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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213404ecom17</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Assessing Right Ventricular Function After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mercer-Rosa</surname>
						<given-names>Laura</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of Pennsylvania</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Perelman School of Medicine</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Fellowship Program Children’s Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Filadelfia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="US">USA</country>
				<institution content-type="original">University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Director, Echolab Research Unit; Co-Director, Fellowship Program Children’s Hospital Filadelfia, PA, USA</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Laura Mercer-Rosa • E-mail: <email>mercerrosal@email.chop.edu</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The author declared that have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>34</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>ecom17</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Tetralogy of Fallot</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
				<kwd>Resonance, Magnetic</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="14"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The assessment of right ventricular (RV) function in patients after surgical repair for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) remains challenging. Over the many years of my career as an echocardiographer, I learned to trust my eyes when inspecting the RV before I moved on to quantitative parameters. Or as the saying goes: “The devil knows more because he is old than because he is the devil!” Here I will give a brief overview of the tools I use to best assess RV function after TOF repair. It is worth mentioning that following the recovery of function in the early post-operative period, RV systolic function is generally preserved in the first two decades of life when measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, which remains the gold standard modality for assessing ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> With this in mind, using more sensitive quantification parameters is important, as subtle changes in function may not be apparent on visual inspection or using global parameters (ejection fraction). Finally, I emphasize that the “tipping” point of the RV when the it transitions from a state of preserved function to established dysfunction is unknown and constitutes a greatest gap in TOF-related knowledge. Hence, sensitive quantification methods are needed for the follow-up of these patients.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Qualitative assessment</title>
			<p>On the apical four-chamber view, I examine the motion of the tricuspid valve toward the apex (measured as the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion [TAPSE] as detailed below) and the motion of the RV wall toward the septum versus data of prior studies. Likewise, parasternal long- and short-axis views are important. In those with favorable acoustic windows, RV wall shortening can be assessed using M-mode ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). It is worth noting that the qualitative assessment of RV function should not be the sole parameter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– (A) Demonstration of a dilated right ventricle after tetralogy of Fallot repair. (B) M-mode image demonstrating the shortening of the right ventricular (RV) anterior wall. Despite the significant RV dilation, the wall shortens significantly. This modality complements the qualitative assessment and is quite useful in adequate acoustic windows. (C) Antegrade end-diastolic flow is visible in the main pulmonary artery in the presence of severe pulmonary insufficiency. This phenomenon is referred to as “restrictive physiology of the right ventricle” and indicates diastolic dysfunction. This is only seen in patients with greater than moderate pulmonary insufficiency.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-ecom17-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Quantitative assessment</title>
			<p>Multiple non-invasive measures are used to evaluate RV systolic function, including tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), tissue Doppler–derived tricuspid systolic velocity (S'), fractional area change (FAC), longitudinal peak systolic strain, stress echocardiography, and three-dimensional echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>a. TAPSE and S' should only be used in the follow-up of TOF patients because a significant change in the longitudinal contraction of the RV occurs after TOF repair; therefore, low TAPSE and S' values do not indicate global RV dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, these indices can be used longitudinally to detect changes in longitudinal shortening.</p>
			<p>b. RV fractional area change (FAC) is superior to TAPSE and S' because it measures change in area and, therefore, considers the contribution of the RV to the overall RV shortening. The FAC is ideal when the endocardial border is well visualized, which allows for precise tracing. This can be done at the time of the study, which is an additional advantage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> First, the area of change is traced along the RV endocardium during diastole and systole. Second, the RV diastolic area is subtracted by the RV systolic area and then divided by the RV diastolic area to produce the FAC calculation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ). This is a relatively easy and reproducible parameter that has at least a modest correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Measurement of the RV FAC should be utilized more often, especially given the limitations of TAPSE and S' in patients with TOF.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Calculation of fractional area change: Fractional area change measurement obtained during end-diastole (A) and end-systole (B) in the right ventricle of a patient with tetralogy of Fallot. The arrows demonstrate the measured areas during diastole and systole. The calculated FAC [(34.3-21.97)/34.3] = 35.9%, which is within normal limits.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-ecom17-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>c. Myocardial deformation: I am a proponent of the wider use of RV global longitudinal strain and RV free wall strain as measures of myocardial contractility. Strain calculates cardiac deformation as a percentage change in length.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It is quantitative, angle-independent, and less dependent on loading conditions than other echocardiographic measures, which is a particularly convenient characteristic when managing a volume-loaded RV in patients with TOF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> After training personnel and achieving adequate reproducibility, global longitudinal RV strain appears to be a sensitive measure of ventricular function, as evidence suggests that strain is affected prior to changes in other more blunt measures of function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, strain is a very important parameter in RV functional assessments after TOF repair. Newer cardiac ultrasound machines have RV strain built in and take measurements in a few seconds, with quite good tracking of the RV wall that requires minimal adjustment ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> ). I propose that it be added to the echocardiography report for all patients after TOF repair.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Real-time measurement of right ventricular (RV) global longitudinal strain and RV free wall strain. The figure on the left demonstrates a dilated RV with preserved RV strain. The figure on the right demonstrates a dilated RV and diminished RV strain. Observe that the RV free wall strain is better than the global strain. Some suggest limiting the use of strain to the RV free wall strain only, as opposed to the RV global longitudinal strain (which incorporates the septum).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-ecom17-gf03.tif"/>
					<attrib>FAC, fractional area change; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In summary, when assessing the RV, I consider every available parameter. I also ensure that certain parameters are similar to confirm adequate measurement accuracy. For example, if the TAPSE is diminished, so is the tricuspid tissue velocity in systole (S'). Likewise, when the TAPSE is diminished but the RV wall has better shortening, this is reflected in the FAC measurement, in which the contribution of the RV wall to overall shortening is easily identified. Strain is very useful for identifying moderate versus mild or severe versus moderate dysfunction. Our eyes are usually able to detect when RV function is normal or severely diminished, but the nuances in between are quite challenging. As physicians, we strive to improve TOF patient outcomes. Thus, our collective goal should be to better understand RV mechanics, apply the best imaging tools to accurately measure RV function, identify patients at increased risk who may require more frequent monitoring or earlier intervention, predict clinical outcomes, and ultimately provide scientific evidence that guides patient care and treatment.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Right ventricular global longitudinal strain (TomTec). The curves demonstrate segmental wall motion of the right ventricular septum and free walls. RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-ecom17-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço a Avaliação do Ventrículo Direito no Pós-Operatório de Tetralogia de Fallot</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mercer-Rosa</surname>
						<given-names>Laura</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<country country="US">USA</country>
				<institution content-type="original">University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Director, Echolab Research Unit; Co-Director, Fellowship Program Children’s Hospital Filadelfia, PA, USA</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Laura Mercer-Rosa • E-mail: mercerrosal@email.chop.edu</corresp>
				<fn id="fn1002">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>O autor declara não ter conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Tetralogia de Fallot</kwd>
				<kwd>Função Ventricular</kwd>
				<kwd>Ressonância Magnética</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A avaliação da função ventricular direita (VD) em pacientes após correção cirúrgica para tetralogia de Fallot (TF) continua sendo um desafio. Ao longo dos muitos anos de minha carreira como ecocardiografista, aprendi a confiar em meus olhos ao inspecionar o VD antes de passar para os parâmetros quantitativos. Ou como diz o ditado: “O Diabo é sábio não porque é Diabo; é sábio porque é velho!” Aqui, apresento uma breve visão geral das ferramentas que utilizo para avaliar a função VD após o tratamento cirúrgico da TF. Vale ressaltar que após a recuperação da função no pós-operatório precoce, a função sistólica VD geralmente é preservada nas primeiras duas décadas de vida quando medida por ressonância magnética cardíaca, que ainda é a modalidade padrão-ouro para avaliação da fração de ejeção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Sendo assim, é importante a utilização de parâmetros de quantificação mais sensíveis, pois mudanças sutis na função podem não ser aparentes na inspeção visual ou por parâmetros globais (fração de ejeção). Por fim, enfatizo que o ponto de “inflexão” do VD quando o VD faz a transição de um estado de função preservada para disfunção estabelecida é desconhecido e constitui uma das maiores lacunas no conhecimento da TF. Daí a necessidade da utilização de métodos de quantificação sensíveis no seguimento desses pacientes.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Avaliação qualitativa</title>
				<p>No corte apical de quatro câmaras, eu examino o movimento da valva tricúspide em direção ao ápice (medido como a excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide — ou TAPSE — detalhado abaixo) e o movimento da parede VD em direção ao septo, sempre comparando com estudos anteriores. Os cortes paraesternais nos eixos longo e curto também são importantes. Naqueles com janelas acústicas favoráveis, o encurtamento da parede VD também pode ser avaliado pelo modo-M. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ) É importante ressaltar que a avaliação qualitativa da função VD não deve ser usada como único parâmetro para avaliar a função VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– (A) Demonstração de um VD dilatado após correção da tetralogia de Fallot. (B) Modo-M demonstrando o encurtamento da parede anterior do VD. Apesar da dilatação significativa do VD, a parede encurta bem. Esta modalidade complementa a avaliação qualitativa e é bastante útil quando as janelas acústicas são adequadas. (C) Há fluxo diastólico final anterógrado no tronco da artéria pulmonar na presença de insuficiência pulmonar grave. Esse fenômeno é denominado “fisiologia restritiva do ventrículo direito”, indicando disfunção diastólica. É observado apenas em pacientes com insuficiência pulmonar maior que moderada.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-ecom17-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Avaliação quantitativa</title>
				<p>Diversas medidas não invasivas são utilizadas para avaliar a função sistólica VD, como a excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (TAPSE), velocidade sistólica da valva tricúspide derivada do Doppler tecidual (S’), fração de variação de área ( <italic>fractional area change</italic> — FAC), <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal sistólico de pico, ecocardiografia sob estresse e ecocardiografia tridimensional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>a. As medidas TAPSE e S’ só devem ser utilizadas no seguimento de pacientes com TF, pois após a correção da TF há uma mudança significativa na contração longitudinal ventricular direita e, portanto, medidas TAPSE e S’ com valores baixos não indicam disfunção global ventricular direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, esses índices podem ser usados longitudinalmente para detectar mudanças no encurtamento longitudinal.</p>
				<p>b. A fração de variação da área (FAC) do VD é superior a TAPSE e S’ porque mede a variação da área e, portanto, leva em consideração a contribuição do VD para o encurtamento geral do VD. A FAC é ideal quando a borda endocárdica é bem visualizada, permitindo um traçado preciso. Pode ser feita no momento do estudo, sendo uma vantagem adicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Primeiro, a área de variação é traçada ao longo do endocárdio do VD durante a diástole e a sístole. Depois, a área diastólica do VD é subtraída pela área sistólica do VD, sendo então dividida pela área diastólica do VD, para produzir o cálculo da FAC. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ) Este é um parâmetro relativamente fácil e reproduzível que tem pelo menos uma modesta correlação com os dados de ressonância magnética cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A medição da FAC do VD deve ser utilizada com mais frequência, principalmente devido às limitações de TAPSE e S’ em pacientes com TF.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Cálculo da fração de variação de área: Medida de fração da variação de área obtida durante o final da diástole (a) e final da sístole (b) no ventrículo direito de um paciente com tetralogia de Fallot. As setas mostram as áreas medidas durante a diástole e a sístole. A FAC calculada [(34,3–21,97)/34,3] = 35,9%, que está dentro dos limites normais.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-ecom17-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>FAC, fractional area change ou fração de variação de área; AD, átrio direito; VD, ventrículo direito; AE, átrio esquerdo; VE, ventrículo esquerdo.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>c. <italic>Strain</italic> miocárdico: Eu defendo um uso mais amplo do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global VD e do <italic>strain</italic> da parede livre do VD como medidas de contratilidade miocárdica. O <italic>strain</italic> calcula a deformação cardíaca como uma variação percentual no comprimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> É quantitativo, independente do ângulo, e menos dependente das condições de carga em comparação com outras medidas ecocardiográficas, sendo uma característica particularmente conveniente ao lidar com sobrecarga VD em pacientes com TF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Após treinar a equipe e alcançar a reprodutibilidade adequada, o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global VD parece ser uma medida sensível da função ventricular, pois as evidências sugerem que o <italic>strain</italic> é afetado antes das variações em outras medidas mais brutas da função.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Portanto, o <italic>strain</italic> é um parâmetro muito importante na avaliação da função VD após a correção da TF. Os modelos mais recentes de aparelhos de ultrassonografia cardíaca têm o <italic>strain</italic> VD embutido e a medição leva alguns segundos, com um rastreamento bastante amplo da parede do VD, exigindo um mínimo de ajuste. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> ) Proponho que seja acrescentado ao laudo ecocardiográfico de todos os pacientes após a correção da TF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Medição em tempo real do strain longitudinal global do VD e do strain da parede livre do VD. A figura à esquerda demonstra um VD dilatado com strain VD preservado. A figura à direita mostra um paciente com VD dilatado e strain VD diminuído. Observe que o strain da parede livre do VD é melhor em comparação ao strain global. Alguns defendem o uso do strain da parede livre do VD apenas em pacientes com TF.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-ecom17-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Em resumo, na minha avaliação do VD, levo em consideração todos os parâmetros disponíveis. Também me certifico de que certos parâmetros sejam semelhantes entre si, confirmando a medição adequada. Por exemplo, se o TAPSE está diminuído, o mesmo ocorre com a velocidade tecidual tricúspide na sístole (S’). Da mesma forma, quando o TAPSE está diminuído, mas a parede do VD encurta bem, isso pode ser facilmente visto na medição de FAC, onde a contribuição da parede do VD para o encurtamento geral é facilmente identificada. O <italic>strain</italic> é muito útil na tentativa de decidir se há disfunção moderada (em oposição a disfunção discreta) ou grave (em oposição a moderada). Nossos olhos geralmente conseguem dizer quando a função do VD está normal ou severamente diminuída, mas as nuances intermediárias são bastante desafiadoras. Como médicos, nos esforçamos para melhorar os resultados dos pacientes com tetralogia de Fallot. Assim, nosso objetivo coletivo deve ser compreender melhor a mecânica do VD, aplicar as melhores ferramentas de imagem para medir com precisão a função do VD, identificar os pacientes com risco aumentado que podem precisar de monitoramento mais frequente ou intervenção precoce, prever resultados clínicos e, finalmente, fornecer as evidências científicas que orientem o atendimento e o tratamento de nossos pacientes.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Strain longitudinal global do ventrículo direito (TomTec TM ). As curvas demonstram a motilidade parietal segmentar da parede do septo ventricular direito e das paredes livres. AD, átrio direito; VD, ventrículo direito.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-ecom17-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>