<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20223501eabc274</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223501eabc274</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Factors Associated With Abnormalities On Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy In Diabetic Patients</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Alfredo Lírio da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Álisson Carvalho de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Watanabe</surname>
						<given-names>Bianca Naomi Sada</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Helena Bigarella</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Porath</surname>
						<given-names>Heloisa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bettini</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Antonio Fruet</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Moreira</surname>
						<given-names>Luciane</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dopheide</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos Germano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Positivo University</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Paraná</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Positivo University, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Paraná</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paraná</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Paraná</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>4</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Paraná</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>5</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Paulo</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Heloisa Porath •</bold> Rua Padre Anchieta, 2.933 – Bigorrilho. CEP <postal-code>80730-000</postal-code> – Curitiba, PR, Brazil. E-mail: <email>heloisa_porath@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Authors’ contributions</bold></p>
					<p>Research conception and design: LAF Bettini, MG Dopheide; Data collection: AC Freitas, LAF Bettini; Data analysis and interpretation: MG Dopheide, H Porath; Statistical analysis: AL Cruz, BS Watanabe; Manuscript writing: BS Jaya, AC Freitas; Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: H Bigarella, H Porath, L Moreira.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>35</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc274</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the greatest risk factor for coronary artery disease. In addition to a long duration of diabetes, the presence of peripheral arterial disease and smoking are strong predictors of abnormalities on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). This study aimed to assess the impact of risk factors in diabetic patients on MPS results and compare them with those of non-diabetic patients in a nuclear medicine clinic. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed through the analysis of the medical records of patients who underwent MPS in 2010–2019. A total of 34,736 medical records were evaluated. Analyzing the stress phase of MPS, DM patients required two-fold more pharmacological stimulation than non-diabetic patients for MPS. Factors that negatively impact the MPS results were also evaluated, and DM (33.6%), insulin therapy (18.1%), systemic arterial hypertension (69.9%), dyslipidemia (53%), sedentary lifestyle (83.1%), use of pharmacological stress (50.6%), typical chest pain (8.5%), and limiting angina during the test (1.7%) were significantly associated (p &lt; 0.001) with test abnormalities.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventilation-Perfusion Scan</kwd>
				<kwd>Pharmacological Stress</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="17"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a disease of high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality worldwide, causing serious public health problems, especially in underdeveloped or developing countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> An estimated 382 million people currently live with DM, a figure that is projected to grow to 592 million people by 2035, with around 11 million cases in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> About 5.1 million people died from DM complications in 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This increased incidence is mainly due to population aging and new eating habits, obesity, and sedentary lifestyles, which have become common in today’s society.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>DM is a major disease that has both early and late complications, all of which have poor prognosis if left untreated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The Framingham study pointed out that DM patients have a two- to four-fold greater risk of developing coronary heart disease than individuals without DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This happens because the atherosclerotic process progresses earlier and more rapidly in DM patients than in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The main causes of death in patients with DM are acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke, but they do not always show clinical signs and symptoms compatible with these acute arterial events, which greatly delays the start of cardiovascular treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Haffner et al. estimated that patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and DM have a greater than 70% higher risk of death within 10 years and reported that the mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases in DM patients without a history of AMI was similar to that of patients without type 2 DM and a history of AMI. In addition, the association of DM and CAD is already seen in the early stages of glucose intolerance and abnormal fasting glucose levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Thus, the early diagnosis of these patients is relevant to avoiding negative outcomes. In addition to investigating traditional risk factors, cardiovascular disease screening in DM patients should also be complemented by other tests, such as electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, exercise stress testing, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS), and magnetic resonance imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The American Diabetes Association recommends that DM patients with typical or atypical symptoms of CAD or a resting ECG showing changes suggestive of AMI should undergo echocardiography or MPS under physical or pharmacological stress. The exercise test is the most indicated for asymptomatic patients aged over 35 years who are sedentary and planning to start physical activity or patients with arteriopathy (peripheral, carotid) or at least two risk factors (systemic arterial hypertension [SAH], dyslipidemia, smoking, family history of AMI, and albuminuria).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>MPS presents a specificity of 74% and sensitivity of 88% in CAD assessments . Nevertheless, the 2020 Brazilian Nuclear Cardiology Guideline highlights that patients at intermediate risk of ischemic heart disease benefit more from MPS than patients at low risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The Basel Asymptomatic High-Risk Diabetics’ Outcome Trial multicenter study of 400 DM patients without CAD history or symptoms revealed that male sex, long-term DM, peripheral arterial disease, smoking, and high systolic blood pressure were strong predictors of MPS abnormalities. When more than three factors were present, 47% of patients had abnormal scan findings. The study also showed that 22% of evaluated patients had silent CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In contrast, the Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics clinical trial questioned the usefulness of MPS as a screening test. The study assessed 1,123 patients with type 2 DM without symptoms of coronary heart disease and previously recognized coronary disease, reporting a small rate of cardiac events not significantly reduced by myocardial ischemia screening with adenosine perfusion scintigraphy during a follow-up of 4.8 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Thus, this study aimed to compare the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on MPS results between diabetic and non-diabetic patients.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This clinical, retrospective, cross-sectional, and observational study analyzed the medical records of patients undergoing MPS between February 2010 and May 2019 in a private nuclear medicine service in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</p>
			<p>In this interval, 44,584 patients underwent MPS. Of them, 9,848 were removed for meeting the exclusion criteria (history of previous CAD, congenital heart disease, being younger than 18 years, and unknown DM status). The final sample consisted of 34,736 patients, who were divided into two groups: 7,968 (22.9%) were diabetic and 26,768 (77.1%) were non-diabetic.</p>
			<p>The collected and analyzed variables included imaging test results (fibrosis and ischemia), age, body mass index (BMI), presence of SAH (previous documentation of blood pressure &gt; 140/90 mmHg in two or more occasions and/or history of antihypertensive drug use), DM (previous documentation of fasting blood glucose &gt; 126 mg/dL, blood glucose &gt; 200 mg/dL after oral glucose tolerance test, glycated hemoglobin higher than 6.5%, and/or history of hypoglycemic drug use), dyslipidemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dL, triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL, and/or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol &lt; 45 mg/dL), smoking, sedentary lifestyle (aerobic physical activity for less than 30 min three times a week), chest pain (typical or atypical), positive family history of CAD, use of insulin, need for pharmacological stimulation in the stress phase of the test, and presence of angina (according to the angina index, which assesses the presence of angina during exercise testing and its test limitations).</p>
			<p>MPS was performed by single photon emission computed tomography, in which three-dimensional and tomographic images of the heart were obtained (in the long horizontal, long vertical, and short axis views) after isotonic exercise on a treadmill or pharmacological stress in cases of patients who were unable to perform exercise; and at rest, 60 min after intravenous administration of the 99mTc-SESTAMIBI radiotracer. Transient or persistent perfusion defects were considered criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemic disease, and the presence of these defects categorized the MPS findings as positive.</p>
			<p>The data were stored in a database and subsequently analyzed using Stata software. The qualitative variables are expressed as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, while quantitative variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation. Differences between quantitative variables were calculated using Student’s t-test. Differences between qualitative variables were calculated using the chi-square or Fisher’s exact test when indicated. The significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05 (5%).</p>
			<p>This study was authorized by the Research Ethics Committee of Positivo University (Plataforma Brasil: 4316693), which waived the need for informed consent because of its retrospective nature of data collection from medical records, lack of patient risk, and lack of directly or indirectly interfering with treatment.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>Of the 34,736 evaluated patients, 7,968 (22.9%) had DM; of those, 2,602 (32.6%) showed MPS changes (fibrosis and/or ischemia). As for the 26,768 (77.1%) non-diabetic evaluated patients, 19.2% underwent MPS ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy results by study group.</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="17%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Results</th>
							<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Changed</th>
							<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Unchanged</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Diabetic</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Non-diabetic</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Diabetic</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Non-diabetic</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2,602 (32.7%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5,144 (19.2%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3,089 (67.3%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">21,624 (80.8%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Changes</bold></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>p&lt;0.001</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrosis + ischemia</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">97 (1.2%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">203 (0.8%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrosis</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">129 (1.6%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">331 (1.2%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Ischemia</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2,376 (29.8%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4,610 (17.2%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Mean age and BMI were significantly higher in patients with DM (p &lt; 0.001). DM patients had a higher prevalence of SAH, dyslipidemia, and sedentary lifestyle (p &lt; 0.001) and needed pharmacologically induced stress during the test. In addition, smokers (p &lt; 0.001) and male subjects (p = 0.047) showed a higher prevalence of non-DM ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Profiles of diabetic versus non-diabetic patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="25%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Variable</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Non-diabetic <break/> (n = 26,798 [77.1%])</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Diabetic <break/> (n = 7,968 [22.9%])</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">60.03±12.91</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">64.92±10.58</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Men (Overall: 16,564 [47.68%])</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">12,842 (48.0%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3,722 (46.7%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.047</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Body mass index</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">27.62 ± 4.82</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">29.60 ± 5.28</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">14,368 (53.7%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6,296 (79.0%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">12,277 (45.9%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5,000 (62.8%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Family history of CAD</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4,769 (17.8%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1,370 (17.2%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.2</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">20,315 (75.9%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6,385 (80.1%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Current smoking</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2,663 (9.9%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">681 (8.5%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Pharmacological stress</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7,202 (26.9%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3,089 (38.8%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Insulin therapy</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1,125 (14,1%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>CAD, coronary artery disease.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Most participants were asymptomatic, and atypical chest pain was more prevalent than typical chest pain in both groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> ). Among our population, 33,328 (95.9%) patients experienced no pain during cardiovascular stress testing (95.8% of non-diabetic versus 96% of diabetic participants). In both groups, 0.5% of the patients had angina with test limitations and just over 3% had angina without test limitations (p = 0.88).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t3">
				<label>Table 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Symptoms of diabetic versus non-diabetic patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="25%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Variable</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Non-diabetic <break/> (n = 26,798 [77.1%])</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Diabetic <break/> (n = 7,968 [22.9%])</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">P value</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Chest pain</bold></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>0.002</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Absent</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">18.221 (68.3%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5.511 (69.5%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Atypical</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7.011 (26.3%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.947 (24.5%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Typical</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.439 (5.4%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">474 (6.0%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Angina index</bold></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>0.88</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Absence of pain</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">25.654 (95.8%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7.647 (96.0%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Non-limiting angina</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">969 (3.6%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">280 (3.5%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Limiting angina</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">144 (0.5%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">41 (0.5%)</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>The group of patients with changes on MPS had a higher rate of DM and insulin dependency, older age, higher BMI, SAH, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, use of pharmacological stress testing, chest pain, and angina during exercise testing ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> ; p &lt; 0.001). Male patients were more prevalent in the group without changes on MPS (p &lt; 0.001), while smoking and a family history of CAD showed no statistically significant intergroup differences.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t4">
				<label>Table 4</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy results by risk factors.</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="25%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy result</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Variables (n; %)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Changed <break/> (N = 7,746 [22.2%])</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Unchanged <break/> (N = 26,990 [77.7%])</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">P value</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2.602 (33.6%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5.366 (19.9%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Insulin therapy</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">471 (18.1%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">654 (12.2%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">66.21 ± 11.92</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">59.70 ± 12.39</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Men</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3.251 (42.0%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">13.313 (49.3%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Body mass index</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">28.50 ± 5.17</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">27.95 ± 4.94</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">5.414 (69.9%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">15.250 (56.5%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4.109 (53.0%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">13.168 (48.8%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Family history of coronary artery disease</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.354 (17.5%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4.785 (17.7%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.61</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6.438 (83.1%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">20.262 (75.1%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">776 (10.0%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2.568 (9.5%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">0.19</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Pharmacological stress</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3.907 (50.6%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6.384 (23.7%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Chest pain</bold></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>&lt;0.001</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Absent</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">4.960 (64.5%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">18.772 (69.8%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Atypical</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">2.080 (27.0%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6.878 (25.6%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Typical</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">654 (8.5%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">1.259 (4.7%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Angina index</bold></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>&lt;0.001</bold></td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Absence of pain</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">7.077 (91.4%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">26.224 (97.2%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Non-limiting angina</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">536 (6.9%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">713 (2.6%)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Limiting angina</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">133 (1.7%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">52 (0.2%)</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>DM and its effect on the cardiovascular system are associated with risk factors, with atherosclerosis being ascribed a central role in the etiology of cardiac ischemic events. The hypothesis for the initial atherosclerotic lesion is based on endothelial dysfunction, which presents as an early marker of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Traditional cardiovascular risk factors include those disrupting or attacking the oxidative metabolism of this tissue, which were also seen in this study: age, male sex, SAH, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, sedentary lifestyle, and overweight.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Although smoking and a family history of CAD are established risk factors in the literature, they were not statistically significant in this study. The lack of information on smoking history and on diseases affecting family members interfered with the research results.</p>
			<p>Endothelial dysfunction has been documented in patients with DM, insulin resistance, or a high risk for the development of type 2 DM. Such patients require multidisciplinary follow-up to stop the progression of DM complications and assess the prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Our sample demonstrated that DM is such an important risk factor that it stands out compared to others. Of all variables analyzed, DM is an alarming risk factor, alone or in combination.</p>
			<p>During examination, patients are subjected to exercise stress testing or pharmacological stress testing to assess the cardiac response to exertion. DM patients may be unable to complete a symptom-limited exercise test due to obesity, peripheral vascular disease, or peripheral neuropathy, thus requiring pharmacological stress testing. In this study, the use of pharmacological stress and the presence of chest pain were higher in DM patients, being linked to more MPS changes than in non-diabetic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Studies by Caobelli F et al and Bourque JM et al also discussed the relationship between these factors. Both stated that a greater need for pharmacological stress is related to the presence of more comorbidities and physical limitations, consequently leading to a worse prognosis. Caobelli reinforced that diabetic patients tend to have worse health conditions (presence of peripheral arterial disease, lower aerobic capacity, reduced strength compared to healthy patients, and others). The author also emphasized that the longer the DM duration, the greater the limitations and risk of complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The present study has some biases that limit its objectivity. The first is its sample, since the participants undergoing MPS had clinical indications and were not randomly selected from the general population. Another challenge was the scarcity of data on continuous-use medications, time of DM progression, smoking history, complete lipid profile, and adequate comorbidity and symptom control related to the MPS results. We emphasize that the patient profiles involved healthcare bias due to the presence of multiple comorbidities and the need for increased health care. DM patients more commonly require frequent medical appointments and greater attention to their health, which could have caused statistically significant changes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Diabetic patients had a higher prevalence of risk factors and abnormal MPS results than non-diabetic patients. Thus, DM, physical inactivity, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, typical chest pain, limiting angina during pharmacological stress, need for pharmacological stress testing, and insulin therapy significantly influenced the test results. In addition, DM patients have a greater need for pharmacological stimulation to undergo MPS testing than non-diabetic patients.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Guariguata</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Whiting</surname>
							<given-names>DR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hambleton</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beagley</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Linnenkamp</surname>
							<given-names>U</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shaw</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035</article-title>
					<source>Diabetes Res Clin Pract</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>103</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>137</fpage>
					<lpage>149</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>1 Guariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw JE. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(2):137-49. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wild</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Roglic</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Green</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sicree</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>King</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030</article-title>
					<source>Diabetes Care</source>
					<year>2004</year>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1047</fpage>
					<lpage>1053</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>2 Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047-53. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>International Diabetes Federation (IDF)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Diabetes atlas</source>
					<edition>6th ed</edition>
					<publisher-loc>Bruxelas, Bélgica</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>IDF</publisher-name>
					<year>2013</year>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>3 International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes atlas. 6th ed. Bruxelas, Bélgica: IDF; 2013.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shaw</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sicree</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zimmet</surname>
							<given-names>PZ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030</article-title>
					<source>Diabetes Res Clin Pract</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>87</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>4</fpage>
					<lpage>14</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>4 Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87(1):4-14. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wackers</surname>
							<given-names>FJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Young</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Inzucchi</surname>
							<given-names>SE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chyun</surname>
							<given-names>DA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davey</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barrett</surname>
							<given-names>EJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics Investigators. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study</article-title>
					<source>Diabetes Care</source>
					<year>2004</year>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1954</fpage>
					<lpage>1961</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2337/diacare.27.8.1954</pub-id>
					<comment>Erratum in: Diabetes Care. 2005;28(2):504</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>5 Wackers FJ, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, et al.; Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics Investigators. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):1954-61. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.8.1954. Erratum in: Diabetes Care. 2005;28(2):504.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zellweger</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maraun</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Osterhues</surname>
							<given-names>HH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Keller</surname>
							<given-names>U</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Müller-Brand</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jeger</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Progression to overt or silent CAD in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus at high coronary risk: main findings of the prospective multicenter BARDOT trial with a pilot randomized treatment substudy</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1001</fpage>
					<lpage>1010</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.07.010</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>6 Zellweger MJ, Maraun M, Osterhues HH, Keller U, Müller-Brand J, Jeger R, et al. Progression to overt or silent CAD in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus at high coronary risk: main findings of the prospective multicenter BARDOT trial with a pilot randomized treatment substudy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(10):1001-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.07.010</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Young</surname>
							<given-names>LH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wackers</surname>
							<given-names>FJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chyun</surname>
							<given-names>DA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davey</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barrett</surname>
							<given-names>EJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Taillefer</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>DIAD Investigators. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
					<source>JAMA</source>
					<year>2009</year>
					<volume>301</volume>
					<issue>15</issue>
					<fpage>1547</fpage>
					<lpage>1555</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2009.476</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>7 Young LH, Wackers FJ, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, et al.; DIAD Investigators. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(15):1547-55. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.476.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration</collab>
						<name>
							<surname>Sarwar</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gao</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Seshasai</surname>
							<given-names>SR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gobin</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaptoge</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Di Angelantonio</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ingelsson</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies</article-title>
					<source>Lancet</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>375</volume>
					<issue>9733</issue>
					<fpage>2215</fpage>
					<lpage>2222</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9</pub-id>
					<comment>Erratum in: Lancet. 2010;376(9745):958. Hillage, H L [corrected to Hillege, H L]</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>8 Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Ingelsson E, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2215-22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9. Erratum in: Lancet. 2010;376(9745):958. Hillage, H L [corrected to Hillege, H L].</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Haffner</surname>
							<given-names>SM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lehto</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rönnemaa</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pyörälä</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Laakso</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>1998</year>
					<volume>339</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>229</fpage>
					<lpage>234</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM199807233390404</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>9 Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(4):229-34. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199807233390404</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Falludi</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Izar</surname>
							<given-names>CO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saraiva</surname>
							<given-names>JF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bianco</surname>
							<given-names>HT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chacra</surname>
							<given-names>AP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bertoluci</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Diretriz brasileira baseada em evidências sobre prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes: posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD), da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM)</article-title>
					<source>Arg Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>109</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20170188">https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20170188</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>10 Falludi AA, Izar CO, Saraiva JF, Bianco HT, Chacra AP, Bertoluci MC, et al. Diretriz brasileira baseada em evidências sobre prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes: posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes (SBD), da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SBEM). Arg Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(6). doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20170188">https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20170188</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>ADA – American Diabetes Association</collab>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2019</article-title>
					<source>Diabetes Care</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>42</volume>
					<supplement>Suppl. 1</supplement>
					<fpage>S46</fpage>
					<lpage>S60</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2337/dc19-S005</pub-id>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement_1/S46.full-text.pdf">http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement_1/S46.full-text.pdf</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>11 ADA – American Diabetes Association. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2019. Diabetes Care 2019;42(Suppl. 1):S46–S60. Doi:10.2337/dc19-S005. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement_1/S46.full-text.pdf">http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement_1/S46.full-text.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Grossman</surname>
							<given-names>GB</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>O papel da cintilografia miocárdica na avaliação da cardiopatia isquêmica</article-title>
					<source>Revista da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Rio Grande Do Sul</source>
					<year>2009</year>
					<date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[citado 2022 Mar 17]</date-in-citation>
					<volume>XVII</volume>
					<issue>16</issue>
					<comment>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://sociedades.cardiol.br/sbc-rs/revista/2009/16/pdf/O_Papel_da_cintilografia_miocardica.pdf">http://sociedades.cardiol.br/sbc-rs/revista/2009/16/pdf/O_Papel_da_cintilografia_miocardica.pdf</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>12 Grossman GB. O papel da cintilografia miocárdica na avaliação da cardiopatia isquêmica. Revista da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Rio Grande Do Sul. 2009 [citado 2022 Mar 17];XVII(16). Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://sociedades.cardiol.br/sbc-rs/revista/2009/16/pdf/O_Papel_da_cintilografia_miocardica.pdf">http://sociedades.cardiol.br/sbc-rs/revista/2009/16/pdf/O_Papel_da_cintilografia_miocardica.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mastrocola</surname>
							<given-names>LE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Amorim</surname>
							<given-names>BJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vitola</surname>
							<given-names>JV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brandão</surname>
							<given-names>SC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grossman</surname>
							<given-names>GB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>RS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Nuclear Cardiology - 2020</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[citado 2022 Mar 17]</date-in-citation>
					<volume>114</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>325</fpage>
					<lpage>429</lpage>
					<comment>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/j/abc/a/fz9qLY36jNTQQVgwNQqzTNx/?lang=en&amp;format=pdf">https://www.scielo.br/j/abc/a/fz9qLY36jNTQQVgwNQqzTNx/?lang=en&amp;format=pdf</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>13 Mastrocola LE, Amorim BJ, Vitola JV, Brandão SC, Grossman GB, Lima RS, et al. Update of the Brazilian Guideline on Nuclear Cardiology - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020 [citado 2022 Mar 17];114(2):325-429. Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.scielo.br/j/abc/a/fz9qLY36jNTQQVgwNQqzTNx/?lang=en&amp;format=pdf">https://www.scielo.br/j/abc/a/fz9qLY36jNTQQVgwNQqzTNx/?lang=en&amp;format=pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wajchenberg</surname>
							<given-names>BL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Disfunção Endotelial no Diabetes do Tipo 2</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab</source>
					<year>2002</year>
					<volume>46</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>514</fpage>
					<lpage>519</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302002000500004">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302002000500004</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>14 Wajchenberg BL. Disfunção Endotelial no Diabetes do Tipo 2. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2002;46(5):514-9. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302002000500004">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302002000500004</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Monteiro</surname>
							<given-names>FC</given-names>
							<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cunha</surname>
							<given-names>FS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salgado</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
							<suffix>Filho</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barbosa</surname>
							<given-names>JB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Furtado</surname>
							<given-names>JR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferreira</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prevalência de fatores de risco coronarianos e alterações da perfusão miocárdica à cintilografia em pacientes diabéticos assintomáticos ambulatoriais</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>89</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>306</fpage>
					<lpage>311</lpage>
					<comment>
						<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700005">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700005</ext-link>
					</comment>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>15 Monteiro Júnior FC, Cunha FS, Salgado Filho N, Barbosa JB, Furtado JR, Ferreira PA, et al. Prevalência de fatores de risco coronarianos e alterações da perfusão miocárdica à cintilografia em pacientes diabéticos assintomáticos ambulatoriais. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(5):306-11. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700005">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2007001700005</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Caobelli</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haaf</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chronis</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haenny</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brinkert</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pfisterer</surname>
							<given-names>ME</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Basel Asymptomatic High-Risk Diabetics’ Outcome Trial (BARDOT) Investigators. Prognostic Usefulness of Cardiac Stress Test Modalities in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Underwent Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy (from the Basel Asymptomatic High-Risk Diabetics’ Outcome Trial)</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>120</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>1098</fpage>
					<lpage>1103</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00259-021-05349-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>16 Caobelli F, Haaf P, Chronis J, Haenny G, Brinkert M, Pfisterer ME, et al. Basel Asymptomatic High-Risk Diabetics’ Outcome Trial (BARDOT) Investigators. Prognostic Usefulness of Cardiac Stress Test Modalities in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Underwent Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy (from the Basel Asymptomatic High-Risk Diabetics’ Outcome Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(7):1098-103. doi: doi: 10.1007/s00259-021-05349-5</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bourque</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patel</surname>
							<given-names>CA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ali</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Perez</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Watson</surname>
							<given-names>DD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beller</surname>
							<given-names>GA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prevalence and predictors of ischemia and outcomes in outpatients with diabetes mellitus referred for single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging</article-title>
					<source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>466</fpage>
					<lpage>477</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000259</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>17 Bourque JM, Patel CA, Ali MM, Perez M, Watson DD, Beller GA. Prevalence and predictors of ischemia and outcomes in outpatients with diabetes mellitus referred for single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(3):466-77. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000259.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fatores Associados a Anormalidades na Cintilografia de Perfusão Miocárdica de Pacientes Diabéticos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Alfredo Lírio da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Álisson Carvalho de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Watanabe</surname>
						<given-names>Bianca Naomi Sada</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nascimento</surname>
						<given-names>Helena Bigarella</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Porath</surname>
						<given-names>Heloisa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bettini</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Antonio Fruet</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Moreira</surname>
						<given-names>Luciane</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dopheide</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos Germano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Paraná</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff7">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Paraná</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff8">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Paraná</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff9">
					<label>4</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Paraná</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff10">
					<label>5</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondência: Heloisa Porath •</bold> Rua Padre Anchieta, 2.933 – Bigorrilho. CEP <postal-code>80730-000</postal-code> – Curitiba, PR, Brasil. E-mail: <email>heloisa_porath@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p><bold>Contribuição dos autores</bold></p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: LAF Bettini; MG Dopheide; Obtenção de dados: AC Freitas, LAF Bettini; Análise e interpretação dos dados: MG Dopheide, H Porath; Análise estatística: AL Cruz, BS Watanabe: Redação do manuscrito: BS Watanabe, AC Freitas; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: HB Nascimento, H Porath, L Moreira.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O diabetes melito é o maior fator de risco para doença arterial coronariana. Além da longa duração de diabetes, outros fatores, como presença de doença arterial periférica e tabagismo são fortes preditores para anormalidades na cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto dos fatores de risco de pacientes diabéticos nos resultados da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio e comparar com os resultados de pacientes não diabéticos em uma clínica de medicina nuclear. Foi realizado um estudo transversal retrospectivo por meio da análise de prontuários de pacientes que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica no período de 2010 a 2019. Foram avaliados 34.736 prontuários. Analisando a fase de estresse da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio, os portadores de diabetes melito precisaram receber estímulo farmacológico duas vezes mais que os não diabéticos para sua realização. Também foram avaliados fatores que tivessem impacto negativo no resultado da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio, e foi visto que o diabetes melito (33,6%), a insulinoterapia (18,1%), a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (69,9%), a dislipidemia (53%), o sedentarismo (83,1%), o uso de estresse farmacológico (50,6%), a dor torácica típica (8,5%) e a angina limitante durante o teste (1,7%) estiveram associados significativamente (p&lt;0,001) a anormalidades neste exame.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Diabetes mellitus</kwd>
				<kwd>Cintilografia de ventilação/perfusão</kwd>
				<kwd>Fatores de risco</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O diabetes melito (DM) se tornou uma doença de alta prevalência, morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo e acarreta sérios problemas na saúde pública, especialmente em países subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atualmente, 382 milhões de pessoas vivem com DM e estima-se que, até 2035, tenhamos 592 milhões de pessoas com essa comorbidade, sendo projetado para o Brasil em torno de 11 milhões de indivíduos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Quanto à mortalidade, em 2013, cerca de 5,1 milhões de pessoas morreram em decorrência de complicações da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Todo esse salto de incidência acontece principalmente pelo envelhecimento da população, pelos novos hábitos alimentares, pela obesidade e pelo sedentarismo, que se tornaram práticas comuns da nossa atual sociedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O diabetes é uma das doenças que mais apresentam complicações, tanto precoces quanto tardias, e todas com um prognóstico ruim, se não forem tratadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O estudo Framingham aponta que diabéticos têm risco de duas a quatro vezes maior de desenvolver uma doença coronariana em relação aos indivíduos sem diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Isso acontece porque o processo aterosclerótico em pacientes com DM evolui mais cedo e de forma mais acelerada do que na população em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As principais causas de morte nos acometidos por DM são infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), porém nem sempre os pacientes apresentam suspeita clínica compatível com esses eventos arteriais agudos, causando grande atraso no início do tratamento cardiovascular desses indivíduos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Haffner et al. estimam que o risco de morte em um período de 10 anos em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e DM excede 70%, e, ainda, a taxa de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares em pacientes diabéticos sem passado de IAM é semelhante à de pacientes sem DM tipo 2 com histórico de IAM. Além disso, a associação de DM e DAC também já é vista nos estágios iniciais de intolerância à glicose e glicemia de jejum anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Assim, é importante perceber a relevância de um diagnóstico precoce desses pacientes, a fim de evitar desfechos negativos. Além da investigação dos fatores de risco tradicionais, o rastreamento de doença cardiovascular em pacientes diabéticos também deve ser complementado com outros exames, como eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma, teste ergométrico, cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio (CPM) e ressonância nuclear magnética.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A American Diabetes Association (ADA) recomenda que pacientes diabéticos com sintomas de coronariopatia, típicos ou atípicos, ou com ECG de repouso com alterações sugestivas de IAM devem ser submetidos a ecocardiograma ou CPM sob estresse físico ou farmacológico. No caso de assintomáticos, com idade acima de 35 anos, sedentários e que planejam iniciar atividade física, ou apresentando arteriopatia (periférica ou carotídea), ou pelo menos com dois fatores de risco (hipertensão arterial sistêmica – HAS – , dislipidemia, tabagismo, história familiar de IAM e albuminúria), o teste ergométrico é o exame mais indicado nesses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em quesitos de especificidade e sensibilidade, a CPM para avaliação de DAC apresenta valores de 74% e 88%, respectivamente. Ainda assim, a Diretriz Brasileira de Cardiologia Nuclear de 2020 ressalta que os pacientes com risco intermediário de doença isquêmica do coração se beneficiam mais com a CPM do que pacientes com baixo risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O estudo BARDOT ( <italic>Basel Asymptomatic High-Risk Diabetics’ Outcome Trial</italic> ) multicêntrico, realizado com 400 pacientes diabéticos sem histórico ou sintomas para DAC, revelou que ser do sexo masculino, ter longa duração de diabetes, presença de doença arterial periférica, tabagismo e pressão arterial sistólica elevada foram preditores fortes para anormalidades na CPM. Quando mais de três fatores estavam presentes, 47% dos pacientes apresentaram cintilografia anormal. Além disso, durante o estudo, mostrou-se que 22% dos pacientes avaliados eram portadores de DAC silenciosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em contrapartida, o ensaio clínico DIAD ( <italic>Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics</italic> ) questiona a cintilografia miocárdica como exame de rastreio. Nesse estudo, foram avaliados 1.123 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 sem sintomas de doença coronariana e sem doença coronariana previamente reconhecida, e observou-se que a taxa de eventos cardíacos foi pequena e não foi significativamente reduzida pelo rastreamento de isquemia miocárdica com cintilografia de perfusão com adenosina durante um seguimento de 4,8 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o impacto dos fatores de risco cardiovascular nos resultados da CPM entre pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Foi realizado um estudo clínico, retrospectivo, transversal e observacional por meio da análise de prontuários de pacientes que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica no período de fevereiro de 2010 a maio de 2019 em um serviço privado de medicina nuclear na cidade de Curitiba (PR).</p>
				<p>Nesse intervalo, 44.584 pacientes realizaram a CPM. Destes, 9.848 foram removidos devido aos critérios de exclusão (história de DAC prévia, cardiopatias congênitas, idade inferior a 18 anos e <italic>status</italic> de diabetes desconhecido). A amostra final foi de 34.736 pacientes, dividindo-a em dois grupos, sendo 7.968 (22,9%) diabéticos e 26.768 (77,1%) não diabéticos.</p>
				<p>As variáveis coletadas e analisadas foram: resultado do exame de imagem (fibrose e isquemia), idade, índice de massa corporal (IMC), presença de HAS (documentação prévia de pressão arterial &gt; 140x90mmHg em duas ou mais ocasiões e/ou história de uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos), DM (documentação prévia de glicemia de jejum &gt;126mg/dL ou glicemia &gt;200mg/dL após teste oral de tolerância à glicose ou hemoglobina glicada maior 6,5% e/ou história de uso de medicamentos hipoglicemiantes), dislipidemia (lipoproteína de baixa densidade-colesterol – LDL-colesterol – &gt;100mg/dL, taxa de triglicérides &gt;150mg/dL e/ou lipoproteína de alta densidade-colesterol – HDL-colesterol – &lt;45mg/dL), tabagismo, sedentarismo (atividade física aeróbica menor que 30 minutos três vezes por semana), dor torácica (típica ou atípica), história familiar positiva para DAC, uso de insulina, necessidade de estímulo farmacológico na fase de estresse do exame e presença de angina (conforme o índice de angina, que avalia a presença de angina durante o teste ergométrico e sua limitação ao exame).</p>
				<p>A cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica foi realizada por técnica tomográfica de emissão de fotóns (SPECT), em que foram obtidas imagens tridimensionais e tomográficas do coração (nos eixos longo horizontal, longo vertical e curto) após exercício isotônico em esteira ergométrica, ou estresse farmacológico em caso de pacientes incapazes de realizar exercício, e em repouso, 60 minutos após a aplicação endovenosa do radiotraçador Sestamibi-99mTc. Defeitos transitórios ou persistentes de perfusão foram considerados critérios para o diagnóstico de doença isquêmica do miocárdio, e a presença desses defeitos categorizava a cintilografia como positiva.</p>
				<p>As informações foram armazenadas num banco de dados e, posteriormente, analisadas com o <italic>software</italic> Stata. As variáveis qualitativas foram representadas por frequência absoluta (n) e relativa (%), e as variáveis quantitativas foram expressas como média e desvio-padrão. As diferenças entre as variáveis quantitativas foram calculadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. As diferenças entre as variáveis qualitativas foram calculadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado ou do teste exato de Fisher quando indicado. Foi adotado o nível de significância de p&lt;0,05 (5%).</p>
				<p>Este trabalho foi autorizado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Positivo (Parecer da Plataforma Brasil: 4.316.693). O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido não foi necessário por se tratar de um estudo retrospectivo somente com coleta de dados do prontuário, além de não oferecer risco ao paciente e não interferir no tratamento direta ou indiretamente.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Dos 34.736 pacientes avaliados, 7.968 (22,9%) eram diabéticos e, destes, 2.602 (32,6%) mostraram alteração na CPM (fibrose e/ou isquemia). Enquanto nos 26.768 (77,1%) não diabéticos avaliados,19,2% apresentaram cintilografia anormal ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resultados da cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="17%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Resultados</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Alterada</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Não alterada</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">p&lt;0,001</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Diabéticos</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Não diabéticos</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Diabéticos</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Não diabéticos</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2.602 (32,7%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5.144 (19,2%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3.089 (67,3%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">21.624 (80,8%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Alterações</bold></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>p&lt;0,001</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrose+Isquemia</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">97 (1,2%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">203 (0,8%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrose</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">129 (1,6%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">331 (1,2%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Isquemia</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2.376 (29,8%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4.610 (17,2%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>As médias de idade e IMC foram estatisticamente maiores entre os portadores de diabetes (p&lt;0,001). Houve maior prevalência de HAS, dislipidemia e sedentarismo (p&lt;0,001) e necessidade de se realizar o exame com estresse farmacológico entre os pacientes diabéticos. Além disso, o tabagismo (p&lt;0,001) e o sexo masculino (p=0,047) foram mais prevalentes entre os não diabéticos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Perfil dos pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos que realizaram a cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Variáveis</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Não diabéticos <break/> (n=26.798; 77,1%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Diabéticos <break/> (n=7.968; 22,9%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, anos</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">60,03±12,91</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">64,92±10,58</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino (16.564 - 47,68%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">12.842 (48,0%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3.722 (46,7%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,047</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IMC</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">27,62 ± 4,82</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">29,60 ± 5,28</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">HAS</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">14.368 (53,7%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6.296 (79,0%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">12.277 (45,9%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5.000 (62,8%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">História familiar de DAC</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4.769 (17,8%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.370 (17,2%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentarismo</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20.315 (75,9%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6.385 (80,1%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo atual</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2.663 (9,9%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">681 (8,5%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Estresse farmacológico</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7.202 (26,9%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3.089 (38,8%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Insulinoterapia</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.125 (14,1%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">---</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>IMC: índice de massa corpórea; HAS: Hipertensão arterial sistêmica; DAC: Doença arterial coronariana.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Em relação à sintomatologia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> ), a maior parte da amostra era assintomática, e a dor torácica atípica foi mais prevalente que a típica em ambos os grupos. Na população estudada, 33.328 (95,9%) pacientes não manifestaram dor durante o estresse cardiovascular (95,8% dos não diabéticos e 96% dos diabéticos). Em ambos os grupos, 0,5% dos pacientes apresentaram angina com limitação do teste e pouco mais de 3% tiveram angina sem limitação do exame (p=0,88).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t7">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Sintomas apresentados pelos pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos que realizaram a cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Variáveis</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Não diabéticos <break/> (n=26.798; 77,1%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Diabéticos <break/> (n=7.968; 22,9%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Dor torácica</bold></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>0,002</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18.221 (68,3%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5.511 (69,5%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Atípica</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7.011 (26,3%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.947 (24,5%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Típica</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.439 (5,4%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">474 (6,0%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Índice de angina</bold></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>0,88</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Ausência de dor</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">25.654 (95,8%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7.647 (96,0%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Angina não limitante</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">969 (3,6%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">280 (3,5%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Angina limitante</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">144 (0,5%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">41 (0,5%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Ao se compararem os pacientes com a CPM alterada e não alterada ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> ), observa-se que o primeiro grupo apresentou maior taxa de diabéticos, insulinodependentes, idade mais elevada, maior IMC, HAS, dislipidemia, sedentarismo, uso de estresse farmacológico, dor torácica e angina durante o teste ergométrico (p&lt;0,001). Também foi possível observar que o sexo masculino foi mais prevalente entre aqueles sem anormalidades no exame (p&lt;0,001), e o tabagismo e a história familiar de DAC não apresentaram diferenças com significância estatística.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t8">
					<label>Tabela 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparação da presença de alteração na Cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica de acordo com os fatores de risco.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="25%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Resultado da CPM</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Variáveis (n, %)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Alterada <break/> (n= 7.746; 22,2%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Não alterada <break/> (n= 26.990; 77,7%)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2.602 (33,6%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5.366 (19,9%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Insulinoterapia</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">471 (18,1%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">654 (12,2%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">66,21 ± 11,92</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">59,70 ± 12,39</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3.251 (42,0%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">13.313 (49,3%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IMC</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">28,50 ± 5,17</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">27,95 ± 4,94</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">HAS</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">5.414 (69,9%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">15.250 (56,5%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4.109 (53,0%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">13.168 (48,8%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">História familiar de DAC</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.354 (17,5%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4.785 (17,7%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,61</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sedentarismo</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6.438 (83,1%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20.262 (75,1%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">776 (10,0%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2.568 (9,5%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0,19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Estresse farmacológico</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3.907 (50,6%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6.384 (23,7%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Dor torácica</bold></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>&lt;0,001</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4.960 (64,5%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18.772 (69,8%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Atípica</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2.080 (27,0%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6.878 (25,6%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Típica</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">654 (8,5%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">1.259 (4,7%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Índice de Angina</bold></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4" valign="middle"><bold>&lt;0,001</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Ausência de dor</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7.077 (91,4%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">26.224 (97,2%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Angina não limitante</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">536 (6,9%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">713 (2,6%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Angina limitante</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">133 (1,7%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">52 (0,2%)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>CPM: Cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica; IMC: Índice de massa corpórea; HAS: Hipertensão arterial sistêmica; DAC: Doença arterial coronariana.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Quando se pensa em DM e no efeito que ela tem no sistema cardiovascular, fala-se em fatores de risco e atribui-se à aterosclerose o papel central na etiologia dos eventos isquêmicos cardíacos. A hipótese para a lesão inicial da aterosclerose é baseada na disfunção endotelial, que se apresenta como um marcador precoce de doenças cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Constituem-se fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais todos os perturbadores do metabolismo oxidativo desse tecido ou os agentes agressores dele, que também foram vistos neste trabalho: idade, sexo masculino, HAS, dislipidemia, hiperglicemia, sedentarismo, excesso de peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar do tabagismo e da história familiar de DAC também serem fatores de risco já consagrados na literatura, estes não apresentaram significância estatística no estudo. Sugere-se que a falta de informações sobre carga tabágica e de conhecimentos sobre as doenças que afetam seus familiares foram condições que interferiram no resultado da pesquisa.</p>
				<p>A disfunção endotelial tem sido documentada no paciente portador de DM, em indivíduos com resistência à insulina ou com alto risco para desenvolver DM do tipo 2. Tais pacientes requerem acompanhamento multidisciplinar para frear o avanço das complicações da DM e avaliar o prognóstico no atual estágio de acometimento dessa doença crônica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Analisando a amostra, vê-se que a DM é um fator de risco tão importante que se sobressai em relação aos demais. De todas as variáveis analisadas, o DM se apresenta como fator de risco alarmante, de forma isolada ou em combinação, em comparação aos outros fatores de risco aqui apresentados.</p>
				<p>Durante o exame, para avaliar a resposta cardíaca ao esforço, os pacientes são submetidos ao teste ergométrico ou farmacológico. Sabe-se que pacientes com DM podem ser incapazes de completar um teste de esforço limitado por sintomas devido à obesidade, doença vascular periférica ou neuropatia periférica, sendo necessário o estresse farmacológico. Neste estudo, o uso de estresse farmacológico e a presença de dor torácica foram realmente maiores em pacientes diabéticos e estão atrelados a mais alterações na CPM, em comparação aos não diabéticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nos estudos de Caobelli et al. e Bourque et al., também se discute a relação existente entre esses fatores. Ambos afirmam que a maior necessidade do estresse farmacológico está relacionada à presença de mais comorbidades e limitações físicas e, consequentemente, a um pior prognóstico. Caobelli et al. reforçam que os diabéticos são justamente aqueles que costumam ter piores condições de saúde (presença de doença arterial periférica, menor capacidade aeróbica, força reduzida em relação aos pacientes saudáveis, entre outros). Ressaltam também que, quanto maior a duração do DM, maiores a limitação e o risco de complicações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O presente estudo apresenta alguns vieses que tornam seu objetivo limitado. O primeiro deles seria o da amostragem, visto que os indivíduos que realizaram a CPM possuíam indicação clínica, não tendo sido selecionados aleatoriamente na população. Outro desafio foi a escassez de dados sobre medicações de uso contínuo, tempo de evolução da DM, carga tabágica, perfil lipídico completo, controle adequado das comorbidades e sintomas relacionados aos resultados da cintilografia. Ressaltamos que o perfil dos pacientes da amostra, por possuir múltiplas comorbidades e devido à necessidade de mais atenção com a saúde, traz consigo um viés de cuidado. Pacientes com DM estão mais habituados a consultas médicas frequentes e à atenção maior com sua saúde, podendo esse zelo ocasionar alterações estatisticamente significativas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Ao comparar diabéticos e não diabéticos, percebeu-se que o primeiro grupo possui maior prevalência de fatores de risco e anormalidades na cintilografia de perfusão do miocárdio. Assim, foi visto que diabetes, sedentarismo, hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia, dor torácica típica, angina limitante durante o estresse farmacológico, necessidade de estresse farmacológico e insulinização têm influência significativa nos resultados do exame. Além disso, os portadores de diabetes melito têm maior necessidade de estímulo farmacológico para realização do exame em comparação aos não diabéticos.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>