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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213404eabc256</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Transthoracic Echocardiography Findings of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Results from the Brazilian Echocardiography Registry During the COVID-19 Pandemic (ECOVID)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barberato</surname>
						<given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Borsoi</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1254-6820</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Roston</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Hudson Laerte Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Patriota</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Otto</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Beck</surname>
						<given-names>Adenalva Lima de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Armstrong</surname>
						<given-names>Anderson da Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barbosa</surname>
						<given-names>João Marcos Bemfica</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9291-1308</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wermellinger</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Cristina Camarozano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia Braga Paciello da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Resende</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos Valério Coimbra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Miglioranza</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Morita Fernandes da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">CardioEco - Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Curitiba;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitário</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (HU-UEL), Londrina;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samel</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Samel, Manaus;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitário</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Petrolina</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (HU - UNIVASF), Petrolina;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sirio Libanês</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasilia</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sirio Libanês, Brasilia;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal (ICDF), Brasília;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>8</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Lúcia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Lúcia, Brasília;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>9</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Estado do Amazonas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas - Universidade Federal do Estado do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>10</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças, Curitiba;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11">
				<label>11</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, São Paulo;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12">
				<label>12</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Mãe de Deus</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Silvio Henrique Barberato • Avenida República Argentina, 1336, sala 215, CEP 80620-010, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. E-mail: <email>silviohb@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Research creation and design: SHB, RB. Data acquisition: RB, FR, HLMM, PP, MEBO, ALSB, ACA, JMBB, ACCW, LBPS, MVCR, MLCP . Data analysis and interpretation: SHB, RB, MMFS. Statistical analysis: SHB, MMFS. Obtaining financing: SHB. Manuscript writing: SHB, MMFS. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: SHB, MMFS .</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>25</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>34</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc256</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>7</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) may play a crucial role in the evaluation of cardiac manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> We aimed to report the prevalence of the main echocardiographic abnormalities of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> We performed a prospective multicenter observational study in patients with COVID-19 who underwent TTE during hospitalization. Patients with pre-existing heart failure, coronary artery disease, or atrial fibrillation were categorized as having previous cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clinical and echocardiographic data about cardiac structure and function were collected.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> We evaluated 310 patients with COVID-19 (mean age, 62±16 years; 61% men; 53% with arterial hypertension; 33% with diabetes; and 23% with previous CVD). Overall, 65% of the patients required intensive care unit support. The most prevalent echocardiographic abnormalities were LV hypertrophy (29%), pulmonary hypertension (25%), left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (16.5%), right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction (15.9%), grade II/III LV diastolic dysfunction (11%), and LV regional wall motion abnormality (11%). Pericardial effusion was uncommon (7% of cases). LV hypertrophy (25% vs. 45%, p=0.001), LV systolic dysfunction (11% vs. 36%, p&lt;0.001), regional wall motion abnormalities (6% vs. 29%, p&lt;0.001), grade II/III LV diastolic dysfunction (9% vs. 19%, p=0.03), and pulmonary hypertension (22% vs. 36%, p=0.019) were less common in patients without previous CVD. RV systolic dysfunction occurred at similar frequencies in patients with versus without previous CVD (13% vs. 25%, p=0.07).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, abnormal echocardiographic findings were common, but less so among those without previous CVD. RV systolic dysfunction appeared to affect similar proportions of patients with versus without previous CVD.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiac function</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiovascular disease</kwd>
				<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) may result in severe respiratory distress and acute cardiac injury. Impaired cardiac function and prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with COVID-19 are associated with a worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) plays a central role in the management of patients with new or worsening cardiovascular symptoms, hemodynamic instability, and increased biomarker levels since it provides crucial information about cardiac structure and function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>On the other hand, the use of echocardiography should be based on the critical consideration of the benefits for patients versus the risk of contamination for healthcare workers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>TTE findings among COVID-19 patients have beenconflicting. While some studies reported a high prevalence of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> others suggested that it is less common, with LV diastolic dysfunction and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction being more prevalent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Referral bias, definitions of abnormal TTE findings, and differences in population characteristics such as the proportion of patients with previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) may partly explain these differences. However, it remains unclear in what ways and how often COVID-19 affects cardiac function.</p>
			<p>Therefore, here we aimed to determine the prevalence of the main abnormal echocardiographic findings of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and compare them between those with and without a history of previous CVD through a real-world, multicenter collaborative study (Brazilian Echocardiography Registry during COVID-19 pandemic [ECOVID]).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>ECOVID is a prospective multicenter national observational study of hospitalized patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. The registry started in Brazil on April 4, 2020, with the purpose of collecting epidemiological clinical data and echocardiographic findings from centers of all five macro-regions of the country.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Population</title>
				<p>We included consecutive patients older than 18 years of age with COVID-19 who were referred for TTE during hospitalization. Patients with clinical symptoms of COVID-19 and positive real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results were classified as confirmed cases. Patients with clinical signs and symptoms of COVID-19 and compatible findings on chest computed tomography (bilateral ground-glass opacity) but without a positive RT-PCR test result were considered highly probable cases. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the coordinating center (# 4.033.139) and local ethics committee of each respective site. To reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 cross-infection between healthcare workers and patients, the ethics committee waived the requirement to obtain informed consent and approved the entry of unidentified patient information into the study database.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data collection</title>
				<p>At each participant center, cardiologists completed a case report form after the TTE. The protocol definitions in the case report form were discussed with each investigator, who was asked to follow the same standard protocol to improve consistency across sites. Data were entered online and submitted to the coordinating center via a secure website. The study coordinating center assigned a unique identification number to each patient to avoid duplicate entries and certify the security of their protected health information.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical and demographic data</title>
				<p>Each investigator reviewed the medical charts and interviewed the patients or relatives to obtain their clinical and demographic data including age, sex, weight, height, and history of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, coronary artery disease (prior myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, and/or coronary artery bypass graft), heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebrovascular stroke, chronic kidney disease (serum creatinine level ≥ 1.5 mg/dL), and cancer. Previous CVD was defined as a history of coronary computed tomography angiography or coronary angiography showing an obstruction ≥ 50% in any major coronary artery, percutaneous or surgical coronary revascularization, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or atrial fibrillation. COVID-19-related signs and symptoms and the need for supportive measures for critically ill patients (non-invasive ventilation, mechanical ventilation, and use of vasoactive drugs) were also collected.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic data</title>
				<p>A focused protocol was used in the majority of the scans to mitigate the risk to healthcare professionals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Imaging acquisition and interpretation were performed by certified physicians according to international guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>All procedures followed the respective institutional protocol regarding the use of personal protective equipment and the cleaning of equipment after each scan. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was assessed by visual estimation and/or tje modified Simpson’s biplane method. LV systolic dysfunction was defined as an LVEF &lt; 50% (mild, 40–49%; moderate, 30–39%, and severe, &lt;30%). The LV diastolic function analysis included measurements of peak early filling (E-wave) and late diastolic filling (A-wave) velocities, E/A ratio, early diastolic mitral septal and lateral annular velocities (e’), and E/e’ ratio. Patients were classified as having normal (E/A 0.8–2.0, E/e’&lt; 10) or abnormal (grade I: E/A ≤ 0.8, E/e´&lt; 10; grade II: E/A 0.8–2.0, E/e’10-14; or grade III: E/A ≥ 2; E/e’&gt; 14) diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The diastolic function grade was considered “unknown” when it was judged as indeterminate or when the data were not collected. RV systolic dysfunction was determined by visual estimation and/or semi-quantitatively (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) &lt; 17 mm and/or tissue Doppler of the free lateral wall [S’] &lt; 9.5 cm/s indicated RV dysfunction).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Valvular regurgitation was assessed according to American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was estimated from the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity obtained using continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography, while the right atrial pressure was estimated by inferior vena cava size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Pulmonary hypertension was defined as a PASP ≥ 36 mmHg (mild, –36–45 mmHg; severe, ≥60 mmHg).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>Continuous variables were assessed for Gaussian distribution and are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). Clinical, demographic, and echocardiographic parameters were compared between groups based on the history of CVD using Student’s t-test or the chi-squared test. For some patients, data were missing on days since symptom onset, fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, sore throat, diarrhea, headache, anosmia, and chest pain. We used multiple imputations to account for missing data under a missing at random assumption. Data were imputed using a data augmentation algorithm, a Markov Chain Monte Carlo procedure, assuming a joint multivariate normal distribution for the entered variables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The imputation of 20 datasets was performed using age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and site center as predictors. Linear regression was then applied to the multiple-imputed data to combine the 20 datasets as previously described for comparison between patients with and those without previous CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> We considered values of p &lt;0.05 as statistically significant. The statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 15.1 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>We included 310 hospitalized patients between April 4 and September 9, 2020, of whom 186 (88.4%) had RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19, and 36 (11.6%) had highly probable COVID-19. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the demographics, clinical characteristics, and comorbidities of the study population. Overall, the mean age of the population was 62 ± 16 years old (range19–94 years), 61% were men, and the mean BMI was 28 ± 8 (range 17.6 48.4) kg/m2. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors were hypertension (53%), diabetes mellitus (33%), and obesity (30%). Sixty-five percent of the patients were in intensive care units (ICUs), 46% required invasive mechanical ventilation, and 19% required vasopressor drugs. Twenty-three percent of patients had a history of CVD, including coronary artery disease (14%), heart failure (8%), and atrial fibrillation (5%). Patients without previous CVD were younger, had a lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, and were less likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease than patients with previous CVD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). COVID-19-related symptoms and supportive measures were similar between patients with and without previous CVD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The main clinical indications for referral for TTE were suspected heart failure (50%), suspected acute coronary syndrome (chest pain, electrocardiography abnormalities, and troponin elevation) (20%), hemodynamic instability (18%), suspected myocarditis (16%), suspected pulmonary embolism (6%), clinically relevant arrhythmias (5%), and others (e.g., suspected pericardial effusion, endocarditis, syncope, and cardioembolic source of brain stroke) (5%).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Demographics and comorbidities according to history of previous cardiovascular disease.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>All patients</th>
								<th>No previous CVD</th>
								<th>Previous CVD</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>n=310</th>
								<th>n=240</th>
								<th>n=70</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Age, years</td>
								<td align="center">62±16</td>
								<td align="center">59±16</td>
								<td align="center">69±14</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">189 (61.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">146 (60.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">43 (61.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.93</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td align="center">28.2±7.9</td>
								<td align="center">28.1±5.5</td>
								<td align="center">28.6±13.1</td>
								<td align="center">0.63</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">94 (30.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">76 (31.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">18 (25.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.34</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">164 (52.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">113(47.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">51 (72.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes melitus, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">104 (33.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">67 (27.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">37 (52.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">39 (12.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">24 (10.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">15 (21.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.011</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Previous CAD, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">44 (14.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0.0 %)</td>
								<td align="center">44 (62.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Previous HF, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">25 (8.1 %)</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0.0 %)</td>
								<td align="center">25 (35.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Previous AF, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">17 (5.5 %)</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0.0 %)</td>
								<td align="center">17 (24.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pulmonary disease, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">30 (9.7 %)</td>
								<td align="center">17 (7.1 %)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (18.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">36 (11.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">21 (8.8 %)</td>
								<td align="center">15 (21.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dialysis, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (1.0 %)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (1.2 %)</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0.0 %)</td>
								<td align="center">0.35</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">15 (4.8 %)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (3.8 %)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (8.6 %)</td>
								<td align="center">0.10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cancer, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">10 (3.2 %)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (2.9 %)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (4.3 %)</td>
								<td align="center">0.57</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>AF, atrial fibrillation; BM, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HF, heart failure.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>COVID-19-related symptoms and supportive measures according to history of previous cardiovascular disease*.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>All patients</th>
								<th>No previous CVD</th>
								<th>Previous CVD</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>n=310</th>
								<th>n=240</th>
								<th>n=70</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Days since symptom onset</td>
								<td align="center">11.9±9.3</td>
								<td align="center">11.97±8.65</td>
								<td align="center">11.62±11.44</td>
								<td align="center">0.79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fever, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">160 (58.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">126 (59.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">34 (54.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.44</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cough, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">167 (60.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">133 (62.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">34 (54.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.21</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dyspnea, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">195 (70.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">155 (73.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">40 (63.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.14</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Myalgia, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">70 (25.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">58 (27.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">12 (19.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sore throat, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">17 (6.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">12 (5.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (7.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.51</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diarrhea, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">29 (10.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">24 (11.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (7.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.44</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Headache, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">35 (12.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">29 (13.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (9.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.38</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Anosmia, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">10 (3.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">10 (4.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Chest pain, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">19 (6.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">15 (7.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (6.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.84</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Intensive care, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">202 (65.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">158 (65.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">44(62.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.65</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>NIV, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">51 (16.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">34(14.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">17(24.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.045</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Intubated, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">142 (45.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">116 (48.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">26(37.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Vasopressor drug, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">60 (19.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">46(19.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">14(20.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.88</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><italic>CVD, cardiovascular disease; NIV, non-invasive mechanical ventilation. *Multiple imputation was used for 32 patients for whom data were missing for days since symptom onset, fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, sore throat, diarrhea, headache, anosmia, and chest pain (please see Methods for details). **Described as mean ± standard error.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the main TTE findings of the hospitalized patients with COVID-19 according to history of previous CVD. The most prevalent echocardiographic abnormalities were LV hypertrophy (29%), pulmonary hypertension (25%), LV systolic dysfunction (16.5%), RV systolic dysfunction (15.9%), grade II/III LV diastolic dysfunction (11%), and LV regional wall motion abnormality (11%). Pericardial effusion (7%) and moderate to severe valvular regurgitation (9%) were less common. None of the patients had evidence of wall motion abnormalities suggestive of stress-induced cardiomyopathy.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Echocardiographic findings of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 according to history of previous cardiovascular disease.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>All patients</th>
								<th>No previous CVD</th>
								<th>Previous CVD</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Parameter</th>
								<th>n=310</th>
								<th>n=240</th>
								<th>n=70</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>LV hypertrophy, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">91 (29.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">60(25.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">31(44.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LV dilation, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">38 (12.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">15(6.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">23(33.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LV systolic dysfunction, n (%)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>None</td>
								<td align="center">257 (83.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">213 (89.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">44(63.8%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mild</td>
								<td align="center">14 (4.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (3.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (8.7%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Moderate</td>
								<td align="center">17 (5.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (3.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (13.0%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Severe</td>
								<td align="center">20 (6.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">10(4.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">10(14.5%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LV diastolic dysfunction, n (%)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>None</td>
								<td align="center">127 (41.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">116 (48.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">11(15.7%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mild</td>
								<td align="center">130 (41.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">93(38.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">37(52.9%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Moderate</td>
								<td align="center">32 (10.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">21(8.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">11(15.7%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Severe</td>
								<td align="center">3 (1.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (0.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (2.9%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Unknown</td>
								<td align="center">18 (5.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (3.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (12.9%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LV regional wall motion abnormality, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">35 (11.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">15(6.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">20(29.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RV systolic dysfunction, n (%)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">0.07</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>None</td>
								<td align="center">259 (84.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">207 (86.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">52(75.4%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mild</td>
								<td align="center">24 (7.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">17(7.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (10.1%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Moderate</td>
								<td align="center">13 (4.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (3.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (5.8%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Severe</td>
								<td align="center">12 (3.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (2.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (8.7%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pulmonary hypertension</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">0.019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>None</td>
								<td align="center">229 (75.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">185 (78.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">44(63.8%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mild</td>
								<td align="center">44 (14.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">33(14.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">11(15.9%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Moderate</td>
								<td align="center">28 (9.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">16(6.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">12(17.4%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Severe</td>
								<td align="center">4 (1.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (0.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (2.9%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Moderate to severe valve regurgitation, n (%)</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Aortic</td>
								<td align="center">4 (1.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (0.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (4.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.011</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mitral</td>
								<td align="center">13 (4.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (2.5%)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (10.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.005</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tricuspid</td>
								<td align="center">11 (3.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (2.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (8.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.009</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pericardial effusion, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">22 (7.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">16 (6.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (8.6%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><italic>CVD, cardiovascular disease; LV, left ventricular; RV, right ventricular.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>As expected, patients without CVD were less likely to present TTE findings suggestive of abnormal LV structure and/or function, including LV hypertrophy (25% vs. 45%, p=0.001), LV systolic dysfunction (13% vs. 36%, p&lt;0.001), regional wall motion abnormalities (6% vs. 29%, p&lt;0.001), grade II or III LV diastolic dysfunction (9% vs. 29%, p=0.03), and pulmonary hypertension (22% vs. 36%, p=0.019), but only 52% displayed a normal TTE findings. The frequency of RV systolic dysfunction (13% vs. 25%, p=0.07) was similar between patients with and those without previous CVD. When we analyzed only patients without previous pulmonary disease, the frequency of RV systolic dysfunction was also similar for patients with and those without previous CVD (15% vs. 20%, respectively, p=0.45). Echocardiography results changed clinical management in 25% of cases, mostly triggering the initiation of therapy for heart failure, prescription of anticoagulants, or referral for catheterization.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>In this multicenter registry, we found that abnormal findings on TTE were relatively common among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, even those without previous CVD. Although individuals without CVD were less likely to present echocardiographic findings suggestive of abnormal LV structure and/or function compared to those with previous CVD, roughly half of them displayed at least one abnormal finding. LV hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension were the most prevalent abnormalities in the group without prevoius CVD, followed by RV systolic dysfunction and LV systolic dysfunction. In contrast, only 1 in 13 patients without previous CVD had severe echocardiographic abnormalities.</p>
			<p>Previous studies described echocardiographic findings in patients with COVID-19, but the results have been considerably heterogeneous. The prevalence of LV systolic dysfunction, RV dysfunction, and RV dilation have ranged from 5.4%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> to 37.4%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 3.6%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> to 33%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and 0%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> to 46.9%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> respectively. While most studies have identified RV dysfunction and/or dilation as the most frequent echocardiographic change,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> others reported that LV systolic dysfunction was more prevalent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The contradictory results regarding the prevalence and consequences of echocardiographic changes among patients with COVID-19 have several caveats. Relatively small samples, referral bias, differences in TTE protocols, inaccurate definitions of echocardiographic abnormalities, and differences in population characteristics, such as the proportion of patients with previous CVD, may have led to the wide-ranging conclusions about the cardiac manifestations of COVID-19. Our study sheds light on the contribution of previous CVD to the prevalence of echocardiographic findings in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.</p>
			<p>To mitigate referral bias, Szekely et al. systematically performed TTE in 100 consecutive patients hospitalized for COVID-19, 43% of whom had prior CVD. They found that the most frequent abnormality was RV dysfunction/dilation, while only a minority of patients (10%) presented with LV systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition, COVID-19 patients with myocardial injury or a worse clinical condition did not demonstrate a significantly higher prevalence in LV systolic function, but they had worse RV function than patients without myocardial injury or with a better clinical condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The high prevalence of RV dysfunction and small proportion of LV dysfunction were also reported in other smaller studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Although these studies did not analyze differences according to the presence or absence of previous CVD, our findings expand their research by confirming that RV involvement is common and seems to affect patients with versus without previous CVD similarly. As expected, LV hypertrophy, systolic dysfunction, and diastolic dysfunction were more common in patients with previous CVD, partially reflecting the higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and pre-existing cardiovascular conditions. In contrast, nearly 11% of patients without CVD presented LV systolic dysfunction, which may reflect a COVID-19-related <italic>de novo</italic> LV impairment. Echocardiographic parameters that identify myocardial damage earlier and more accurately than the traditional parameters, such as two-dimensional LV or RV global longitudinal strain, have been less used in the context of COVID-19 due to the recommendations for the use of focused examination protocols that minimize the healthcare worker exposure time to infection. Studies that assessed LV systolic function with global longitudinal strain detected a higher proportion of patients with LV dysfunction than those that used LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Pulmonary hypertension was less common in patients without CVD than in those with prior CVD, but the frequency of RV systolic dysfunction was similar between the two groups. Interestingly, when only patients without previous pulmonary disease were evaluated, the frequency of RV systolic dysfunction was also similar for patients with versus without previous CVD. In addition, RV systolic dysfunction appeared to be more frequent than LV systolic dysfunction in patients without previous CVD. The development of RV-related changes in COVID-19 may be the consequence of a myriad of phenomena that affect the lungs, such as hypoxia, inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary microvascular thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, and mechanical ventilation.</p>
			<p>As major efforts by the scientific community aim to mitigate the severe health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, it becomes challenging to balance the use of echocardiography to provide high-quality medical care without excessively increasing the risk of cross-infection between healthcare professionals and patients. There is a relative lack of prospectively collected data regarding the prevalence and extent of cardiac findings in patients with severe COVID-19. Our results increase the understanding of which parameters of cardiac function are most frequently abnormal in patients with severe COVID-19 according to the history of previous CVD using real-world national registry data. It is important to emphasize that the presence of cardiac dysfunction is independently associated with worse prognosis in patients with severe COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>TTE evaluations should be considered in patients with COVID-19 and suspected cardiovascular complications to characterize the underlying cardiac substrate, for risk stratification, and to potentially guide management strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In patients with acute clinical deterioration, focused (or complete, if necessary) TTE may help in clinical decision-making in a significant proportion of scenarios. On the other hand, its indications should be based on critical consideration of the benefits to patients, contamination risk for healthcare personnel, and use of the limited personal protective equipment.</p>
			<p>Our study has some limitations that deserve attention. First, the echocardiographic measurements were performed by local investigators without confirmation by a core lab. Nevertheless, all echocardiograms were performed by experienced physicians who followed international guidelines. Second, abnormal findings may have been overestimated due to referral bias, as the echocardiograms were performed at the discretion of the attending physician. Third, 36 of 310 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 based on clinical and imaging data, but no RT-PCR testing was performed. All “probable” cases were included at the very beginning of the pandemic in Brazil, at which time many hospitals still did not have sufficient tests. Finally, although we described the TTE findings in patients without previous CVD, we still cannot rule out whether these cardiac abnormalities were pre-existing; thus, our results should be interpreted with caution.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, echocardiographic findings of abnormal cardiac structure and/or function were less common among those without previous CVD. RV systolic dysfunction appeared to affect patients with and those without previous CVD similarly, even those without previous pulmonary disease. TTE findings were normal in just over half of the patients without previous CVD. If properly indicated, TTE can provide useful information for the clinical management of critically ill patients with COVID-19.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>We express our gratitude to the following colleagues who assisted with this research: Francisco de Assis Carvalho Santana, Fernando Melo Netto, Simone Ferreira Leite, Bianca Corrêa Rocha de Mello, Dassis Cajuba, Filipe Lima de Menezes, Nathalia Caetano Lobo, Vanessa Guimarães Esmanhoto Andrioli, and Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva.</p>
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						<surname>Borsoi</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1254-6820</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Roston</surname>
						<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Hudson Laerte Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Patriota</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Otto</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6002"><sup>6</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7002"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Beck</surname>
						<given-names>Adenalva Lima de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7002"><sup>7</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8002"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Armstrong</surname>
						<given-names>Anderson da Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5002"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barbosa</surname>
						<given-names>João Marcos Bemfica</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9002"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9291-1308</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wermellinger</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Cristina Camarozano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10002"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Letícia Braga Paciello da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11002"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Resende</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos Valério Coimbra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11002"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vieira</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11002"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Miglioranza</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12002"><sup>12</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Morita Fernandes da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">CardioEco - Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Curitiba;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (HU-UEL), Londrina;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Samel, Manaus;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (HU - UNIVASF), Petrolina;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sirio Libanês, Brasilia;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7002">
				<label>7</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal (ICDF), Brasília;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8002">
				<label>8</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Lúcia, Brasília;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9002">
				<label>9</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Getúlio Vargas - Universidade Federal do Estado do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10002">
				<label>10</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças, Curitiba;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11002">
				<label>11</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, São Paulo;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12002">
				<label>12</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Silvio Henrique Barberato • Avenida República Argentina, 1336, sala 215, CEP 80620-010, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail: silviohb@cardiol.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: SHB, RB. Obtenção de dados: RB, FR, HLMM, PP, MEBO, ALSB, ACA, JMBB, ACCW, LBPS, MVCR, MLCP. Análise e interpretação dos dados: SHB, RB, MMFS. Análise e interpretação dos dados: SHB, MMFS. Obtenção de financiamento: SHB. Redação do manuscrito: SHB, MMFS. Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: SHB, MMFS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT) pode desempenhar um papel crucial na avaliação das manifestações cardíacas da COVID-19.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Nosso objetivo foi relatar a prevalência das principais anormalidades ecocardiográficas em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Realizou-se estudo observacional multicêntrico prospectivo com pacientes com COVID-19 submetidos a ETT durante a internação. Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca prévia, doença arterial coronariana ou fibrilação atrial foram classificados como portadores de doença cardiovascular (DCV) prévia. Foram coletados dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos da estrutura e da função cardíaca.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Avaliamos 310 pacientes com COVID-19, com 62±16 anos de idade, 61% homens, 53% com hipertensão arterial, 33% com diabetes e 23% com DCV prévia. No total, 65% dos pacientes necessitaram de suporte em unidade de terapia intensiva. As alterações ecocardiográficas mais prevalentes foram hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) (29%), hipertensão pulmonar (25%), disfunção sistólida do VE (16,5%), disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direito (VD) (15,9%), disfunção diastólica do VE grau II/III (11%) e alteração da contratilidade regional do VE (11%). Derrame pericárdico foi incomum (7%). Hipertrofia do VE (25 vs. 45%, p=0,001), disfunção sistólica do VE (11 vs. 36%, p&lt;0,001), alterações da contratilidade regional (6 vs. 29%, p&lt;0,001), disfunção diastólica do VE grau II/III (9 vs. 19%, p=0,03) e hipertensão pulmonar (22 vs. 36%, p=0,019) foram menos comuns nos pacientes sem do que com DCV prévia. A disfunção sistólica do VD mostrou-se semelhante em pacientes sem e com DCV prévia (13 vs. 25%, p=0,07).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões</title>
					<p> Entre os pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, os achados ecocardiográficos anormais foram comuns, porém menos encontrados naqueles sem DCV. A disfunção sistólica do VD pareceu afetar de forma semelhante pacientes com e sem DCV prévia.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
				<kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
				<kwd>Função cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Doença cardiovascular</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) causada pelo novo coronavírus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) pode resultar em insuficiência respiratória grave e lesão cardíaca aguda. Comprometimento da função cardíaca e/ou doença cardiovascular (DCV) prévia em pacientes com COVID-19 estão associadas a pior prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>A ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT) ocupa um papel central no manejo de pacientes com sintomas cardiovasculares novos ou agravados, instabilidade hemodinâmica e níveis elevados de biomarcadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Por outro lado, o uso da ecocardiografia deve se basear em uma avaliação crítica dos benefícios para o paciente versus o risco de contaminação para os profissionais da saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Foram descritos achados ecocardiográficos em pacientes com COVID-19, com resultados conflitantes. Embora alguns estudos relatem alta prevalência de disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> outros sugeriram que a disfunção sistólica do VE é menos comum, com disfunção diastólica do VE e disfunção do ventrículo direito (VD) mais prevalentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Viés de referência, definições variadas das anormalidades ecocardiográficas e características populacionais distintas, como a proporção de pacientes com DCV prévia, podem explicar parcialmente essas diferenças. Ainda não está claro, entretanto, como e com que frequência a COVID-١٩ afeta a função cardíaca.</p>
				<p>Portanto, nosso objetivo foi determinar a prevalência dos principais achados ecocardiográficos anormais em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, comparando pacientes com e sem histórico de DCV prévia por meio de um estudo colaborativo multicêntrico do mundo real (Registro Brasileiro de Ecocardiografia durante a pandemia de COVID-19, ou ECOVID).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>ECOVID é um estudo observacional nacional multicêntrico prospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. O registro teve início no Brasil em 4 de abril de 2020 e objetiva coletar dados clínicos epidemiológicos e achados ecocardiográficos em centros representativos das cinco macrorregiões do país.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>População estudada</title>
					<p>Foram incluídos pacientes consecutivos com mais de 18 anos de idade com COVID-19 encaminhados para ETT durante a internação hospitalar. Pacientes com sintomas clínicos de COVID-19 e testes positivos pela técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) foram classificados como casos confirmados. Pacientes com sinais e sintomas clínicos de COVID-19 e achados compatíveis na tomografia computadorizada de tórax (opacidades bilaterais em vidro fosco), mas sem o teste RT-PCR, foram considerados casos altamente prováveis. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética do centro de coordenação (#4.033.139) e pelos comitês de ética locais de cada local. Para reduzir o risco de infecção cruzada de SARS-CoV-2 entre profissionais de saúde e pacientes, o comitê de ética dispensou a exigência de obter um formulário de consentimento e aprovou a entrada de informações não identificadas dos pacientes no banco de dados do estudo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Data</title>
					<p>Em cada centro participante, os cardiologistas preencheram um formulário de relato de caso após o ecocardiograma. As definições de protocolo no relatório de caso foram discutidas com cada investigador. Os investigadores foram orientados a seguir o mesmo padrão para melhorar a homogeneidade entre os locais. Os dados foram inseridos online e enviados ao centro de coordenação por meio de um site seguro. O centro de coordenação do estudo atribuiu um número de identificação exclusivo para cada paciente para evitar entradas duplicadas e certificar a segurança das informações de saúde protegidas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Dados clínicos e demográficos</title>
					<p>Cada investigador revisou prontuários médicos e entrevistou o paciente ou parente para obter dados clínicos e demográficos, incluindo idade, sexo, peso, altura, histórico de hipertensão arterial, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, obesidade, tabagismo, doença arterial coronariana (infarto prévio de artéria coronária, intervenção percutânea e/ou cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio) insuficiência cardíaca, fibrilação atrial, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, acidente vascular cerebral, doença renal crônica (nível de creatinina sérica ≥1,5 mg/dL) e câncer. DCV prévia foi definida como angiografia coronária por tomografia computadorizada ou angiocoronariografia mostrando obstrução &gt;=50% em qualquer artéria coronária principal, revascularização coronária percutânea ou cirúrgica, infarto do miocárdio, insuficiência cardíaca ou fibrilação atrial. Também foram coletados sinais e sintomas relacionados à COVID-19 e a necessidade de medidas de suporte em pacientes críticos (ventilação não invasiva, ventilação mecânica e uso de drogas vasoativas).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Dados ecocardiográficos preliminares</title>
					<p>A fim de mitigar o risco para os profissionais de saúde, utilizou-se um protocolo focado na maioria dos exames.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A aquisição e a interpretação das imagens foram realizadas por médicos certificados de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Todos os procedimentos seguiram o respectivo protocolo institucional referente aos equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) e limpeza dos equipamentos após cada exame. A fração de ejeção do VE (FEVE) foi avaliada por estimativa visual e/ou método biplanar de Simpson modificado. Definiu-se a disfunção sistólica do VE como FEVE menor que 50% (discreta entre 40–49%; moderada entre 30–39% e grave &lt;30%).A análise da função diastólica do VE incluiu a medida das velocidades do pico de enchimento precoce (onda E) e de enchimento diastólico tardio (onda A), relação E/A, velocidades diastólicas do anel mitral septal e lateral (e’) e relação E/e’. Os pacientes foram classificados como tendo função diastólica normal (E/A 0,8–2,0, E/e’ &lt;10) ou anormal (disfunção grau I: E/A ≤0.8, E/e’ &lt;10; disfunção grau II: E/A 0,8–2,0, E/e’ 10–14; disfunção grau III: E/A ≥2; E/e’ &gt;14).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O grau de disfunção diastólica foi considerado “desconhecido” quando classificado como “indeterminado” ou quando os dados não foram coletados. A disfunção sistólica do VD foi determinada por estimativa visual e/ou semiquantitativamente (excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide [TAPSE] &lt;17 mm e/ou Doppler tecidual da parede lateral livre [S’] &lt;9,5 cm/s indica disfunção do VD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As insuficiências valvares foram avaliadas de acordo com as diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) foi estimada a partir do pico da velocidade de refluxo tricúspide, obtida por Doppler contínuo, e a pressão atrial direita foi estimada pelo tamanho da veia cava inferior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Definiu-se hipertensão pulmonar como PSAP ≥ 36 mmHg (discreta entre 36–45 mmHg; grave se ≥60 mmHg).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise de sobrevida</title>
					<p>As variáveis contínuas foram avaliadas quanto à distribuição gaussiana dos dados e apresentadas como média±desvio padrão ou mediana (25º percentil, 75º percentil). Os parâmetros clínicos, demográficos e ecocardiográficos foram comparados entre os dois grupos com base no histórico de DCV usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o teste qui-quadrado. Para alguns pacientes, faltavam dados sobre os dias desde o início dos sintomas, febre, tosse, dispneia, mialgia, dor de garganta, diarreia, cefaleia, anosmia e dor torácica. Usamos imputação múltipla para dar conta dos dados ausentes, sob uma premissa de faltante aleatório (<italic>missing at random)</italic>. Os dados foram imputados usando um algoritmo de aumento de dados, um procedimento Monte Carlo via cadeias de Markov, supondo uma distribuição normal multivariada conjunta para as variáveis no modelo de imputação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A imputação de 20 conjuntos de dados foi realizada usando idade, sexo, IMC e localidade como preditores. A regressão linear foi então aplicada aos dados imputados múltiplos, combinando os 20 conjuntos de dados conforme descrito anteriormente, a fim de comparar os resultados entre pacientes com e sem doenças cardiovasculares prévias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Consideramos valores de p estatisticamente significativos &lt;0,05. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no Stata versão 15.1 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Foram incluídos 310 pacientes hospitalizados entre 4 de abril e 9 de setembro de 2020, dos quais 186 (88,4%) tinham COVID-19 confirmada por RT-PCR e 36 (11,6%) tinham COVID-19 altamente provável. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> resume os dados demográficos, características clínicas e comorbidades da população. No geral, a idade média da população era de 62±16 anos (variação de 19 a 94), 61% eram homens e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) era de 28±8 (variação de 17,6 a 48,4) kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Os fatores de risco cardiovascular mais prevalentes foram hipertensão (53%), diabetes mellitus (33%) e obesidade (30%). Sessenta e cinco por cento dos pacientes estavam em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), 46% necessitaram de ventilação mecânica invasiva e 19% necessitaram de vasopressores. Vinte e três por cento dos pacientes tinham histórico de DCV, incluindo doença arterial coronariana (14%), insuficiência cardíaca (8%) ou fibrilação atrial (5%). Pacientes sem DCV prévia eram mais jovens e tinham menor prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertensão, diabetes e tabagismo, e eram menos propensos a ter doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica e doença renal crônica quando comparados com pacientes com DCV prévia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). Os sintomas e medidas de suporte relacionados à COVID-19 foram semelhantes entre os pacientes com e sem DCV prévia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>). As principais indicações clínicas para encaminhamento para ecocardiografia foram suspeita de insuficiência cardíaca (50%), suspeita de síndrome coronariana aguda (20%), instabilidade hemodinâmica (18%), suspeita de miocardite (16%), suspeita de embolia pulmonar (6%), arritmias clinicamente relevantes (5%) e outros (como suspeita de derrame pericárdico, endocardite, síncope e fonte cardioembólica de acidente vascular cerebral) (5%).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dados demográficos e comorbidades de acordo com histórico de doença cardiovascular prévia.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Todos os pacientes</th>
									<th>DCV prévia</th>
									<th>DCV prévia</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>n=310</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>n=240</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>n=70</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>valor de <italic>p</italic></bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade, anos</td>
									<td align="center">62±16</td>
									<td align="center">59±16</td>
									<td align="center">69±14</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">189 (61,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">146 (60,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">43 (61,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,93</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">28,2±7,9</td>
									<td align="center">28,1±5,5</td>
									<td align="center">28,6±13,1</td>
									<td align="center">0,63</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">94 (30,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">76 (31,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">18 (25,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertensão, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">164 (52,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">113(47,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">51 (72,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">104 (33,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">67 (27,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">37 (52,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">39 (12,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">24 (10,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (21,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,011</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DAC conhecida, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">44 (14,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0 %)</td>
									<td align="center">44 (62,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IC prévia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">25 (8,1 %)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0 %)</td>
									<td align="center">25 (35,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FA prévia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">17 (5,5 %)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0 %)</td>
									<td align="center">17 (24,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Doença pulmonar, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">30 (9,7 %)</td>
									<td align="center">17 (7,1 %)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (18,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Doença renal crônica, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">36 (11,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">21 (8,8 %)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (21,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diálise, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (1,0 %)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (1,2 %)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0 %)</td>
									<td align="center">0,35</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Doença cerebrovascular, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (4,8 %)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (3,8 %)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (8,6 %)</td>
									<td align="center">0,10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Câncer, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (3,2 %)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (2,9 %)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (4,3 %)</td>
									<td align="center">0,57</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>DCV — doença cardiovascular, IMC — índice de massa corporal, DAC — doença arterial coronariana, IC — insuficiência cardíaca. FA — fibrilação atrial, DPOC — doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Sintomas e medidas de suporte relacionadas à COVID-19 de acordo com histórico de doença cardiovascular prévia*.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Todos os pacientes</th>
									<th>DCV prévia</th>
									<th>DCV prévia</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>n=310</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>n=240</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>n=70</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>valor de p</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dias desde o início dos sintomas</td>
									<td align="center">11,9±9,3</td>
									<td align="center">11,97±8,65</td>
									<td align="center">11,62±11,44</td>
									<td align="center">0,79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Febre, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">160 (58,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">126 (59,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">34 (54,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,44</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tosse, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">167 (60,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">133 (62,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">34 (54,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dispneia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">195 (70,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">155 (73,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">40 (63,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,14</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mialgia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">70 (25,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">58 (27,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">12 (19,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dor de garganta, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">17 (6,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">12 (5,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (7,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,51</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diarreia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">29 (10,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">24 (11,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (7,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,44</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dor de cabeça, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">35 (12,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">29 (13,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (9,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,38</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Anosmia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (3,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (4,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dor torácica, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">19 (6,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">15 (7,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (6,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,84</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Terapia intensiva, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">202 (65,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">158 (65,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">44(62,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,65</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>VNI, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">51 (16,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">34(14,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">17(24,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,045</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Entubado, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">142 (45,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">116 (48,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">26(37,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Vasopressor, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">60 (19,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">46(19,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">14(20,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,88</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p><italic>DCV – doença cardiovascular, VNI — ventilação mecânica não invasiva. *Utilizamos imputação múltipla em 32 pacientes com dados ausentes por dias desde o início dos sintomas, febre, tosse, dispneia, mialgia, dor de garganta, diarreia, dor de cabeça, anosmia e dor torácica (vide Métodos para obter detalhes). **Descritos como média±erro padrão.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref> mostra os principais achados ecocardiográficos em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 de acordo com histórico de DCV prévia. Em geral, as alterações ecocardiográficas mais prevalentes foram hipertrofia do VE (29%), hipertensão pulmonar (25%), disfunção sistólica do VE (16,5%), disfunção sistólica do VD (15,9%), disfunção diastólica do VE grau II/III (11%) e alteração da contratilidade regional do VE (11%). Derrame pericárdico (7%) e insuficiência valvar moderada a grave (9%) foram menos encontrados. Nenhum paciente apresentava evidências de alterações de motilidade parietal sugestivas de cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Achados ecocardiográficos em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 de acordo com histórico de doença cardiovascular prévia.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Todos os pacientes</th>
									<th>DCV prévia</th>
									<th>DCV prévia</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><bold>Parâmetro</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>n=310</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>n=240</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>n=70</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>valor de p</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertrofia do VE, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">91 (29,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">60(25,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">31(44,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dilatação do VE, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">38 (12,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">15(6,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">23(33,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Disfunção sistólica do VE, n (%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ausente</td>
									<td align="center">257 (83,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">213 (89,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">44(63,8%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Discreta</td>
									<td align="center">14 (4,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (3,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (8,7%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Moderada</td>
									<td align="center">17 (5,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (3,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (13,0%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Grave</td>
									<td align="center">20 (6,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">10(4,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">10(14,5%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Disfunção diastólica do VE, n (%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ausente</td>
									<td align="center">127 (41,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">116 (48,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">11(15,7%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Discreta</td>
									<td align="center">130 (41,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">93(38,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">37(52,9%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Moderada</td>
									<td align="center">32 (10,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">21(8,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">11(15,7%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Grave</td>
									<td align="center">3 (1,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (2,9%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Desconhecido</td>
									<td align="center">18 (5,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (3,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (12,9%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Alteração de motilidade parietal regional do VE, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">35 (11,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">15(6,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">20(29,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Função sistólica do VD, n (%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0,07</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ausente</td>
									<td align="center">259 (84,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">207 (86,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">52(75,4%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Discreta</td>
									<td align="center">24 (7,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">17(7,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (10,1%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Moderada</td>
									<td align="center">13 (4,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (3,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (5,8%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Grave</td>
									<td align="center">12 (3,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (2,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (8,7%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hipertensão pulmonar</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0,019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ausente</td>
									<td align="center">229 (75,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">185 (78,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">44(63,8%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Discreta</td>
									<td align="center">44 (14,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">33(14,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">11(15,9%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Moderada</td>
									<td align="center">28 (9,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">16(6,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">12(17,4%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Grave</td>
									<td align="center">4 (1,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (0,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (2,9%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Insuficiência valvar moderada a grave, n (%)</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Aórtica</td>
									<td align="center">4 (1,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (4,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,011</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mitral</td>
									<td align="center">13 (4,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (2,5%)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (10,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,005</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tricúspide</td>
									<td align="center">11 (3,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (2,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (8,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,009</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Derrame pericárdico, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (7,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">16 (6,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (8,6%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p><italic>DCV — doença cardiovascular, VE — ventrículo esquerdo, VD — ventrículo direito.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Como esperado, pacientes sem DCV prévia, apresentavam menos achados ecocardiográficos compatíveis com alteração da função e/ou estrutura do VE, incluindo hipertrofia do VE (25 vs. 45%, p=0,001), disfunção sistólica do VE (13 vs. 36%, p&lt;0,001), alterações da contratilidade regional (6 vs. 29%, p&lt;0,001) disfunção diastólica do VE grau II ou III (9 vs. 29%, p=0,03) e hipertensão pulmonar (22 vs. 36%, p=0,019), mas apenas 52% deles apresentavam ecocardiograma normal. A disfunção sistólica do VD (13 vs. 25%, p=0,07) se mostrou semelhante entre os pacientes com e sem DCV prévia. Quando analisamos apenas os pacientes sem doença pulmonar prévia, a disfunção sistólica do VD também se mostrou semelhante para os pacientes com e sem DCV prévia (15 vs. 20%, respectivamente, p=0,45). Os resultados da ecocardiografia alteraram o manejo clínico em 25% dos casos, principalmente desencadeando o início da terapia para insuficiência cardíaca ou anticoagulação ou encaminhamento para cateterismo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Neste registro multicêntrico, encontramos que os achados anormais na ETT foram relativamente comuns entre pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, mesmo entre aqueles sem DCV prévia. Embora indivíduos sem DCV fossem menos propensos a apresentar achados ecocardiográficos compatíveis com alterações da estrutura e/ou função do VE quando comparados àqueles com DCV prévia, cerca de metade deles apresentou pelo menos uma alteração. Hipertrofia de VE e hipertensão pulmonar foram os achados mais prevalentes no grupo sem DCV, seguidos de disfunção sistólica do VD e disfunção sistólica do VE. Por outro lado, apenas 1 em cada 13 pacientes sem DCV prévia apresentou alterações ecocardiográficas graves em nosso estudo.</p>
				<p>Estudos anteriores descreveram achados ecocardiográficos em pacientes com COVID-19, mas os resultados foram consideravelmente heterogêneos. A prevalência de disfunção sistólica do VE, disfunção do VD e dilatação do VD variou de 5,4<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> a 37,4%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 3,6,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> a 33%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e 0<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> a 46,9%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> respectivamente. Embora a maioria dos estudos tenha apontado a disfunção e/ou dilatação do VD como as alterações ecocardiográficas mais frequentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> outros reportaram a disfunção sistólica do VE como mais prevalente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os resultados contraditórios sobre a prevalência e as consequências das alterações ecocardiográficas entre pacientes com COVID-19 podem ser explicados por diversas ressalvas. Amostras relativamente pequenas, viés de referência, diferentes protocolos de ETT, definições imprecisas de alterações ecocardiográficas e diferenças nas características populacionais, como a proporção de pacientes com DCV prévia, podem ter levado à vasta gama de conclusões sobre as manifestações cardíacas da COVID-19. Nosso estudo lança luz sobre a importância da DCV prévia na prevalência de achados ecocardiográficos de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19.</p>
				<p>A fim de mitigar o viés de referência, Szekely e cols. realizaram ETT em 100 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados por COVID-19, 43% dos quais tinham DCV prévia. Eles demonstraram que a alteração mais frequente era a disfunção/dilatação do VD, enquanto apenas uma minoria dos pacientes (10%) apresentava disfunção sistólica do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Além disso, pacientes com COVID-19 com lesão miocárdica ou pior condição clínica não apresentaram diferença significativa na função sistólica do VE, mas apresentaram pior função do VD quando comparados a pacientes sem lesão miocárdica ou melhor condição clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Alta prevalência de disfunção do VD e uma pequena proporção de disfunção do VE foram encontradas de forma semelhante em outros estudos menores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Embora esses estudos não tenham analisado diferenças de acordo com a presença ou ausência de DCV prévia, nossos achados expandem as pesquisas anteriores, confirmando que o envolvimento do VD é comum e parece afetar de forma semelhante pacientes com e sem DCV prévia. Como esperado, hipertrofia, disfunção sistólica e disfunção diastólica do VE foram mais comuns em pacientes com DCV prévia, refletindo parcialmente a maior prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular e condições cardiovasculares pré-existentes. Por outro lado, quase onze por cento dos pacientes sem DCV apresentaram disfunção sistólica VE, o que pode refletir o comprometimento “de novo” do VE relacionado à COVID-19. Parâmetros ecocardiográficos que identificam o dano miocárdico mais precocemente e com maior precisão do que os tradicionais, como <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) bidimensional do VE ou VD, têm sido menos utilizados no contexto da COVID-19 devido às recomendações para a realização de protocolos de exames focados que minimizam o tempo de exposição dos profissionais de saúde à infecção. Estudos que avaliaram a função sistólica do VE com SLG detectaram maior proporção de pacientes com disfunção do VE em comparação com aqueles que usaram a FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A hipertensão pulmonar se mostrou menos comum em pacientes sem do que nos com DCV prévia, mas a disfunção sistólica do VD mostrou proporções semelhantes entre os dois grupos. Curiosamente, quando apenas pacientes sem doença pulmonar prévia foram avaliados, a disfunção sistólica do VD também foi semelhante para pacientes com e sem DCV prévia. Além disso, a disfunção sistólica do VD pareceu ser mais frequente do que a disfunção sistólica do VE em pacientes sem DCV prévia. O desenvolvimento de alterações relacionadas ao VD na COVID-19 pode ser consequência de diversos fenômenos que acometem os pulmões, como hipóxia, inflamação, síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, trombose microvascular pulmonar, tromboembolismo pulmonar, ventilação mecânica, entre outros.</p>
				<p>Os principais esforços da comunidade científica visam mitigar as graves consequências para a saúde da pandemia de COVID-19. Torna-se um desafio equilibrar o uso da ecocardiografia para fornecer cuidado médico de alta qualidade sem aumentar o risco de infecção cruzada entre profissionais de saúde e pacientes. Em virtude disso, há uma relativa falta de dados coletados prospectivamente sobre a prevalência e a extensão dos achados em pacientes com COVID-19 grave. Nossos resultados ajudam a compreender quais parâmetros anormais de função cardíaca são mais frequentes em pacientes com COVID-19 grave, de acordo com o histórico de DCV prévia por meio de um registro nacional do mundo real. É importante enfatizar que a presença de disfunção cardíaca está independentemente associada a pior prognóstico em pacientes com COVID-19 grave. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Deve-se considerar uma avaliação com ETT em pacientes com COVID-19 e complicações cardiovasculares para caracterizar o substrato cardíaco subjacente, para estratificação de risco e para guiar estratégias potenciais de manejo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em pacientes com deterioração clínica aguda, a ETT focada (ou completa, se necessário) pode auxiliar na tomada de decisão clínica em uma proporção significativa de cenários. Por outro lado, suas indicações devem se basear em uma avaliação crítica dos benefícios para o paciente, risco de contaminação para profissionais de saúde e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual limitados.</p>
				<p>Nosso estudo apresenta limitações que devem ser consideradas. Primeiro, as medidas ecocardiográficas foram realizadas por investigadores locais sem avaliação final por um laboratório central. No entanto, todos os ecocardiogramas foram realizados por médicos experientes, que seguiram os procedimentos de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais. Em segundo lugar, as alterações podem ter sido superestimadas devido ao viés de referência. Os ecocardiogramas foram realizados a critério do médico assistente. Em terceiro lugar, 36 entre 310 pacientes tiveram diagnóstico de COVID-19 considerado altamente provável com base em dados clínicos e de imagem, mas sem um teste de RT-PCR. Todos os casos “prováveis” foram incluídos logo no início da pandemia no Brasil, e muitos hospitais não dispunham de testes RT-PCR suficientes naquele momento. Por fim, embora tenhamos descrito os achados de ETT em pacientes sem DCV prévia, não podemos descartar que essas alterações fossem pré-existentes; portanto, esses resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela.</p>
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				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>Entre os pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, os achados ecocardiográficos de alteração na estrutura e/ou função cardíaca foram comuns, mas menos encontrados entre aqueles sem DCV prévia. A disfunção sistólica do VD pareceu afetar de forma semelhante pacientes com e sem DCV prévia, mesmo os pacientes sem doença pulmonar prévia. Observou-se ETT normal em pouco mais da metade dos pacientes sem DCV prévia. Se devidamente indicada, a ETT pode trazer informação útil para o manejo clínico de pacientes criticamente enfermos acometidos pela COVID-19.</p>
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				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Gostaríamos de expressar nossos agradecimentos aos seguintes colegas que nos ajudaram na realização desta pesquisa: Francisco de Assis Carvalho Santana; Fernando Melo Netto, Simone Ferreira Leite, Bianca Corrêa Rocha de Mello, Dassis Cajuba, Filipe Lima de Menezes, Nathalia Caetano Lobo, Vanessa Guimarães Esmanhoto Andrioli, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva.</p>
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