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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213404eabc220</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Coronary–Cavitary Fistula of the Circumflex Coronary Artery to the Left Atrium as a Probable Etiology of Heart Failure: A Case Report</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2066-2410</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Coello</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto Carlos Alvarez</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Andrade</surname>
						<given-names>Vitor Coutinho</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vintimilla</surname>
						<given-names>Santiago Andrés Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Madrini</surname>
						<given-names>Vagner</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ramirez</surname>
						<given-names>José Felix Alvarez</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Coração</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">University of São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Roberto Carlos Alvarez Coello • E-mail: <email>rcacoello8@gmail.com</email> / <email>rcacoello@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Research conception and design: Coello RCA; data collection: Coello RCA, Andrade VC, and Vintimilla SAC; data analysis and interpretation: Madrini Junior V; manuscript writing: Coello RCA, Andrade VC, and Vintimilla SAC; critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Madrini Júnior V and Ramirez JFA.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>25</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>34</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc220</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>7</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Coronary artery fistulas have a low incidence and are often diagnosed by echocardiography or coronary computed tomography angiography, although coronary angiography is the gold standard. They commonly originate in the right coronary artery, with drainage to low-pressure chambers being the most frequent finding. Treatment can be expectant, surgical, or percutaneous. This report describes a case of a rare presentation of heart failure due to a fistula of the circumflex coronary artery with drainage into the left atrium.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Fistula</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart atria</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Coronary fistulas (CF) are direct connections from one or more coronary arteries to cardiac chambers or great vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> They originate from the right coronary artery in up to 50% of cases and from the left anterior descending artery in 42% of cases. Drainage usually occurs into low-pressure chambers, most commonly the right ventricle (41%), right atrium (26%), or pulmonary artery (15%–17%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Congenital anomalies are more prevalent than acquired anomalies, being found on up to 0.2% of routine coronary angiographies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Most patients are asymptomatic, but they can present with fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, palpitations, and angina. Continuous heart murmurs can be heard.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The complementary electrocardiography findings are usually normal, although they may present characteristics of left atrial overload and ischemic changes. Diagnosis is usually made by echocardiography, especially when the involved coronary artery is dilated or in the presence of high-output coronary flow. Coronary computed tomography angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance have been increasingly used for anatomical assessments, but coronary angiography is the gold standard for diagnosis, showing important anatomical details for treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Management remains controversial; however, surgical or percutaneous closure is recommended for symptomatic patients or cases of significant shunts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>A previously hypertensive 79-year-old man with permanent atrial fibrillation and heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction but no defined etiology was admitted with unstable bradycardia for permanent pacemaker implantation. Echocardiography performed to investigate the heart failure showed a 78-mm left atrium, 10-mm septum, 10-mm posterior wall, 65-mm end diastolic diameter, 40% left ventricular ejection fraction, mildly hypokinetic right ventricle, moderate secondary mitral regurgitation, severe tricuspid regurgitation, and 60 mmHg pulmonary artery systolic pressure. A thrombus was visualized in the left atrial appendage. No fistulous tract was evidenced, probably because a fistula was not suspected at that time.</p>
			<p>Coronary angiography revealed non-obstructive lesions with no indications for intervention. The injection of contrast into the left coronary artery suggested a mass in the region corresponding to the left atrium (no contrast uptake inside), with extravasation of intracavitary contrast medium (“cigarette smoke” sign) from the circumflex artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Coronary angiogram showing left anterior oblique caudal projection (spider). The arrows indicate the ascending branches in a halo communicating with the left atrium.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc220-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Coronary angiogram showing a right anterior oblique cranial projection. The arrow indicates the communication of the circumflex artery with the left atrium (“cigarette smoke” sign in a halo around the thrombus).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc220-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Complementary coronary computed tomography angiography showed a thrombus in the left atrial appendage in addition to mild left atrial hyperattenuating signs adjacent to the proximal/middle portion of the circumflex artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Coronary computed tomography angiogram. The arrow indicates the presence of a fistula communicating between the proximal/middle portion of the circumflex coronary artery and the left atrium.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc220-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>CF was first described in 1886, and the first successful surgical correction was performed in 1947.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Its incidence among congenital heart diseases is low, totaling only 0.2%–0.4%, with the congenital origin being more common than the acquired one.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Epidemiologically, right CFs are the most frequent (50%–70% of cases), but they may also occur in the left coronary artery or both arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Drainage usually occurs into low-pressure chambers. Thus, communication with the right chambers has a higher incidence, 39%–41% for the right ventricle, 26%–33% for the right atrium, and 15%–20% for the pulmonary artery. In contrast, fistulas to the left ventricle are very rare, with an incidence of only 3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A CF can lead to coronary artery dilation due to increased flow and pulmonary arterial hypertension, blood shifting from the left to the right, congestive heart failure, and myocardial ischemia due to coronary steal phenomenon, thrombosis, or fistula aneurysm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The patient’s clinical condition depends on the magnitude of blood flow through the fistula as well as its location. Most carriers are asymptomatic, but the most common clinical presentation is heart failure or dyspnea on exertion. Continuous, superficial, and intense heart murmur in the classic location of a persistent ductus arteriosus may be a finding on physical examination. It can also present as clinical signs of angina due to a decreased coronary flow reserve caused by “leakage flow.”<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The differential diagnosis of coronary arteriovenous fistula includes conditions that dilate the coronary arteries, the presence of collateral vessels, and a continuous heart murmur, such as a patent ductus arteriosus, ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, or pulmonary fistula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Fistulas can be diagnosed by echocardiography with the visualization of a dilated coronary artery or by Doppler evaluation of the fistula itself. Imaging tests such as coronary computed tomography angiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can play a significant role in the diagnosis and definition of the therapeutic strategy for this pathology. However, coronary angiography is the method of choice for diagnosis, although some details of the relationship between the fistula and other structures may not be visualized with this technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Spontaneous fistula closure is very rare, although cases have been described. Small asymptomatic fistulas require no treatment and are followed up for complications. The guidelines of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association recommend closing fistulas larger than 250 mm regardless of symptoms and addressing all symptomatic fistulas, including cases of myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia, ventricular dysfunction, and endarteritis. The fistula can be closed using a percutaneous transcatheter approach or surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the present case, the main etiological hypothesis of heart failure was defined as the coronary–cavitary fistula, probably of congenital origin, due to the intracavitary flow that generated continuous blood volume overload in the left chambers and subsequent remodeling of the right cavities with consequent biventricular dysfunction. Surgery was suggested but then discarded due to the high surgical risk and the patient’s fragile status. Percutaneous intervention was also discarded due to the high risk of left atrial thrombus embolization at that time; thus, oral anticoagulants and subsequent clinical follow-up was chosen.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fístula Coronário-Cavitária da Artéria Coronária Circunflexa para o Átrio Esquerdo como Provável Etiologia de Insuficiência Cardíaca: Relato de Caso</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2066-2410</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Coello</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto Carlos Alvarez</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Andrade</surname>
						<given-names>Vitor Coutinho</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vintimilla</surname>
						<given-names>Santiago Andrés Castro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Madrini</surname>
						<given-names>Vagner</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ramirez</surname>
						<given-names>José Felix Alvarez</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Roberto Carlos Alvarez Coello • E-mail: rcacoello8@gmail.com / rcacoello@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Coelho RCA; obtenção de dados: Coelho RCA, Andrade VC e Vintimilla SAC; análise e interpretação dos dados: Madrini Júnior V; redação do manuscrito: Coelho RCA, Andrade VC e Vintimilla SAC; revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Madrini Júnior V e Ramirez JFA.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Fístulas de artérias coronárias têm incidência baixa, sendo diagnosticadas mais frequentemente pelo ecocardiograma ou angiotomografia coronariana, embora a cineangiocoronariografia seja o método padrão-ouro. Têm origem mais comumente na artéria coronária direita, sendo a drenagem para câmaras de baixa pressão o mais habitual. O tratamento pode ser expectante, cirúrgico ou percutâneo. Este relato descreve o caso de uma rara apresentação de insuficiência cardíaca, dada por fístula da coronária circunflexa com drenagem para o átrio esquerdo.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Fístula</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Átrios do coração</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>As Fístulas Coronarianas (FC) são conexões diretas de uma ou mais artérias coronárias para câmaras cardíacas ou grandes vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em até 50% dos casos, elas têm sua origem na artéria coronária direita e, em 42%, na artéria descendente anterior. Geralmente, a drenagem se faz para câmaras de baixa pressão, sendo mais comumente observado para o ventrículo direito (41%), átrio direito (26%) e artéria pulmonar (15% a 17%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As anomalias congênitas são mais comuns que as adquiridas, sendo encontradas em até 0,2% das cineangiocoronariografias de rotina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A maioria dos pacientes é assintomática, mas pode apresentar como queixas mais comuns fadiga, dispneia ao esforço, palpitações e angina. Sopros cardíacos contínuos podem ser auscultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Como propedêutica complementar, o eletrocardiograma costuma ser normal, embora possa apresentar características de sobrecarga de átrio esquerdo e alterações isquêmicas. Geralmente, o diagnóstico é realizado pelo ecocardiograma, especialmente quando há dilatação da artéria coronária envolvida ou o fluxo coronariano é de alto débito. Atualmente, angiotomografia de coronariana e ressonância magnética cardíaca vêm ganhando espaço para avaliação anatômica, porém a cineangiocoronariografia é o padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico, revelando detalhes anatômicos importantes para o tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O manejo ainda é controverso, porém, para pacientes sintomáticos ou com <italic>shunts</italic> significativos, recomenda-se o fechamento cirúrgico ou percutâneo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato do caso</title>
				<p>Paciente masculino, 79 anos, previamente hipertenso, portador de fibrilação atrial permanente e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida, sem etiologia definida. Foi internado no contexto de bradicardia instável, sendo necessário implante de marca-passo definitivo.</p>
				<p>Para investigação da insuficiência cardíaca, foi realizado ecocardiograma, que demonstrou: átrio esquerdo com 78mm; septo com 10mm; parede posterior com 10mm; diâmetro diastólico final com 65mm; fração de ejeção de ventrículo esquerdo de 40%; ventrículo direito com hipocinesia discreta; insuficiência mitral secundária moderada; insuficiência tricúspide importante e pressão sistólica na artéria pulmonar de 60mmHg. Foi visualizado trombo no apêndice atrial esquerdo. Não foi evidenciado trajeto fistuloso, provavelmente devido à baixa suspeita de fístula no momento do exame.</p>
				<p>Foi realizado cinecoronariografia, sendo visualizadas lesões não obstrutivas, sem indicação de tratamento intervencionista. Ao injetar o contraste na artéria coronária esquerda, evidenciou-se uma imagem sugestiva de massa na região correspondente ao átrio esquerdo (sem captação de contraste no interior) com extravasamento de contraste intracavitário (sinal de “fumaça de cigarro”) proveniente da artéria circunflexa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Cinecoronariografia que mostra projeção oblíqua anterior esquerda caudal (spider). Setas indicam ramos ascendentes em halo, comunicando-se com o átrio esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc220-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Cinecoronariografia que mostra projeção oblíqua anterior direita cranial. Seta indica a comunicação da artéria circunflexa com o átrio esquerdo (sinal de “fumaça de cigarro” em halo ao redor do trombo).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc220-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Como complemento, foi realizada angiotomografia de artérias coronárias, demonstrando trombo no apêndice atrial esquerdo, além de discreta hiperatenuação atrial esquerda adjacente à porção proximal/média da artéria circunflexa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Angiotomografia de artérias coronárias. Seta indica a presença de fístula comunicante na porção proximal/média da artéria coronária circunflexa com o átrio esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc220-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>AO: aorta; CX: artéria circunflexa; AE: átrio esquerdo.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A fístula coronária foi descrita em 1886, e a primeira correção cirúrgica com êxito foi realizada em 1947.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Sua incidência entre as cardiopatias congênitas é baixa, totalizando apenas 0,2% a 0,4%, com a origem congênita mais comum que a adquirida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Do ponto de vista epidemiológico, as fístulas de coronária direita são as mais frequentes (50% a 70%), podendo ocorrer também na artéria coronária esquerda ou em ambas as artérias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Geralmente, a drenagem é feita para câmaras de baixa pressão. Dessa forma, a comunicação com câmaras direitas tem maior incidência: entre 39% e 41% para ventrículo direito, entre 26% e 33% para átrio direito e entre 15% e 20% para a artéria pulmonar. Fístulas para ventrículo esquerdo são muito raras, tendo incidência de apenas ٣٪.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Uma FC pode levar à dilatação da artéria coronária devido ao aumento do fluxo e à hipertensão arterial pulmonar, pelo desvio sanguíneo da esquerda para a direita, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, isquemia miocárdica por fenômeno de roubo coronariano, trombose ou aneurisma de fístula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O quadro clínico depende da magnitude do fluxo de sangue através da fístula e de sua localização. A maioria dos portadores é assintomática. Quando existe, a manifestação clínica é mais comumente de insuficiência cardíaca ou dispneia aos esforços. Sopro cardíaco contínuo, superficial e intenso, em localização clássica de canal arterial persistente, pode ser um achado do exame físico. Também pode cursar com quadro clínico de angina pela diminuição da reserva de fluxo coronariano, devido à “fuga de fluxo”.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O diagnóstico diferencial da fístula arteriovenosa coronariana inclui condições que causam dilatação das artérias coronárias, presença de vasos colaterais e sopro cardíaco contínuo, como, por exemplo, persistência de canal arterial, ruptura do seio do aneurisma de Valsalva e fístula pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As fístulas podem ser diagnosticadas pelo ecocardiograma, com a visualização de uma artéria coronária dilatada ou pela avaliação da própria fístula por Doppler. Exames de imagens, como a angiotomografia das artérias coronárias e a ressonância magnética cardíaca, podem exercer papel importante no diagnóstico e na definição da estratégia terapêutica dessa patologia. Contudo, a cinecoronariografia é o método de escolha para o diagnóstico, ainda que detalhes da relação da fístula com outras estruturas possam não ser revelados por essa técnica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O fechamento espontâneo da fístula é muito raro, embora seja descrito. Pequenas fístulas assintomáticas não requerem tratamento e são monitoradas quanto a complicações. As diretrizes do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> e da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> recomendam o fechamento de fístulas maiores que 250 mm, independentemente dos sintomas, além da abordagem de todas as fístulas sintomáticas, incluindo isquemia miocárdica, arritmia, disfunção ventricular e endarterite. O fechamento da fístula pode ser alcançado a partir de uma abordagem percutânea por transcateter ou cirurgicamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No caso relatado, foi definida como a principal hipótese etiológica da insuficiência cardíaca a fístula coronário-cavitária, provavelmente de origem congênita, devido ao fluxo intracavitário que gerou sobrecarga contínua de volume sanguíneo nas câmaras esquerdas e, posteriormente, provocando remodelamento também das cavidades direitas, com consequente disfunção biventricular. As opções de tratamento aventadas foram abordagem cirúrgica, que foi descartada devido ao alto risco cirúrgico e à fragilidade do paciente. A intervenção percutânea também foi descartada, pelo alto risco de embolização do trombo do átrio esquerdo nesse momento, sendo optado por iniciar anticoagulação oral e proceder ao acompanhamento clínico.</p>
			</sec>
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