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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yX6Zqg8DV8xxhjSVRRdBHtw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000117</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em ratas submetidas previamente a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Carvalho de Arruda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portes</surname>
            <given-names>Leslie Andrews</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocalini</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Sales</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antonio</surname>
            <given-names>Ednei Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra Alberta dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Higuchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tucci</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Adventista de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Patologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>37</fpage>
      <lpage>43</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Poucos estudos analisaram os efeitos card&#237;acos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pr&#233;vio &#224; oclus&#227;o coronariana. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em ratas submetidas a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, as repercuss&#245;es do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. M&#201;TODOS: Ratas foram submetidas &#224; nata&#231;&#227;o ou permaneceram sedent&#225;rias por oito semanas e foram randomizadas para oclus&#227;o coronariana ou cirurgia simulada, compondo quatro grupos: Sedent&#225;rio (S), Exerc&#237;cio (E), Sedent&#225;rio infarto (SIM) e Exerc&#237;cio infarto (EIM). Ap&#243;s seis semanas, foram analisados biometria, ecodopplercardiograma, hemodin&#226;mica e mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o foram observados cardioprote&#231;&#227;o nos animais EIM e diferen&#231;a no tamanho do infarto (%VE) entre EIM (38,50 &#177; 4,60%) e SIM (36,58 &#177; 4,11%). Os teores de &#225;gua pulmonar (%) de SIM (80 &#177; 0,59) e EIM (80 &#177; 0,57) foram maiores do que em S (78 &#177; 0,15) e E (78 &#177; 0,57). A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (mmHg) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (S: 130 &#177; 5; E: 118 &#177; 8; SIM: 91 &#177; 3; EIM: 98 &#177; 3) e a primeira derivada temporal (mmHg/s) positiva da press&#227;o (S: 8.216 &#177; 385; E: 8.437 &#177; 572; SIM: 4.674 &#177; 455; EIM: 5.080 &#177; 412) de S e E foram maiores do que em SIM e EIM. As fra&#231;&#245;es de encurtamento da &#225;rea transversa (%) de SIM (27 &#177; 2) e EIM (25 &#177; 2) foram similares e menores do que E (65 &#177; 2) e S (69 &#177; 2). A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A foi maior em SIM (5,14 &#177; 0,61) e EIM (4,73 &#177; 0,57) em rela&#231;&#227;o a S (2,96 &#177; 0,24) e E (2,83 &#177; 0,21). Em estudos de m&#250;sculos papilares isolados foi verificada depress&#227;o da capacidade contr&#225;til semelhante em SIM e EIM, e n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o da rigidez mioc&#225;rdica. CONCLUS&#195;O: O treinamento pr&#233;vio por nata&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o atenuou as repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas em virtude do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Condicionamento F&#237;sico Animal</kwd>
        <kwd>Nata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em ratas submetidas previamente a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eduardo Carvalho de Arruda Veiga<sup>I</sup>; Leslie Andrews Portes<sup>I, II</sup>; Danilo Sales Bocalini<sup>I, V</sup>; Ednei Luiz Antonio<sup>III</sup>; Alexandra Alberta dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Mar&#237;lia Higuchi Santos<sup>IV</sup>; Flavio Andr&#233; Silva<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira Tucci<sup>I, III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina - Disciplina de Cardiologia - UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Centro Universit&#225;rio Adventista de S&#227;o Paulo (UNASP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Fisiologia - UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Departamento de Patologia - InCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Poucos estudos analisaram os efeitos card&#237;acos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pr&#233;vio &#224; oclus&#227;o coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar, em ratas submetidas a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, as repercuss&#245;es do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Ratas foram submetidas &#224; nata&#231;&#227;o ou permaneceram sedent&#225;rias por oito semanas e foram randomizadas para oclus&#227;o coronariana ou cirurgia simulada, compondo quatro grupos: Sedent&#225;rio (S), Exerc&#237;cio (E), Sedent&#225;rio infarto (SIM) e Exerc&#237;cio infarto (EIM). Ap&#243;s seis semanas, foram analisados biometria, ecodopplercardiograma, hemodin&#226;mica e mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o foram observados cardioprote&#231;&#227;o nos animais EIM e diferen&#231;a no tamanho do infarto (%VE) entre EIM (38,50 &#177; 4,60%) e SIM (36,58 &#177; 4,11%). Os teores de &#225;gua pulmonar (%) de SIM (80 &#177; 0,59) e EIM (80 &#177; 0,57) foram maiores do que em S (78 &#177; 0,15) e E (78 &#177; 0,57). A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (mmHg) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (S: 130 &#177; 5; E: 118 &#177; 8; SIM: 91 &#177; 3; EIM: 98 &#177; 3) e a primeira derivada temporal (mmHg/s) positiva da press&#227;o (S: 8.216 &#177; 385; E: 8.437 &#177; 572; SIM: 4.674 &#177; 455; EIM: 5.080 &#177; 412) de S e E foram maiores do que em SIM e EIM. As fra&#231;&#245;es de encurtamento da &#225;rea transversa (%) de SIM (27 &#177; 2) e EIM (25 &#177; 2) foram similares e menores do que E (65 &#177; 2) e S (69 &#177; 2). A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A foi maior em SIM (5,14 &#177; 0,61) e EIM (4,73 &#177; 0,57) em rela&#231;&#227;o a S (2,96 &#177; 0,24) e E (2,83 &#177; 0,21). Em estudos de m&#250;sculos papilares isolados foi verificada depress&#227;o da capacidade contr&#225;til semelhante em SIM e EIM, e n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o da rigidez mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O treinamento pr&#233;vio por nata&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o atenuou as repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas em virtude do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio, Condicionamento F&#237;sico Animal, Nata&#231;&#227;o, Ratos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares permanecem como uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo<sup>1</sup> embora v&#225;rias terapias tenham contribu&#237;do para maiores taxas de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico se destaca como terapia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana e para a reabilita&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes j&#225; acometidos<sup>2,3</sup>. Sabe-se que indiv&#237;duos que praticam atividade f&#237;sica regularmente apresentam menor incid&#234;ncia de ataques card&#237;acos quando comparados com pessoas sedent&#225;rias<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora os mecanismos bioqu&#237;micos e moleculares relacionados &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca contra o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) ainda n&#227;o sejam totalmente entendidos, estudos experimentais j&#225; confirmaram que o treinamento f&#237;sico proporciona prote&#231;&#227;o contra os danos do IM<sup>5</sup>. Alguns benef&#237;cios descritos com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico incluem melhora da sobrevida em camundongos com IM<sup>6</sup>, melhora da capacidade f&#237;sica e da contratilidade<sup>7,8</sup>, preserva&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano<sup>9</sup>, melhora dos par&#226;metros antioxidantes e inflamat&#243;rios<sup>10-12</sup>, assim como normaliza&#231;&#227;o do transiente do c&#225;lcio e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Contudo, poucos estudos experimentais<sup>15-17</sup> avaliaram os efeitos protetores do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico realizado previamente ao IM utilizando a metodologia de oclus&#227;o coronariana permanente. Recentemente, foi mostrado em estudo realizado em nosso laborat&#243;rio<sup>18</sup> que o exerc&#237;cio realizado previamente ao IM n&#227;o mostrou diminui&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto nem atenua&#231;&#227;o do processo de remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico em animais estudados sete dias ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o coronariana. N&#227;o &#233; de nosso conhecimento estudos que avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio no processo de remodelamento ventricular tardio. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as repercuss&#245;es estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas tardias em ratas submetidas a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico seguido de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Animais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram utilizadas ratas da linhagem Wistar-EPM, pesando entre 190 e 210 g, com tr&#234;s meses de idade, aparentemente saud&#225;veis, provenientes do Centro de Desenvolvimento de Modelos Experimentais (Cedeme) da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp - EPM). Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica (0341/08), os animais foram mantidos em caixas pl&#225;sticas, em ambiente com controle de luz e temperatura, servindo-se de &#225;gua e ra&#231;&#227;o Nuvital (Nuvilab)<italic> ad libitum</italic>. Em cada caixa, foram mantidos, no m&#225;ximo, cinco animais, distribu&#237;dos por casualiza&#231;&#227;o entre quatro grupos experimentais: sedent&#225;rio cirurgia simulada (S: n = 8); exerc&#237;cio cirurgia simulada (E: n = 9); sedent&#225;rio infarto (SIM: n = 12); exerc&#237;cio infarto (EIM: n = 10).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Treinamento f&#237;sico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico consistiu de nata&#231;&#227;o em piscina constru&#237;da utilizando-se caixa d'&#225;gua de fibra de vidro com di&#226;metro de 130 cm e altura de 80 cm. O aquecimento da &#225;gua foi feito por meio de termostato associado a sistema de aquecimento a g&#225;s para manuten&#231;&#227;o da temperatura entre 32 e 34&#176;C. No primeiro dia de treinamento, as ratas nadaram durante 10 minutos, sendo o tempo aumentado em 10 minutos/dia at&#233; atingir 60 minutos no sexto dia. O treinamento foi continuado por per&#237;odo total de oito semanas, cinco dias por semana, 60 minutos/dia. Foram colocadas para nadar simultaneamente no m&#225;ximo oito ratas. Os animais foram secados antes de serem colocados de volta em suas caixas pl&#225;sticas<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indu&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A indu&#231;&#227;o de IM seguiu protocolo bem estabelecido<sup>20-24</sup>. Brevemente, ap&#243;s anestesia intraperitonial (Ketamina 50 mg/kg e Xilazina 20 mg/kg), intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e ventila&#231;&#227;o artificial (Harvard Rodent Ventilador, Modelo 863; Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA) foi realizada toracotomia no hemit&#243;rax esquerdo de cada animal. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi exteriorizado e a ligadura da coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda foi realizada por meio de fio de polietileno 6-0. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi rapidamente reposicionado, e o t&#243;rax fechado ap&#243;s hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Os animais submetidos &#224; falsa cirurgia passaram pelos mesmos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, mas sem a ligadura da coron&#225;ria. As ratas retornaram &#224;s suas caixas de pl&#225;stico e permaneceram em observa&#231;&#227;o por seis semanas, per&#237;odo que perfaz completa cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do IM em ratos<sup>25</sup>. A confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica do IM foi realizada por ecodopplercardiografia, seis semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia de indu&#231;&#227;o de IM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teor de &#225;gua no pulm&#227;o e an&#225;lises biom&#233;tricas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O conte&#250;do h&#237;drico do pulm&#227;o foi obtido a partir de seus pesos &#250;midos e secos. Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o desse peso, o pulm&#227;o direito foi colocado em estufa e mantido durante 24 horas &#224; temperatura de 80 &#186;C. Obtido o peso seco do pulm&#227;o, o teor de &#225;gua pulmonar (% H<sub>2</sub>O) foi definido pela equa&#231;&#227;o:</p>
    <p>% H<sub>2</sub>O = (peso &#250;mido - peso seco / peso &#250;mido) x 100</p>
    <p>O peso corp&#243;reo (PC) de cada animal foi determinado ao final do protocolo experimental. As massas card&#237;acas foram normalizadas pelo PC: peso dos &#225;trios (AT/PC), massa do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD/PC) e massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE/PC).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecodopplercardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecodopplercardiograma foi realizado nas ratas anestesiadas pelo mesmo esquema anest&#233;sico citado anteriormente, ap&#243;s seis semanas da cirurgia para indu&#231;&#227;o de IM. Os procedimentos foram realizados por um observador que desconhecia os grupos a que os animais pertenciam. Foi utilizado aparelho Sonos 5500 (Philips Medical System, Andover, MA, USA) com transdutor de 12-Mhz com profundidade entre 2 e 3 cm de acordo com metodologia previamente descrita<sup>20</sup>. Ap&#243;s tricotomia tor&#225;cica, os animais foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. As imagens foram gravadas em fitas de v&#237;deo VHS sendo o resultado final resultante da m&#233;dia obtida de tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos diferentes. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do IM foi obtida utilizando-se imagens bidimensionais nos planos transversais basal (na extremidade do folheto da valva mitral), m&#233;dio (no n&#237;vel do m&#250;sculo papilar) e apical (distal ao m&#250;sculo papilar) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e o tamanho do IM foi identificado por meio da medi&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro endoc&#225;rdico (PE) da cavidade ventricular na di&#225;stole e o comprimento do arco correspondente ao segmento infartado (SI). Em cada plano, foram obtidas tr&#234;s medidas, e a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica das medidas nos tr&#234;s planos foi considerada o tamanho do infarto (TI), expresso em percentagem, pela equa&#231;&#227;o: TI (%) = SI/PE x 100. Foi considerado infarto do mioc&#225;rdio o segmento com altera&#231;&#227;o do espessamento e/ou anormalidade do movimento sist&#243;lico do mioc&#225;rdio (acinesia ou discinesia). Foram considerados IM com segmento comprometido inferior a 40% e IM com tamanho igual ou superior a 40%. As &#225;reas diast&#243;licas (AD) e sist&#243;licas (AS) do VE foram obtidas pelo modo bidimensional nos planos paraesternais transversais basal, m&#233;dio e apical, sendo o valor final a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas em cada plano. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi avaliada pela fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento da &#225;rea transversa (FEAT = AD - AS/ AD), em %, sendo AD a &#225;rea diast&#243;lica e AS a &#225;rea sist&#243;lica, nos tr&#234;s planos transversais (basal, m&#233;dio e apical); o valor final de cada animal foi a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas nos tr&#234;s planos. O Doppler puls&#225;til ao n&#237;vel da face ventricular da valva mitral forneceu a curva da velocidade de fluxo para an&#225;lises dos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica como velocidade das ondas E e A e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo hemodin&#226;mico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s as avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, ainda sob anestesia, os animais foram colocados em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (Harvard Rodent Ventilador, Modelo 863; Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA) com frequ&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria de 100 movimentos/minuto e volume corrente de 2,5 ml, enriquecida com oxig&#234;nio (0,6 a 0,8 L/min). A extremidade de cateter Millar (Microtip<sup>&#174;</sup>, 2F, Millar Instruments, Inc. Houston, USA) foi posicionada no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) a partir de cateterismo da car&#243;tida comum direita. Os dados foram obtidos por software AcqKnowledge<sup>&#174;</sup> 3.7.5 (Biopac System Inc, CA, USA) que possibilitou computar os valores instant&#226;neos das press&#245;es ventriculares (mmHg) sist&#243;licas (PSVE) e diast&#243;lica final (PDF) do VE, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm), primeira derivada temporal (mmHg/s) positiva (+dP/dt) e negativa (-dP/dt) da press&#227;o ventricular de cada animal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mec&#226;nica do m&#250;sculo papilar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica foi avaliada como previamente descrito<sup>7</sup>. Brevemente, o m&#250;sculo papilar foi dissecado cuidadosamente e inserido verticalmente em banho de &#243;rg&#227;os aquecido a 29 &#176;C e oxigenado. O m&#250;sculo foi acoplado a transdutor de for&#231;a isom&#233;trica (GRASS-FT 03, Astro-Med, Inc. RI, EUA) conectado a micr&#244;metro para ajustes do comprimento muscular em repouso. A composi&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit foi a seguinte (em mM): 135 NaCl; 4,69 KCl; 1,5 CaCl; MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1,16; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,18; glicose 5,50 ; HEPES 20, tamponado a pH 7,4. As prepara&#231;&#245;es foram estimuladas (12 vezes/min com onda quadrada de 5 ms de dura&#231;&#227;o) por eletrodos de platina com tens&#245;es ajustadas a aproximadamente 10% a mais do que o m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio para produzir resposta mec&#226;nica m&#225;xima. Ap&#243;s 60 minutos de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o em condi&#231;&#227;o de baixa carga, o m&#250;sculo foi colocado para contrair isometricamente e estirado at&#233; o comprimento &#243;timo de sua curva comprimento-tens&#227;o ativa (L<sub>m&#225;x</sub>). Os testes foram realizados em L<sub>m&#225;x</sub> e a tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica foi avaliada pela for&#231;a normalizada para a &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversa do m&#250;sculo (g/mm<sup>2</sup>). Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram obtidos: pico da tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TD), tens&#227;o de repouso (TR), taxa m&#225;xima de desenvolvimento (+dT/dt) e de decl&#237;nio da tens&#227;o (-dT/dt). Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, os seguintes protocolos foram colocados em pr&#225;tica:</p>
    <p>1) rela&#231;&#245;es estiramento/tens&#227;o: caracterizada pela determina&#231;&#227;o da TD (curva de Frank-Starling) e da TR (rigidez mioc&#225;rdica) em condi&#231;&#245;es basais (100% L<sub>m&#225;x</sub>) e a 98%, 96%, 94% e 92% do comprimento &#243;timo;</p>
    <p>2) contra&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa (CPP): foi determinada usando pausa com dura&#231;&#227;o de 30 s. A CPP relativa foi expressa como percentual de mudan&#231;a da TD verificada sob estimula&#231;&#227;o sequencial basal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia e comparados por Anova duas vias e por teste post hoc de Tukey. Os valores do tamanho dos infartos do VE dos grupos SIM e EIM foram comparados por test <italic>t</italic> de Student. As rela&#231;&#245;es comprimento/tens&#227;o desenvolvida foram avaliadas por regress&#227;o linear e as inclina&#231;&#245;es das retas foram comparadas por Anova duas vias. As curvas de comprimento/tens&#227;o de repouso foram ajustadas por rela&#231;&#227;o monoexponencial usando a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: <italic>y </italic>= <italic>&#946;</italic><sub>o </sub>&#215; <italic>e<sup>K</sup></italic><sup>x</sup>, em que <italic>&#946;</italic><sub>o </sub>e <italic>K</italic> s&#227;o constantes da curva. Essas rela&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o lineares foram comparadas entre os grupos pelos valores das constantes de rigidez (K). As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com o aux&#237;lio do programa GraphPad Prism 4.0 (GraphPad Softwares Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Diferen&#231;as com p &lt; 0,05 foram consideradas significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao final do per&#237;odo de 14 semanas do protocolo, o peso corp&#243;reo n&#227;o diferiu entre os quatro grupos estudados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop112tab1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop112tab1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tamanho do Infarto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os tamanhos do IM dos grupos SIM (36,58 &#177; 4,11%) e EIM (38,50 &#177; 4,60%) n&#227;o diferiram entre si.</p>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o reduziu o n&#250;mero de animais com IM grandes e moderados. Tendo em conta nossa experi&#234;ncia anterior - que infartos menores que 40% n&#227;o acarretam modifica&#231;&#245;es funcionais apreci&#225;veis quando as an&#225;lises ocorrem seis semanas ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o coronariana - nas avalia&#231;&#245;es funcionais que se seguem foram considerados, apenas, os animais portadores de IM maiores do que 40% do VE. Essa provid&#234;ncia reduziu a amostragem dos grupos SIM (n = 10) e EIM (n = 8).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teor de &#225;gua no pulm&#227;o e an&#225;lises biom&#233;tricas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os animais infartados (SIM: 80 &#177; 0,59%; EIM: 80 &#177; 0,57%) exibiram teor de &#225;gua pulmonar maior (p &lt; 0,05) do que os animais com cirurgia simulada (S: 78 &#177; 0,15%; E: 78 &#177; 0,27%), indicando edema pulmonar em consequ&#234;ncia do infarto, edema esse n&#227;o prevenido pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>Os valores das massas card&#237;acas est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop112tab1">Tabela 1</xref>. O IM resultou em significante aumento das massas atriais e ventriculares (p &lt; 0,001) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s ratas submetidas &#224; cirurgia simulada. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico resultou em hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo somente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais S (p &lt; 0,05). Adicionalmente, o exerc&#237;cio associado ao IM n&#227;o preveniu a hipertrofia das massas card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo hemodin&#226;mico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados relativos &#224; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) dos animais dos grupos SIM (319 &#177; 12 bpm) e EIM (340 &#177; 6 bpm) n&#227;o diferiram dos animais S (349 &#177; 11 bpm). Contudo, a FC dos animais do grupo E (388 &#177; 16 bpm) foi significantemente maior (p &lt; 0,05) que a dos animais SIM e EIM.</p>
    <p>Os valores da PSVE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig1">Figura 1A</xref>) foram 31% (SIM) e 26% (EIM) menores que a PSVE do grupo S, respectivamente, e 25% e 19%, respectivamente, menores do que as do grupo E.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop112fig1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os grupos SIM (4.674 &#177; 455 mmHg/s) e EIM (5.080 &#177; 412 mmHg/s) exibiram redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores da +dP/dt (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig1">Figura 1B</xref>) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos S (8.216 &#177; 385 mmHg/s) e E (8.437 &#177; 572 mmHg/s). Resultados semelhantes foram observados com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; -dP/dt (S: 6.151 &#177; 543 mmHg/s = E: 6.212 &#177; 540 mmHg/s &gt; SIM: 3.463 &#177; 358 mmHg/s = EIM: 2.833 &#177; 343 mmHg/s) como pode ser visualizados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig1">Figura 1C</xref>. Adicionalmente, a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig1">Figura 1D</xref>) foi significantemente maior (p &lt; 0,001) nos animais infartados (SIM: 22,5 &#177; 3,3 mmHg e EIM: 17,6 &#177; 2,0 mmHg) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais n&#227;o infartados (S: 3,7 &#177; 0,7 mmHg e E: 4,7 &#177; 1,0 mmHg). Em conjunto, os dados hemodin&#226;micos indicam disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica induzidas pelo IM e n&#227;o prevenidas pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As &#225;reas diast&#243;licas dos grupos infartados (SIM: 0,611 &#177; 0,041 cm<sup>2</sup>; EIM: 0,680 &#177; 0,028 cm<sup>2</sup>) foram significantemente maiores que as &#225;reas dos grupos com cirurgia simulada (S: 0,342 &#177; 0,011 cm<sup>2</sup>; E: 0,416 &#177; 0,024 cm<sup>2</sup>). As &#225;reas sist&#243;licas dos grupos S (0,107 &#177; 0,007 cm<sup>2</sup>) e E (0,148 &#177; 0,012 cm<sup>2</sup>) foram estatisticamente menores do que as &#225;reas dos grupos infartados (SIM: 0,447 &#177; 0,034 cm<sup>2</sup>; EIM: 0,508 &#177; 0,021 cm<sup>2</sup>), como pode ser observado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig2">Figuras 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig2">2B</xref>. Os valores relativos &#224; FEAT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig2">Figura 2C</xref>) dos grupos infartados (SIM: 27 &#177; 2%; EIM: 25 &#177; 2%) foram significantemente menores em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dos animais dos grupos com cirurgia simulada (S: 69 &#177; 2%; E: 65 &#177; 2%). Adicionalmente, a raz&#227;o E/A (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig2">Figura 2D</xref>) dos animais infartados (SIM: 5,14 &#177; 0,61; EIM: 4,73 &#177; 0,57) foram significantemente maiores (p &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais dos grupos com cirurgia simulada (S: 2,96 &#177; 0,24; E: 2,83 &#177; 0,21). Os resultados, em conjunto, indicam dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e confirmam os preju&#237;zos hemodin&#226;micos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica decorrentes do IM, n&#227;o atenuados pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop112fig2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as &#225;reas de sec&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares (S: 0,75 &#177; 0,09; E: 0,76 &#177; 0,12; SIM: 0,81 &#177; 0,11; EIM: 0,92 &#177; 0,16; mm<sup>2</sup>). Entretanto, como observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop112tab2">Tabela 2</xref>, os valores correspondentes a TD, +dT/dt, -dT/dt em L<sub>m&#225;x</sub> para os grupos S e E foram estatisticamente maiores do que a dos grupos SIM e EIM. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; TR.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop112tab2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig3">Figura 3A</xref>, a TD foi projetada como uma fun&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes comprimentos do m&#250;sculo. Houve rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre o comprimento do m&#250;sculo e a TD para todos os grupos (o menor valor de r foi 0,9010). Para os grupos SMI e EMI as rela&#231;&#245;es comprimento/tens&#227;o desenvolvida foram rebaixadas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dos grupos S e E, indicando que, para o mesmo n&#237;vel de estiramento, maior for&#231;a &#233; gerada nos grupos S e E. A inclina&#231;&#227;o das curvas (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/%L<sub>max</sub>) do grupo E (0,3670 &#177; 0,394) foi maior do que as dos grupos SIM (0,2009 &#177; 0,0465) e EIM (0,1666 &#177; 0,0301). A inclina&#231;&#227;o de S (0,2527 &#177; 0,0256) n&#227;o foi diferente das inclina&#231;&#245;es de E, SIM e EIM. Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar que para os mesmos comprimentos em repouso, os m&#250;sculos papilares do grupo E s&#227;o capazes de gerar tens&#227;o maior, isto &#233;, o recrutamento do mecanismo de Frank-Starling &#233; mais acentuado nos animais submetidos a exerc&#237;cio. As curvas comprimento/tens&#227;o de repouso foram similares entre os grupos, demonstrando que o infarto e o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o afetaram a rigidez mioc&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig3">Figura 3B</xref>). Os valores da CPP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig3">Figura 3C</xref>) foram estatisticamente reduzidos nos grupos SIM (4 &#177; 4%) e EIM (3 &#177; 3%) comparados com os grupos S (17 &#177; 2 %) e E (18 &#177; 3 %) indicando preju&#237;zo da cin&#233;tica do Ca<sup>2+</sup> nos grupos infartados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop112fig3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico por nata&#231;&#227;o, previamente ao IM, n&#227;o atenuou as altera&#231;&#245;es induzidas pelo IM em ratas, tais como tamanho do IM, congest&#227;o pulmonar, remodelamento card&#237;aco e disfun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Esses resultados diferem daqueles observados por outros estudos<sup>15-17</sup>. McElroy e cols.<sup>15</sup> Dayan e cols.<sup>16</sup> e Freimann e cols.<sup>17</sup> descreveram que em ratos machos exercitados o tamanho do IM foi atenuado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sedent&#225;rios. McElroy e cols<italic>.</italic><sup>15</sup> descreveram, ainda, que esse achado foi acompanhado de aumento da densidade capilar. Estudos<sup>26,27</sup> mostram que &#233; poss&#237;vel que diferen&#231;a de g&#234;neros tenha sido relevante para as diferen&#231;as verificadas no presente estudo. Paroo e cols.<sup>27</sup> divulgaram que o exerc&#237;cio depois do IM melhorou o desempenho ventricular e reduziu a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE em machos mas n&#227;o em f&#234;meas. Thorp e cols.<sup>28</sup> descreveram que o treinamento por esteira rolante de ratos machos aumentou a toler&#226;ncia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; isquemia/reperfus&#227;o, ao passo que ratas n&#227;o tiveram esse benef&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Outra possibilidade se relacionaria &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio<sup>29</sup>. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que quanto maior a dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento, maiores os benef&#237;cios. Por exemplo, camundongos submetidos a duas semanas de exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio<sup>30</sup> n&#227;o por n&#227;o exerceram influ&#234;ncia altera&#231;&#245;es na &#225;rea IM e no remodelamento. Os animais no estudo de Dayan e cols.<sup>16</sup> nadaram por tr&#234;s semanas e n&#227;o exibiram atenua&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do IM nem da hipertrofia, mas exibiram melhora da geometria do VE e da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. J&#225; os animais do estudo de McElroy e cols.<sup>15 </sup>e Freimann e cols.<sup>17</sup> que nadaram cinco semanas e sete semanas, respectivamente, exibiram importantes redu&#231;&#245;es no tamanho do IM. Dado que nosso protocolo de exerc&#237;cio teve dura&#231;&#227;o semelhante a desses dois autores e n&#227;o foi encontrada cardioprote&#231;&#227;o pelo exerc&#237;cio, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar que esse fator tenha interferido em nossos resultados.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, em nosso laborat&#243;rio, Bocalini e cols.<sup>7</sup> demonstraram que ratas saud&#225;veis submetidas a oito semanas de nata&#231;&#227;o exibiram completa perda do benef&#237;cio da capacidade f&#237;sica, do remodelamento e da fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica ao serem analisadas ap&#243;s duas semanas de destreino. A completa perda das altera&#231;&#245;es induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tamb&#233;m foram notadas no n&#237;vel celular<sup>31</sup>. Esses dados podem levantar a hip&#243;tese de que ao longo das seis semanas de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o IM, as ratas infartadas do presente estudo possam ter perdido as altera&#231;&#245;es ben&#233;ficas que s&#227;o promovidas pelo exerc&#237;cio de nata&#231;&#227;o descritas por outros autores<sup>7,15-17,32</sup>. Contudo, esse racioc&#237;nio n&#227;o se sustenta se considerarmos que em experimentos com per&#237;odo de quatro semanas de destreino<sup>16</sup> foi verificado efeito ben&#233;fico do exerc&#237;cio pr&#233;vio. Mais ainda, o condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, cuja cardioprote&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais fugaz do que a obtida com exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, tem seus efeitos ben&#233;ficos bem identificados em an&#225;lises procedidas semanas ap&#243;s o insulto isqu&#234;mico<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso conhecimento, este parece ser o primeiro estudo a mostrar que o exerc&#237;cio realizado previamente ao IM n&#227;o atenua o preju&#237;zo da mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica em m&#250;sculos papilares de ratos infartados. Nossos dados mostram que a resposta do m&#250;sculo papilar de ratos infartados sedent&#225;rios ou exercitados est&#225; deprimida. A CPP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop112fig3">Figura 3C</xref>) permite avaliar indiretamente a cin&#233;tica do c&#225;lcio. No mioc&#225;rdio normal de rato, a potencia&#231;&#227;o da CPP &#233; em virtude do aumento adicional de Ca<sup>2+</sup> no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (RS) durante a pausa mais longa, como resultado da atividade da RS Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase (SERCA2) e libera&#231;&#227;o fracionada aumentada<sup>34 </sup>de Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Por outro lado, a CPP &#233; negativamente modulada pelo efluxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> por meio do trocador Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> (NCX). Redu&#231;&#245;es na SERCA2 ou aumentos no NCX podem reduzir a CPP. Recentemente, um estudo conduzido em nosso laborat&#243;rio<sup>24</sup> mostrou que, ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da SERCA2 acompanhada de aumento do NCX, permitindo entender a redu&#231;&#227;o da CPP verificada no presente trabalho.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados mostram mudan&#231;as nas inclina&#231;&#245;es das rela&#231;&#245;es estiramento/tens&#227;o desenvolvida entre os grupos infartados e E, sugerindo influ&#234;ncia na sensibilidade dos miofilamentos ao Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Estudos mostraram o preju&#237;zo do mecanismo de Frank-Starling em humanos<sup>35,36</sup> e cachorros<sup>37 </sup>com cora&#231;&#245;es infartados.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico realizado por ratas, previamente ao IM, n&#227;o reduziu o tamanho do infarto e n&#227;o atenuou o comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico tardio secund&#225;rio ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES e UNIFESP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Eduardo Carvalho de Arruda Veiga pela UNIFESP.</p>
    <p>4, Ignarro LJ, Balestrieri ML, Napoli C. Nutrition, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease: an update. Cardiovasc Res. 2007;73(2):326-40.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Eduardo Carvalho de Arruda Veiga &#149; </p>
        <p>Avenida Bosque da Sa&#250;de, 854, apto 171 - Sa&#250;de - 04142-081 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil. </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:eduveiga56@gmail.com" ext-link-type="email">Eduveiga56@gmail.com</ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 24/03/12; revisado recebido em 26/07/12; aceito em 31/07/12.</p>
  </body>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac implications after myocardial infarction in rats previously undergoing physical exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Few studies have analyzed the cardiac effects of exercise prior to coronary occlusion. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of myocardial infarction in rats undergoing physical exercise. METHODS: Female rats underwent swimming exercise or were kept sedentary for eight weeks and were randomized to coronary occlusion or sham surgery, in one of the following four groups: Sedentary (S), exercise (E), Sedentary myocardial infarction (SMI) and Exercise myocardial infarction (EMI). After six weeks, their biometrics, Doppler echocardiography, hemodynamics and myocardial mechanics were analyzed. RESULTS: No cardioprotection was observed in EMI animals and there was no difference in infarct size (%LV) between EMI (38.50 &#177; 4.60%) and SMI (36.58 &#177; 4.11%). Water content of the lung (%) of SMI (80 &#177; 0.59) and EMI (80 &#177; 0.57) was higher than that of S (78 &#177; 0.15) and E (78 &#177; 0.57) groups. Left ventricular systolic pressure (mmHg) (S: 130 &#177; 5, E: 118 &#177; 8; SMI: 91 &#177; 3; EMI: 98 &#177; 3) and the first positive time derivative (mmHg) positive pressure (S: 8216 &#177; 385; E: 8437 &#177; 572; SMI: 4674 &#177; 455; EMI: 5080 &#177; 412) of S and E were higher than those of SMI and EMI. The transverse fractional shortening (%) of SMI (27 &#177; 2) and EMI (25 &#177; 2) were similar and lower than that of E (65 &#177; 2) and S (69 &#177; 2). The E/A ratio was higher in SMI (5.14 &#177; 0.61) and EMI (4.73 &#177; 0.57) compared to S (2.96 &#177; 0.24) and E (2.83 &#177; 0 21). In studies of isolated papillary muscle, depression of the contractile capacity observed was similar to that of SMI and EMI, and there was no change in myocardial stiffness. CONCLUSION: Previous training by swimming did not attenuate cardiac implications due to myocardial infarction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Conditioning</kwd>
        <kwd>Animal</kwd>
        <kwd>Swimming</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Cardiac implications after myocardial infarction in rats previously undergoing physical exercise</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Eduardo Carvalho de Arruda Veiga<sup>I</sup>; Leslie Andrews Portes<sup>I, II</sup>; Danilo Sales Bocalini<sup>I, V</sup>; Ednei Luiz Antonio<sup>III</sup>; Alexandra Alberta dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Mar&#237;lia Higuchi Santos<sup>IV</sup>; Flavio Andr&#233; Silva<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Jos&#233; Ferreira Tucci<sup>I, III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina - Disciplina de Cardiologia - UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Centro Universit&#225;rio Adventista de S&#227;o Paulo (UNASP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Fisiologia - UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Departamento de Patologia - InCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Few studies have analyzed the cardiac effects of exercise prior to coronary occlusion.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effects of myocardial infarction in rats undergoing physical exercise.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Female rats underwent swimming exercise or were kept sedentary for eight weeks and were randomized to coronary occlusion or sham surgery, in one of the following four groups: Sedentary (S), exercise (E), Sedentary myocardial infarction (SMI) and Exercise myocardial infarction (EMI). After six weeks, their biometrics, Doppler echocardiography, hemodynamics and myocardial mechanics were analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>No cardioprotection was observed in EMI animals and there was no difference in infarct size (%LV) between EMI (38.50 &#177; 4.60%) and SMI (36.58 &#177; 4.11%). Water content of the lung (%) of SMI (80 &#177; 0.59) and EMI (80 &#177; 0.57) was higher than that of S (78 &#177; 0.15) and E (78 &#177; 0.57) groups. Left ventricular systolic pressure (mmHg) (S: 130 &#177; 5, E: 118 &#177; 8; SMI: 91 &#177; 3; EMI: 98 &#177; 3) and the first positive time derivative (mmHg) positive pressure (S: 8216 &#177; 385; E: 8437 &#177; 572; SMI: 4674 &#177; 455; EMI: 5080 &#177; 412) of S and E were higher than those of SMI and EMI. The transverse fractional shortening (%) of SMI (27 &#177; 2) and EMI (25 &#177; 2) were similar and lower than that of E (65 &#177; 2) and S (69 &#177; 2). The E/A ratio was higher in SMI (5.14 &#177; 0.61) and EMI (4.73 &#177; 0.57) compared to S (2.96 &#177; 0.24) and E (2.83 &#177; 0 21). In studies of isolated papillary muscle, depression of the contractile capacity observed was similar to that of SMI and EMI, and there was no change in myocardial stiffness.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Previous training by swimming did not attenuate cardiac implications due to myocardial infarction. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Myocardial Infarction; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Swimming, Rats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide<sup>1</sup>, although several therapies have contributed to higher rates of prevention and treatment. Exercise stands out as a nonpharmacological therapy for the prevention of coronary heart diseases and for rehabilitation of already affected patients<sup>2,3</sup>. It is known that individuals who perform regular physical activity have a lower incidence of heart attacks when compared with sedentary people<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the biochemical and molecular mechanisms related to cardiac protection against myocardial infarction (MI) are still not fully understood, experimental studies have confirmed that exercise training provides protection against MI damage<sup>5</sup>. Some benefits described with exercise training include improved survival in mice with MI<sup>6</sup>, improvement in physical capacity and contractility<sup>7,8</sup>, coronary flow preservation<sup>9</sup>, improvement in inflammatory and antioxidant parameters<sup>10-12</sup>, as well as normalization of calcium transient and improved cardiac function<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, few experimental studies<sup>15-17</sup> evaluated the protective effects of physical exercise prior to MI using the permanent coronary occlusion method. Recently, it was demonstrated in a study carried out in our laboratory<sup>18</sup> that exercise performed prior to MI showed no reduction in infarction size or attenuation of the myocardial remodeling process in animals studied seven days after coronary occlusion. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that evaluated the influence of exercise on late ventricular remodeling. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the late cardiac structural and functional effects in rats undergoing physical exercise followed by acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Animals</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Apparently healthy three-month-old female Wistar-EPM rats weighing between 190 and 210 g were obtained from the Center for the Development of Experimental Models (Cedeme), <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp - EPM</italic>). After approval by the ethics committee (0341/08), the animals were kept in plastic boxes in a room with controlled light and temperature, and provided with water and Nuvital chow (Nuvilab) <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Each box held a maximum of five animals distributed by randomization in four experimental groups: sedentary sham surgery (S: n = 8) exercise sham surgery (E: n = 9); sedentary myocardial infarction (SMI: n = 12) and exercise myocardial infarction (EMI: n = 10).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Physical training</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The physical exercise protocol consisted of swimming in a pool built using a fiber glass water box with a diameter of 130 cm and height of 80 cm. The water was heated by a thermostat associated with a gas heating system to maintain the temperature between 32&#176; and 34&#176;C. On the first day of training, the rats swam for 10 minutes, with time being increased by 10 minutes/day until reaching 60 minutes on the sixth day. The training was maintained for a total period of eight weeks, five days a week, 60 min/day. A maximum of eight rats were placed simultaneously in the water box to swim. The animals were dried before being placed back in their plastic boxes<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical induction of myocardial infarction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Induction of MI followed a well-established protocol<sup>20-24</sup>. Briefly, after intraperitoneal anesthesia (ketamine 50 mg/kg and xylazine 20 mg/kg), intubation and mechanical ventilation (Harvard Rodent Ventilator, Model 863, Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA), thoracotomy was performed in the left hemithorax of each animal. The heart was exteriorized and ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed using 6-0 polyethylene thread.</p>
      <p>The heart was rapidly repositioned, and the chest was closed after lung hyperinflation. The animals undergoing sham surgery went through the same surgical procedures, but without coronary ligation. The rats returned to their plastic boxes and were kept under observation for six weeks, a period that covers complete healing of MI in rats<sup>25</sup>. Diagnostic confirmation of MI was performed by echocardiography, six weeks after MI was induced by surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>Water content of the lung and biometric analysis </bold>Water content of the lung was obtained from their wet and dry weights. After obtaining this weight, the right lung was placed in an oven and kept for 24 hours at 80 &#176;C. After obtaining the dry weight of the lung, the water content of the lung (%H2O) was defined by the equation:</p>
      <p>% H<sub>2</sub>O = (wet weight - dry weight / wet weight) x 100</p>
      <p>Body weight (BW) of each animal was determined at the end of the experimental protocol. The cardiac masses were normalized by BW: weight of the atria (AT/BW), right ventricular mass (RV/BW) and left ventricular mass (LV/BW).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Doppler echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography was performed in anesthetized rats using the same anesthetic regimen previously mentioned, six weeks after surgical induction of MI. The procedures were performed by an observer blinded to the groups to which the animals had been assigned. A Sonos 5500 equipment (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA) with a 12-MHz transducer was used in a depth between 2 and 3 cm according to previously described methodology<sup>20</sup>. After having their thorax shaved, the animals were placed in the left lateral position. The images were recorded on VHS videotapes and the final result was obtained from the mean of three different cardiac cycles.</p>
      <p>The size of the MI area was obtained using two-dimensional images of the left ventricular basal transverse (at the end of the mitral valve leaflet), middle (at the papillary muscle level) and apical (distal to papillary muscle) planes, by measuring the endocardial perimeter (EP) of the ventricular cavity during diastole and the length of the arch corresponding to the infarcted segment (ISe). Three measurements were obtained from each plane and the arithmetic mean of the measurements in the three planes was considered as the infarction size (IS), expressed as a percentage, by the equation: IS (%) = ISe / EP x 100. Myocardial infarction was considered when the segment showed thickness alteration and / or abnormal myocardial systolic movement (akinesia or dyskinesia).</p>
      <p>We considered MI with impaired segment &lt; 40% and MI <underline>&gt;</underline> 40%. The left ventricular diastolic (DA) and systolic (SA) areas were obtained by the two-dimensional mode in the basal, middle and apical parasternal transverse planes, with the final value being the mean of three measurements in each plane. Systolic function was assessed by the transverse fractional shortening area (TFSA = DA - SA / DA), in %, with DA being the diastolic and SA the systolic area, in the three transverse planes (basal, middle and apical); the final value of each animal was the mean of three measurements in the three planes. Pulsed Doppler at the ventricular side of the mitral valve provided the flow velocity curve for analysis of diastolic function parameters such as E and A waves and E / A ratio.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic study </bold>
      </p>
      <p>After the echocardiographic assessments, still under anesthesia, the animals were placed under mechanical ventilation (Harvard Rodent Ventilator, model 863, Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA) with ventilatory rate of 100 movements/minute and a tidal volume of 2.5 ml, enriched with oxygen (0.6 to 0.8 L / min).</p>
      <p>The tip of a Millar catheter (Microtip&#174;, 2F, Millar Instruments, Inc., Houston, USA) was placed in the left ventricle (LV) through the right common carotid catheterization. The data were obtained by AcqKnowledge &#174; 3.7.5 software (Biopac System Inc, CA, USA) that allowed computing the instantaneous values of ventricular pressure (mmHg), end-systolic (LVESP) and diastolic (LVEDP) pressures, heart rate (bpm), positive (mmHg/s) (+dP/dt) and negative (-dP/dt) first-time derivative of the ventricular pressure of each animal.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Papillary muscle mechanics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The myocardial mechanics was assessed as previously described<sup>7</sup>. Briefly, the papillary muscle was carefully dissected and vertically inserted in an organ bath heated to 29 &#176;C and oxygenated. The muscle was attached to an isometric force transducer (Grass FT-03, Astro-Med, Inc., RI, USA) connected to a micrometer for adjustments in the resting muscle length. The composition of the Krebs-Henseleit solution was as follows (in mM): 135 NaCl; 4.69 KCl; 1.5 CaCl; MgSO4 1.16; KH2PO4 1.18; glucose 5.50 ; HEPES 20, buffered to a pH of 7.4. The preparations were stimulated (12 times / min with a square wave of 5 ms duration) with platinum electrodes with voltages adjusted to approximately 10% more than the minimum required to produce maximum mechanical response.</p>
      <p>After 60 minutes of stabilization at low load, the muscle was set to contract isometrically and stretched to the optimum length of its active length-tension curve (L<sub>max</sub>). The tests were performed in L<sub>max</sub> and isometric tension was measured by force normalized to the cross-sectional area of the muscle (g/mm<sup>2</sup>). The following parameters were obtained: peak developed tension (DT), resting tension (RT), maximum rate of development (+dT/dt) and decline in tension (-dT/dt). In addition to the baseline evaluation, the following protocols were performed:</p>
      <p>1) length/tension relations: characterized by determination of DT (Frank-Starling curve) and RT (myocardial stiffness) at baseline (100% L<sub>max</sub>) and 98%, 96%, 94% and 92% of optimum length;</p>
      <p>2) post-pause contraction (PPC) was determined using pause lasting 30 s. The relative PPC was expressed as percentage of change in the DT observed under baseline sequential stimulation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean and compared by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. The values of the size of LV infarcts in the SMI and EMI groups were compared by Student's <italic>t</italic> test. The length/ developed tension relations were evaluated by linear regression and the line slopes were compared by two-way ANOVA. The length/resting tension curves were adjusted by mono-exponential relationship using the following equation: <italic>y </italic>= <italic>&#946;</italic><sub>o </sub>&#215; <italic>e<sup>K</sup></italic><sup>x</sup>, where <italic>&#946;</italic><sub>o </sub>and <italic>K</italic> are curve constants. These nonlinear relationships were compared between groups by the values of stiffness constants (K). Statistical analyzes were performed with the aid of GraphPad Prism 4.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Differences with p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the end of the 14 weeks of the protocol, the body weight did not differ among the four groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop112tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop112tab1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Infarction size </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sizes of MI in the SMI (36.58 &#177; 4.11%) and EMI (38.50 &#177; 4.60%) groups did not differ.</p>
      <p>Physical exercise did not reduce the number of animals with large and moderate MI. Considering our previous experience - that infarctions &lt; 40% do not cause substantial functional alterations when the analyses are performed six weeks after coronary occlusion - in the following functional assessments, only the animals with MI &gt; 40% of the LV were considered. This step reduced the sample size of the SMI (n = 10) and EMI (n = 8) groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Water content of the lung and biometric analysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The infarcted animals (SMI: 80 &#177; 0.59%; EMI: 80 &#177; 0.57%) had higher water content in the lung (p &lt;0.05) than the animals with sham surgery (S: 78 &#177; 0.15 %, E: 78 &#177; 0.27%), showing pulmonary edema as a result of infarction, which was not prevented by exercise.</p>
      <p>The cardiac mass values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop112tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. MI resulted in a significant increase in atrial and ventricular mass (p &lt;0.001) compared to rats undergoing sham surgery. Physical exercise resulted in left ventricular hypertrophy only in relation to S animals (p &lt;0.05). Additionally, exercise associated with MI did not prevent cardiac mass hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data on heart rate (HR) in animals from the SMI (319 &#177; 12 bpm) and EMI (340 &#177; 6 bpm) groups did not differ from S (349 &#177; 11 bpm) animals. However, the HR of animals in group E (388 &#177; 16 bpm) was significantly higher (p &lt;0.05) than that of animals in the SMI and EMI groups.</p>
      <p>LVSP values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig1-body2">Figure 1A</xref>) were 31% (SMI) and 26% (EMI) lower than those in the S group, respectively, and 25% and 19% lower than those in the E group, respectively.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop112fig1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The SMI (4,674 &#177; 455 mmHg/s) and EMI (5,080 &#177; 412 mmHg/s) groups showed reduced values of + dP/dt (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig1-body2">Figure1B</xref>) compared to the S (8,216 &#177; 385 mm Hg/s) and E (8,437 &#177; 572 mm Hg/s) groups.</p>
      <p>Similar results were observed regarding -dP/dt (S: 6,151 &#177; 543 mmHg/s = E: 6,212 &#177; 540 mmHg/s &gt; SMI: 3,463 &#177; 358 mmHg/s = EMI: 2,833 &#177; 343 mmHg/s) as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig1-body2">Figure 1C</xref>. Additionally, LV end-diastolic pressure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig1-body2">Figure 1D</xref>) was significantly higher (p &lt;0.001) in infarcted animals (SMI: 22.5 &#177; 3.3 mmHg and EMI: 17.6 &#177; 2.0 mmHg) compared to non-infarcted animals (S: 3.7 &#177; 0.7 mmHg and E: 4.7 &#177; 1.0 mmHg). Together, the hemodynamic data indicate systolic and diastolic dysfunction induced by MI and not prevented by physical exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic analysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The diastolic areas of the infarcted groups (SMI: 0.611 &#177; 0.041 cm<sup>2</sup>; EMI: 0.680 &#177; 0.028 cm<sup>2</sup>) were significantly higher than the areas in the sham groups (S: 0.342 &#177; 0.011 cm<sup>2</sup>, E: 0.416 &#177; 0.024 cm<sup>2</sup>). The systolic areas of the S (0.107 &#177; 0.007 cm<sup>2</sup>), and E (0.148 &#177; 0.012 cm<sup>2</sup>) groups were statistically lower than the areas of the infarcted groups (SMI: 0.447 &#177; 0.034 cm<sup>2</sup>; EMI: 0.508 &#177; 0.021 cm<sup>2</sup>), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig2-body2">Figures 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig2-body2">2B</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop112fig2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The values relative to FAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig2-body2">Figure 2C</xref>) of infarcted groups (SMI: 27 &#177; 2%; EMI: 25 &#177; 2%) were significantly lower compared to the groups of animals with sham surgery (S: 69 &#177; 2%, E: 65 &#177; 2%). Additionally, the E/A ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig2-body2">Figure 2D</xref>) of infarcted animals (SMI: 5.14 &#177; 0.61; EMI: 4.73 &#177; 0.57) were significantly higher (p &lt;0.001) compared to groups with sham surgery (S: 2.96 &#177; 0.24, E: 2.83 &#177; 0.21). The results, considered together, indicate LV dilatation and confirm hemodynamic impairment of systolic and diastolic function caused by MI, not attenuated by exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Myocardial mechanics </bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was no difference between the cross-sectional areas of the papillary muscles (S: 0.75 0.09, E: 0.76 &#177; 0.12, SMI: 0.81 &#177; 0.11, EMI: 0.92 &#177; 0, 16; mm<sup>2</sup>). However, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop112tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>, the values corresponding to DT, +dT / dt, -dT/dt on L<sub>max</sub> for Groups S and E were significantly higher than those of SMI and EMI groups. There was no statistical difference between the groups in relation to RT.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop112tab2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig3-body2">Figure 3A</xref>, DT was designed as a function of different muscle lengths. There was a linear correlation between muscle length and DT in all groups (the lowest r value was 0.6536). For the SMI and EMI groups, the developed length/tension correlations were lower when compared to groups S and E, indicating that for the same level of stretching, greater force is generated in groups S and E. The slope of the curves (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/L<sub>max%</sub>) of group E (0.3670 &#177; 0.394) was higher than those in groups SMI (0.2009 &#177; 0.0465) and EMI (0.1666 &#177; 0.0301) . The slope of S (0.2527 &#177; 0.0256) was not different from the slopes of E, SMI and EMI. Therefore, it is possible to consider that, for the same length at rest, the papillary muscles in group E are able to generate higher tension, i.e., recruitment of the Frank-Starling mechanism is more pronounced in animals undergoing exercise.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop112fig3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0037-00117-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The length/tension curves at rest were similar between the groups, demonstrating that infarction and exercise did not affect myocardial stiffness (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig3-body2">Figure 3B</xref>). PPC values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig3-body2">Figure 3C</xref>) were significantly reduced in the SMI (4 &#177; 4%) and EMI (3 &#177; 3%) groups, when compared to S (17 &#177; 2%) and E (18% &#177; 3) groups, indicating loss of Ca<sup>2+</sup> kinetics in the infarcted groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the present study indicate that physical exercise by swimming, prior to MI, did not attenuate the MI-induced alterations in rats, such as MI size, pulmonary congestion, cardiac remodeling and systolic and diastolic dysfunction. These results differ from those observed in other studies<sup>15-17</sup>. McElroy et al<sup>15</sup>, Dayan et al<sup>16</sup> and Freimann et al<sup>17</sup> described that in exercised male rats the MI size was attenuated compared to sedentary rats. McElroy et al<sup>15</sup> also described that this finding was accompanied by increased capillary density.</p>
      <p>Studies<sup>26,27 </sup>have shown that is possible that gender difference was significant for the differences found in this study. Paroo et al<sup>27</sup> reported that exercise after MI improved ventricular performance and reduced LV end-diastolic pressure in male rats, but not in females. Thorp et al<sup>28</sup> described that male rats undergoing treadmill training showed increased myocardial tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion, whereas female rats showed no benefit.</p>
      <p>Another possibility would be related to the duration of the exercise protocol<sup>29</sup>. There is evidence that the longer the training, the greater the benefits. For instance, mice undergoing two weeks of voluntary exercise<sup>30</sup> exhibited no changes in the MI area and remodeling. The animals in Dayan et al study<sup>16</sup> swam for three weeks and did not exhibit attenuation of MI size or hypertrophy, but showed improvement in LV geometry and systolic function. The animals in McElroy et al<sup>15</sup> and Freimann et al<sup>17</sup> studies that swam for five and seven weeks, respectively, showed significant reductions in the size of MI. As the duration of our exercise protocol was similar to those used by these two authors and we did not observe cardioprotection by exercise, we cannot consider that this factor has interfered with our results.</p>
      <p>Recently, in our laboratory, Bocalini et al<sup>7</sup> demonstrated that healthy rats undergoing eight weeks of swimming showed complete loss of the benefit of physical capacity, remodeling and myocardial mechanical function when analyzed after two weeks of detraining. The complete loss of the alterations induced by exercise training was also observed at the cellular level<sup>31</sup>. These data can raise the hypothesis that throughout the six weeks of recovery after MI, the infarcted rats in the present study may have lost the beneficial alterations promoted by swimming described by other authors<sup>7,15-17,32</sup>. However, this conclusion does not hold if we consider that in experiments with four-week periods of detraining<sup>16</sup>, a beneficial effect of prior exercise was observed. Moreover, ischemic conditioning, with which cardioprotection is more transitory than that obtained with exercise, has beneficial effects that have been well identified in analyses carried out weeks after the ischemic insult<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>To our knowledge, this seems to be the first study to show that exercise performed prior to MI does not attenuate the damage to myocardial mechanics in the papillary muscles of infarcted rats. Our data show that the response of the papillary muscle of infarcted sedentary or exercised rats is depressed. The PPC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop112fig3-body2">Figure 3C</xref>) allows indirect evaluation of the kinetics of calcium. In the normal rat myocardium, the potentiation of PPC is due to the further increase in Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during the longer break, as a result of the activity of the SR Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase (SERCA2) and increased<sup>34 </sup>fractional release of Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Moreover, PPC is negatively modulated by Ca<sup>2+</sup> efflux via Na + / Ca <sup>2+</sup> (NCX). Reductions in SERCA2 or increases in NCX may reduce PPC. Recently, a study carried out in our laboratory<sup>24</sup> showed that, after myocardial infarction, there was a decrease in SERCA2 accompanied by an increase in NCX, allowing us to understand the PPC reduction observed in this study.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, our results show changes in the slopes of the stretch/tension ratios developed between the infarcted and E groups, suggesting an influence on the sensitivity of Ca<sup>2+</sup> myofilaments. Studies have showed impairment of the Frank-Starling mechanism in humans<sup>35, 36</sup> and dogs<sup>37</sup> with infarcted hearts.</p>
      <p>We conclude that physical exercise performed by female rats, prior to MI, did not reduce infarct size or attenuate the late myocardial damage secondary to myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES and UNIFESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Eduardo Carvalho de Arruda Veiga, from UNIFESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>4, Ignarro LJ, Balestrieri ML, Napoli C. Nutrition, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease: an update. Cardiovasc Res. 2007;73(2):326-40.</p>
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