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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213404eabc215</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Early Diastolic Dysfunction in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6260-2056</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barroso</surname>
						<given-names>Geanne Maria Holanda de Menezes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0844-8945</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo Victor de Jesus</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8464-3622</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Teles</surname>
						<given-names>Júlio César Oliveira Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2821-1873</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aragão</surname>
						<given-names>Vinícius Antônio Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1974-294X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fonsêca</surname>
						<given-names>Karin Yasmin Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Aquino</surname>
						<given-names>Marília Marques</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8243-8369</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Albuquerque</surname>
						<given-names>Ullany Maria Lima Amorim Coelho de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9314-4331</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sousa</surname>
						<given-names>Antônio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4325-0590</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">University Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Sergipe</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Cristóvão</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Sergipe</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Cristóvão</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE; , Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo Victor de Jesus Silva •</bold> E-mail: <email>paulo.victorjss@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Research conception and design: Barroso GMHM; manuscript writing: Barroso GMHM; data analysis and interpretation: Silva PVJ; data collection: Aragão VAS, Fonsêca KYS, Aquino MM, and Albuquerque UMLAC; statistical analysis: Melo EV and Silva PVJ; critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Sousa ACS and Oliveira JLM.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>25</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>34</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc215</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>5</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>2</day>
					<month>8</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Chemotherapy for breast cancer is associated with serious cardiovascular complications such as heart failure. The left ventricular ejection fraction is the main parameter used to assess systolic function in these patients. However, the occurrence of diastolic dysfunction may precede that of systolic dysfunction.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives</title>
					<p> To evaluate left ventricle diastolic and systolic functions in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy using anthracyclines.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> This observational, longitudinal, analytical, and prospective study included 62 women with breast cancer aged 21–75 years old who underwent echocardiography at baseline and after three months of treatment. Diastolic function parameters were evaluated, and the patients were classified as diastolic dysfunction type 1, 2, or 3. Systolic dysfunction was defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 53%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> After three months of treatment, 35 patients (56.4%) had type 1 diastolic dysfunction, while one (1.6%) had type 2. Diastolic dysfunction was identified in 26 patients at baseline and developed in 10 patients during treatment. Diastolic function parameters, E wave velocity, and E/A ratio decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) with chemotherapy; however, the others showed no significant variations. Only three patients had systolic dysfunction, but there was a greater reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction in the group that developed diastolic dysfunction during treatment versus the group with diastolic dysfunction at baseline (p = 0.04).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> Diastolic dysfunction occurs early in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Its onset during the course of treatment is associated with a significantly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Breast neoplasms</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricular dysfunction</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="14"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="20"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cancer is considered one of the greatest public health problems worldwide, and breast cancer has remained the most prevalent cancer in women for three decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Most chemotherapy agents are cardiotoxic, with heart failure (HF) being the most common complication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In fact, mortality rates reach 60% among patients who develop HF during cancer treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Despite being cardiotoxic, anthracyclines continue to play an important role in the treatment of solid tumors such as breast cancers and lymphomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Proposed mechanisms for anthracycline-mediated cardiotoxicity include increased oxidative stress via redox cycling of the quinone moiety of anthracyclines and through the formation of iron-anthracycline complexes; disruption of mitochondrial and cellular calcium homeostasis; disruption of mitochondrial energetics; deep radiation of ultrastructural proteins including tinin and dystrophin; direct DNA damage via the inhibition of 2-beta topoisomerase; the inhibition of survival pathways such as neuregulin 1 and Erb B2; and direct cytotoxic effects on cardiac progenitor cells, decreasing repair potential after myocardial injury. How exactly these mechanisms interact and lead to cardiac toxicity remains unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The frequency of cardiotoxicity in the population varies among established definitions and tools. The most widely accepted definition by cardiology and cancer communities is a reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of more than ten percentage points in relation to the baseline value<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> to a value lower than 53%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This definition is used as the standard in this study. The assessment of LV diastolic function is an important part of echocardiographic assessment since echocardiographic measurements of diastolic dysfunction (DD) are associated with an increased risk of HF and mortality in the general population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and considered fundamental to the HF pathophysiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Isolated DD itself is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The prevention and early detection of cardiotoxicity are paramount in the management of cancer patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> since the paradigm shift occurred from cancer as a final disease to a chronic cardiovascular disease condition among survivors after therapy.</p>
			<p>Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the LV diastolic and systolic function of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy with anthracyclines.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study population</title>
				<p>This observational, longitudinal, and prospective study included 62 women with breast cancer aged &gt; 18 years who were consecutively selected between November 2016 and July 2018 to reduce sampling bias. The clinical variables evaluated included age in years; anthropometric measurements (weight in kilograms and height in meters); body surface in square meters; vital signs (heart rate [HR], systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP]); comorbidities (systemic arterial hypertension [SAH], diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia); smoking; family history of coronary artery disease (CAD); and medications used in chemotherapy.</p>
				<p>All patients signed an informed consent form, and the Human Ethics Research Committee of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe and the boards of the participating institutions approved the study.</p>
				<p>The study population underwent two echocardiographic tests: the first before the start of chemotherapy and the second three months later.</p>
				<p>All patients used anthracyclines according to one of the two chemotherapy regimens defined by the attending oncologist: ACT, which included doxorubicin (60 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) and cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) administered in four cycles every 21 days followed by paclitaxel (80 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) in 12 cycles once a week for adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment; and FEC, which included fluorouracil (600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), epirubicin (90 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), and cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) administered in four cycles every 21 days, followed by docetaxel (75 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) in four cycles every 21 days.</p>
				<p>No patient exceeded the maximum recommended anthracycline dose of doxorubicin (240 m/m<sup>2</sup>) or epirubicin (360 mg/mg<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In addition, no patient underwent associated radiotherapy before the three-month evaluation.</p>
				<p>Patients who attended the two echocardiography assessments during the study period were included. The exclusion criteria were previous structural heart disease, inadequate acoustic window, and previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Procedures</title>
				<p>All patients were examined using a Philips Epiq 7 ultrasound device with an X5-1 transducer and installed Automated Cardiac Motion Quantification (ACMQ; ) software. The same ultrasound device was used to obtain all echocardiograms for each patient. Sector and depth were adjusted to acquire an ideal view of the entire LV myocardium at the highest possible frame rate. The acquisition was obtained at the end of expiration. Multiple cardiac cycles from apical longitudinal three-chamber view (AP3L), four-chamber view (AP4L), and two-chamber view (AP2L) were acquired and recorded for subsequent analysis.</p>
				<p>LVEF was calculated using the biplane disk method or Simpson’s method with the ACMQ software from the AP3L, AP4L, and AP2L acquisitions with automatic border detection and subsequently corrected manually. The ventricle was divided into a series of equal-height disks. The volume of each disk was calculated as the area multiplied by the height, and the sum of all disk volumes determined the ventricular volume. An LVEF &gt; 53% was considered normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The following parameters were used to calculate the LV diastolic function: mitral diastolic flow with evaluation of E and A wave velocities and E/A ratio with pulsed Doppler; and e´ velocities with the tissue Doppler sample positioned in the septal and lateral rings. The mean E/e´ ratio was calculated (normal values: septal e´ &gt; 7 cm/s, lateral e´ &gt; 10 cm/s, and mean E/e´ &lt; 14); left atrial volume index calculated with acquisition of AP4L and AP2L views starting before the opening of the mitral valve, calculated using the disk method, subsequently indexed by body surface, with the normal value established as &lt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; and tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity, whose normal value determined as the cutoff point was &lt; 2.8 cm/s.</p>
				<p>LV diastolic function was classified as normal if more than half of the variables were within normal limits and below the cutoff points. In addition, DD was identified if more than half of the parameters met the cutoff points. The study would be inconclusive if half of the parameters met their cutoff points and the other half of the parameters were normal. In patients with a preserved or reduced LVEF, when E wave velocity is ≤ 50 cm/s and E/A ratio is ≤ 0.8, and the left atrial (LA) pressure is normal or low, then DD is classified as type 1. When the E/A ratio is &gt; 2 and LA pressure is high, the DD is defined as type 3. When the E wave velocity is &gt; 50 cm/s and the E/A ratio ≤ 0.8 (or &gt;0.8 but &lt;2), it is necessary to consider other parameters, such as tricuspid regurgitation (TR) peak velocity with continuous Doppler, E/e´ ratio, and LA volume. The abnormality cutoff points are TR peak velocity &gt; 2.8 cm/s, E/e´ ratio &gt; 14, and indexed LA volume &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. When two of these three parameters meet their cutoff points and the mean LA pressure is high, the DD is classified as type 2. Conversely, if two of these three parameters do not meet the cutoff points, the DD is classified as type 1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> For comparative purposes, the sample was divided into three groups: Group 1, patients with DD at baseline; Group 2, patients who developed DD during the three months of treatment; and Group 3, patients who presented no DD at the three-month observation.</p>
				<p>All tests were performed by a single examiner, the calculations were repeated, and the mean values of all measurements were analyzed.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>Qualitative variables are expressed as frequency (percentage), while quantitative variables were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the distribution type. Those that fulfilled the assumption of normality are presented as mean and standard deviation. Non-normally distributed variables are described as median and interquartile ranges or maximum and minimum values.</p>
				<p>The chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare qualitative variables as appropriate. Student’s t-test was used to compare the two main groups when continuous or discrete variables were normally distributed. Analysis of variance was used to compare patients among groups.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>Of the 63 patients eligible for the study, a satisfactory acoustic window for obtaining echocardiographic parameters was not achieved in only one. Thus, 62 patients were evaluated. The mean age of the 21 participants was 48.98 ± 11.3 years (range, 46.11–51.85 years). The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– General clinical characteristics of the sample.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Clinical characteristics</th>
								<th>Total (n = 62)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Age, years</td>
								<td align="center">48.98 ± 11.30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Obesity</td>
								<td align="center">5 (8.1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SAH</td>
								<td align="center">21 (33.9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes</td>
								<td align="center">3 (4.8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dyslipidemia</td>
								<td align="center">20 (32.3)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Family history of CAD</td>
								<td align="center">8 (12.9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Smoking</td>
								<td align="center">3 (4.8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hormone replacement</td>
								<td align="center">5 (8.1)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). CAD: coronary artery disease; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Most of the patients (36 [58.1%]) presented with DD at the three-month evaluation. However, 26 patients (41.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 29–54.8%) had DD at baseline that persisted at the three-month evaluation, 10 (16.1%; 95% CI, 8.15–25.8%) did not have DD at baseline but developed it by the three-month evaluation; and the remaining 26 patients (41.9%; 95% CI, 29–54.8%) did not present with DD at baseline or the three-month evaluation. As for DD type, only one patient had type 2, while the others had type 1.</p>
			<p>Of the risk factors, the population that presented with some DD at the three-month evaluation was older. In addition, the most prevalent risk factors of the population were SAH, dyslipidemia, family history of CAD, and obesity, which were present in 33.9%, 32.3%, 12.9%, and 8.1% of patients, respectively. There was a significant difference between SAH and non-SAH patients and dyslipidemic versus non-dyslipidemic patients who presented with DD. The differences in obesity and family history of CAD among groups were insignificant. Data regarding risk factors and their statistical significance by group are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. No intergroup differences in symptoms were observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Prevalence of risk factors by study group.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Risk factor</th>
								<th>Diastolic dysfunction at baseline (n=26)</th>
								<th>Diastolic dysfunction at 3-month evaluation (n=10)</th>
								<th>No diastolic dysfunction at 3-month evaluation (n=26)</th>
								<th>P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Age, years</td>
								<td align="center">57.30 ± ٨.٢٨</td>
								<td align="center">50.90 ± 6.78</td>
								<td align="center">39.92 ± 8.23</td>
								<td align="center">0.858</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Obesity</td>
								<td align="center">3 (11.5)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (10)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
								<td align="center">0.576</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SAH</td>
								<td align="center">12 (46.2)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (50)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (15.4)</td>
								<td align="center">0.03*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes</td>
								<td align="center">3 (11.5)</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">0.203</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dyslipidemia</td>
								<td align="center">14 (53.8)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (15.4)</td>
								<td align="center">0.01*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Family history of CAD</td>
								<td align="center">6 (23.1)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (10.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
								<td align="center">0.107</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Smoking</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (10)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
								<td align="center">0.708</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><italic>Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). *Statistically significant. CAD: coronary artery disease; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Signs and symptoms by study group.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Sign or symptom</th>
								<th>Diastolic dysfunction at baseline (n=26)</th>
								<th>Diastolic dysfunction at 3-month evaluation (n=10)</th>
								<th>No diastolic dysfunction at 3-month evaluation (n=26)</th>
								<th>P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Dyspnea</td>
								<td align="center">5 (19.2)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (10)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
								<td align="center">0.213</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Edema</td>
								<td align="center">5 (19.2)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (30)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
								<td align="center">0.091</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Palpitations</td>
								<td align="center">2 (7.7)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (30)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (7.7)</td>
								<td align="center">0.124</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Precordial pain</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.8)</td>
								<td align="center">0.708</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Asthenia</td>
								<td align="center">5 (19.2)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (7.7)</td>
								<td align="center">0.226</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Asymptomatic</td>
								<td align="center">16 (61.5)</td>
								<td align="center">7 (70.0)</td>
								<td align="center">22 (84.6)</td>
								<td align="center">0.172</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><italic>Results are expressed as n (%).</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The analysis of diastolic function parameters showed intergroup differences in mean variation of the E wave velocity and the E/A ratio, which significantly decreased by three months after treatment. The lateral e´ parameter also showed significant intergroup variation during the study period and reductions in Groups 2 and 3. The other parameters did not differ significantly, and the mean values of the parameters, their variation after three months, and their respective statistical significance are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. Furthermore, there was no significant intergroup difference in HR at the time of the echocardiographic assessment at three months after treatment. However, SBP and DBP differed significantly (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mean, standard deviation, and statistical significance of diastolic dysfunction at baseline and the three-month examination.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th colspan="2">Group 1</th>
								<th colspan="2">Group 2</th>
								<th colspan="2">Group 3</th>
								<th rowspan="2">P value*</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Baseline</th>
								<th>3 months</th>
								<th>Baseline</th>
								<th>3 months</th>
								<th>Baseline</th>
								<th>3 months</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>E wave velocity</td>
								<td align="center">69.67 ± 19.56</td>
								<td align="center">65.45 ± 13.02</td>
								<td align="center">86.36 ± 12.76</td>
								<td align="center">61.17 ± 14.94</td>
								<td align="center">93.76 ± 14.83</td>
								<td align="center">88.17 ± 13.37</td>
								<td align="center">0.001†</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>A wave velocity</td>
								<td align="center">89.44 ± 22.50</td>
								<td align="center">89.77 ± 17.9</td>
								<td align="center">67.14 ± 17.62</td>
								<td align="center">79.48 ± 16.27</td>
								<td align="center">59.63 ± 14.1</td>
								<td align="center">62.71 ± 13.17</td>
								<td align="center">0.147</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>E/A ratio</td>
								<td align="center">0.81 ± 0.32</td>
								<td align="center">0.76 ± 0.28</td>
								<td align="center">1.34 ± 0.36</td>
								<td align="center">0.78 ± 0.08</td>
								<td align="center">1.55 ± 0.31</td>
								<td align="center">1.48 ± 0.27</td>
								<td align="center">0.0002†</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Indexed left atrial volume</td>
								<td align="center">25.93 ± 6.71</td>
								<td align="center">26.55 ± 6.31</td>
								<td align="center">23.73 ± 4.83</td>
								<td align="center">23.19 ± 4.76</td>
								<td align="center">29.21 ± 29.89</td>
								<td align="center">23.14 ± 5.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.514</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>E/e′ ratio</td>
								<td align="center">9.21 ± 2.65</td>
								<td align="center">8.63 ± 2.15</td>
								<td align="center">8.75 ± 1.91</td>
								<td align="center">7.38 ± 1.36</td>
								<td align="center">8.63 ± 1.41</td>
								<td align="center">8.62 ± 2.02</td>
								<td align="center">0.14</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Septal e′</td>
								<td align="center">6.35 ± 2.11</td>
								<td align="center">6.21 ± 2.03</td>
								<td align="center">7.75 ± 1.70</td>
								<td align="center">6.30 ± 1.45</td>
								<td align="center">8.86 ± 2.08</td>
								<td align="center">8.51 ± 1.92</td>
								<td align="center">0.224</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Lateral e′</td>
								<td align="center">9.08 ± 3.22</td>
								<td align="center">9.61 ± 3.24</td>
								<td align="center">12.35 ± 1.81</td>
								<td align="center">10.47 ± 2.87</td>
								<td align="center">13.69 ± 2.69</td>
								<td align="center">12.75 ± 2.76</td>
								<td align="center">0.035†</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p><italic>*Statistical significance of the mean variation after three months (analysis of variance). †The tricuspid regurgitation velocity parameter is not in the table because it was not calculated in all patients since its use is only necessary when the other parameters are insufficient for classification.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Table 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mean heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the groups on the echocardiographic assessment after three months of treatment with respective p and confidence intervals.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th colspan="2">Group 1</th>
								<th colspan="2">Group 2</th>
								<th colspan="2">Group 3</th>
								<th rowspan="2">P value</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Mean</th>
								<th>95% CI</th>
								<th>Mean</th>
								<th>95% CI</th>
								<th>Mean</th>
								<th>95% CI</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>HR</td>
								<td align="center">86.04 ± 13.92</td>
								<td align="center">80.42-91.66</td>
								<td align="center">91.30 ± 14.21</td>
								<td align="center">81.13-101.47</td>
								<td align="center">81.69 ± 15.01</td>
								<td align="center">75.63 ± 87.75</td>
								<td align="center">0.191</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SBP</td>
								<td align="center">142.01± 20.80</td>
								<td align="center">133.67-150.47</td>
								<td align="center">133.90 ± 14.69</td>
								<td align="center">123.39-144.41</td>
								<td align="center">123.16 ± 19.01</td>
								<td align="center">115.47-130.83</td>
								<td align="center">0.003*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DBP</td>
								<td align="center">77.65 ± 8.89</td>
								<td align="center">74.06-81.24</td>
								<td align="center">77.30 ± 11.11</td>
								<td align="center">69.36-85.24</td>
								<td align="center">70.65 ± 10.05</td>
								<td align="center">66.60-74.71</td>
								<td align="center">0.028*</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p><italic>*Statistically significant. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure</p>
			<p>Only three patients had systolic dysfunction according to the biplane method after three months of treatment. However, LVEF showed a greater mean decrease in the group that developed DD during treatment than in the group with DD at baseline (p = 0.041); however, there was no significant intergroup difference at the three-month evaluation (p = 0.255) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tables 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">7</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Table 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mean reduction and standard deviation of the biplane ejection fraction after three months in Groups 1 and 2.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Group 1</th>
								<th>Group 2</th>
								<th>P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Mean reduction and standard deviation in BPEF after three months</td>
								<td align="center">0.59 ± 10.1</td>
								<td align="center">8.21 ± 8.31</td>
								<td align="center">0.041</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p><italic>BPEF: biplane ejection fraction.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t7">
					<label>Table 7</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mean reduction and standard in biplane ejection fraction after three months in Groups 2 and 3.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Group 1</th>
								<th>Group 2</th>
								<th>P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Mean reduction and standard deviation in BPEF after three months</td>
								<td align="center">8.21 ± 8.31</td>
								<td align="center">4.62 ± 8.23</td>
								<td align="center">0.255</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p><italic>FEBP: fração de ejeção pelo método biplanar.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The analysis of LV diastolic and systolic function is an essential part of the echocardiographic assessment, especially in cancer patients undergoing breast cancer treatment, as the observation of early echocardiographic changes is important for monitoring and starting cardioprotective medications. The current study presented important findings about early echocardiographic changes. First, there was a significant number of patients in whom DD developed during chemotherapy treatment; of them, 10 (16.1%) developed DD after three months of treatment. Timothy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported a 20% rate of DD similar to that the present study; however, this was after a longer follow-up (12 months of echocardiographic evaluation). Furthermore, this early incidence of DD corroborates the literature since it is known that LV relaxation changes can be detected after one week of anthracycline use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> One of the main pathophysiological mechanisms of DD in the general population may be associated with cardiac oxidative stress,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> especially in the population being treated for breast cancer with anthracyclines, which are correlated with increased cardiac oxidative stress that can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and necrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>As for LV systolic function, after three months of treatment, only three patients (4.8%) had systolic dysfunction according to the biplane method, while 10 developed DD after the three months of treatment, which suggests that LV DD presents earlier than LV systolic dysfunction. A longer follow-up period will be necessary to establish the clinical outcomes of these patients, but DD abnormalities over time are associated with subsequent systolic dysfunction and cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>It was also possible to observe that patients with baseline DD are less associated with reduced LVEF than those who develop DD throughout treatment, suggesting that baseline DD is not associated with subsequent systolic dysfunction, similarly to what Timóteo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and Upshaw et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> reported when following patients for 12 months and 6.5 years, respectively.</p>
			<p>
				<fig>
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Evaluation of a patient’s E wave, A wave, and E/A ratio during the study. (A) Basic parameters: E wave velocity of 89.1 cm/s, A wave velocity of 56.6 cm/s, E/A ratio of 1.6. (B) Parameters after three months of chemotherapy: E wave velocity of 51.4 cm/s, A wave velocity of 79.3 cm/s, and E/A ratio of 0.6. Note the decreased E wave and E/A ratio after three months of treatment.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc215-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig>
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Razão E/e’ de uma paciente durante o estudo. (A) E/e’ de 6,0 basal. (B) E/e’de 8,2 da mesma paciente após 3 meses de tratamento. Ambos os valores dentro do limite da normalidade.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc215-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Other important findings were related to diastolic function parameters. A significantly reduced E wave velocity and E/A ratio were noted early on, while AE and E/e´ indexed volume parameters showed no significant variation. Similar changes in mitral inflow (reduced E/A ratio) were reported in other studies, such as those by Serrano et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and Ho et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> the latter also reporting a significantly reduced E wave velocity. Despite being an important tool to assess remodeling and, indirectly, LA function, the indexed LA volume has low sensitivity in the early stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In turn, variations in the E/e’ parameter are also linked to chronic conditions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> which justifies the absence of changes in both parameters in the present study. Timóteo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> showed significant indexed LA volume changes, but not until later – on 12-month echocardiography follow-up.</p>
			<p>Factors such as HR and systemic blood pressure should be considered in the context of assessing diastolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The present investigation showed no significantly different intergroup mean HR, suggesting that the observed changes in mitral inflow were not directly impacted by this parameter. On the other hand, SBP and DBP differed among the three groups, with higher mean echocardiographic evaluation values in Groups 1 and 2 after treatment due to the greater number of chronic hypertensive patients within them.</p>
			<p>One of the limitations of the study was the evaluation time, which, despite having demonstrated early echocardiographic changes in the studied population, did not allow the objective assessment of the long-term behaviors of the systolic and diastolic function parameters correlated with the occurrence of cardiovascular outcomes. It would also be interesting to evaluate the behavior of diastolic and systolic parameters in patients undergoing additional chemotherapy treatment with trastuzumab after anthracycline since the patients did not undergo the former due to the short evaluation time. Another important limitation stems from the dependence of mitral inflow parameters on hemodynamic conditions, such as volume depletion, a side effect related to chemotherapy that does not allow the conclusion that the E wave and E/A ratio changes observed result directly from its cardiotoxicity. However, it is known that the situations mentioned here are inherent to the study population and methodology.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The study data demonstrated that DD occurs early in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and that its development during treatment is associated with a significant LVEF reduction compared to patients with DD at baseline. The significantly changed early diastolic function parameters include a reduced E wave velocity, lateral e´, and E/A ratio. Further longer-term follow-up studies are needed to assess intergroup differences in cardiovascular outcomes and identify which myocardial function parameters would be chronically changed.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>The authors thank the patients and family members who supported the research during therapy as well as the professionals involved who encourage and strengthen research in the state of Sergipe.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Disfunção Diastólica Precoce em Pacientes com Câncer de Mama Submetidas à Quimioterapia</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6260-2056</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barroso</surname>
						<given-names>Geanne Maria Holanda de Menezes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0844-8945</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo Victor de Jesus</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8464-3622</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Teles</surname>
						<given-names>Júlio César Oliveira Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2821-1873</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aragão</surname>
						<given-names>Vinícius Antônio Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1974-294X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fonsêca</surname>
						<given-names>Karin Yasmin Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aquino</surname>
						<given-names>Marília Marques</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8243-8369</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Albuquerque</surname>
						<given-names>Ullany Maria Lima Amorim Coelho de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9314-4331</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Sousa</surname>
						<given-names>Antônio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4325-0590</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Divisão de Cardiologia, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Paulo Victor de Jesus Silva • E-mail: paulo.victorjss@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Barroso GMHM; redação do manuscrito: Barroso GMHM; análise e interpretação dos dados: Silva PVJ; obtenção de dados: Aragão VAS, Fonsêca KYS, Aquino MM e Albuquerque UMLAC; análise estatística: Melo EV e Silva PVJ; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Sousa ACS e Oliveira JLM.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A quimioterapia para o câncer de mama está associada a complicações cardiovasculares graves, como a insuficiência cardíaca. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo é o principal parâmetro para avaliar a função sistólica nessas pacientes. Todavia, a ocorrência de disfunção diastólica pode preceder à disfunção sistólica.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos</title>
					<p> Avaliar as funções diastólica e sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo de portadoras de câncer de mama em tratamento quimioterápico com antraciclinas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Trata-se de estudo observacional, longitudinal, analítico e prospectivo. Estudaram-se 62 mulheres com câncer de mama, com idades de 21 a 75 anos, que realizaram ecocardiogramas basais e após 3 meses de tratamento. Avaliaram-se parâmetros de função diastólica, e as pacientes foram classificadas em disfunção diastólica tipos:1, 2 ou 3. Definiu-se a disfunção sistólica como fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo ≤ 53%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Decorridos 3 meses de tratamento, 35 pacientes (56,4%) apresentavam disfunção diastólica tipo 1, e apenas uma (1,6%) do tipo 2. A disfunção diastólica ocorreu em 26 pacientes já na etapa basal e surgiu em dez indivíduos no decurso do tratamento. Os parâmetros de função diastólica velocidade de onda E e relação E/A diminuíram significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) com a quimioterapia, todavia, os demais não tiveram variação significativa. Apenas três pacientes apresentaram disfunção sistólica, porém verificou-se maior redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo no grupo que desenvolveu disfunção diastólica durante o tratamento comparativamente ao grupo que apresentava já disfunção diastólica no período basal (p = 0,04).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> A disfunção diastólica ocorre precocemente em portadoras de câncer de mama submetidas à quimioterapia. O surgimento de disfunção diastólica no decurso do tratamento se associa à redução significativa da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Disfunção ventricular</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasias da mama</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O câncer é apontado como um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública do mundo, sendo o câncer de mama, o mais prevalente em mulheres há 3 décadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A maioria dos agentes quimioterápicos são cardiotóxicos, sendo a Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) a complicação mais comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A mortalidade chega a ser de até 60% em pacientes que desenvolveram IC durante o tratamento para o câncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar de cardiotóxicas, as antraciclinas continuam com importante papel no tratamento dos tumores sólidos, como o de mama e o linfoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os mecanismos propostos para a cardiotoxicidade mediada por antraciclinas incluem aumento do estresse oxidativo via <italic>redox-cycling</italic> da porção quinona das antraciclinas e por meio da formação de complexos ferro-antraciclinas; perturbação da homeostase mitocondrial e celular do cálcio; alteração da energética mitocondrial; radiação profunda de proteínas ultraestruturais, incluindo tinina e distrofina; dano direto ao DNA via inibição da topoisomerase 2-beta; inibição das vias de sobrevivência, como neuroglunina 1 e Erb B2, e efeitos citotóxicos diretos nas células cardíacas progenitoras, diminuindo o potencial reparador após injúria miocárdica. A forma pela qual esses mecanismos interagem entre si e levam à cardiotoxicidade ainda é desconhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A frequência de cardiotoxicidade na população varia de acordo com a definição e a ferramenta estabelecidas. A definição mais aceita pelas comunidades cardiológica e oncológica é a redução da Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo (FEVE) em mais de 10 pontos percentuais em relação ao seu valor basal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> para um valor inferior a 53%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Tal definição é a utilizada como padrão no presente estudo. A avaliação da função diastólica de Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE) constitui parte importante da avaliação ecocardiográfica, já que, na população em geral, medidas ecocardiográficas de Disfunção Diastólica (DD) estão associadas a um risco aumentado de IC e mortalidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e são consideradas fundamentais para a fisiopatologia da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A própria DD isolada está associada a um risco aumentado de morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A prevenção e a detecção precoce da cardiotoxicidade são primordiais na abordagem dos pacientes com câncer,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> uma vez que houve mudança de paradigma do câncer como uma doença final para uma condição de doença cardiovascular crônica nos pacientes sobreviventes após a terapia.</p>
				<p>Desse modo, este estudo objetivou avaliar as funções diastólica e sistólica do VE de portadoras de câncer de mama em tratamento quimioterápico com antraciclinas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>População do estudo</title>
					<p>Trata-se de estudo observacional, longitudinal e prospectivo, com amostra de 62 mulheres &gt; 18 anos, portadoras de câncer de mama, selecionadas consecutivamente no período de novembro de 2016 até julho de 2018 para diminuir o viés amostral. As variáveis clínicas avaliadas foram: idade expressa em anos; medidas antropométricas (peso em quilogramas e altura em metro); superfície corporal em metro quadrado; sinais vitais (Frequência Cardíaca – FC – e pressões sistólica e diastólica); comorbidades (Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica – HAS –, diabetes melito e dislipidemia); tabagismo; história familiar de Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC) e medicações em uso na quimioterapia.</p>
					<p>Todas as pacientes assinaram Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em pesquisa em seres humanos do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe e pelos conselhos das instituições participantes.</p>
					<p>A população do estudo foi submetida a dois exames ecocardiográficos. O primeiro era realizado antes da instituição da quimioterapia e o segundo após 3 meses decorridos do início do tratamento quimioterápico.</p>
					<p>Todas as pacientes utilizaram antraciclinas, de acordo com um dos dois regimes quimioterápicos definidos pelo oncologista responsável pelos pacientes: ACT, que incluiu doxorubicina (60 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) e ciclofosfamida (600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) administrada em quatro ciclos a cada 21 dias, seguidas por paclitaxel (80 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) em 12 ciclos por semanas, todos para tratamento adjuvante e neoadjuvante; e FEC, que incluiu fluoracila (600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), epirubicina (90 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) e ciclofosfamida (600mg/m<sup>2</sup>), em quatro ciclos, a cada 21 dias, seguidas por docetaxel (75 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), também em quatro ciclos, a cada 21 dias.</p>
					<p>Nenhum paciente excedeu a dose máxima recomendada de antraciclina de (240 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) para doxorubicina ou (360 mg/mg<sup>2</sup>) para epirubicina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Além disso, nenhuma paciente fez radioterapia associada até os 3 meses de avaliação.</p>
					<p>Foram incluídas as pacientes que compareceram às duas avaliações ecocardiográficas durante o tempo de estudo. Os critérios de exclusão utilizados foram doença cardíaca estrutural prévia, janela acústica inadequada e quimio ou radioterapia prévias.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedimentos</title>
					<p>Todos os pacientes foram examinados utilizando um aparelho ultrassonográfico Philips Epiq 7 com transdutor X5-1 e o <italic>software</italic> instalado de Automated Cardiac Motion Quantification (ACMQ). O mesmo aparelho ultrassonográfico foi utilizado para obter todos os ecocardiogramas de cada paciente. O setor e a profundidade foram ajustados para adquirir visualização ideal de todo o miocárdio do VE na alta taxa de <italic>frame</italic> possível. A aquisição foi obtida no final da expiração. Múltiplos ciclos cardíacos do AP3L, AP4L e AP2L câmaras foram adquiridos e gravados para análise subsequente.</p>
					<p>O cálculo da FEVE foi realizado mediante o método biplanar de discos ou de Simpson, com o <italic>software</italic> ACMQ, a partir da aquisição do AP3L, AP4L e AP2L, com delineamento automático da borda, sendo, em seguida, corrigido manualmente. O ventrículo foi dividido em uma série de discos de igual altura. O volume de cada disco foi calculado pela área multiplicada pela altura, e a soma de todos os volumes dos discos determinou o volume ventricular. Foi considerado como valor normal FEVE &gt; 53%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Para o cálculo da função diastólica do VE, foram utilizados os seguintes parâmetros: fluxo diastólico mitral com avaliação das velocidades das ondas E, A e relação E/A com Doppler pulsado; velocidades de e’ com amostra do Doppler tecidual posicionada no anel septal, anel lateral e, em seguida, calculada a relação E/e’ média (os valores normais foram e’ septal &gt; 7 cm/s; e’ lateral &gt;1 0cm/s e E/e’ média &lt; 14); índice do volume atrial esquerdo calculado com aquisição dos cortes apical quatro e duas câmaras, iniciando antes da abertura da valva mitral – esse cálculo foi feito por meio do método de discos, sendo, posteriormente, indexado pela superfície corpórea, e o valor normal estabelecido foi &lt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, e velocidade de regurgitação da valva tricúspide, cujo valor normal determinado como ponto de corte foi &lt; 2,8 cm/s.</p>
					<p>A função diastólica de VE foi classificada como normal se mais da metade das variáveis estivesse dentro dos limites normais, abaixo dos pontos de corte. Além disso, a DD estava presente se mais da metade dos parâmetros encontrasse seus pontos de corte. O estudo seria inconclusivo se metade dos parâmetros encontrasse seus pontos de corte, e a outra metade dos parâmetros estivesse normal. Em pacientes com FEVE preservada ou reduzida, quando a velocidade de onda E ≤ 50 cm/s, razão E/A ≤ 0,8 cm/s, a pressão de Átrio Esquerdo (AE) é normal ou baixa, e a DD é classificada como tipo 1. Quando a razão E/A &gt; 2, a pressão de AE é alta, e a DD é definida como tipo 3. Quando a velocidade de onda E &gt; 50 cm/s, a razão E/A ≤ 0,8 – ou se &gt;0,8, porém &lt;2 –, é necessário considerar outros parâmetros, como velocidade de pico da Regurgitação Tricúspide (RT) com Doppler contínuo, razão E/e’ e volume de AE. Os pontos de corte de anormalidade são: velocidade de pico RT &gt; 2,8cm/s, razão E/e’ &gt; 14 e volume indexado de AE &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. Quando dois desses três parâmetros encontram seus pontos de corte, a média de pressão de AE é elevada, e a DD é classificada como tipo 2. Inversamente, se dois desses três parâmetros não encontram os pontos de corte, a DD é classificada como tipo 1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Para efeito comparativo, a amostra foi dividida em três grupos: Grupo 1, formado pelas pacientes que já exibiam DD no período basal; Grupo 2, composto por aquelas que desenvolveram DD ao longo de 3 meses de tratamento, e Grupo 3, formado pelas demais, que não apresentaram DD até os 3 meses de observação.</p>
					<p>Todos os exames foram realizados por um único examinador, os cálculos foram repetidos, e os valores considerados foram resultado da média das medidas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>As variáveis qualitativas foram expressas por frequência (percentagem), e as quantitativas foram submetidas ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk para determinação do tipo de distribuição. Já as variáveis preencheram o pressuposto de normalidade foram apresentadas por média e desvio-padrão, enquanto aquelas que não apresentaram distribuição normal foram descritas com mediana e intervalos interquartis ou valores máximo e mínimo.</p>
					<p>Para comparações entre as variáveis qualitativas, foi empregado o teste de qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando apropriado. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi aplicado para comparações entre os dois grupos principais, quando as variáveis contínuas ou discretas apresentaram distribuição normal. A Análise de Variância (Anova) foi utilizada para comparar os grupos que apresentaram DD basal (Grupo 1), DD desenvolvida ao longo de 3 meses de tratamento (Grupo 2) e quem não apresentou DD durante o estudo (Grupo 3).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Dentre as 63 pacientes elegíveis para o estudo, apenas uma paciente não apresentou janela acústica satisfatória para a obtenção dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos. Dessa forma, foram avaliadas 62 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 48,98 ± 11,3 anos, com o mínimo de 46,11 e máximo de 51,85 anos. As características clínicas da população podem ser apreciadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Características clínicas gerais da amostra.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Características clínicas</th>
									<th>Total (n = 62)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade, anos</td>
									<td align="center">48,98 ± 11,30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesidade</td>
									<td align="center">5 (8,1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAS</td>
									<td align="center">21 (33,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes</td>
									<td align="center">3 (4,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dislipidemia</td>
									<td align="center">20 (32,3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>História Familiar de DAC</td>
									<td align="center">8 (12,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tabagismo</td>
									<td align="center">3 (4,8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Reposição hormonal</td>
									<td align="center">5 (8,1)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>Resultados expressos por média ± desvio-padrão ou n (%). HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica; DAC: doença arterial coronária.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Durante avaliação após 3 meses de tratamento, foi observado que um número relevante de pacientes (36; 58,1%) apresentavam DD. Contudo, 26 pacientes (41,9%; intervalo de confiança de 95% – IC95% 29%-54,8%) já apresentavam DD desde a avaliação basal e permaneceram com DD aos 3 meses, dez (16,1%; IC95% 8,15-25,8%) não apresentavam DD e desenvolveram após 3 meses de quimioterapia, e as demais 26 pacientes (41,9%; IC 29%-54,8%) não apresentavam DD basal e a nem apresentaram após 3 meses de tratamento. Em relação ao tipo de DD, apenas uma paciente apresentou DD tipo 2; as demais foram classificadas como DD tipo 1.</p>
				<p>Dentre os fatores de risco, foi possível observar que a população que apresentou alguma DD aos 3 meses era mais velha. Além disso, os fatores de risco mais prevalentes na população foram HAS, dislipidemia, história familiar de DAC e obesidade, presentes em 33,9%, 32,3%, 12,9% e 8,1%, respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa entre os pacientes hipertensos e não hipertensos que apresentaram DD no estudo, bem como em relação à dislipidemia. Já em relação à obesidade e aos antecedentes familiares de DAC, houve diferença, porém sem significância estatística. Os dados referentes aos fatores de risco e sua significância estatística nos três grupos são mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>. Em relação aos sintomas apresentados durante o tratamento, não foi observada diferença entre os grupos conforme pode ser conferido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fatores de risco nos Grupos 1, 2 e 3.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Fatores de risco</th>
									<th>Disfunção basal (n=26)</th>
									<th>Disfunção diastólica aos 3 meses (n=10)</th>
									<th>Sem disfunção diastólica aos 3 meses (n=26)</th>
									<th>Significância estatística</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade, anos</td>
									<td align="center">57,30 ± ٨,٢٨</td>
									<td align="center">50,90 ± 6,78</td>
									<td align="center">39,92 ± 8,23</td>
									<td align="center">0,858</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesidade</td>
									<td align="center">3 (11,5)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
									<td align="center">0,576</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAS</td>
									<td align="center">12 (46,2)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (50)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (15,4)</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>0,03</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes</td>
									<td align="center">3 (11,5)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">0,203</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dislipidemia</td>
									<td align="center">14 (53,8)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (15,4)</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>0,01</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>História familiar de DAC</td>
									<td align="center">6 (23,1)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
									<td align="center">0,107</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tabagismo</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
									<td align="center">0,708</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p><italic>Resultados expressos por média ± desvio-padrão ou n (%). HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica; DAC: doença arterial coronária.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comparação entre os sinais e sintomas apresentados pelos Grupos 1, 2 e 3.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Sintomas</th>
									<th>Disfunção basal (n=26)</th>
									<th>Disfunção diastólica aos 3 meses (n=10)</th>
									<th>Sem disfunção diastólica aos 3 meses (n=26)</th>
									<th>Significância estatística</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Dispneia</td>
									<td align="center">5 (19,2)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
									<td align="center">0,213</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Edema</td>
									<td align="center">5 (19,2)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (30)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
									<td align="center">0,091</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Palpitação</td>
									<td align="center">2 (7,7)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (30)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (7,7)</td>
									<td align="center">0,124</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Precordialgia</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,8)</td>
									<td align="center">0,708</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Astenia</td>
									<td align="center">5 (19,2)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (7,7)</td>
									<td align="center">0,226</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Assintomáticos</td>
									<td align="center">16 (61,5)</td>
									<td align="center">7 (70,0)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (84,6)</td>
									<td align="center">0,172</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p><italic>Resultados expressos por n (%).</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Durante a análise dos parâmetros de função diastólica, houve diferença entre os Grupos 1, 2 e 3 em relação à variação das médias da velocidade de onda E e da relação E/A, que diminuíram significativamente após 3 meses de tratamento. O parâmetro e’ lateral exibiu também variação significativa entre os grupos durante o tempo de estudo e apresentou redução nos Grupos 2 e 3. Em relação aos demais parâmetros, não houve diferença significativa, e os valores médios dos parâmetros, sua variação após 3 meses e suas respectivas significâncias estatísticas podem ser conferidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref>. Além disso, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à FC no momento da avaliação ecocardiográfica após 3 meses de tratamento. Entretanto, a Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) e a Pressão Arterial Diastólica (PAD) apresentaram diferenças significativas, conforme pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4002">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Média dos parâmetros ecocardiográficos de função diastólica basais, seus respectivos desvios-padrão e a significância estatística da variação média entre os grupos após 3 meses.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th colspan="2">Grupo 1</th>
									<th colspan="2">Grupo 2</th>
									<th colspan="2">Grupo 3</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Significância estatística*</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Basal</th>
									<th>3 meses</th>
									<th>Basal</th>
									<th>3 meses</th>
									<th>Basal</th>
									<th>3 meses</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Velocidade onda E</td>
									<td align="center">69,67 ± 19,56</td>
									<td align="center">65,45 ± 13,02</td>
									<td align="center">86,36 ± 12,76</td>
									<td align="center">61,17 ± 14,94</td>
									<td align="center">93,76 ± 14,83</td>
									<td align="center">88,17 ± 13,37</td>
									<td align="center">0,001†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Velocidade onda A</td>
									<td align="center">89,44 ± 22,50</td>
									<td align="center">89,77 ± 17,9</td>
									<td align="center">67,14 ± 17,62</td>
									<td align="center">79,48 ± 16,27</td>
									<td align="center">59,63 ± 14,1</td>
									<td align="center">62,71 ± 13,17</td>
									<td align="center">0,147</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Relação E/A</td>
									<td align="center">0,81 ± 0,32</td>
									<td align="center">0,76 ± 0,28</td>
									<td align="center">1,34 ± 0,36</td>
									<td align="center">0,78 ± 0,08</td>
									<td align="center">1,55 ± 0,31</td>
									<td align="center">1,48 ± 0,27</td>
									<td align="center">0,0002†</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Volume AE indexado</td>
									<td align="center">25,93 ± 6,71</td>
									<td align="center">26,55 ± 6,31</td>
									<td align="center">23,73 ± 4,83</td>
									<td align="center">23,19 ± 4,76</td>
									<td align="center">29,21 ± 29,89</td>
									<td align="center">23,14 ± 5,25</td>
									<td align="center">0,514</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Relação E/e’</td>
									<td align="center">9,21 ± 2,65</td>
									<td align="center">8,63 ± 2,15</td>
									<td align="center">8,75 ± 1,91</td>
									<td align="center">7,38 ± 1,36</td>
									<td align="center">8,63 ± 1,41</td>
									<td align="center">8,62 ± 2,02</td>
									<td align="center">0,14</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>e’ septal</td>
									<td align="center">6,35 ± 2,11</td>
									<td align="center">6,21 ± 2,03</td>
									<td align="center">7,75 ± 1,70</td>
									<td align="center">6,30 ± 1,45</td>
									<td align="center">8,86 ± 2,08</td>
									<td align="center">8,51 ± 1,92</td>
									<td align="center">0,224</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>e’ lateral</td>
									<td align="center">9,08 ± 3,22</td>
									<td align="center">9,61 ± 3,24</td>
									<td align="center">12,35 ± 1,81</td>
									<td align="center">10,47 ± 2,87</td>
									<td align="center">13,69 ± 2,69</td>
									<td align="center">12,75 ± 2,76</td>
									<td align="center">0,035†</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4002">
								<p><italic>* Significância estatística da variação média após 3 meses (análise de variância). † o parâmetro velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide não se encontra na tabela, porque não era calculado em todos os pacientes já que ele só é necessário quando os outros parâmetros não são suficientes para a classificação.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5002">
						<label>Tabela 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Médias da frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica entre os diferentes grupos na avaliação ecocardiográfica após 3 meses de tratamento, seus respectivos p e intervalos de confiança.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th colspan="2">Grupo 1</th>
									<th colspan="2">Grupo 2</th>
									<th colspan="2">Grupo 3</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Significância estatística</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Média</th>
									<th>IC95%</th>
									<th>Média</th>
									<th>IC95%</th>
									<th>Média</th>
									<th>IC95%</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>FC</td>
									<td align="center">86,04 ± 13,92</td>
									<td align="center">80,42-91,66</td>
									<td align="center">91,30 ± 14,21</td>
									<td align="center">81,13-101,47</td>
									<td align="center">81,69 ± 15,01</td>
									<td align="center">75,63 ± 87,75</td>
									<td align="center">0,191</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PAS</td>
									<td align="center">142,01± 20,80</td>
									<td align="center">133,67-150,47</td>
									<td align="center">133,90 ± 14,69</td>
									<td align="center">123,39-144,41</td>
									<td align="center">123,16 ± 19,01</td>
									<td align="center">115,47-130,83</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>0,003</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PAD</td>
									<td align="center">77,65 ± 8,89</td>
									<td align="center">74,06-81,24</td>
									<td align="center">77,30 ± 11,11</td>
									<td align="center">69,36-85,24</td>
									<td align="center">70,65 ± 10,05</td>
									<td align="center">66,60-74,71</td>
									<td align="center"><bold>0,028</bold></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5002">
								<p><italic>IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; FC: frequência cardíaca; PAS: pressão arterial sistólica; PAD: pressão arterial diastólica.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Sobre a função sistólica do VE, apenas três pacientes apresentaram disfunção sistólica pelo método biplanar aos 3 meses. Todavia, a FEVE apresentou maior diminuição média no grupo que apresentou DD ao longo de 3 meses de tratamento quando comparado com o grupo que já apresentava DD basal (p = 0,041), entretanto não houve diferença significativa entre quem apresentou DD ao longo de 3 meses de tratamento e quem não apresentava DD basal e não apresentou DD ao longo de 3 meses de tratamento (p = 0,255) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6002">Tabelas 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7002">7</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6002">
						<label>Tabela 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Redução média e desvio-padrão da fração de ejeção pelo método biplanar após 3 meses nos Grupos 1 e 2.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Grupo 1</th>
									<th>Grupo 2</th>
									<th>Significância estatística</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Redução média e desvio-padrão da FEBP após 3 meses</td>
									<td align="center">0,59 ± 10,1</td>
									<td align="center">8,21 ± 8,31</td>
									<td align="center">0,041</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6002">
								<p><italic>FEBP: fração de ejeção pelo método biplanar.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7002">
						<label>Tabela 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Redução média e desvio-padrão da fração de ejeção pelo método biplanar após 3 meses nos Grupos 2 e 3.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Grupo 2</th>
									<th>Grupo 3</th>
									<th>Significância estatística</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Redução média e desvio padrão da FEBP após 3 meses</td>
									<td align="center">8,21 ± 8,31</td>
									<td align="center">4,62 ± 8,23</td>
									<td align="center">0,255</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7002">
								<p><italic>FEBP: fração de ejeção pelo método biplanar.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A avaliação da função diastólica e sistólica de VE é parte essencial da avaliação ecocardiográfica, sobretudo no paciente oncológico em tratamento para câncer de mama, pois a observação de alterações ecocardiográficas precoces é de importante valor para o acompanhamento e a instituição de medicações cardioprotetoras. O presente estudo apresenta achados importantes sobre alterações ecocardiográficas precoces. Primeiramente, houve um número significativo de DD desenvolvida durante o tratamento quimioterápico: dez pacientes (16,1%) desenvolveram DD após 3 meses de tratamento. Timóteo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> apresentaram 20% de DD, número semelhante ao do presente estudo, entretanto após acompanhamento mais longo (12 meses de avaliação ecocardiográfica). Além disso, essa incidência precoce de DD está de acordo com a literatura, uma vez que é sabido que alterações no relaxamento do VE já podem ser notadas após 1 semana do uso de antraciclinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Acredita-se que um dos principais mecanismos fisiopatológicos de DD na população em geral está associado a estresse oxidativo cardíaco,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> sobretudo na população em tratamento para câncer de mama com antraciclinas, que são relacionadas ao aumento de estresse oxidativo cardíaco, o qual resulta em disfunção mitocondrial, apoptose e necrose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig>
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Avaliação da onda E, onda A e razão E/A de uma paciente durante o estudo. (A) Parâmetros basais: velocidade da onda E de 89,1 cm/s, velocidade A de 56,6 cm/s, razão E/A de 1,6. (B) Parâmetros após 3 meses de quimioterapia: velocidade da onda E de 51,4 cm/s, velocidade da onda A de 79,3 cm/s e razão E/A de 0,6. Destaca-se a redução da onda E e da razão E/A após 3 meses de tratamento.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc215-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig>
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Razão E/e’ de uma paciente durante o estudo. (A) Valor basal de E/e’ = 6,0. (B) Valor de E/e’= 8,2 na mesma paciente após 3 meses de tratamento. Ambos os valores dentro do limite da normalidade.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc215-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Em relação à função sistólica de VE, após 3 meses de tratamento, apenas três pacientes (4,8%) apresentaram disfunção sistólica pelo método biplanar, enquanto dez pacientes apresentaram DD desenvolvida após o tratamento, o que sugere que a DD de VE manifesta-se precocemente à disfunção sistólica de VE. Um acompanhamento mais longo seria necessário para estabelecer o desfecho clínico desses pacientes, porém sabe-se que anormalidades ao longo do tempo na DD estão associadas à subsequente disfunção sistólica e à cardiotoxicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Foi possível observar também que os pacientes que apresentam DD basal estão menos associados a reduções na FEVE quando comparados aos pacientes que desenvolvem DD ao longo do tratamento, o que sugere que a DD basal não está associada à subsequente disfunção sistólica, similarmente ao que mostraram Timóteo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e Upshaw et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> que acompanharam os pacientes por 12 meses e 6,5 anos, respectivamente.</p>
				<p>Outros achados importantes foram relacionados aos parâmetros de função diastólica. Houve redução significativa da velocidade de onda E e da relação E/A precocemente, enquanto os parâmetros volume indexado de AE e E/e’ não apresentaram variação significativa. Alterações similares de influxo mitral (redução relação E/A) foram relatados em outros estudos, como o de Serrano et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e o de Ho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> –, este também mostrou redução significativa da velocidade de onda E. O volume indexado de AE, apesar ser uma importante ferramenta para avaliar o remodelamento e indiretamente, a função do AE, tem baixa sensibilidade em estágios precoces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Por sua vez, o parâmetro E/e’ também tem sua variação atrelada a condições crônicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> o que justifica a ausência de alterações em ambos os parâmetros no presente estudo. Timóteo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> mostraram alterações significativas no volume indexado de AE, mas de maneira mais tardia – após 12 meses de acompanhamento ecocardiográfico.</p>
				<p>Sabe-se também que fatores como FC e pressão arterial sistêmica devem ser considerados no contexto da avaliação da função diastólica dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Na presente investigação, não foi constatada diferença significativa em relação à FC média entre os grupos, sugerindo que as alterações de influxo mitral observadas não sofreram impacto direto desse parâmetro. Por outro lado, a PAS e a PAD apresentaram comportamentos diferentes nos três grupos, com valores médios mais elevados nos Grupos 1 e 2, na avaliação ecocardiográfica após tratamento, que pode ser justificada pelo maior número de hipertensos crônicos nos referidos grupos.</p>
				<p>Uma das limitações do estudo foi o tempo de avaliação, que, apesar de ter demonstrado que ocorrem alterações ecocardiográficas precoces na população estudada, não é possível avaliar objetivamente o comportamento dos parâmetros de função sistólica e diastólica a longo prazo, correlacionando-os à ocorrência de desfechos cardiovasculares. Além disso, seria interessante avaliar o comportamento dos parâmetros diastólicos e sistólicos nas pacientes que foram submetidas ao tratamento adicional de quimioterapia que utiliza trastuzumabe após os ciclos de antraciclinas, já que, devido ao tempo precoce de avaliação, as pacientes não chegaram a ser submetidas ao tratamento com trastuzumabe. Outra importante limitação decorre da dependência dos parâmetros de influxo mitral das condições hemodinâmicas, como a depleção de volume, efeito colateral relacionado à quimioterapia, o que não permite concluir, com precisão, que as alterações observadas na onda E e na relação E/A são decorrentes diretamente da cardiotoxicidade. Contudo, sabe-se que as situações citadas são inerentes à população e à metodologia do estudo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Os dados demonstram que a disfunção diastólica ocorre precocemente em portadoras de câncer de mama submetidas à quimioterapia, e o desenvolvimento de disfunção diastólica no decurso do tratamento se associa à redução significativa da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, quando comparadas àquelas que já apresentavam disfunção diastólica basal. Entre os parâmetros de função diastólica alterados precocemente de maneira significativa estão a redução da velocidade de onda E, e’ lateral e razão E/A. Estudos posteriores, de acompanhamento a mais longo prazo, são necessários para avaliar a diferença entre os grupos do estudo em relação aos desfechos cardiovasculares e quais os parâmetros de função miocárdica seriam cronicamente alterados.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimentos</title>
				<p>Os autores agradecem, em especial, aos pacientes e aos familiares que, durante a terapia, mostraram-se solícitos e apoiaram a pesquisa; e aos profissionais envolvidos, que incentivam e fortalecem a pesquisa no estado de Sergipe.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>