<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="article-commentary" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20223501ecom21</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223501ecom21</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>My Approach To</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Aortic Stenosis Assessment with Discrepant Quantification</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Beck</surname>
						<given-names>Adenalva Lima de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p>
							<inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom21-ingf01.tif"/>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Carlos Madruga</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p>
							<inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom21-ingf02.tif"/>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">University Foundation of Cardiology</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Cardiology and Transplantation of the Federal District</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Institute of Cardiology and Transplantation of the Federal District, University Foundation of Cardiology (ICTDF/FUC), Federal District, DF, Brasília, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sírio-Libanês</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Federal District, DF, Brasília, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Adenalva Lima de Souza Beck</bold> • SQSW 305, Bloco K, apto 104, Sudoeste, Brasília, DF. CEP <postal-code>70673462</postal-code> . E-mail: <email>denalima@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Authors’ contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Research conception and design: Beck ALS, Ribeiro LCM; Manuscript writing: Beck ALS, Ribeiro LCM; Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Beck ALS; Bibliographic research: Beck ALS, Ribeiro LCM; Table and reference formatting: Ribeiro LCM</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>ecom21</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Aortic Stenosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common primary valve disease and an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Echocardiography is the first-line method for its diagnosis, quantification of severity, prognosis, and determination of intervention timing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The association of maximum velocity (Vmax) ≥ 4m/s, aortic valve area (AVA) ≤ 1.0 cm², and mean gradient (MG) ≥ 40 mmHg defines the diagnosis of classic severe AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, MG and AVA are discrepant (AVA ≤ 1.0 cm², MG &lt; 40 mmHg) in 30–40% of the population with severe AS, leading to low-gradient AS (LGAS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> the focus of this article. Less frequently, high-gradient AS can also occur in cases of MG ≥ 40 mmHg and AVA &gt; 1.0 cm² due to high flow situations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Understanding the factors that lead to this discrepancy is essential to avoiding misdiagnosis and classifying different severe AS phenotypes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Understanding the discrepancy phenomenon and classifying aortic stenosis</title>
			<p>AS with a discrepant valve area and gradient may be due to measurement errors, physiological reasons (small body surface, flow states, and arterial hypertension), and guideline inconsistencies in AVA/MG criteria. Thus, it is important to first correct physiological factors and confirm measurements. If the discrepancy persists, the phenotype must be classified according to the flow state; if the severity remains uncertain, it must be confirmed by other methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Classically, the flow is evaluated by the ejection fraction and stroke volume index (SVi). All of these aspects are discussed below.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Aortic valve area, stroke volume, or mean aortic transvalvular gradient calculation errors</title>
				<p>Measuring errors are usually the main cause of discordant aortic stenosis. The most common error is related to underestimation in left ventricular outflow tract diameter (LVOTd), either due to imaging difficulties, especially if severe calcification is present, or because it is not clear where to measure LVOTd, or a circular LVOT geometry is assumed, whereas it is mostly elliptical. Errors involving just a few millimeters of LVOTd lead to exponential errors in stroke volume (SV) and aortic valve area (AVA) calculation using the continuity equation, leading to misdiagnosis of severe LGAS. To minimize these limitations, AOS grading recommendations ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ) also include calculating the ratio between the velocity time integral (VTI) on pulsed Doppler (PW) of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and on continuous Doppler (CW) of the aortic valve (AOV), which is a dimensionless index. Also, if the patient has a small body surface and is not obese, it is recommended to index AVA to body surface (AVAi)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> , although this indexation method is controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Aortic stenosis grading recommendations</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="20%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Aortic sclerosis</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Mild</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Moderate</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Severe</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Vmax, m/s</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">≤ 2.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2.6-2.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3-3.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Mean gradient (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 20</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20-39</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Valve area (cm²)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 1.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.0-1.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">≤ 1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">AVA index (cm²/m²)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.85</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.61-0.85</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">≤ 0.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">DVI</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.26-0.50</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">≤ 0.25</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>AVA, aortic valve area; Vmax, maximum aortic valve velocity on continuous Doppler; DVI, ratio between Doppler velocity index integralobtained by pulsed Doppler of the left ventricular outflow tract and continuous Doppler of the aortic valve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Errors can also occur when obtaining Doppler velocities. According to the Doppler equation, angles greater than 20 degrees between the ultrasound beam and the analyzed jet underestimate the velocity and, consequently, the gradient. Doppler alignment can be challenging and require multiple windows.</p>
				<p>Strict attention to the measurement technique is the first step to reducing errors and avoiding discrepancies( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> ). Testing measurement reliability involves calculating the predicted LVOT and comparing it with the measured diameter. If the measured LVOT is 2 mm greater or less than the predicted value, measurement error or elliptical geometry is possible. Another measurement that shows an error is an AVAi ≤ 0.6 cm²/m² with a VTI ratio &gt; 0.25. In such cases, complementary measurements and other imaging methods are required to confirm measurement accuracy.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Technical measurement aspects for AVA calculation.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="50%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<td align="left" rowspan="15" valign="middle">
									<inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom21-ingf03.tif"/>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Pay strict attention to the LVOT measurement technique</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Longitudinal paraesternal</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Zoom the image</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Inner edge to inner edge</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Measure at mid-systole, parallel and preferably adjacent to the aortic valve</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVOT measurements at ring level or less than 2 mm from the ring are more most accurate for SV and AVA calculations</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Use the same LVOT for all tests.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">If the measurement is not feasible or the LVOT differs from the predicted diameter <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">A</xref> (by &gt; or &lt;2 mm), do not use the continuity equation <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">B</xref> ; rather, use the dimension index and other methods</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"><bold>Pay attention when obtaining velocities</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Position the PW sample volume in the same place where the LVOT was measured and ensure the best envelope.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Obtain unforced expiratory apnea velocities to avoid changing the sample volume location.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Interrogate aortic transvalvular velocity with CW using multiple windows.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Report the incidence where the highest velocity and gradient was obtained for serial comparison and prognostic assessment.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">If LVOT PW velocity is &gt;1.5 m/s (fixed subvalvular acceleration <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">C</xref> ), MG, SV, and AVA are not reliable.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Always average three measurements in cases of sinus rhythm and five measurements in cases of arrhythmia</bold></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>AVA, aortic valve area; CW, continuous wave Doppler; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; MG, mean gradient; PW, pulsed wave Doppler; SV, stroke volume; V, velocity.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<label>A</label>
							<p>Predicted LVOT = (5.7 × BSA) + 12.1 (do not use in obese patients).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<label>B</label>
							<p>VTI: velocity time integral. The continuity equation is calculated as: SV/VTI CW, where SV = (0.785 × LVOT²/2).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<label>C</label>
							<p>Sigmoid septum, subvalvular membrane, or obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can lead to subvalvular acceleration and MG and SV overestimation, with AVA underestimation of AVA even in the absence of significant stenosis (correlate with valve anatomy).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Inconsistent guidelines in the definition of severity by AVA/gradient</title>
				<p>Some studies suggested that a gradient ≥ 40 mmHg is related to an area &lt; 0.8 cm²; thus, areas of 0.8–1.0 cm² may be in a gray zone, with intermediate gradients of 30–40 mmHg, which would justify the discrepancy between valve area and gradient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Flow state</title>
				<p>Low-flow states can also justify AVA-MG discrepancies for underestimating the gradient even in the presence of severe stenosis. The fluid dynamics principle states that the pressure gradient is directly proportional to the square of the flow and inversely proportional to the square of the valve area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> That is, a small flow reduction can lead to large gradient reductions. In this case, two situations are already well described:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> classic low-flow LGAS (LFLGAS) due to a reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 50%;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and paradoxical LFLGAS with a preserved LVEF (≥50%) but small and remodeled/hypertrophic LV and SVi ≤ 35 mL/m².</p>
				<p>Another situation representing almost half the cases of “discrepant” AS but still generating much debate is low-gradient stenosis with normal flow LGAS (NFLGAS), where LVEF is also preserved and SVi is &gt; 35 mL/m². As it does not seem plausible from a fluid dynamics perspective, it is usually attributed to measurement errors, a small BSA, or inconsistent guidelines. However, some studies showed that when these factors are excluded, up to 50% of such patients have true severe AS, suggesting that it is a real entity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Other studies reported that NFLGAS represents an “intermediate” stage between moderate and severe with faster progression and requiring vigilant observation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Assessing transvalvular flow rate (Q) (in addition to SVi) and systemic arterial compliance (SAC) may help explain this entity and refine the LGAS diagnosis and prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The transvalvular flow rate (Q) is the volume ejected per unit time through the aortic valve during the ejection period and it is measured as SV/ejection time (ET). Q expresses the true energy required to open the valve, making it a more accurate flow parameter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In NFLGAS, Q may be low despite a normal SV due to an increased ET. This increased ET is due to increased valve resistance or reduced SAC. On the other hand, a reduced SAC can also reduce the MG under normal flow conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Some studies demonstrated that, under normal Q conditions, AVA measured at rest should be considered “true” and reflect AS severity rather than SVi or LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> So, in classic LGAS, differently from what is recommended, flow normalization with echo under stress would only be necessary at a value of Q &lt; 200 mL/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Considering the complexity of “discrepant” AS, AVA, MG, and Vmax are insufficient. As seen above, an integrated approach is needed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Adapted “discrepant” AS diagnostic algorithm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> .</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom21-gf01.tif"/>
					<attrib>Source: adapted from Vahanian et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> . LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; AVAproj = projected aortic valve area; MG: mean gradient; BS: body surface; AVAi: aortic valve area index; SVi: stroke volume index; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; VTI: velocity time integral; AT: acceleration time: ET: Ejection time; CT: computed tomography; Vmax: maximum speed; VTI: velocity time integral; Q: flow rate. 3D: three-dimensional; A – Do not index in obese individuals (BMI ≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) B – Predicted diameter = (5.7 × Body surface) +12.1; C — 3D SV cannot be measured if mitral regurgitation is greater than mild. D – High flow situations may be reversible in patients with anemia, fever, hyperthyroidism or arteriovenous fistula and irreversible in significant aortic regurgitation. E - Use higher limits to define severe AOS: Svi ≥42 ml/m<sup>2</sup> and AVA &lt;1.2 cm<sup>2</sup>. F - Flow reserve = &gt;20% increase in SV or Q in response to low-dose dobutamine. Pseudosevere aortic stenosis = AVA &gt;1.0 cm2 with increased flow. G - LV hypertrophy (in the absence of coexisting hypertension), LV longitudinal global strain &lt; 16% (no other cause) (if apical sparing pattern, consider associated amyloidosis), Zva (or arterial impedance = MG + systolic blood pressure/SVi) &gt; 4.5 mmHg/ml/m<sup>2</sup>, arterial vascular compliance (SVi/systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure) &lt;0.6 ml/m<sup>2</sup>/mmHg). H - Thresholds for severe aortic stenosis assessed by aortic valve calcification on CT (Agatston units): men &gt;3,000, women &gt;1,600 = highly likely; men &gt;2000, women &gt;1200 = likely; men &lt; 1600, women &lt; 800 = unlikely. I - Maximum AVA obtained when Q = 250 ml/s calculated as resting AVA +(ΔAVA/ΔQ) × (250-Qrest). SA: aortic stenosis.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Discrepant AS is a challenging entity that can present as multiple phenotypes and requires an echocardiographic approach integrated with other imaging modalities. The most appropriate combination of methods should be used for each patient with consideration of the clinical context.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Baumgartner</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
							<suffix>Chair</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hung</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
							<suffix>Co-Chair</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bermejo</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chambers</surname>
							<given-names>JB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Edvardsen</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goldstein</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: a focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>254</fpage>
					<lpage>275</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew335">https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew335</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>1 Baumgartner H Chair, Hung J Co-Chair, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Edvardsen T, Goldstein S, et al. Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: a focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(3):254-75. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew335">https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew335</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Otto</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Aortic stenosis progression: Doppler echocardiography shifted the paradigm</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>245</fpage>
					<lpage>247</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2020.12.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2020.12.012</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>2 Otto CM. Aortic stenosis progression: Doppler echocardiography shifted the paradigm. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2021;34(3):245-7. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2020.12.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2020.12.012</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vahanian</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beyersdorf</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Praz</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Milojevic</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Baldus</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bauersachs</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
						<collab>ESC/EACTS Scientific Document Group</collab>
					</person-group>
					<chapter-title>2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease</chapter-title>
					<source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>60</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>727</fpage>
					<lpage>800</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezab389">https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezab389</ext-link>
					</comment>
					<comment>Erratum in: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2022 Jan 13</comment>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">34453161</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>3 Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al.; ESC/EACTS Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;60(4):727-800. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezab389">https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezab389</ext-link>. Erratum in: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2022 Jan 13;: PMID: 34453161.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dumesnil</surname>
							<given-names>JG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pibarot</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carabello</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Paradoxical low flow and/or low gradient severe aortic stenosis despite preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: implications for diagnosis and treatment</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>281</fpage>
					<lpage>289</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp361">https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp361</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>4 Dumesnil JG, Pibarot P, Carabello B. Paradoxical low flow and/or low gradient severe aortic stenosis despite preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(3):281-9. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp361">https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp361</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Otto</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nishimura</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bonow</surname>
							<given-names>RO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carabello</surname>
							<given-names>BA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Erwin</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
							<suffix>3rd</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gentile</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>143</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>e72</fpage>
					<lpage>e227</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923</ext-link>
					</comment>
					<comment>Epub 2020 Dec 17. Erratum in: Circulation. 2021 Feb 2;143(5):e229</comment>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">33332150</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>5 Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Gentile F, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021;143(5):e72-e227. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923">https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923</ext-link>. Epub 2020 Dec 17. Erratum in: Circulation. 2021 Feb 2;143(5):e229. PMID: 33332150</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vulesevic</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kubota</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burwash</surname>
							<given-names>IG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cimadevilla</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tubiana</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Duval</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Size-adjusted aortic valve area: refining the definition of severe aortic stenosis</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1142</fpage>
					<lpage>1148</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa295">https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa295</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>6 Vulesevic B, Kubota N, Burwash IG, Cimadevilla C, Tubiana S, Duval X, et al. Size-adjusted aortic valve area: refining the definition of severe aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;22(10):1142-8. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa295">https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa295</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chong</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Senior</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wahi</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Contemporary imaging of aortic stenosis</article-title>
					<source>Hear Lung Circ</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>1310</fpage>
					<lpage>1319</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2019.05.177">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2019.05.177</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>7 Chong A, Senior R, Wahi S. Contemporary imaging of aortic stenosis. Hear Lung Circ. 2019;28(9):1310-9. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2019.05.177">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2019.05.177</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montera</surname>
							<given-names>MW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ramos</surname>
							<given-names>AI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sampaio</surname>
							<given-names>RO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rosa</surname>
							<given-names>VE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Accorsi</surname>
							<given-names>TA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Atualização das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Valvopatias – 2020</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>115</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>720</fpage>
					<lpage>775</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20201047">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20201047</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>8 Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Ramos AI, Sampaio RO, Rosa VE, Accorsi TA, et al. Atualização das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Valvopatias – 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(4):720-75. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20201047">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20201047</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Clavel</surname>
							<given-names>M-A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guzzetti</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Annabi</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salaun</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ong</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pibarot</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Normal-flow low-gradient severe aortic stenosis: myth or reality?</article-title>
					<source>Struct Hear</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>180</fpage>
					<lpage>187</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/24748706.2018.1437934">https://doi.org/10.1080/24748706.2018.1437934</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>9 Clavel M-A, Guzzetti E, Annabi MS, Salaun E, Ong G, Pibarot P. Normal-flow low-gradient severe aortic stenosis: myth or reality? Struct Hear. 2018;2(3):180-7. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/24748706.2018.1437934">https://doi.org/10.1080/24748706.2018.1437934</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Senior</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khattar</surname>
							<given-names>RS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Assessment of aortic stenosis: time to go with the flow</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>75</volume>
					<issue>15</issue>
					<fpage>1770</fpage>
					<lpage>1771</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.042">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.042</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>10 Senior R, Khattar RS. Assessment of aortic stenosis: time to go with the flow. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(15):1770-1. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.042">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.042</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chadha</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bohbot</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lachambre</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rusinaru</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Serbout</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Altes</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Progression of normal flow low gradient “severe” aortic stenosis with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>128</volume>
					<fpage>151</fpage>
					<lpage>158</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.05.003</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>11 Chadha G, Bohbot Y, Lachambre P, Rusinaru D, Serbout S, Altes A, et al. Progression of normal flow low gradient “severe” aortic stenosis with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2020;128:151-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.05.003</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sen</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huynh</surname>
							<given-names>Q</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stub</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neil</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Marwick</surname>
							<given-names>TH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prognosis of severe low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis by stroke volume index and transvalvular flow rate</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>915</fpage>
					<lpage>927</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.12.029</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>12 Sen J, Huynh Q, Stub D, Neil C, Marwick TH. Prognosis of severe low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis by stroke volume index and transvalvular flow rate. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(5):915-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.12.029</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Namasivayam</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>He</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Churchill</surname>
							<given-names>TW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Capoulade</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Transvalvular flow rate determines prognostic value of aortic valve area in aortic stenosis</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>75</volume>
					<issue>15</issue>
					<fpage>175869</fpage>
					<lpage>175869</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.046</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>13 Namasivayam M, He W, Churchill TW, Capoulade R, Liu S, Lee H, et al. Transvalvular flow rate determines prognostic value of aortic valve area in aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(15):175869. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.046</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vamvakidou</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jin</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Danylenko</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chahal</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khattar</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Senior</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Low transvalvular flow rate predicts mortality in patients with low-gradient aortic stenosis following aortic valve intervention</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>1715</fpage>
					<lpage>1724</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.01.011</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>14 Vamvakidou A, Jin W, Danylenko O, Chahal N, Khattar R, Senior R. Low transvalvular flow rate predicts mortality in patients with low-gradient aortic stenosis following aortic valve intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(9):1715-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.01.011</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chahal</surname>
							<given-names>NS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Drakopoulou</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonzalez-Gonzalez</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Manivarmane</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khattar</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Senior</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Resting aortic valve area at normal transaortic flow rate reflects true valve area in suspected low-gradient severe aortic stenosis</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1133</fpage>
					<lpage>1139</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.04.021</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>15 Chahal NS, Drakopoulou M, Gonzalez-Gonzalez AM, Manivarmane R, Khattar R, Senior R. Resting aortic valve area at normal transaortic flow rate reflects true valve area in suspected low-gradient severe aortic stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(10):1133-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.04.021</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Como Eu Faço</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como eu Faço: Avaliação da Estenose Aórtica com Discordância em sua Quantificação</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Beck</surname>
						<given-names>Adenalva Lima de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p>
							<inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom21-ingf01-pt.tif"/>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Carlos Madruga</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p>
							<inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom21-ingf02-pt.tif"/>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal da Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia (ICTDF/FUC), Distrito Federal, DF, Brasília, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sirio Libanes de Brasília, Distrito Federal, DF, Brasília, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Adenalva Lima de Souza Beck</bold> • Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal, Estrada Parque Contorno do Bosque - Bairro Sudoeste, s/n. Brasilia - DF - CEP <postal-code>70673-900</postal-code> E-mail: <email>denalima@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e redação do manuscrito: Beck ALS e Ribeiro LCM; redação do manuscrito: Beck ALS e Ribeiro LCM; revisão crítica quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Beck ALS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Estenose da Valva Aórtica</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A estenose aórtica (EAO) é a valvopatia primária mais comum e importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo inteiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma é o método de primeira linha para diagnóstico, quantificação da gravidade, prognóstico e definição do momento da intervenção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Quando temos velocidade máxima (Vmax) ≥ 4m/s, área valvar aórtica (AVA) ≤ 1,0 cm² e gradiente médio (GM) ≥ 40mmHg, conjuntamente temos o diagnóstico de EAO severa clássica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Porém, em 30% a 40% dos indivíduos com EAO severa, os gradientes e a AVA são discordantes (AVA ≤ 1,0 cm² e GM &lt; 40 mmHg), levando a estenoses de baixo gradiente (EAOBG),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> as quais são o foco desse artigo. Menos frequentemente, também podem ocorrer estenoses de alto gradiente, nas quais se observam GM ≥ 40 mmHg e AVA &gt; 1,0 cm², devido a situações de alto fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Entender os fatores que levam a essa discrepância é fundamental para evitar um diagnóstico incorreto e classificar os diversos fenótipos da EAO severa.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Entendendo o fenômeno de discordância e classificando a estenose aórtica</title>
				<p>A EAO com discordância entre área valvar e gradiente pode se dever a erros de medida, razões fisiológicas (superfície corpórea pequena, estados de fluxo e hipertensão arterial) e incongruências das diretrizes nos critérios de AVA/GM. Dessa forma, em primeiro lugar, devem-se corrigir os fatores fisiológicos e confirmar as medidas. Persistindo a discordância, deve-se classificar o fenótipo de acordo com o estado de fluxo e, se a gravidade for incerta, ela necessita ser confirmada por outros métodos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Classicamente, o fluxo é avaliado pela fração de ejeção e <italic>stroke volume indexado</italic> (SVi). Todos esses aspectos são discutidos a seguir.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Erros no cálculo da área valvar aórtica, stroke volume ou gradiente médio transvalvar aórtico</title>
					<p>Erros de medidas costumam ser a principal causa de estenose aórtica com discordância O erro mais comum está relacionado à subestimativa na medida do diâmetro da via de saída do VE (VSVEd), seja por dificuldade na imagem, principalmente se houver calcificação acentuada, seja por incerteza de onde medir VSVEd ou, por pressupor que a geometria da VSVE é circular, quando na maioria das vezes, ela é elíptica. Erros de poucos milímetros do VSVEd levam a erros exponenciais no cálculo do stroke volume (SV) e da área valvar aórtica (AVA), pela equação de continuidade, levando a falso diagnóstico de EAOBG acentuada. Para minimizar essas limitações, as recomendações para graduação da EAO ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> ) incluem calcular a relação entre a integral de velocidades (VTI) obtidas ao Doppler pulsado (PW) da VSVE e ao Doppler contínuo (CW) da valva aórtica (VAO), que é um índice adimensional. Também, se o paciente tiver superfície corpórea pequena e não for obeso, recomenda-se indexar a AVA para superfície corpórea (AVAi)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> embora esse método de indexação esteja em debate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Recomendações para graduação da estenose aórtica.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Parâmetro</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Esclerose aórtica</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Discreta</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Moderada</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Acentuada</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Vmax, m/s</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">≤ 2,5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2,6-2,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3-3,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente médio, mmHg</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 20</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">20-39</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">≥ 40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Área valvar, cm²</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 1,5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">1,0-1,5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">≤ 1,0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">AVA indexada, cm²/m²</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,85</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,61-0,85</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">≤ 0,6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DVI</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,26-0,50</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">≤ 0,25</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib>Fonte: Baumgartner et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Vmax: velocidade máxima; AVA: área valvar aórtica; DVI: razão entre a integral de velocidades obtidas pelo Doppler pulsado da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo e pelo Doppler contínuo da valva aórtica.</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>Outro erro que pode ocorrer é na obtenção das velocidades ao Doppler. Conforme a equação Doppler, ângulos maiores que 20° entre o feixe de ultrassom e o jato analisado subestimam a velocidade e, consequentemente, o gradiente. O alinhamento do Doppler pode ser desafiador e múltiplas janelas são necessárias.</p>
					<p>Atenção rigorosa à técnica de obtenção das medidas é o primeiro passo para reduzir os erros e evitar discordâncias ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> ). Uma dica para testar a confiabilidade da medida é calcular o VSVEd predito e comparar com o diâmetro medido. Se VSVEd medido for &gt; ou &lt;2 mm que o diâmetro predito, considerar erro de medida ou geometria elíptica. Um outro dado que alerta para erro é se houver AVAi ≤ 0,6 cm²/m² com relação dos VTIs &gt; 0,25. Nesses casos, medidas complementares e outros métodos de imagem são necessários para confirmar a acurácia.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Aspectos técnicos na obtenção de medidas para cálculo da área valvar aórtica.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<td align="center" rowspan="15" valign="middle">
										<inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom21-ingf03-pt.tif"/>
									</td>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"><bold>Atenção rigorosa à técnica de medida da VSVE</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Paraesternal longitudinal</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Obter com <italic>zoom</italic></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Medir da borda interna até borda interna como na figura</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Medir na metade da sistole, paralelo e preferencialmente adjacente à valva aórtica</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">A medida do VSVEd no nível do anel ou a menos de 2 mm do anel é a mais acurada para o cálculo do SV e AVA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Usar o mesmo VSVEd em todos os exames</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Se a medida não for factível ou VSVEd for diferente do diâmetro predito <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">A</xref> (&gt; ou &lt; 2 mm), não utilizar a equação de continuidade. <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">B</xref> Usar o índice adimensional e outros métodos</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"><bold>Atenção à obtenção das velocidades</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Posicionar o volume de amostra do PW no mesmo local onde foi medido o VSVEd e garantir o melhor envelopamento.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Obter velocidades em apnéia expiratória não forçada para evitar mudança do local do volume de amostra.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Interrogar a velocidade transvalvar aórtica com CW em múltiplas janelas</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Relatar a incidência onde foi obtido a maior velocidade e gradiente, para permitir comparação seriada e avaliação prognóstico</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Se a velocidade do PW VSVE for &gt; 1,5m/s (aceleração subvalvar fixa <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">C</xref> ), GM, SV e AVA .não são confiáveis.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Sempre obter média de 3 medidas se ritmo sinusal e 5 medidas se arritmia</bold></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>CW: Doppler contínuo; GM: gradiente médio; PW: Doppler pulsado; V: velocidade; VSVEd: diâmetro da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; SV: stroke volume</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<label>A</label>
								<p>VSVEd predito = (5.7 X Superfície corpórea) + 12,1 (não usar em obesos).</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<label>B</label>
								<p>VTI: integral de velocidades. Equação de continuidade é calculada como: SV/integral de velocidades ao Doppler contínuo, onde SV=(0,785 x VSVEd²/2).</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<label>C</label>
								<p>Septo sigmóide, membrana subvalvar ou cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva podem levar a aceleração subvalvar e superestimar GM e SV, com subestimativa da AVA, mesmo na ausência de estenose significativa (correlacionar com anatomia valvar).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Incongruência das diretrizes na definição de gravidade por área valvar aórtica/gradiente</title>
					<p>Alguns estudos sugerem que gradiente ≥ 40 mmHg está relacionado a uma área &lt; 0,8 cm². Por esse motivo, áreas entre 0,8 cm² e 1,0 cm² podem estar em uma zona cinzenta, com gradientes intermediários (entre 30 mmHg e 40 mmHg), o que justificaria a discrepância entre área valvar e gradiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Estado de fluxo</title>
					<p>Estados de baixo fluxo também podem justificar discrepância entre AVA e gradiente, porque subestimam o gradiente, mesmo na presença de uma estenose severa. De fato, pelo princípio da dinâmica dos fluidos, o gradiente de pressão é diretamente proporcional ao quadrado do fluxo e inversamente proporcional ao quadrado da área valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ou seja, uma pequena redução do fluxo pode levar a grandes reduções no gradiente. Nesse caso, podemos ter duas situações já bem descritas:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> EAO com baixo gradiente e com baixo fluxo (EAOBGBF) clássica, devido à fração de ejeção de ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida (&lt; 50%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e EAOBGBF paradoxal, na qual a FEVE é preservada (≥ 50%), porém o VE é pequeno e remodelado/hipertrófico e observa-se SVi ≤ 35 mL/m².</p>
					<p>Uma outra situação que responde por quase metade dos casos de EAO discordante, mas que gera ainda muito debate, é a estenose de baixo gradiente com fluxo normal (EAOBGFN), na qual a FEVE também é preservada, e o SVi é &gt; 35mL/m². Como não parece plausível do ponto de vista da dinâmica de fluidos, costuma ser atribuída a erros de medidas, à pequena superfície corpórea ou à inconsistência das diretrizes. No entanto alguns estudos demonstraram que, ao excluir esses fatores, até 50% desses pacientes possuem EAO severa verdadeira, sugerindo que essa é uma entidade real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Outros estudos acreditam que a EAOBGFN represente um estágio intermediário entre moderada e severa, de progressão mais rápida, requerendo observação vigilante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Avaliar a taxa de fluxo (Q) – além do SVi – e a complacência arterial sistêmica (CAS) pode ajudar a explicar essa entidade e refinar o diagnóstico e prognóstico da EAOBG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A taxa de fluxo transvalvar (Q) é o volume ejetado por unidade de tempo através da valva aórtica durante o período de ejeção e é medido como SV/Tempo de ejeção (TEJ). Q expressa a verdadeira energia necessária para abrir a valva e, portanto, pode ser um parâmetro mais acurado de fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Na EAOBGFN, Q pode estar baixo, a despeito de SV normal, devido ao aumento do TEJ. Esse aumento do TEJ se deve à resistência valvar aumentada ou à CAS reduzida. Por outro lado, CAS reduzida também pode reduzir GM na vigência de fluxo normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Estudos também demonstram que, em condições de taxa de fluxo (Q) normal, AVA medida no repouso deve ser considerada verdadeira e refletir a gravidade da EAO, mais do que SVi ou FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Então, na forma clássica de EAOBG, diferente do que é preconizado, a normalização do fluxo com eco sob estresse só seria necessário se Q &lt; 200mL/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Considerando a complexidade da EAO discordante, AVA, GM e Vmax não são suficientes. Como vimos, faz-se necessária uma abordagem integrada, a qual está resumida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Algoritmo diagnóstico na estenose aórtica discordante adaptado.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom21-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Fonte: adaptado de Vahanian et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> . FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; AVAproj = área valvar áortica projetada GM: gradiente médio; SC: superfície corpórea; AVAi: área valvar aórtica indexada; SVi: stroke volume indexado; VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; VTIs: integral de velocidades; TA: tempo de aceleração: TEJ: Tempo de ejeção; TC: tomografia computadorizada; Vmax: velocidade máxima; VTI: integral de velocidades; Q: taxa de fluxo. 3D: tridimensional; A - Não indexar em obesos (IMC ≥ 30kg/m<sup>2</sup>) B - Diâmetro predito = (5,7 × Superfície corpórea) +12,1; C - SV 3D não pode ser medido na presença de insuficiência mitral maior que discreta. D - Situações de alto fluxo podem ser reversíveis em pacientes com anemia, febre, hipertireodismo ou fístula artério-venosa e irreversíveis na insuficiência aórtica significativa. E - Utilizar limites maiores para definir EAO severa: SVi≥42ml/m<sup>2</sup>e AVA &lt; 1,2cm<sup>2</sup>. F - Reserva de fluxo = aumento &gt;20% SV ou Q, em resposta à dobutamina em baixa dose. Estenose aórtica pseudosevera = AVA &gt;1,0 cm2 com fluxo aumentado. G- hipertrofia do VE (na ausência de hipertensão coexistente), strain global longitudinal do VE &lt; 16% (sem outra causa) (se padrão “apical sparing” considerar amiloidose associada), Zva (ou impedância arterial = GM + Pressão arterial sistólica/SVi) &gt; 4,5mmHg/ml/m<sup>2</sup>, complacência vascular arterial (SVi/Pressão arterial sistólica-Pressão arterial diastólica) &lt; 0,6ml/m<sup>2</sup>/mmHg). H - Limiares para estenose aórtica severa avaliados por meio de calcificação da valva aórtica na TC (unidades Agatston): homens &gt;3.000, mulheres &gt;1.600 = altamente provável; homens &gt;2000, mulheres &gt;1200 = provável; homens &lt; 1600, mulheres &lt;800 = improvável. I - AVA máxima obtida quando Q = 250ml/s calculada como AVArepouso +(ΔAVA/ΔQ) × (250-Qrepouso). EAO: estenose aortica.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A estenose aórtica com discordância é uma entidade desafiadora que pode se apresentar com múltiplos fenótipos e requer uma abordagem ecocardiográfica integrada a outras modalidades de imagem. Para cada paciente, deve-se utilizar a combinação de métodos mais adequada e sempre considerar o contexto clínico.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>