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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pmnBB8BPSGCsVTX3L3QBBWz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000120</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da atorvastatina e do polimorfismo T-786C do gene eNOS sobre par&#226;metros do metabolismo lip&#237;dico plasm&#225;tico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Helena de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo Tanus dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Danelon</surname>
            <given-names>Mirian Regina Gardin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roger Marcelo Mesquita da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Panzoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Baratella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parra</surname>
            <given-names>Eliane Soler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Virg&#237;nio</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;tor Wilson de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quint&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Eder Carlos Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Cotta de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides, N&#250;cleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides (LIM10)</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>14</fpage>
      <lpage>20</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A atividade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS) pode ser modulada pelo colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), estatinas ou polimorfismos, como o T-786C de eNOS. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se o polimorfismo T-786C est&#225; associado a altera&#231;&#245;es nos efeitos da atorvastatina no perfil lip&#237;dico, nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de metab&#243;litos de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e da prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as). M&#201;TODOS: Trinta volunt&#225;rios do sexo masculino, assintom&#225;ticos, com idade entre 18-56 anos foram genotipados e classificados de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia (TT, n = 15) ou presen&#231;a (CC, n = 15) do polimorfismo. Eles foram selecionados aleatoriamente para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de placebo e atorvastatina (10 mg/dia por 14 dias). Ap&#243;s cada tratamento foram medidos l&#237;pides, lipoprote&#237;nas, fra&#231;&#245;es HDL2 e HDL3, atividade da prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de colesteril &#233;ster (CETP), metab&#243;litos de NO e PCR-as. RESULTADOS: As compara&#231;&#245;es entre gen&#243;tipos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de placebo mostraram aumento da atividade da CETP polimorfismo-dependente (TT, 12 &#177; 7; CC, 22 &#177; 12, p &lt; 0,05). As an&#225;lises da intera&#231;&#227;o entre os tratamentos indicaram que a atorvastatina tem efeito sobre colesterol, LDL, nitrito e raz&#245;es l&#237;pides/prote&#237;nas (HDL2 e HDL3) (p &lt; 0,001) em ambos os gen&#243;tipos. &#201; interessante notar as intera&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo/droga sobre a CETP (p &lt; 0,07) e a lipoprote&#237;na (a) [Lp(a)] (p &lt; 0,056), levando a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o lim&#237;trofe da CETP, embora sem afetar a Lp(a). A PRC-as n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados sugerem que o tratamento com estatinas pode ser relevante para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da aterosclerose em pacientes com o polimorfismo T-786C do eNOS, considerando os efeitos no metabolismo lip&#237;dico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Metabolismo dos Lip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Reguladores do Metabolismo de Lip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Efeitos da atorvastatina e do polimorfismo T-786C do gene eNOS sobre par&#226;metros do metabolismo lip&#237;dico plasm&#225;tico</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vanessa Helena de Souza Zago<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Eduardo Tanus dos Santos<sup>II</sup>; Mirian Regina Gardin Danelon<sup>I</sup>; Roger Marcelo Mesquita da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Nat&#225;lia Baratella Panzoldo<sup>I</sup>; Eliane Soler Parra<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Alexandre<sup>I</sup>; V&#237;tor Wilson de Moura Virg&#237;nio<sup>I</sup>; Eder Carlos Rocha Quint&#227;o<sup>III</sup>; Eliana Cotta de Faria<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica &#150; Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides, N&#250;cleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental &#150; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Campinas, SP </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Farmacologia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides (LIM10) &#150; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A atividade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS) pode ser modulada pelo colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), estatinas ou polimorfismos, como o T-786C de eNOS. </p>
    <p><bold> OBJETIVO:</bold> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se o polimorfismo T-786C est&#225; associado a altera&#231;&#245;es nos efeitos da atorvastatina no perfil lip&#237;dico, nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de metab&#243;litos de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e da prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as). </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trinta volunt&#225;rios do sexo masculino, assintom&#225;ticos, com idade entre 18-56 anos foram genotipados e classificados de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia (TT, n = 15) ou presen&#231;a (CC, n = 15) do polimorfismo. Eles foram selecionados aleatoriamente para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de placebo e atorvastatina (10 mg/dia por 14 dias). Ap&#243;s cada tratamento foram medidos l&#237;pides, lipoprote&#237;nas, fra&#231;&#245;es HDL<sub>2</sub> e HDL<sub>3</sub>, atividade da prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de colesteril &#233;ster (CETP), metab&#243;litos de NO e PCR-as. </p>
    <p><bold> RESULTADOS:</bold> As compara&#231;&#245;es entre gen&#243;tipos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de placebo mostraram aumento da atividade da CETP polimorfismo-dependente (TT, 12 &#177; 7; CC, 22 &#177; 12, p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05). As an&#225;lises da intera&#231;&#227;o entre os tratamentos indicaram que a atorvastatina tem efeito sobre colesterol, LDL, nitrito e raz&#245;es l&#237;pides/prote&#237;nas (HDL<sub>2</sub> e HDL<sub>3</sub>) (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,001) em ambos os gen&#243;tipos. &#201; interessante notar as intera&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo/droga sobre a CETP (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,07) e a lipoprote&#237;na (a) [Lp(a)] (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,056), levando a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o lim&#237;trofe da CETP, embora sem afetar a Lp(a). A PRC-as n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os resultados sugerem que o tratamento com estatinas pode ser relevante para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da aterosclerose em pacientes com o polimorfismo T-786C do eNOS, considerando os efeitos no metabolismo lip&#237;dico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Metabolismo dos Lip&#237;deos, Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico, Reguladores do Metabolismo de Lip&#237;deos, &#211;xido N&#237;trico, Prote&#237;na C.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O endot&#233;lio vascular &#233; um sistema complexo, integrado por diversos mediadores qu&#237;micos. Entre eles, o &#243;xido n&#237;trico se destaca por ser um potente vasodilatador, entre outros efeitos ben&#233;ficos<sup>1,2</sup>. Sua s&#237;ntese depende da atividade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS)<sup>3</sup>, que, na membrana plasm&#225;tica e na cav&#233;ola, &#233; modulada principalmente pela tens&#227;o de cisalhamento laminar e pela presen&#231;a de agonistas na superf&#237;cie da c&#233;lula<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>No entanto, os mecanismos transcricionais e p&#243;s-transcricionais tamb&#233;m est&#227;o envolvidos<sup>5,6</sup>. Por exemplo, a lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) pode mediar a ativa&#231;&#227;o da eNOS atrav&#233;s da intera&#231;&#227;o com a apolipoprote&#237;na AI e o receptor sequestrante de classe B de tipo I (SR-BI)<sup>7</sup>, caracterizando, em parte, a atividade de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dessa lipoprote&#237;na<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de polimorfismos no gene eNOS pode explicar os diferentes n&#237;veis de atividade enzim&#225;tica, que podem ser associados com o aumento do risco cardiovascular<sup>9</sup>. O promotor do polimorfismo T-786C &#233; o caso mais extensivamente estudado, no qual a presen&#231;a do alelo C diminui em cerca de 50% a atividade transcricional<sup>10</sup>, provavelmente o resultado da liga&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na repressora RPA1 &#224; regi&#227;o promotora quando esse alelo est&#225; presente<sup>11</sup>. Ao reduzir a atividade enzim&#225;tica, o alelo C tem sido associado a diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO<sup>9,10</sup>, aumento da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>As estatinas t&#234;m efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos conhecidos, que incluem a regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial reduzindo o estresse oxidativo e a trombogenicidade<sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na Rho e a express&#227;o aumentada de eNOS, al&#233;m da ativa&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transcricional da via PI3K/AKT<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dada a import&#226;ncia tanto da express&#227;o e atividade de eNOS como da presen&#231;a de part&#237;culas de HDL para a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a exist&#234;ncia de efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos das estatinas sobre essas duas vari&#225;veis, este estudo tem por objetivo determinar se a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo T-786C e o uso de atorvastatina resulta em intera&#231;&#245;es com altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas em l&#237;pides, metab&#243;litos de NO e PCR-as.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi desenvolvido em parceria entre o Departamento de Farmacologia (Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#150; USP) e o Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica (Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Unicamp), e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica dessas institui&#231;&#245;es. Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram informados sobre a pesquisa e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e informado.</p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi estimado para permitir um poder estat&#237;stico de 80% (&#946; &lt; 0,20; &#945; &lt; 0,05) para detectar diferen&#231;as de 30% ou mais entre os dois grupos de gen&#243;tipos (TT e CC). De acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia estimada de gen&#243;tipos TT (49%) e CC (9%)<sup>10,16-18</sup>, 200 volunt&#225;rios do sexo masculino foram selecionados na popula&#231;&#227;o local (Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), com idades entre 18-56 anos; eles tamb&#233;m eram assintom&#225;ticos, caucasianos, n&#227;o fumantes e n&#227;o usu&#225;rios de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o. Volunt&#225;rios do sexo feminino e fumantes foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>Esses volunt&#225;rios foram genotipados para a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo T-786C do gene eNOS e, para o presente estudo, foram selecionados 15 com o gen&#243;tipo TT e 15 com o gen&#243;tipo CC, pareados por idade e pelo &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Eles se submeteram a um exame cl&#237;nico minucioso e a testes de laborat&#243;rio, tendo fornecido um hist&#243;rico completo de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>O desenho do estudo foi monocego e controlado por placebo. Volunt&#225;rios com gen&#243;tipo CC ou TT receberam placebo durante 14 dias, seguido de um tratamento posterior de 14 dias com atorvastatina (Lipitor<sup>&#174;</sup>, Pfizer, Brasil) na dose de 10 mg/dia, via oral. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas em tubos contendo EDTA ap&#243;s ambos os tratamentos e foram armazenadas a &#150;70 &#186;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Genotipagem para o polimorfismo T-786C</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O DNA gen&#244;mico foi extra&#237;do a partir de 1 mL de sangue total pelo m&#233;todo <italic>salting-out</italic> e armazenado a &#150;20 &#186;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise. As variantes gen&#233;ticas do polimorfismo T-786C localizado na regi&#227;o 5&#8242; do gene eNOS foram determinadas por amplifica&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase, tal como descrito anteriormente<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os produtos amplificados foram digeridos com MspI a 37 &#186;C durante 4 horas, o que produziu fragmentos de 140 e 40 pb para o alelo selvagem (T) ou 90, 50 e 40 pb no caso do alelo polim&#243;rfico (C). Os fragmentos foram separados por eletroforese (gel de poliacrilamida a 12%) e visualizados por colora&#231;&#227;o com prata.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas bioqu&#237;micas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Colesterol, triglic&#233;rides, &#225;cidos graxos livres, fosfol&#237;pides, colesterol livre no plasma e subfra&#231;&#245;es de HDL foram quantificados atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos enzim&#225;tico-colorim&#233;tricos no sistema autom&#225;tico Boehringer Mannheim-Roche Hitachi 917, usando reagentes comerciais da Roche (Mannheim, Alemanha) e Waco (Chemicals Waco, EUA). As prote&#237;nas foram determinadas pelo m&#233;todo do &#225;cido bicincon&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Os &#233;steres de colesterol foram calculados pela f&#243;rmula (colesterol total &#150; colesterol livre) &#215; 1,67, e o LDL-C pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald (colesterol LDL = CT &#150; (HDL-C) &#150; TG/2,2), enquanto o HDL-C foi calculado por m&#233;todos homog&#234;neos diretos<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>As apolipoprote&#237;nas AI e B-100, e a lipoprote&#237;na (a), foram determinadas por nefelometria atrav&#233;s de rea&#231;&#245;es imunoqu&#237;micas em BNII/Marburg, utilizando reagentes de Dade-Behring (Mannheim, Alemanha).</p>
    <p>HDL<sub>2</sub> e HDL<sub>3</sub> foram isoladas utilizando o m&#233;todo de microultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>LDL-C/apoB-100 e triglic&#233;rides/HDL-C foram utilizados para determinar o tamanho estimado de LDL<sup>21</sup>, enquanto os &#237;ndices de Castelli I e II foram usados para estimar o risco cardiovascular<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para determinar a porcentagem relativa de cada componente (l&#237;pides e prote&#237;nas) das fra&#231;&#245;es HDL<sub>2</sub> e HDL<sub>3</sub> relacionada com o HDL total, foi usada a f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>Componente * 100/componente HDL<sub>2</sub> + HDL<sub>3</sub>.</p>
    <p>A porcentagem relativa de cada componente, em cada subfra&#231;&#227;o, foi determinada pela f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>Componente HDL/massa total HDL * 100.</p>
    <p>A atividade da CETP (%) foi determinada utilizando-se o m&#233;todo radiom&#233;trico ex&#243;geno<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os metab&#243;litos do NO (nitrito/nitrato) foram detectados por ensaio de <italic>kit </italic>comercial (StressGen, Assay Designs, Inc.) de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO<sup>2&#150;</sup>/NO<sup>3&#150;</sup>). A vari&#225;vel NO<sub>x</sub> foi calculada como a soma das concentra&#231;&#245;es (&#181; mole/L) de nitrito e nitrato, e a raz&#227;o nitrito/nitrato pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre os dois analitos. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia para NO<sub>x </sub>variam entre 11,5-76,4 &#181; mol/L<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>A prote&#237;na C reativa foi determinada por imunoturbidimetria em um m&#233;todo de elevada sensibilidade (PCR-as), usando o PCR Tina-quant (Latex) HS-Roche.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar as vari&#225;veis entre os dois grupos de gen&#243;tipos e o uso de atorvastatina e placebo nos mesmos indiv&#237;duos. An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas foi utilizada, seguida pelo teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Tukey, teste de perfil por contrastes ou teste BOX-COX para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es e para detectar intera&#231;&#245;es. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para os testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5% ou p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05, e para os valores lim&#237;trofes, 5-9% (p &gt; 0,05 e <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,09).</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp), S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, e pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, Brasil. Nenhum financiamento externo adicional foi recebido para este estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados basais bioqu&#237;micos e antropom&#233;tricos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) obtidos durante o per&#237;odo de sele&#231;&#227;o nos gen&#243;tipos TT e CC foram, respectivamente: idade (anos) 27,6 &#177; 1,8/31,1 &#177; 2,1, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg) 123 &#177; 3/130 &#177; 2, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg) 80 &#177; 3/81 &#177; 2, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) 23,9 &#177; 0,7/25,1 &#177; 0,7, colesterol total (mg/dL) 161 &#177; 10/160 &#177; 10, triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL) 103 &#177; 13/103 &#177; 2, HDL-C (mg/dL) 36 &#177; 2/35 &#177; 2, LDL-C (mg/dL) 104 &#177; 10/103 &#177; 9 e VLDL-C (mg/dL) 21 &#177; 3/21 &#177; 2.</p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram avaliados nos grupos TT e CC, ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de placebo e atorvastatina, e as diferen&#231;as s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da atorvastatina sobre os par&#226;metros do metabolismo lip&#237;dico foram independentes do gen&#243;tipo; o mesmo padr&#227;o foi observado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos metab&#243;litos de NO. Os &#225;cidos graxos livres foram menores no grupo CC ap&#243;s a atorvastatina em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo TT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>A atividade da CETP foi significativamente maior no grupo CC ap&#243;s o placebo, mas depois da atorvastatina essa atividade teve um aumento lim&#237;trofe no grupo TT e uma redu&#231;&#227;o, embora n&#227;o significante, no grupo CC.</p>
    <p>Foram determinadas as composi&#231;&#245;es qu&#237;micas de HDL<sub>2</sub> ap&#243;s os tratamentos em ambos os gen&#243;tipos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o de HDL<sub>2</sub> entre TT e CC. No entanto, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas ap&#243;s a atorvastatina em ambos os gen&#243;tipos, como o aumento do teor absoluto e relativo das prote&#237;nas, a massa total de lipoprote&#237;na, o teor absoluto de TAG e a menor propor&#231;&#227;o relativa da raz&#227;o CE e l&#237;pides/prote&#237;nas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Os mesmos par&#226;metros foram avaliados para HDL<sub>3</sub>, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A subfra&#231;&#227;o HDL<sub>3 </sub>n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as entre os gen&#243;tipos TT e CC. Ap&#243;s a atorvastatina, tanto o TT como o CC mostraram aumento significativo na CE relativa, massa de prote&#237;nas (absoluta) e l&#237;pides, enquanto a raz&#227;o l&#237;pides/prote&#237;nas e prote&#237;nas (relativa) foram menores.</p>
    <p>A fim de medir as altera&#231;&#245;es induzidas pela atorvastatina em ambos os gen&#243;tipos e as subfra&#231;&#245;es HDL<sub>2 </sub>e HDL<sub>3</sub>, avaliou-se a porcentagem pelo peso de cada componente ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de placebo e atorvastatina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o de HDL<sub>2</sub>, verificou-se que houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o na porcentagem pelo peso de todos os compostos lip&#237;dicos dessa subfra&#231;&#227;o e um aumento significativo de prote&#237;nas, independentemente do gen&#243;tipo. A HDL<sub>3</sub> mostrou diminui&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides e aumento de prote&#237;nas, independentemente do gen&#243;tipo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>Os resultados significativos e lim&#237;trofes obtidos entre os gen&#243;tipos TT e CC e entre os tratamentos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">Tabela 5</xref>, que tamb&#233;m apresenta a an&#225;lise da intera&#231;&#227;o entre o polimorfismo e a atorvastatina.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O polimorfismo T-786C n&#227;o foi respons&#225;vel por qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o nos par&#226;metros estudados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">Tabela 5</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de placebo e atorvastatina, &#233; mostrado um efeito claro das estatinas na redu&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides, apolipoprote&#237;nas e nitrito. Ainda assim, houve modifica&#231;&#245;es na HDL<sub>2</sub> e HDL<sub>3</sub>, o que resultou na redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das raz&#245;es de lip&#237;dio/prote&#237;na de cada subfrac&#231;&#227;o, com diferentes implica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. Finalmente, demonstramos as intera&#231;&#245;es lim&#237;trofes entre o polimorfismo e a atorvastatina para CETP e Lp(a).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O polimorfismo T-786C do gene eNOS &#233; funcionalmente caracterizado por uma redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade promotora do gene, com consequente influ&#234;ncia sobre a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO<sup>11,25</sup>. Estudos recentes demonstraram que os indiv&#237;duos homozig&#243;ticos para esse polimorfismo t&#234;m sensibilidade reduzida &#224; tens&#227;o de cisalhamento laminar<sup>26</sup>, bem como h&#225; aumento de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios s&#233;ricos em pacientes com DAC<sup>27</sup> estabelecida, aumento do risco de mortalidade e o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal quando submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca de emerg&#234;ncia<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora o efeito das estatinas sobre o gen&#243;tipo CC tenha sido previamente avaliado, especialmente o efeito anti-inflamat&#243;rio da atorvastatina<sup>25</sup>, ainda existem alguns pontos inexplorados, como o impacto da intera&#231;&#227;o entre o polimorfismo e o medicamento no metabolismo lip&#237;dico e subfra&#231;&#245;es de HDL.</p>
    <p>O nosso estudo demonstrou que a atorvastatina teve um efeito principalmente gen&#243;tipo-independente, dadas as redu&#231;&#245;es nos l&#237;pides, raz&#245;es l&#237;pides/prote&#237;na (HDL<sub>2</sub> e HDL<sub>3</sub>), &#237;ndice de Castelli I, &#225;cidos graxos livres e maior tamanho estimado de LDL; esse efeito de redu&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides est&#225; de acordo com estudos anteriores<sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os gen&#243;tipos TT e CC n&#227;o foram diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o qu&#237;mica de HDL<sub>2</sub> e HDL<sub>3</sub>; todas as altera&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o foram determinadas pela atorvastatina. Na HDL<sub>2,</sub> observamos diminui&#231;&#227;o em todos os l&#237;pides, com aumento significativo nas prote&#237;nas. Essa descoberta sugere que a HDL<sub>2</sub> tornou-se mais deslipidada, sem qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de part&#237;culas. Al&#233;m disso, houve enriquecimento de lip&#237;dios e prote&#237;nas na HDL<sub>3 </sub>&#150; com a consequente diminui&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o lip&#237;dio/prote&#237;na, o que aponta para um aumento do n&#250;mero de part&#237;culas da HDL<sub>3</sub>.</p>
    <p>Esse conjunto de altera&#231;&#245;es sugere um aumento da atividade da lipase hep&#225;tica, em contraste com estudos que mostram que a atorvastatina seria respons&#225;vel pela diminui&#231;&#227;o de sua atividade<sup>31</sup>. Por outro lado, o aumento das part&#237;culas de HDL<sub>3</sub> sugere que a atorvastatina promoveu a troca entre os lip&#237;dios neutros e as lipoprote&#237;nas e tornou as HDL<sub>2</sub> enriquecidas em triglic&#233;rides, um substrato ideal para a forma&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas de HDL<sub>3</sub><sup>32,33</sup>.</p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, n&#227;o foram observadas intera&#231;&#245;es entre PCR-as e a atorvastatina, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% ap&#243;s o tratamento. Gensini e cols.<sup>34</sup> demonstraram que o tratamento com atorvastatina, particularmente na dose de 80 mg/dia, reduz eficazmente os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PCR-as, apesar da presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ou diabetes melito.</p>
    <p>Observamos que os metab&#243;litos de NO diminu&#237;ram significativamente ap&#243;s o tratamento com atorvastatina; os mesmos resultados foram observados em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica<sup>35</sup>. No entanto, a maioria dos estudos aponta para um aumento ou manuten&#231;&#227;o dos seus n&#237;veis<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram observadas intera&#231;&#245;es lim&#237;trofes entre atorvastatina e gen&#243;tipo CC para CETP e Lp(a). A Lp(a), embora n&#227;o tenha sido diferente entre os grupos, apresentou a tend&#234;ncia de aumentar no grupo CC ap&#243;s a atorvastatina. Al&#233;m disso, estudos anteriores mostraram que a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo T-786C em pacientes diab&#233;ticos &#233; um fator de risco independente na redu&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; interessante notar que os volunt&#225;rios CC mostravam uma atividade da CETP significativamente maior, que diminuiu, embora n&#227;o significativamente, ap&#243;s o uso de estatina. Por outro lado, depois das estatinas, o grupo TT mostrou um aumento lim&#237;trofe. O aumento da atividade da CETP reduz a HDL e aumenta seu catabolismo pela lipase hep&#225;tica<sup>38</sup>. Assim, o uso de atorvastatina "corrigiu" a condi&#231;&#227;o inicial da CETP no grupo CC, uma vez que a atorvastatina foi capaz de reduzir a sua atividade<sup>15,31</sup>. Um estudo realizado na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa mostrou que a presen&#231;a de T-786C e Taq1B (um polimorfismo do gene CETP) &#233; respons&#225;vel pela maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvular<sup>39</sup>, contribuindo para a possibilidade de exist&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#245;es mais complexas entre essas duas vari&#225;veis, al&#233;m do aumento da atividade de CETP.</p>
    <p>No gen&#243;tipo CC, foi demonstrada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de &#225;cidos graxos livres ap&#243;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina, mas n&#227;o houve nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o no gen&#243;tipo TT. Isso sugere que o polimorfismo pode ter efeito ben&#233;fico atrav&#233;s de uma mobiliza&#231;&#227;o menor de &#225;cidos graxos livres do tecido adiposo para o plasma e o f&#237;gado, facilitando o efeito supressor de estatinas nos &#225;cidos graxos livres do plasma. Os mecanismos envolvidos n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente elucidados<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>Gostar&#237;amos de comentar alguns pontos do estudo que poderiam ser considerados para estudos futuros, como o fato de que n&#227;o foram avaliados os efeitos de outras doses de atorvastatina e/ou outras estatinas. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo foi realizado somente em homens caucasianos saud&#225;veis e em n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de indiv&#237;duos, fato que pode ter limitado a capacidade para detectar diferen&#231;as entre os grupos estudados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estes resultados em conjunto indicam que o tratamento com estatinas pode ser relevante para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da aterosclerose em pacientes com o polimorfismo T-786C do gene eNOS, considerando os efeitos sobre o metabolismo lip&#237;dico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer &#224; Fapesp (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo) e ao CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico) pelo apoio financeiro para este trabalho.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Vanessa Helena de Souza Zago pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Eliana Cotta de Faria </p>
        <p> Rua Tess&#225;lia Vieira Camargo, 126 - Cidade Universit&#225;ria </p>
        <p> 13083-887 &#150; Campinas, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cotta@fcm.unicamp.br">cotta@fcm.unicamp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cottadefaria@gmail.com">cottadefaria@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/05/12 </p>
    <p> revisado recebido em 17/09/12 </p>
    <p> aceito em 26/09/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of atorvastatin and T-786C polymorphism of eNOS gene on plasma metabolic lipid parameters</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity may be modulated by high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), statins or polymorphisms, such as the T-786C of eNOS. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating if the T-786C polymorphism is associated with changes of atorvastatin effects on the lipid profile, on the concentrations of metabolites of nitric oxide (NO) and of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). METHODS: Thirty male volunteers, asymptomatic, aged between 18 and 56 years were genotyped and classified according to absence (TT, n = 15) or presence (CC, n = 15) of the polymorphism. They were randomly selected for the use of placebo or atorvastatin (10 mg/day/14 days). After each treatment lipids, lipoproteins, HDL2 and HDL3 composition, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, metabolites of NO and hsCRP were evaluated. RESULTS: The comparisons between genotypes after placebo showed an increase in CETP activity in a polymorphism-dependent way (TT, 12&#177;7; CC, 22&#177;12; p &lt; 0.05). The interaction analyses between treatments indicated that atorvastatin has an effect on cholesterol, LDL, nitrite and lipid-protein ratios (HDL2 and HDL3) (p &lt; 0.001) in both genotypes. Interestingly, we observed genotype/drug interactions on CETP (p &lt; 0.07) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) (p &lt; 0.056), leading to a borderline decrease in CETP, but with no effect on Lp(a). HsCRP showed no alteration. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that statin treatment may be relevant for primary prevention of atherosclerosis in patients with the T-786C polymorphism of eNOS, considering the effects on lipid metabolism.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Lipid Metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipid Regulating Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Protein C</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Effects of atorvastatin and T-786C polymorphism of eNOS gene on plasma metabolic lipid parameters</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vanessa Helena de Souza Zago<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Eduardo Tanus dos Santos<sup>II</sup>; Mirian Regina Gardin Danelon<sup>I</sup>; Roger Marcelo Mesquita da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Nat&#225;lia Baratella Panzoldo<sup>I</sup>; Eliane Soler Parra<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Alexandre<sup>I</sup>; V&#237;tor Wilson de Moura Virg&#237;nio<sup>I</sup>; Eder Carlos Rocha Quint&#227;o<sup>III</sup>; Eliana Cotta de Faria<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica &#150; Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides, N&#250;cleo de Medicina e Cirurgia Experimental &#150; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Campinas, SP; Departamento de Farmacologia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP; Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides (LIM10) &#150; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity may be modulated by high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), statins or polymorphisms, such as the T-786C of eNOS.</p>
      <p><bold> OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study aimed at evaluating if the T-786C polymorphism is associated with changes of atorvastatin effects on the lipid profile, on the concentrations of metabolites of nitric oxide (NO) and of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP).</p>
      <p><bold> METHODS:</bold> Thirty male volunteers, asymptomatic, aged between 18 and 56 years were genotyped and classified according to absence (TT, n = 15) or presence (CC, n = 15) of the polymorphism. They were randomly selected for the use of placebo or atorvastatin (10 mg/day/14 days). After each treatment lipids, lipoproteins, HDL<sub>2</sub> and HDL<sub>3</sub> composition, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, metabolites of NO and hsCRP were evaluated.</p>
      <p><bold> RESULTS:</bold> The comparisons between genotypes after placebo showed an increase in CETP activity in a polymorphism-dependent way (TT, 12&#177;7; CC, 22&#177;12; p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05). The interaction analyses between treatments indicated that atorvastatin has an effect on cholesterol, LDL, nitrite and lipid-protein ratios (HDL<sub>2</sub> and HDL<sub>3</sub>) (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.001) in both genotypes. Interestingly, we observed genotype/drug interactions on CETP (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.07) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.056), leading to a borderline decrease in CETP, but with no effect on Lp(a). HsCRP showed no alteration.</p>
      <p><bold> CONCLUSION:</bold> These results suggest that statin treatment may be relevant for primary prevention of atherosclerosis in patients with the T-786C polymorphism of eNOS, considering the effects on lipid metabolism.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Lipid Metabolism; Polymorphism, Genetic; Lipid Regulating Agents; Nitric Oxide; Protein C.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The vascular endothelium is a complex system, integrated by several chemical mediators. Among them, nitric oxide stands out by being a potent vasodilator, amongst other beneficial effects<sup>1,2</sup>. Its synthesis depends on the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)<sup>3</sup>, which, in the plasma membrane and caveolae, is modulated mainly by laminar shear stress and the presence of agonists on the cell surface<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms are also involved<sup>5,6</sup>. For example, high density lipoprotein (HDL) can mediate the activation of eNOS through interaction with apolipoprotein AI and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)<sup>7</sup>, characterizing in part the vasodilation activity of this lipoprotein<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Moreover, the presence of polymorphisms in the eNOS gene may explain different levels of enzyme activity, which may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk<sup>9</sup>. The promoter of polymorphism T-786C is the most extensively studied case, where the presence of the C allele reduces transcriptional activity by approximately 50%<sup>10</sup>, probably the result of the binding of the repressor protein RPA1 to the promoter region when this allele is present<sup>11</sup>. By reducing the enzymatic activity, the C allele has been associated with an impaired NO production<sup>9,10</sup>, increased endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Statins have known pleiotropic effects, which include the regulation of endothelial function reducing the oxidative stress and thrombogenicity<sup>14</sup>. Moreover, they are responsible for the inhibition of Rho protein and increased eNOS expression, plus the post-transcriptional activation of PI3K/AKT pathway<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Given the importance of both expression and activity of eNOS, as well the presence of HDL particles for endothelial function, and the pleiotropic effects of statins on these two variables, this study aims to determine whether the presence of T-786C polymorphism and the use atorvastatin results in interactions with metabolic alterations in lipids, metabolites of NO and hsCRP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was developed in partnership between the Department of Pharmacology (Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto &#150; USP) and the Department of Clinical Pathology (Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas&#150; UNICAMP), and was approved by the Ethics Committee of those institutions. All volunteers were informed of the research terms and signed the written free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>The number of subjects enrolled in this study was estimated to allow a statistical power of 80% (&#946; &lt;0.20; &#945; &lt;0.05) to detect differences of 30% or more between the two groups of genotypes (TT and CC). According to the estimated frequency of TT (49%) and CC (9%) genotypes<sup>10,16-18</sup>, 200 male volunteers were selected from the local population (Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), aged between 18 and 56 years; they also were asymptomatic, Caucasian, nonsmokers, and did not use any medication. Female volunteers and smokers were excluded.</p>
      <p>These volunteers were genotyped for presence of T-786C polymorphism of the eNOS gene, and for the present study, 15 individuals with the TT genotype and 15 with the CC genotype, were selected and matched by age and body mass index. They underwent thorough clinical examination and laboratory tests, and provided a complete health history.</p>
      <p>The study had a placebo-controlled, single-blind design. Volunteers with CC or TT genotype received a placebo for 14 days, followed by further treatment for 14 days with atorvastatin (Lipitor&#174; Pfizer, Brazil) 10 mg/day orally. Blood samples were drawn after 12-hour fasting and collected in tubes containing EDTA after both treatments and the samples were stored at -70 &#186;C until analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Genotyping for the T-786C polymorphism</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Genomic DNA was extracted from 1 mL of whole blood by salting-out method and stored at -20 &#186;C until analysis. The genetic variants of the T-786C polymorphism located in the 5 'region of the eNOS gene were determined by amplification by polymerase chain reaction, as previously described<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The amplified products were digested with MspI at 37 &#186;C for four hours, which produced fragments of 140 and 40 bp for the wild allele (T) or 90, 50 and 40 bp in the case of the polymorphic allele (C). The fragments were separated by electrophoresis (12% polyacrylamide gel) and visualized by silver staining.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and free cholesterol from plasma and HDL subfractions were quantified using enzymatic-colorimetric methods in the automated Boehringer Mannheim-Roche Hitachi 917 system, using commercial reagents from Roche (Mannheim, Germany) and Waco (Waco Chemicals, USA). The proteins were determined by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) method.</p>
      <p>Cholesterol esters were calculated by the formula: (total cholesterol &#150; free cholesterol) x 1.67, and LDL-C by Friedewald formula (LDL cholesterol = TC &#150; (HDL-C) &#150; TG/2.2), whereas HDL-C was calculated by homogeneous direct methods<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Apolipoproteins AI, B-100 and lipoprotein (a) were determined by nephelometry through immunochemical reactions in BNII/Marburg, using Dade-Behring reagents (Mannheim, Germany).</p>
      <p>HDL<sub>2</sub> and HDL<sub>3 </sub>were isolated using the micro-ultracentrifugation method<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>LDL-C/apoB-100 and triglycerides/HDL-C were used to determine the estimated size of LDL<sup>21</sup>, while the Castelli indexes I and II were used to estimate cardiovascular risk<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>To determine the relative % of each component (lipids and proteins) of HDL<sub>2</sub> and HDL<sub>3</sub> related to the total HDL, the formula:</p>
      <p>component*100/component HDL<sub>2</sub>+HDL<sub>3 </sub>was used.</p>
      <p>The relative % of each component, in each subfraction, was determined by the formula:</p>
      <p>HDL component/total mass HDL*100.</p>
      <p>CETP activity (%) was determined using the exogenous radiometric method<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>NO metabolites (nitrite/nitrate) were detected by the commercial assay Nitric Oxide (NO<sup>2-</sup>/NO<sup>3-</sup>) Assay Kit (StressGen, Assay Designs, Inc.). The variable NO<sub>x </sub>was calculated as the sum of the concentrations (&#181;mole/L) of nitrite and nitrate, and the nitrite/nitrate ratio by the relationship between the two analytes. The reference values for NOx range between 11.5 and 76.4 &#181;mole/L<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>C-reactive protein was determined by immunoturbidimetry in a high sensitivity method (hsCRP), using the Tina-quant CRP (Latex) HS-Roche.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analyses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the variables between the two genotype groups and the use of atorvastatin and placebo in the same subjects. ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey's post-hoc, profile test by contrasts or the BOX-COX test was used for multiple comparisons and to detect interactions. The level of significance for statistical tests was 5% or p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05, and for borderline values 5-9% (p&gt; 0.05 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.09).</p>
      <p>This study was partially supported by the Foundation for Research Support of the State of S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), SP, Brazil and by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil. No additional external funding was received for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Baseline biochemical and anthropometric data (average &#177; SD) obtained during the selection period, in the TT and CC genotypes were, respectively: age (years) 27.6&#177;1.8/31.1&#177;2.1, systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 123&#177;3/130&#177;2, diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 80&#177;3/81&#177;2, body mass index (kg/m2) 23.9&#177;0.7/25.1&#177;0.7, total cholesterol (mg/dL) 161&#177;10/160&#177;10, triglycerides (mg/dL) 103&#177;13/103&#177;2, HDL-C (mg/dL) 36&#177;2/35&#177;2, LDL-C (mg/dL) 104&#177;10/103&#177;9 and VLDL-C (mg/dL) 21&#177;3/21&#177;2".</p>
      <p>The biochemical parameters were evaluated in groups TT and CC after administration of placebo and atorvastatin and the differences are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11712tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_11712tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The beneficial effects of atorvastatin on lipid metabolism parameters were independent from the genotype; this same pattern was observed regarding NO metabolites. Free fatty acids were lower in the CC group after atorvastatin, when compared with TT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11712tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>CETP activity was significantly higher in CC group after placebo, but after atorvastatin this activity showed a borderline increase in TT and a decrease, albeit not significant, in CC.</p>
      <p>The chemical compositions of HDL<sub>2</sub> after the treatments in both genotypes were also determined. No significant differences were seen regarding HDL<sub>2</sub> composition between TT and CC. However, significant differences were observed after atorvastatin in both genotypes, such as the increase in absolute and relative content of proteins, total lipoprotein mass , absolute content of TAG; and lowest relative CE and lipids/proteins ratio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11712tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). The same parameters were evaluated in HDL<sub>3</sub>, as shown by <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11712tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_11712tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_11712tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>HDL<sub>3</sub> subfraction showed no differences between TT and CC genotypes. After atorvastatin, both TT and CC showed a significant increase in relative CE, proteins (absolute) and lipids mass, while lipids/proteins ratio and proteins (relative) were lower.</p>
      <p>In order to measure changes induced by atorvastatin in both genotypes and the HDL<sub>2</sub> and HDL<sub>3</sub> subfractions, we assessed the percentage by weight of each component after administration of placebo and atorvastatin (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11712tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_11712tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the composition of HDL<sub>2</sub>, it was observed that there was a reduction in the percentage by weight of all lipid compounds of this subfraction, and a significant increase of proteins, regardless of genotype. HDL<sub>3</sub> showed a decrease in triglycerides and an increase in proteins, regardless of the genotype (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11712tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>The significant and borderline results obtained between the TT and CC genotypes and between treatments are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11712tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>, which also shows the analysis of interaction between the polymorphism and atorvastatin.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_11712tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-01-0014-00120-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The T-786C polymorphism was not responsible for any changes in the studied parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_11712tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>). Regarding the use of placebo and atorvastatin, a clear effect of statins in reducing serum lipids, apolipoproteins and nitrite is shown. Still, there were modifications in HDL<sub>2</sub> and HDL<sub>3</sub>, which resulted in significant reduction of the lipid/protein ratios of each subfraction, with different metabolic implications. Finally, we showed borderline interactions between the polymorphism and atorvastatin for CETP and Lp(a).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The T-786C polymorphism of eNOS gene is functionally characterized by a reduction of the gene promoter activity, with consequent influence on NO production<sup>11,25</sup>. Recent studies have demonstrated that individuals homozygous for this polymorphism have a reduced sensitivity to laminar shear stress<sup>26</sup> as well as an increase in serum inflammatory markers in patients with established CAD<sup>27</sup> and increased risk of mortality and development of renal dysfunction when undergoing emergency heart surgery<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the effect of statins on the CC genotype has been previously assessed, especially the anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin<sup>25</sup>, there are still some unexplored points, such as the impact of the interaction between the polymorphism and the drug on lipids metabolism and HDL subfractions.</p>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that atorvastatin had an effect that was primarily genotype-independent, given the reductions in lipids, ratios of lipid/protein (HDL<sub>2</sub> and HDL<sub>3</sub>), Castelli I index, free fatty acids and a higher estimated LDL size; this lipid-lowering effect are in line with previous studies<sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>TT and CC genotypes were not different regarding the chemical composition of HDL<sub>2</sub> and HDL<sub>3</sub>; all changes in the composition were determined by atorvastatin. In HDL<sub>2</sub> we observed a decrease in all lipids, with a significant increase in proteins. This finding suggests that HDL<sub>2 </sub>became more delipidated, with no change in particle number. Furthermore, HDL<sub>3</sub> had an enrichment of lipids and proteins - with a consequent decrease in the lipid/protein ratio, which points to an increase in the number of HDL<sub>3 </sub>particles.</p>
      <p>This set of changes suggest an increased activity of hepatic lipase, in contrast to studies which show that atorvastatin would be responsible for the decrease in its activity<sup>31</sup>. On the other hand, the increase in HDL<sub>3 </sub>particles suggests that atorvastatin promoted an exchange between the neutral lipids and lipoproteins and HDL2 particles became triglyceride enriched, an ideal substrate for PLTP to form HDL3 particles<sup>32,33</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study no interactions between hsCRP and atorvastatin were observed, despite a 40% of reduction after the treatment. Gensini et al<sup>34</sup> demonstrated that treatment with atorvastatin, particularly at a dose of 80 mg/day, effectively reduces the plasma levels of hsCRP, despite the presence of metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus.</p>
      <p>We observed that NO metabolites decreased significantly after atorvastatin treatment; the same results were seen in patients with peripheral arterial disease<sup>35</sup>. However, most studies show an increase or maintenance of these levels<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>Borderline interactions between atorvastatin and CC genotype were seen for CETP and Lp(a). Lp(a), although it was not different between groups, had a tendency to increase in CC after atorvastatin. Furthermore, previous studies showed that the presence of polymorphism T-786C in diabetic patients is an independent risk factor for the impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, CC volunteers show significant higher CETP activity, which decreased, although not significantly, after statin use. On the other hand, after statins, TT group show a borderline increase. The increased activity of CETP reduces HDL and increases its catabolism by hepatic lipase<sup>38</sup>. Thus, the use of atorvastatin "corrected" the initial condition of CETP in the CC group, as atorvastatin was able to reduce its activity<sup>15,31</sup>. A study conducted in the Chinese population showed that the presence of T-786C and Taq1B (a polymorphism of CETP gene) is responsible for an increased predisposition to non-valvular atrial fibrillation<sup>39</sup>, contributing to the possibility that there are more complex relationships between these two variables in addition to the increased activity of CETP.</p>
      <p>In the CC genotype a significant reduction of free fatty acids after the use of atorvastatin was shown, but there were no changes in the TT genotype. This suggests that the polymorphism may have a beneficial effect through lower mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue to plasma and liver, facilitating the suppressive effect of statins on plasma free fatty acids. The involved mechanisms are not fully elucidated<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>We would like to comment some points in this study that could be considered for further study, such as the fact that we have not assessed the effects of other doses of atorvastatin and/or other statins. Moreover, the study was conducted only in healthy Caucasian men, and in a relatively small number of subjects, a fact that may have limited the power to detect differences between the studied groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>These results together suggest that statin treatment may be relevant for primary prevention of atherosclerosis in patients with the eNOS gene T-786C polymorphism from the point of view of the lipid metabolism repercussions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank FAPESP (Foundation for Research Support of the State of S&#227;o Paulo) and CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) for the financial support to this work.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESP and CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Vanessa Helena de Souza Zago, from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas &#150; Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
