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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213404eabc249</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Frequency and Characteristics of Responders to an Educational Intervention to Reduce Inappropriate Heart Testing: A Sub-study of the Echo WISELY Trial</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes</surname>
						<given-names>João Ricardo Pinto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Chu</surname>
						<given-names>Cherry</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bhatia</surname>
						<given-names>Sacha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Correia</surname>
						<given-names>Luis Claudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Women’s College Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Toronto</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">Ontario</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CA">Canada</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: João Ricardo Pinto Lopes •</bold> Rua Gregório Amâncio, 5, Centro, CEP: 48730-000, Conceição do Coité, BA, Brazil. E-mail: <email>jrpintolopes@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Study conception: JRP Lopes, LC Correia, C Chu, and S Bhatia; research design: JRP Lopes, LC Correia, C Chu, and S Bhatia; data collection: JRP Lopes, C Chu, and S Bhatia; data analysis and interpretation: JRP Lopes, LC Correia, C Chu, and S Bhatia; statistical analysis: JRP Lopes, C Chu, and S Bhatia; manuscript writing: JRP Lopes, LC Correia, and C Chu.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>25</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>34</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc249</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>6</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction</title>
					<p> The Echo WISELY Trial is a controlled randomized multicenter investigator-blinded study that evaluated an educational intervention based on the criteria for appropriate use of echocardiography to reduce the proportion of rarely appropriate outpatient echocardiograms performed.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To describe the prevalence and identify predictors of the responsiveness of responding physicians subjected to an educational intervention in the Echo WISELY Trial.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> The intervention group physicians received a multifaceted educational program. A responding physician was defined as one who had a &gt;2.5% reduction in the proportional mean of rarely appropriate tests requested between the first trimester (baseline) and any of the following trimesters (second to sixth). Physician characteristics (sex, time since graduation, medical specialty, and workplace) were compared to the echocardiogram ratings (appropriate, maybe appropriate, and rarely appropriate) and clinical reasons for the requested echocardiograms using the chi-square test. Statistical significance was indicated by a two-tailed p &lt; 0.05.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> A total of 4,605 tests requested at the six participating hospitals in Ontario were analyzed and randomized for the intervention arm. Of the 36 included physicians, 26 (72%) were classified as responders. Of the variables analyzed, there was no significant difference in the outcomes of the responders versus non-responders to the educational intervention. The number of rarely appropriate tests requested by the responders was significantly lower than that of the non-responders (234 [8.67%] versus 261 [13.8%]; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> The prevalence of responder physicians was high, but predictors of responsiveness to educational intervention were not identified among the analyzed variables. This may be a result of the psychological aspects and personal characteristics of the physicians, which were not included in this research.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="16"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Echocardiography is an important imaging modality for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, representing approximately half of all cardiac diagnostic tests requested.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, in many cases, it is used as a screening tool in patients at low risk for cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of echocardiogram requests, estimated at 6–8% per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This trend has contributed to progressively increased public spending on medical testing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Appropriate echocardiography use criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> were published by the American Society of Echocardiography to reduce unnecessary testing, improve care quality, and optimize cost-effectiveness. Appropriate use criteria for echocardiography are clinical scenarios classified as “appropriate,” “maybe appropriate,” or “rarely appropriate” based on clinical indications. A test can be classified as rarely appropriate if the indication is not an approved reason for testing or if the test is unlikely to benefit the patient. Many efforts have been made to address this issue – most notably, the development of the Choosing WISELY international campaign, which strives to raise awareness of and prevent the overuse of health services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The Echo WISELY (Will Inappropriate Scenarios for Echocardiography Lessen SignificantlY in an education RCT) Trial evaluated an educational intervention based on the appropriate use criteria for echocardiography and its ability to reduce the proportion of rarely appropriate transthoracic echocardiograms requested by clinicians in outpatient care. The results demonstrated that the physicians who completed the intervention over 18 months requested a significantly lower proportion of rarely appropriate tests than those randomized to the control arm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, there was still notable variation in the proportion of rarely appropriate tests requested by the physicians who received the intervention. This exploratory sub-study of the Echo WISELY Trial had two objectives: describe the prevalence of physicians responding to an educational intervention in the Echo WISELY Trial and identify predictors of responsiveness.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study design and participants</title>
				<p>The trial protocol was previously published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The Echo WISELY Trial, which was multicenter, randomized, controlled, and investigator-blinded, demonstrated the effectiveness of an educational intervention to reduce the proportion of rarely appropriate outpatient transthoracic echocardiograms requested by primary care physicians and cardiologists in the intervention arm. The intervention involved education and feedback and was based on appropriate use criteria for echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Between December 2014 and April 2016, 75 cardiologists and primary care physicians were recruited from eight hospitals in Ontario, Canada, and Massachusetts, United States. Physicians were randomized 1:1 to receive the intervention <italic>versus</italic> the usual care. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02038101), reported in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reposting Trails (CONSORT) guidelines, and approved by the ethics committees of the participating hospitals.</p>
				<p>The sub-study was descriptive and included only Ontario physicians from the intervention arm of the study to explore the response phenomenon. Physicians without a College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO) registration number were excluded from the analysis to ensure that each physician could be linked to their baseline characteristics.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Intervention</title>
				<p>Physicians assigned to the intervention group received a multifaceted educational approach that included a 20-minute informational video describing the appropriate use criteria and key scenarios in which echocardiogram tests should be requested; detailed instructions on how to access the educational application on appropriate use criteria for echocardiography; and individual monthly reports detailing the test request pattern of each physician versus their peers, including the total number of appropriate, maybe appropriate, and rarely appropriate tests ordered.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiogram appropriate use classification</title>
				<p>The echocardiograms requested by the participating physicians during the study period were evaluated for adequacy according to the appropriate use criteria for echocardiography published in 2011.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The evaluators were not aware of the treatment allocations. For each requested echocardiogram, the clinical reasons for the request and the patient’s chart (including disease history, treatment plans, and previous requests for medical imaging tests) were recorded. Each test was rated as appropriate, maybe appropriate, or rarely appropriate. Tests with insufficient clinical data for the judgment of appropriate use were not included in the study. For tests lacking clear classification information, the principal site investigator was first asked to rate their appropriateness. If a decision could not be made, the test was then evaluated by a committee composed of three senior study researchers.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Classification of responding physicians</title>
				<p>The quarterly frequency of the requested echocardiograms was plotted for all physicians who requested at least one echocardiogram in each quarter. Responders were defined as physicians who demonstrated a reduced number of rarely appropriate echocardiograms between baseline and the final period of more than the mean difference between the intervention and control groups. This mean effect of the intervention was a 2.5% reduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition, a physician was considered a responder if no rarely appropriate tests were requested in any of the follow-up quarters.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The intervention period lasted 18 months and was divided into six quarters for the analysis. For each individual physician, the proportions of rarely appropriate tests requested during each of the following quarters (second through sixth) were subtracted from the proportion in the first quarter (baseline). The mean of these deltas for each physician was defined as the mean reduction. The proportion of those with a delta reduction of at least &gt; 2.5%, defined as responders, was described and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Distributions of several basic medical characteristics between responders and non-responders (sex, years since graduation from medical school, medical specialty, and workplace) were compared, as were classifications based on the appropriate use criteria for echocardiography (appropriate, maybe appropriate, and rarely appropriate) and clinical reasons for requesting echocardiograms using chi-square tests of independence or Fisher’s exact tests for cells, with a frequency of &lt; 5. Statistical significance was indicated by a two-tailed p &lt; 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 17 software.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>Of the 14,697 total echocardiograms requested by all physicians participating in the Echo WISELY Trial, 4,605 were analyzed in this sub-study and requested by clinicians randomized to the intervention arm of the six participating hospitals in Ontario. Of the initial sample of 38 physicians, two were excluded: one for lacking a CPSO registration number and the other for not having requested any tests during the entire study period. Of the 36 physicians included in the analysis, 26 (72%; 95% CI, 55–86%) were classified as responders to the intervention based on the 2.5% reduction threshold.</p>
			<p>During the study, the proportion of rarely appropriate tests requested by the responders was significantly lower than that by the non-responders (234 [8.6%] <italic>versus</italic> 261 [13.8%]; p &lt; 0.0001). There was also a difference in the main reasons for requesting rarely appropriate tests between the responders and non-responders (p &lt; 0.0001). The main reason for requests among the respondents was number 11, routine surveillance of ventricular function with known coronary artery disease (CAD) and no change in clinical status or cardiac examination findings (50 [21.4%]). Of non-responders, the main reason for requesting tests was number 48, routine surveillance (&lt;3 years after implantation) of the prosthetic valve without any known or suspected valvular dysfunction (82 [31.4%]). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical adequacy and reasons for physician-requested echocardiograms in the responder and non-responder groups.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Characteristics of echocardiogram tests requested by intervention group physicians.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Echocardiogram</th>
								<th>Responders (n = 2,713 [59%])</th>
								<th>95% CI (55-60%)</th>
								<th>Non-responders (n = 1,892 [41%])</th>
								<th>95% CI (40-43%)</th>
								<th>P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Adequacy</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Appropriate</td>
								<td align="center">2335 (86.1)</td>
								<td align="center">85-87</td>
								<td align="center">1512 (79.9)</td>
								<td align="center">78-81.7</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Maybe appropriate</td>
								<td align="center">144 (5.3)</td>
								<td align="center">4.5-6.2</td>
								<td align="center">119 (6.3)</td>
								<td align="center">5.3-7.5</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rarely appropriate</td>
								<td align="center">234 (8.6)</td>
								<td align="center">7.6-9.7</td>
								<td align="center">261 (13.8)</td>
								<td align="center">12-15.4</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Reasons for inappropriate requests</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>11. Routine surveillance for ventricular function with known CAD; no change in clinical status or cardiac examination</td>
								<td align="center">50 (21.4)</td>
								<td align="center">16.5-27</td>
								<td align="center">52 (19.9)</td>
								<td align="center">15.3-25</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>38. Routine surveillance (&lt; 3 years) for mild valve stenosis; change in clinical status or cardiac examination findings</td>
								<td align="center">16 (6.8)</td>
								<td align="center">4-10.9</td>
								<td align="center">17 (6.1)</td>
								<td align="center">3.8-10</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>40. Routine surveillance (&lt; 1 year) for moderate or severe valve stenosis; no change in clinical status or cardiac examination findings</td>
								<td align="center">23 (9.8)</td>
								<td align="center">6.5-14</td>
								<td align="center">45 (17.2)</td>
								<td align="center">13-22.4</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>43. Routine surveillance (&lt; 3 years) for mild valve regurgitation; no change in clinical status or cardiac examination findings</td>
								<td align="center">14 (6)</td>
								<td align="center">3.5-9.6</td>
								<td align="center">16 (6.1)</td>
								<td align="center">3.5-9.8</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>48. Routine surveillance (&lt; 3 years after implantation) for prosthetic valve; no known or suspected valvular dysfunction</td>
								<td align="center">24 (10.3)</td>
								<td align="center">6.8-15</td>
								<td align="center">82 (31.4)</td>
								<td align="center">26-37.4</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>88. Routine surveillance (&lt; 1 year) for known cardiomyopathy; no change in clinical status or cardiac examination findings</td>
								<td align="center">27 (11.5)</td>
								<td align="center">8-16.1</td>
								<td align="center">20 (7.7)</td>
								<td align="center">4.7-11</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>Results are expressed as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; CAD: coronary artery disease.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Responder predictors</title>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> compares the baseline physician characteristics between the responders and non-responders. The main characteristics of the responders were: 22 (84%) were male, 20 (76.9%) specialized in internal medicine, 24 (92.3%) specialized in cardiology, 19 (73%) graduated 21–40 years prior, and 18 (69.3%) of the responders worked at the Queen’s University, St. Michael’s Hospital, or the University Health Network. Among the non-responders, nine (90%) were male, nine (90%) specialized in internal medicine, 10 (100%) specialized in cardiology, seven (70%) graduated 21–40 years prior. Half of the non-responders worked at St. Michael’s Hospital. There were no statistically significant intergroup differences in any of the analyzed variables.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Characteristics of the intervention group physicians.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Physicians</th>
									<th>Responders (n = 26 [72%])</th>
									<th>95% CI (55-86)</th>
									<th>Responders (n = 10 [28%])</th>
									<th>95% CI (14-45)</th>
									<th>P value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Male sex</td>
									<td align="center">22 (84.0)</td>
									<td align="center">65-96</td>
									<td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
									<td align="center">56-99</td>
									<td align="center">0.68</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Time since graduation, years</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.142</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>0-10</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>11-20</td>
									<td align="center">2 (7.7)</td>
									<td align="center">1-25</td>
									<td align="center">4 (40.0)</td>
									<td align="center">12-74</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>21-30</td>
									<td align="center">10 (38.5)</td>
									<td align="center">20-59</td>
									<td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
									<td align="center">6.7-65</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>31-40</td>
									<td align="center">9 (34.5)</td>
									<td align="center">17-56</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.3-45</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>41-50</td>
									<td align="center">4 (15.4)</td>
									<td align="center">4-35</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.3-45</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>51-60</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
									<td align="center">0.1-20</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.3-45</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Specialty</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Internal medicine</td>
									<td align="center">20 (76.9)</td>
									<td align="center">56-91</td>
									<td align="center">9 (90.0)</td>
									<td align="center">56-99</td>
									<td align="center">0.37</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cardiology</td>
									<td align="center">24 (92.3)</td>
									<td align="center">75-99</td>
									<td align="center">10 (100.0)</td>
									<td align="center">69-100</td>
									<td align="center">0.37</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hospital</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">0.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mount Sinai Hospital</td>
									<td align="center">3 (11.5)</td>
									<td align="center">2.5-30</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.3-45</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Queen’s University</td>
									<td align="center">6 (23.1)</td>
									<td align="center">9-43</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>St. Michael’s Hospital</td>
									<td align="center">6 (23.1)</td>
									<td align="center">9-43</td>
									<td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
									<td align="center">18.7-81</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sunnybrook Health Sciences Cen</td>
									<td align="center">3 (11.5)</td>
									<td align="center">2.5-30</td>
									<td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
									<td align="center">2.5-56</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>University Health Network</td>
									<td align="center">6 (23.1)</td>
									<td align="center">9-43</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.3-45</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Women’s College Hospital</td>
									<td align="center">2 (7.77)</td>
									<td align="center">1-25</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.3-45</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>Results are expressed as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>To the best of our knowledge, the Echo WISELY Trial is the first multicenter randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention that aimed to reduce the prevalence of rarely appropriate transthoracic echocardiograms requested by outpatient clinicians. Our results demonstrated a significantly decreased number of rarely appropriate tests requested by intervention group physicians versus control group physicians. The results of this sub-study corroborate that the intervention is effective, as the proportion of physicians who responded to the intervention was high. Thus, educational intervention may be a viable strategy to reduce the potential use of low-value echocardiography and increase adherence to best medical practices.</p>
			<p>There was wide variation in the quarterly frequency of rarely appropriate echocardiograms requested by physicians in the Echo WISELY Trial intervention group. However, it was not possible to predict participant responsiveness to the educational intervention using the basic physician characteristics that were studied. This suggests that other aspects may be involved, such as personal characteristics, such as personality or behavioral traits intrinsic to physicians themselves that favor reflection before requesting tests or making decisions. Future research may test this hypothesis using personality assessment instruments.</p>
			<p>This sub-study presented a significant difference of 5.2% (13.8% versus 8.6%) in the proportion of rarely appropriate tests ordered between non-responders and responders in the intervention group. This value is twice the difference in the proportion of rarely appropriate tests found between the intervention and control groups in the original Echo WISELY Trial. There was also a significant difference in the reasons cited by responders versus non-responders for requesting echocardiography. Among the responders, the most frequent reason was routine surveillance of ventricular function with known CAD and no change in clinical status or cardiac examination findings, while in the non-responders group, the main reason was routine surveillance &lt; 3 years after prosthetic valve implantation without known or suspected valvular dysfunction. Considering that inadequate care can lead to unwanted patient consequences and unnecessary health system expenses, efforts should be made to reduce the number of rarely appropriate echocardiographic tests through guidelines and interventions directed to physicians such as the provision of educational interventions or programs,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> publication and continuous updating of appropriate use criteria, and implementation of authorized protocols or auditing in laboratories to assess the adequacy of echocardiogram requests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Initiatives such as Choosing Wisely<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> were established to raise physician and patient awareness of the issue related to inappropriate use. Some studies identified several factors that can also contribute to the inappropriate use of tests in cardiology, such as cultural, clinical, financial or legal reasons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Educational audit and feedback interventions based on the criteria of appropriate use of echocardiography investigated in previous studies showed benefits of reducing the number of tests that are rarely appropriate or otherwise have low value. However, the maintenance of the long-term effectiveness of these interventions requires ongoing investments in planning as well as training physicians and others involved in the decision-making process.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSION</title>
			<p>A high proportion of physicians were considered responders to the educational intervention, and the prevalence of rarely appropriate tests was significantly different between responders and non-responders. However, no predictive characteristics were identified to differentiate a responder from a non-responder. Psychological and behavioral aspects of the physicians, which were not considered in this study, may be more important predictors of a positive response to educational interventions; thus, future research including behavioral variables may be warranted. A greater understanding of the factors that motivate a physician to respond to the audit and feedback intervention is important to the adaptation of future medical interventions and maximize their effectiveness against inappropriate use.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Frequência e Características dos Respondedores a uma Intervenção Educacional para Redução de Testes Cardíacos Inapropriados: um Subestudo do <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes</surname>
						<given-names>João Ricardo Pinto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Chu</surname>
						<given-names>Cherry</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bhatia</surname>
						<given-names>Sacha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Correia</surname>
						<given-names>Luis Claudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brasil;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="CA">Canadá</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontário, Canadá.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: João Ricardo Pinto Lopes • Rua Gregório Amâncio, 5, Centro, CEP: 48730-000, Conceição do Coité, BA, Brasil. E-mail: jrpintolopes@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuições dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção: JRP Lopes, LC Correia, C Chu e S Bhatia; desenho da pesquisa: JRP Lopes, LC Correia, C Chu e S Bhatia; obtenção dos dados: JRP Lopes, C Chu e S Bhatia; análise e interpretação dos dados: JRP Lopes, LC Correia, C Chu e S Bhatia; análise estatística: JRP Lopes, C Chu e S Bhatia; redação do manuscrito: JRP Lopes, LC Correia e C Chu.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução</title>
					<p> O <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic> é um estudo controlado, randomizado, multicêntrico, cego pelo investigador, que avaliou uma intervenção educacional com base nos critérios de uso apropriado para ecocardiografia para redução da proporção de ecocardiogramas raramente apropriados realizados ambulatorialmente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Descrever a prevalência e identificar preditores de responsividade de médicos respondedores submetidos à intervenção educacional no <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Médicos do grupo intervenção receberam um programa educacional multifacetado. O médico respondedor foi definido como aquele que apresentou redução &gt;2,5% na média proporcional de exames raramente apropriados solicitados entre o primeiro trimestre (linha de base) e qualquer um dos seguintes trimestres (segundo ao sexto). Foram comparadas as características do médico (sexo, tempo de formação, especialidade médica e local de trabalho) com as classificações dos ecocardiogramas (apropriado, talvez apropriado e raramente apropriado) e razões clínicas para ecocardiogramas solicitados utilizando teste do qui-quadrado. A significância estatística foi indicada por p &lt; 0,05 bicaudal.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Foram analisados 4.605 exames solicitados nos seis hospitais participantes de Ontário e randomizados para o braço intervenção. Dentre os 36 médicos incluídos, 26 (72%) foram classificados como respondedores. Entre as variáveis analisadas, não houve diferença significativa entre médicos respondedores e não respondedores à intervenção educacional. O número de exames raramente apropriados solicitados pelos respondedores foi significativamente menor que o de não respondedores (234; 8,67% <italic>versus</italic> 261; 13,8%; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> A prevalência de médicos respondedores é alta, porém não foram identificados preditores de responsividade à intervenção educacional entre as variáveis analisadas. Isso pode decorrer de aspectos psicológicos e características pessoais dos médicos, que não foram incluídos nesta pesquisa.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Prevalência</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A ecocardiografia é uma modalidade de imagem importante para o diagnóstico e o tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e representa aproximadamente metade de todos os exames de diagnóstico cardíaco solicitados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em muitos casos, é utilizada como ferramenta de triagem em pacientes com baixo risco para doenças cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nos últimos anos, houve aumento significativo no número de solicitações de ecocardiograma, estimado entre 6% e 8% ao ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essa tendência tem contribuído para o aumento progressivo dos gastos públicos com saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os critérios de uso apropriado para ecocardiografia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> foram publicados pela <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> para reduzir exames desnecessários, melhorar a qualidade do atendimento e otimizar o custo-efetividade. Os critérios de uso apropriado para ecocardiografia são cenários clínicos classificados como “apropriados”, “talvez apropriados” ou “raramente apropriados”, com base na indicação clínica. Um exame pode ser classificado como raramente apropriado se a indicação não for um motivo aprovado para o exame, ou se o teste provavelmente não trará benefício para o paciente. Muitos esforços têm sido feitos para abordar essa questão – notadamente, o desenvolvimento de <italic>Choosing Wisely</italic>, uma campanha internacional que se esforça para aumentar a conscientização e agir contra a superutilização dos serviços de saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic> foi um estudo que avaliou uma intervenção educacional com base nos critérios de uso apropriado para ecocardiografia e sua eficácia na redução da proporção de ecocardiogramas transtorácicos raramente apropriados solicitados por médicos em cuidado ambulatorial. Os resultados demonstraram que os médicos que receberam a intervenção ao longo de 18 meses solicitaram proporção significativamente menor de exames raramente apropriados em comparação com aqueles randomizados para o braço de controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda havia uma variação notável na proporção de testes raramente apropriados solicitados pelos médicos que receberam a intervenção. Este subestudo do <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic> exploratório teve como objetivo investigar dois objetivos: descrever a prevalência de médicos respondedores a uma intervenção educacional no estudo <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic> e identificar preditores de ser um médico respondedor.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>MÉTODOS</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Desenho do estudo e participantes</title>
					<p>O protocolo do ensaio foi publicado anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O estudo <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic> foi um ensaio clínico multicêntrico, randomizado, controlado e cego para o investigador. Ele demonstrou eficácia de uma intervenção educacional para redução da proporção de ecocardiogramas transtorácicos raramente apropriados solicitados por médicos de Atenção Primária e cardiologistas em atendimento ambulatorial no braço intervenção. A intervenção envolveu educação e <italic>feedback</italic> e foi baseada nos critérios de uso apropriado para ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entre dezembro de 2014 e abril de 2016, 75 cardiologistas e médicos de cuidados primários foram recrutados de oito hospitais em Ontário, no Canadá, e Massachusetts, nos Estados Unidos. Os médicos foram randomizados 1:1 para receber a intervenção <italic>versus</italic> os cuidados habituais. O estudo foi registrado no <italic>Clinical-Trial.gov</italic> (NCT02038101), relatado de acordo com as orientações da declaração <italic>Consolidated Standards of Reposting Trails</italic> (CONSORT) e aprovado pelos comitês de ética de cada hospital participante.</p>
					<p>O subestudo foi descritivo e incluiu apenas médicos de Ontário do braço de intervenção do estudo, a fim de explorar o fenômeno de resposta. Os médicos sem o número de registro do <italic>College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario</italic> (CPSO) foram excluídos da análise, para garantir que cada médico poderia ser vinculado às suas características basais.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Intervenção</title>
					<p>Os médicos designados para o grupo de intervenção receberam uma abordagem educacional multifacetada, que incluiu vídeo informativo de 20 minutos descrevendo os critérios de adequação e os principais cenários nos quais os exames de ecocardiograma deveriam ser solicitados; instruções detalhadas sobre como acessar o aplicativo educacional sobre os critérios de uso apropriado para ecocardiografia e relatórios mensais individuais detalhando o padrão de solicitação de exame de cada médico em comparação com seus pares, incluindo o número total de exames apropriados, talvez apropriados e raramente apropriados.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Classificação da adequação do ecocardiograma</title>
					<p>Os ecocardiogramas solicitados pelos médicos participantes durante o período do estudo foram avaliados quanto à adequação de acordo com os critérios de uso apropriado para ecocardiografia publicados em 2011.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os avaliadores não tinham conhecimento da alocação do tratamento. Para cada ecocardiograma solicitado, eram anotados os motivos clínicos da solicitação e o prontuário do paciente (incluindo histórico da doença, planos de tratamento do paciente e solicitações anteriores de imagens médicas). Cada exame foi classificado como apropriado, talvez apropriado ou raramente apropriado. Os testes com dados clínicos insuficientes para fazer um julgamento sobre a adequação não foram incluídos no estudo. Para testes que eram difíceis de estabelecer classificações claras, o investigador principal do local foi primeiro solicitado a classificar a adequação do teste. Caso uma decisão ainda não pudesse ser tomada, o teste era então avaliado por um comitê composto por três pesquisadores seniores do estudo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Classificação dos médicos respondedores</title>
					<p>A frequência trimestral de ecocardiogramas solicitados foi plotada para todos os médicos que solicitaram pelo menos um ecocardiograma em cada trimestre. Os respondedores foram definidos como médicos que tiveram redução na solicitação de ecocardiogramas raramente apropriados entre a linha de base e o período final de mais do que a diferença média entre o grupo de intervenção e controle. Esse efeito médio da intervenção foi de redução de 2,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Além disso, um médico seria considerado um respondedor se, em qualquer um dos trimestres de acompanhamento, nenhum teste raramente apropriado fosse solicitado.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>O período de intervenção durou 18 meses e foi dividido em seis trimestres para efeito de análise. Para cada médico individual, foram subtraídas as proporções de exames raramente apropriados solicitados durante cada um dos trimestres seguintes (do segundo ao sexto) da proporção do primeiro trimestre (linha de base). A média desses deltas para cada médico foi definida como a redução média. Foi descrita a proporção daqueles com pelo menos um delta &gt; 2,5% de redução, definidos como respondedores, e calculado o intervalo de confiança de 95%. Foram comparadas as distribuições de várias características médicas básicas entre respondedores e não respondedores (sexo, anos desde a formatura da faculdade de medicina, especialidade médica e local de trabalho), bem como classificações baseadas nos critérios de uso apropriado para ecocardiografia (apropriado, talvez apropriado e raramente apropriado) e razões clínicas para ecocardiogramas solicitados usando testes do qui-quadrado de independência ou testes exatos de Fisher para células, com frequência &lt; 5. A significância estatística foi indicada por p &lt; 0,05 bicaudal. Todas as análises foram realizadas no <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sceinces</italic> (SPSS), versão 17.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Do total de 14.697 ecocardiogramas solicitados por todos os médicos participantes do estudo <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic>, foram analisados 4.605 exames neste subsestudo, os quais foram solicitados por médicos randomizados para o braço de intervenção dos seis hospitais participantes em Ontário. Da amostra inicial de 38 médicos, dois médicos foram excluídos, sendo um por falta do número de registro do CPSO e outro por não ter solicitado nenhum exame durante todo o período do estudo. Dos 36 médicos incluídos na análise, 26 (72%; Intervalo de Confiança de 95% – IC95% 55-86) foram classificados como respondedores à intervenção, com base no limiar de redução de 2,5%.</p>
				<p>Ao longo de todo o período do estudo, a proporção de exames raramente apropriados solicitados pelos médicos respondedores foi significativamente menor do que dentre os não respondedores (234; 8,6% <italic>versus</italic> 261; 13,8%; p &lt;0,0001). Também houve diferença nas principais razões para solicitar testes raramente apropriados entre os grupos de médicos respondedores e não respondedores (p &lt; 0,0001). O principal motivo da solicitação entre os respondedores foi o número 11, ou seja, vigilância de rotina da função ventricular com Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC) conhecida e nenhuma mudança no estado clínico ou exame cardíaco (50; 21,4%). Entre os não respondedores, o principal motivo para os pedidos de exames foi o número 48, ou seja, vigilância de rotina (&lt; 3 anos após o implante) da válvula protética sem nenhuma disfunção valvar conhecida ou suspeita (82; 31,4%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> relata a adequação clínica e as razões para ecocardiogramas solicitados por médicos nos grupos respondedores e não respondedores.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Características das solicitações dos exames de ecocardiograma por médicos do grupo intervenção.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Ecocardiogramas</th>
									<th>Respondedores (2.713; 59%)</th>
									<th>IC95% (55-60)</th>
									<th>Não respondedores (1.892; 41%)</th>
									<th>IC95% (40-43)</th>
									<th>Valor de p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Adequação</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Apropriado</td>
									<td align="center">2335 (86,1)</td>
									<td align="center">85-87</td>
									<td align="center">1512 (79,9)</td>
									<td align="center">78-81,7</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Talvez apropriado</td>
									<td align="center">144 (5,3)</td>
									<td align="center">4,5-6,2</td>
									<td align="center">119 (6,3)</td>
									<td align="center">5,3-7,5</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Raramente apropriado</td>
									<td align="center">234 (8,6)</td>
									<td align="center">7,6-9,7</td>
									<td align="center">261 (13,8)</td>
									<td align="center">12-15,4</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Razões para pedidos inapropriados</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>11. Vigilância de rotina da função ventricular com DAC conhecida sem mudança no estado clínico ou exame cardíaco</td>
									<td align="center">50 (21,4)</td>
									<td align="center">16,5-27</td>
									<td align="center">52 (19,9)</td>
									<td align="center">15,3-25</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>38. Vigilância de rotina (&lt; 3 anos) de estenose valvar leve sem uma mudança no estado clínico ou exame cardíaco</td>
									<td align="center">16 (6,8)</td>
									<td align="center">4-10,9</td>
									<td align="center">17 (6,1)</td>
									<td align="center">3,8-10</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>40. Vigilância de rotina (&lt; 1 ano) de estenose valvar moderada ou grave sem mudança no estado clínico ou exame cardíaco</td>
									<td align="center">23 (9,8)</td>
									<td align="center">6,5-14</td>
									<td align="center">45 (17,2)</td>
									<td align="center">13-22,4</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>43. Vigilância de rotina (&lt; 3 anos) de regurgitação valvar leve sem mudança no estado clínico ou exame cardíaco</td>
									<td align="center">14 (6)</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-9,6</td>
									<td align="center">16 (6,1)</td>
									<td align="center">3,5-9,8</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>48. Vigilância de rotina (&lt; 3 anos após a implantação) da válvula protética sem nenhuma disfunção valvar conhecida ou suspeita</td>
									<td align="center">24 (10,3)</td>
									<td align="center">6,8-15</td>
									<td align="center">82 (31,4)</td>
									<td align="center">26-37,4</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>88. Vigilância de rotina (&lt; 1 ano) de cardiomiopatia conhecida sem uma mudança no estado clínico ou exame cardíaco</td>
									<td align="center">27 (11,5)</td>
									<td align="center">8-16,1</td>
									<td align="center">20 (7,7)</td>
									<td align="center">4,7-11</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>Resultados expressos por n (%), quando não indicado de outra forma. IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; DAC: doença arterial coronariana.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Preditores de respondedores</title>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> compara as características basais dos médicos entre respondedores e não respondedores. As principais características dos respondedores foram as seguintes: 22 (84%) eram do sexo masculino, 20 (76,9%) tinham especialização em clínica médica e 24 (92,3%) em cardiologia, 73% se formaram entre 21 e 40 anos atrás, e 69,3% dos médicos respondedores trabalharam na <italic>Queen’s University</italic>, no <italic>St. Michael’s Hospital</italic> e na <italic>University Health Network</italic>. No grupo de não respondedores, nove (90%) eram do sexo masculino, nove (90%) tinham especialização em clínica médica e dez (100%) em cardiologia; 70% se formaram entre 21 e 40 anos atrás. Metade dos médicos não respondedores trabalhava no <italic>Hospital St. Michael</italic>. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas em nenhuma das variáveis analisadas.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características dos médicos do Grupo Intervenção.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th>Médicos</th>
										<th>Respondedores (26; 72%)</th>
										<th>IC95% (55-86)</th>
										<th>Não respondedores (10; 28%)</th>
										<th>IC95% (14-45)</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Sexo masculino</td>
										<td align="center">22 (84,0)</td>
										<td align="center">65-96</td>
										<td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
										<td align="center">56-99</td>
										<td align="center">0,68</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tempo de formatura anos</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,142</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>0-10</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>11-20</td>
										<td align="center">2 (7,7)</td>
										<td align="center">1-25</td>
										<td align="center">4 (40,0)</td>
										<td align="center">12-74</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>21-30</td>
										<td align="center">10 (38,5)</td>
										<td align="center">20-59</td>
										<td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
										<td align="center">6,7-65</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>31-40</td>
										<td align="center">9 (34,5)</td>
										<td align="center">17-56</td>
										<td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,3-45</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>41-50</td>
										<td align="center">4 (15,4)</td>
										<td align="center">4-35</td>
										<td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,3-45</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>51-60</td>
										<td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
										<td align="center">0,1-20</td>
										<td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,3-45</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Especialidade</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Medicina interna</td>
										<td align="center">20 (76,9)</td>
										<td align="center">56-91</td>
										<td align="center">9 (90,0)</td>
										<td align="center">56-99</td>
										<td align="center">0,37</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Cardiologia</td>
										<td align="center">24 (92,3)</td>
										<td align="center">75-99</td>
										<td align="center">10 (100,0)</td>
										<td align="center">69-100</td>
										<td align="center">0,37</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Hospital</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">0,41</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Mount Sinai Hospital</td>
										<td align="center">3 (11,5)</td>
										<td align="center">2,5-30</td>
										<td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,3-45</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Queen’s University</td>
										<td align="center">6 (23,1)</td>
										<td align="center">9-43</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>St. Michael’s Hospital</td>
										<td align="center">6 (23,1)</td>
										<td align="center">9-43</td>
										<td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
										<td align="center">18,7-81</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sunnybrook Health Sciences Cen</td>
										<td align="center">3 (11,5)</td>
										<td align="center">2,5-30</td>
										<td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
										<td align="center">2,5-56</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>University Health Network</td>
										<td align="center">6 (23,1)</td>
										<td align="center">9-43</td>
										<td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,3-45</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Women’s College Hospital</td>
										<td align="center">2 (7,77)</td>
										<td align="center">1-25</td>
										<td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,3-45</td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p><italic>Resultados expressos por n (%), quando não indicado de outra forma. IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic> é, até onde se sabe, o primeiro estudo multicêntrico randomizado controlado de uma intervenção educacional que visa reduzir ecocardiogramas transtorácicos raramente apropriados solicitados por médicos em atendimento ambulatorial. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram redução significativa no número de exames raramente apropriados solicitados por médicos inscritos na intervenção em comparação com os médicos do controle. Os resultados apresentados neste subestudo corroboram a constatação de que a intervenção é eficaz, pois a proporção de médicos que responderam à intervenção foi elevada. Assim, a intervenção educacional pode representar estratégia viável para reduzir o uso potencial da ecocardiografia de baixo valor e aumentar a adesão às melhores práticas médicas.</p>
				<p>Houve grande variação na frequência trimestral de ecocardiogramas raramente apropriados solicitados por médicos no grupo de intervenção do <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic>. No entanto, não foi possível prever a responsividade à intervenção educacional usando as características básicas do médico que foram estudadas. Isso sugere que outros aspectos podem estar envolvidos – talvez características pessoais, como personalidade ou traços comportamentais intrínsecos aos próprios médicos, que favoreçam a reflexão antes da solicitação de exames ou tomada de decisões. Pesquisas futuras podem testar essa hipótese com instrumentos de avaliação de personalidade.</p>
				<p>Neste subestudo, entre os não respondedores e os respondedores no grupo de intervenção, uma diferença significativa de 5,2% (13,8% a 8,6%) foi encontrada na proporção de testes raramente apropriados. Esse valor é o dobro da diferença da proporção de testes raramente apropriados encontrados entre os grupos de intervenção e controle do ensaio original <italic>Echo WISELY Trial</italic>. Também houve uma diferença significativa nas razões para solicitar ecocardiografia entre respondedores e não respondedores à intervenção. Entre os respondedores, o motivo mais frequente foi a vigilância de rotina da função ventricular com DAC conhecida e nenhuma alteração no estado clínico ou exame cardíaco, enquanto no grupo de não respondedores, o principal motivo foi a vigilância de rotina &lt; 3 anos após o implante de válvula protética sem nenhuma disfunção valvar conhecida ou suspeita. Dado que o cuidado inadequado pode levar a consequências indesejadas para o paciente, bem como gastos desnecessários para o sistema de saúde, esforços devem ser feitos para reduzir o número de exames ecocardiográficos raramente apropriados, por meio de orientações e intervenções direcionadas ao médico, como o fornecimento de intervenções ou programas educacionais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> publicação e atualização contínua dos critérios de uso apropriado e implantação de protocolos autorizados ou auditoria em laboratórios para avaliação da adequação dos pedidos de ecocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Iniciativas como a <italic>Choosing Wisely</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> foram estabelecidas para aumentar a conscientização sobre a questão do uso inapropriado por parte de médicos e pacientes. Estudos têm identificado diversos fatores que também podem contribuir para o uso inapropriado de exames em cardiologia, como motivações culturais, clínicas, financeiras ou jurídicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As intervenções educacionais de auditoria e <italic>feedback,</italic> baseadas nos critérios de uso apropriado para ecocardiografia, investigadas em estudos de pesquisa anteriores, mostraram benefícios na redução de testes raramente apropriados ou de baixo valor. No entanto, para manter a eficácia a longo prazo dessas intervenções, é necessário um investimento permanente não apenas no planejamento, mas também no treinamento de médicos e outros envolvidos na tomada de decisões.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A proporção de médicos considerados respondedores à intervenção educacional foi alta, e a prevalência de exames raramente apropriados foi estatisticamente diferente entre médicos respondedores e não respondedores. No entanto, nenhuma característica preditora foi identificada para diferenciar um respondedor de um não respondedor. Aspectos psicológicos e comportamentais dos médicos, que não foram considerados neste estudo, podem ser preditores mais importantes de uma resposta positiva à intervenção educacional, de modo que pesquisas futuras, que incluam variáveis comportamentais, podem ser promissoras. Uma maior compreensão dos fatores que motivam um médico a responder à intervenção de auditoria e <italic>feedback</italic> é importante, para ajudar a adaptar futuras intervenções médicas e maximizar sua eficácia contra o uso inapropriado.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back/>
	</sub-article>
</article>