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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20223501ecom20</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223501ecom20</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>My Approach To</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to the Echocardiographic Assessment of Anderson-Fabry Disease</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Marques e Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Sandra</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p>
							<inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom20-ingf01.tif"/>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF), DF. Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sandra Marques e Silva •</bold> Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF), DF. Brazil. E-mail: <email>smarquesmd@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>The author declares no conflicts of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>ecom20</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Fabry Disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>Echocardiographic assessment of anderson-fabry disease</title>
			<p>Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is a rare lysosomal inborn metabolism error due to changes to the long arm of the X chromosome that result in deficiencies of the alpha-galactosidase enzyme, which is responsible for metabolizing glycosphingolipids. Systemic presentations result from the accumulation of these substances in the cells of organs such as the heart, central and peripheral nervous system, kidneys, eyes, skin, and others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This heart disease, which resembles a sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenocopy, is a main cause of mortality due to heart failure, arrhythmia, and/or myocardial ischemia in this population in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The natural disease progression can be changed by an accurate and early diagnosis and the availability of specific intravenous enzyme replacement or oral chaperone therapy, thereby increasing quality of life and life expectancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Thus, echocardiography plays an essential role as a diagnostic and risk stratification tool in the assessment of therapeutic efficacy and the investigation of cardiac complications.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>My approach</title>
			<p>A quick anamnesis and precordium auscultation can aid the echocardiographic investigation prior to the test. A detailed history is not always possible, but complaints of intolerance to exertion, chest pain, and palpitations in a young person with no known pathologies should be highlighted. Adolescents and young adults with a history of physical exercise problems in childhood, hypohidrosis, neuropathic pain in the extremities, and/or the presence of reddish nodular lesions on the mucous membranes or in a swimsuit distribution pattern (angiokeratomas) may indicate carriers of the classic form of the disease. Some patients report a family history of AFD and heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and/or cerebral ischemia at an early age; these data are valuable. If an electrocardiogram is available, the presence of ventricular overload signs associated with a short PR interval, arrhythmias, and/or a QTc &lt; 440 ms may help confirm the suspected diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The flagship of AFD cardiomyopathy on conventional two-dimensional echocardiography is the presence of hypertrophy. However, it may not be present in the early stages of the disease or might assume unusual aspects. The increased wall thickness is typically concentric, and values greater than 11 mm in women and 12 mm in men are considered pathological by the main international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Such measures are valid for phenocopy situations and would not work for true hypertrophies such as those in sarcomeric heart diseases, whose values are considered diagnostic if greater than 15 mm in index cases and greater than13 mm in family screening situations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Isolated asymmetric and apical forms are also described; in all cases, left ventricular (LV) outflow tract obstruction is not usually present. More severe cases of hypertrophy are observed concomitantly with chronic renal failure or other outflow tract obstructions, such as rheumatic disease. The right ventricle may be affected by deposits and present 50–70% increased parietal thickness, usually associated with LV hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Papillary muscle hypertrophy is visible even in the first ultrasound sections, but it is not a determinant of the onset of significant intraventricular gradients or severe valvular dysfunction. The latter is often discrete to moderate, and it usually does not progress to severe forms that require correction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The binary sign, histological correspondent of glycosphingolipid deposits in the endocardium, is visible on two-dimensional images but not currently considered a pathognomonic finding of the disease. It is present in 20–30% of cases, being usually associated with increased ventricular thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The presence of diastolic function changes is usually the earliest AFD cardiomyopathy finding. Cases of patients younger than 40 years of age without underlying diseases such as renal disorders, systemic arterial hypertension, or heart valve disease and presenting decreased tissue Doppler mitral annulus propagation velocities or transmitral flow should be highlighted even if the ventricle is not hypertrophic. Left atrial dilatation indicates advanced disease and is usually present in the final stages of the heart disease progression. This is also true for the development of diastolic dysfunction above grade II and for patterns with restrictive physiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Systolic function, on the other hand, remains normal over most of the disease course unless other comorbidities such as coronary artery disease, kidney disease, or uncontrolled hypertension are present. New assessment techniques such as myocardial strain have detected subclinical changes, even in the presence of preserved ejection fraction. An LV assessment shows a reduced AFD global longitudinal strain due to a characteristic strain change in the basal region of the lower lateral wall. Dysfunction may be more diffuse over the natural course of the disease without adequate clinical treatment. The right ventricle and left atrium may also present decreased strain. These findings add prognostic value and may predict future clinical decompensation with heart failure and arrhythmias, which worsen in the presence of underlying myocardial fibrosis. Although the gold-standard method for this diagnosis is magnetic resonance imaging, this technique may suggest this change.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Longitudinal parasternal image of the left ventricle showing increased wall thickness, a granulated myocardium (suggestive of deposit disease), increased mitral and aortic valve thickness, and increased endocardial refringence (binary sign).</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom20-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Five-chamber apical image of the left ventricle demonstrating increased papillary muscle thickness.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom20-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="f3">
				<label>Figure 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Doppler images of the left ventricle of a patient with advanced fabry cardiomyopathy. A. transmitral flow pulsed wave doppler showing an increased e/a ratio. B. mitral ring tissue doppler in the septal position with a decreased propagation velocity and increased e/e′ ratio. both changes are compatible with a left ventricle diastolic dysfunction pattern.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom20-gf03.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The aorta may present increased proximal portion dimensions determined by the deposits. However, the progression to aneurysmal forms requiring specific treatment is very rare and usually associated with other pathologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>All of the findings described above should be investigated by the echocardiographer as a possible AFD cardiomyopathy. In many cases, the clinician treating the patient must be informed of this diagnostic hypothesis in the patient’s final report. However, echocardiography alone is insufficient to confirm the diagnosis, which requires complementary investigation with magnetic resonance or other diagnostic methods. Genotyping is essential to determining the point of genome change and classifying the disease as classic or late presentation (late onset or cardiac form)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> . The progression of these variants is dissimilar and the findings may have an earlier onset and be more severe in the former than the latter situation. Finally, the process to access the specific treatment (judicially in Brazil) depends on this information.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Como Eu Faço</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço Avaliação Ecocardiografica da Doença de Fabry</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Marques e Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Sandra</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p>
							<inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom20-ingf01-pt.tif"/>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF), DF. Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Sandra Marques e Silva •</bold> Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF), DF. Brasil. E-mail: <email>smarquesmd@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
					<p>A autora declara não ter conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Doença de Fabry</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>Avaliação ecocardiografica da doença de fabry</title>
				<p>A doença de Anderson Fabry é uma patologia rara, lisossômica, classificada como um erro inato do metabolismo por alterações em genes do braço longo do cromossomo X, que resultam na deficiência da enzima alfa-galactosidase, responsável pelo metabolismo de glicoesfingolipídeos. As manifestações sistêmicas decorrem do acúmulo dessas substâncias em células de órgãos como coração, sistema nervoso central e periférico, rins, olhos e pele, entre outras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Deve-se ressaltar que a cardiopatia, cujo aspecto é de fenocópia de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica sarcomérica, é uma das principais causas de mortalidade nessa população no Brasil por quadro de insuficiência cardíaca, arritmia e/ou isquemia miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O diagnóstico, quando realizado de forma acurada e precoce, bem como a disponibilidade de tratamento específico por meio de terapia de reposição enzimática (endovenosa) ou por chaperona (oral), é capaz de mudar a evolução natural da doença, aumentando a qualidade e a expectativa de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nesse sentido, a ecocardiografia assume um papel essencial como instrumento diagnóstico, estratificador de risco, de avaliação de eficácia terapêutica bem como de investigação de intercorrências cardíacas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Como eu faço</title>
				<p>Antes da realização do exame propriamente dito, uma rápida anamnese e a ausculta do precórdio podem auxiliar a investigação ecocardiográfica. Nem sempre é possível se obter uma história detalhada, mas a presença de queixas de intolerância aos esforços, dor precordial e palpitações em indivíduo jovem e sem patologias conhecidas deve ser ressaltada. Adolescentes e adultos jovens com antecedente de problemas para fazer exercícios físicos na infância, hipo-hidrose, dor neuropática de extremidades e/ou presença de lesões nodulares avermelhadas em mucosas ou região de calção de banho (angioqueratomas) podem indicar portadores da forma clássica da doença. Existem casos de pacientes que relatam história familiar de doença de Fabry, bem como de cardiopatia, doença renal crônica e/ou isquemia cerebral em idades precoces, e tais dados devem ser valorizados. Caso um eletrocardiograma esteja disponível, a presença de sinais de sobrecarga ventricular associados à presença de intervalo PR curto, arritmias e/ou de QTc &lt;440ms pode auxiliar no embasamento da suspeita diagnóstica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O carro-chefe da cardiomiopatia da doença de Anderson Fabry (CMPDAF) ao ecocardiograma bidimensional convencional é a presença da hipertrofia. No entanto, esta pode não estar presente em fases iniciais da doença e nem mesmo assumir aspectos não habituais. O aumento da espessura da parede é tipicamente concêntrico, e valores superiores a 11mm em mulheres e 12mm em homens são considerados patológicos pelas principais diretrizes internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Tais medidas são válidas para situações de fenocópias e não caberiam para hipertrofias verdadeiras, como as das cardiopatias sarcoméricas, cujos valores são considerados diagnósticos, se superiores a 15mm em casos índices e 13mm em situações de rastreamento familiar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Formas assimétricas e apicais isoladas também são descritas e, em todos os casos, habitualmente não há obstrução de via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo. Casos mais graves de hipertrofia são observados na concomitância de insuficiência renal crônica ou outras situações de obstruções ao fluxo de via de saída como doença reumática. O ventrículo direito pode estar acometido pelos depósitos e apresentar aumento da espessura parietal em 50% a 70%, estando geralmente associado à hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A hipertrofia da musculatura papilar chama a atenção ainda nos primeiros cortes ultrassonográficos, mas não são determinantes de surgimento de gradientes intraventriculares significativos, nem de disfunções valvares severas. Estas últimas, em geral, apresentam níveis discretos a moderados e habitualmente não evoluem para formas graves com necessidade de abordagem corretiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O sinal binário, correspondente histológico dos depósitos de esfingoglicolipídeos no endocárdio, pode ser visto nas imagens bidimensionais, mas não é considerado na atualidade um achado patognomônico da doença. Está presente em 20% a 30% dos casos e, geralmente, é associado à presença do aumento da espessura ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A presença de alterações de função diastólica em geral é o achado mais precoce da CMPDAF. Mesmo em um ventrículo não acometido por hipertrofia, chama a atenção os casos de pacientes jovens com menos de 40 anos, sem doenças de base, como a renal, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica ou a valvulopatia, e que exibem diminuição das velocidades de propagação ao Doppler tecidual do anel mitral ou mesmo do fluxo transmitral. O achado de dilatação do átrio esquerdo é parte de doença avançada e costuma estar presente em fases finais da evolução da cardiopatia. O mesmo é válido para o desenvolvimento de disfunção diastólica de grau acima de II e para padrões com fisiologia restritiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Imagem paraesternal longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo evidenciando aumentos da espessura da parede, aspecto granulado do miocárdio (sugestivo de doença de depósito), aumento da espessura das válvulas mitral e aórtica e aumento da refringência do endocárdio (sinal binário).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom20-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Imagem apical cinco câmaras do ventrículo esquerdo evidenciando aumentos da espessura do músculo papilar.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom20-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Imagens obtidas por meio do Doppler do ventrículo esquerdo em paciente com cardiomiopatia de Fabry avançada. (A) Doppler pulsado do fluxo transmitral evidenciando aumento da relação E/a. (B) Doppler tecidual do anel mitral em posição septal com velocidade de propagação diminuída e relação E/e’ aumentada. Ambas as alterações são compatíveis com padrão de disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-35-1-ecom20-gf03-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>A função sistólica, por outro lado, permanece normal pela maior parte da evolução da doença, a não ser que existam outras comorbidades, como coronariopatia, doença renal ou hipertensão arterial descontrolada. Novas técnicas de avaliação, como a do <italic>strain</italic> miocárdico, têm demonstrado alterações subclínicas, mesmo na vigência de fração de ejeção preservada. O <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal da CMPDAF se apresenta diminuído na avaliação do ventrículo esquerdo em função da alteração característica do <italic>strain</italic> em região basal de parede lateral inferior. Em situações de não tratamento clínico adequado e de evolução natural da doença, a disfunção pode ser mais difusa. O ventrículo direito e o átrio esquerdo também podem exibir diminuição do <italic>strain</italic> . Esses achados agregam valor prognóstico e podem predizer descompensação clínica futura com quadros de insuficiência cardíaca e arritmias. Estes são tanto piores quanto exista fibrose miocárdica subjacente. Apesar de o padrão-ouro para esse diagnóstico ser a ressonância magnética, a técnica pode sugerir tal alteração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A artéria aorta pode apresentar aumento de suas dimensões em porção proximal, também determinadas pelos depósitos. No entanto, a evolução para formas aneurismáticas, com necessidade de tratamento específico, é muito rara e, geralmente, está associada a outras patologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Todos os achados aqui descritos devem chamar a atenção do ecocardiografista para a possibilidade de diagnóstico da CMPDAF e, em muitos casos, o clínico responsável pelo paciente precisa ser alertado no laudo final dessa hipótese diagnóstica. No entanto, a ecocardiografia não é suficiente para fechar o diagnóstico e a complementação da investigação com a ressonância magnética ou com outros métodos diagnósticos se faz necessária. A realização da genotipagem é imperativa para a determinação do ponto de alteração do genoma e para a classificação nas formas clássica ou de manifestação tardia ( <italic>late onset ou</italic> forma cardíaca).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A evolução dessas variantes não é semelhante a no primeiro caso os achados podem ser mais precoces e mais graves que na segunda situação. Por fim, o processo de acesso ao tratamento específico, no Brasil feito por via judicial, depende dessa informação.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>