. These variables are pathophysiologically related, often coexist in young adults<sup>10</sup> and are associated with arterial structure and function impairment<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>The cross-sectional nature of this study limits our ability to infer a causal relationship between the different variables analyzed and the measurement of arterial stiffness provided by PWV in young adults. Since this is an exploratory study that used several multivariate models to adjust the formulated hypotheses, it is estimated that some biases may have occurred. Thus, we believe that further studies are required to determine how the cardiovascular risk variables analyzed in this study contribute to determine arterial stiffness and, ultimately, to develop arteriosclerosis.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that the vascular involvement assessed by PWV in young individuals was significantly associated with BP, serum lipids, insulin and HOMA-IR, and adiponectin levels.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that the male gender and mean blood pressure played an important role in the determination of higher PWV in young adults. These findings suggest that the noninvasive analysis of the vascular structure and function by measuring PWV can be useful for the identification of early vascular involvement in young individuals. Thus, the data shown here are added to previous studies which suggest that the structural integrity and stiffness of the arterial wall in young individuals are determined by several pathogenic mechanisms related to different cardiovascular risk factors, thereby creating a scenario of high potential for prevention in this age group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Oswaldo Luiz Pizzi, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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