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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213404eabc213</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Importance of Imaging Methods for Diagnosing Constrictive Pericarditis Versus Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Débora Pereira Galvêas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Patrick Ventorim</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Potratz</surname>
						<given-names>Mateus Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Belinassi</surname>
						<given-names>Carina Massariol</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Luiz Torres</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cassiano Antônio de Moraes University Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Federal University of Espírito Santo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<institution content-type="original">Cassiano Antônio de Moraes University Hospital, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Unimed Vitória Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Unimed Vitória Hospital, Vitória, ES, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Débora Pereira Galvêas Negri • Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio de Moraes – Avenida Marechal Campos, 1.355 – Santa Cecília – CEP: 29043-260 – Vitória, ES, Brazil. E-mail: <email>deboragalveas@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Research conception and design: Negri DPG, Costa PV, Potratz MO, Belinassi CM, and Gomes FLT.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>25</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2022</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>34</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc213</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>4</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>8</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>3</day>
					<month>9</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Constrictive pericarditis</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Pericardium</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is a challenging differential diagnosis of chest pain in a cardiac emergency. This is the case report of a patient who presented with a seven-day history of chest pain for whom the possibility of calcified pericarditis was suggested due to changes on chest X-ray. After referral to a specialized cardiology service, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) showed that the case was compatible with CP, which required surgical management. From chest X-ray to CMR, all imaging tests proved crucial for confirming the suspected diagnosis and defining the treatment.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>A 41-year-old woman born in the state of Minas Gerais and living in Espírito Santo was transferred to the emergency room of a tertiary hospital with the complaint of a seven-day history of progressive and continuous stabbing retrosternal chest pain without irradiation. The patient denied dyspnea, but dyspnea on exertion began on the fifth day of the pain. She denied any previous comorbidities or the use of continuous medications. As a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, she reported being a smoker (25 packs per year) and having a positive family history (her father had a stroke at age 60 years).</p>
			<p>In the previous seven days, the patient had visited the health service four times and was released without a diagnosis upon receiving treatment for her symptoms. During emergency room visits, acute coronary syndrome was ruled out due to the absence of myocardial necrosis marker changes. In the last evaluation, changes compatible with pericardial calcification were noted on a chest X-ray (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>) for which the patient was referred for specialist evaluation at a tertiary hospital. The patient was admitted with normal vital signs and cardiac and respiratory auscultation findings. The hypothesis of pericardial disease was raised after an evaluation of the complaint of chest pain refractory to the use of dipyrone and tramadol.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Chest X-ray.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>During the hospitalization, the patient underwent TTE to assess the clinical chest pain condition associated with the findings suggestive of pericardial calcification on the chest X-ray. The test showed biatrial enlargement (indexed left atrial volume, 37 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; right atrial volume, 36 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), respiratory transmitral flow variation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>) with an E/A ratio of 1.4, a septal e´ wave at a tissue Doppler of 14.1 cm/s, and a lateral e´ wave of 12.9 cm/s, findings suggestive of <italic>annulus reversus</italic> and marked anomalous septal bounce breathing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Video 1</xref>). The left ventricular ejection fraction was 69%, but the longitudinal strain was reduced at -15%, with more negative values on the septal wall and fewer negative values on the lateral and anterior walls (possible wall movement restriction due to possible pericardial adhesion). The right ventricle (RV) showed dilation and contractile dysfunction (S´ 8.7 cm/s). The inferior vena cava was dilated with an estimated size of 2.3 cm and no respiratory variation. Analysis of the hepatic vein flow evidenced an end-expiratory retrograde/antegrade flow ratio of 1.04. Thus, the TTE findings corroborated the CP criteria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). At the time, no respirometer was available for the analysis.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Imagens pré pericardiectomia. (A) Variação respiratória do fluxo mitral de 37%. (B) Variação respiratória do fluxotricúspide de - 38%. (C) Relação do fluxo expiratório da veia hepática no final da diástole sobre o fluxo anterógrado &gt; 0,8. (D) Velocidade de e´ lateral de 12,9 cm/s e e´ medial de 14,1 cm/s (Annulus Reversus).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<media id="f04" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-m01.mp4">
					<label>Vídeo 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Ecocardiograma transtoracico com movimentação anomala do septo interventricular (septal bounce).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf04.tif"/>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Characteristics of constrictive pericarditis <italic>versus</italic> restrictive cardiomyopathy (included).</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Constrictive pericarditis</th>
								<th>Restrictive cardiomyopathy</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Pericardium</td>
								<td>Abnormal</td>
								<td>Normal</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Myocardium</td>
								<td>Normal</td>
								<td>Abnormal myocardial strain</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Atria</td>
								<td>Normal or augmented</td>
								<td>Augmented</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Septal bounce</td>
								<td>Present</td>
								<td>Absent</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mitral valve on TTE</td>
								<td>Transmitral flow velocity &gt; 25% with respiratory variation</td>
								<td>Normal mitral valve flow velocity</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tissue Doppler on TTE</td>
								<td>Normal diastolic relaxation</td>
								<td>Reduced diastolic relaxation</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Annulus reversus on TTE</td>
								<td>Present</td>
								<td>Absent</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Global strain</td>
								<td>Globally preserved with lateral reduction versus septal</td>
								<td>Globally decreased without significant regional heterogeneity</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>TTE: transthoracic echocardiography.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>In addition to the findings already described, the pericardium was apparently thickened with several hyperrefringent points related to the free RV wall and the inferolateral wall, with posterior acoustic shadowing suggestive of calcification.</p>
			<p>CMR was performed to better define the anatomical calcification and plan the surgical approach by evaluating the best areas to be resected. We noted asynchronous septal bounce movement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Video 2</xref>), biatrial enlargement, RV systolic function at the lower limit with signs of external RV compression, and a pericardial thickness greater than 4 mm. There was a high amount of calcium around the heart, especially in the posterior wall.</p>
			<p>
				<media id="f05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-m02.mp4">
					<label>Vídeo 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Ressonancia magnética cardíaca com presença de septal bounce.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf05.tif"/>
				</media>
			</p>
			<p>Laboratory tests were requested to investigate possible rheumatologic disease, but the results were negative. Due to the relationship between tuberculosis and calcified pericarditis, an investigation was conducted with the purified protein derivative tuberculin test, which was positive (19 mm).</p>
			<p>During hospitalization, the patient’s pain continued despite optimized analgesia. Her condition was resolved when she underwent pericardiectomy. The material extracted from the surgical procedure was referred for histopathological evaluation, which showed moderate chronic inflammatory infiltrate and chronic fibrosing inflammation with multiple foci showing dystrophic calcification. Due to the infectious condition, the indicated postoperative tuberculous pericarditis treatment was rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol associated with corticosteroids, and the treatment was completed after six months.</p>
			<p>Unfortunately, echocardiograms performed about one month and one year after the pericardiectomy showed no reversal of the pericardial constriction pattern, a persistent prominent septal bounce, mitral and tricuspid respiratory variations, and <italic>annulus reversus</italic>. Strain values worsened compared to the initial values (-12.8%) (demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>), which can be attributed to endocardial movement restriction, especially in the lateral LV wall, due to intense pericardial involvement in this area, although the patient presented no other episodes of chest pain, hospitalization, or complications and complained only of dyspnea on great exertion. Such sustained echocardiographic finding may occur in cases of pericardiectomy with incomplete pericardial resection.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Imagens pós pericardiectomia. (A) Manutenção do &quot; Annulus Reversus&quot;. (B) Manutenção das variações respiratórias de 35% do fluxo mitral e -33% do fluxo tricúspide. (C) Redução do strain longitudinal global, principalmente parede lateral. (D) Manutenção da relação do fluxo expiratório da veia hepática no final da diástole sobre o fluxo anterógrado &gt; 0,8 e da dilatação da veia cava inferior.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>CP is pericardial hardening that impairs the diastolic filling of the ventricles with a subsequent increase in systemic venous pressures and a low cardiac output. It is generally a slow process that develops over three to 12 months and can occur after any pericardial disease process: viral infection, post-cardiac surgery, post-radiotherapy, connective tissue diseases, other infections (tuberculosis or purulent pericarditis), or even more uncommon causes (malignancy, trauma, drug induction, asbestosis, sarcoidosis, or uremic pericarditis).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>CP rarely develops when acute pericarditis is adequately and effectively treated. Likewise, the drainage of pericardial effusions – particularly postoperatively – apparently reduced the likelihood of chronic CP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Clinically, the patient may present with right heart failure (HF), with a predominance of peripheral edema and anasarca. Chest pain complaints are present in only a small portion of patients. On physical examination, Kussmaul’s sign, paradoxical pulse, and cardiac auscultation with pericardial knock (protodiastolic sound) are common findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>An electrocardiogram reveals no pathognomonic signs for the diagnosis. It is possible to find nonspecific S-T segment and T wave changes. Chest X-ray findings are highly suggestive of CP when correlated with the clinical condition of right HF and signs of calcification around the heart. Also, CP due to tuberculosis has a high incidence of calcification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Pericardial calcification can occur in the absence of CP, but it is usually less dense and irregularly distributed on an X-ray. It is important to differentiate CP from restrictive cardiomyopathy, as these conditions may present with similar clinical and hemodynamic findings but require different treatments. Thus, to define whether there is a constrictive pattern, additional imaging is needed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The echocardiogram is an important test used to define the CP pattern. Diagnostic findings include interventricular septum deviation that changes with breathing (septal bounce); diastolic flow reversal in the hepatic veins during expiration and normal or increased septal e´ wave velocity on tissue Doppler (&gt;8 cm/second). These three findings have a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 91%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Other changes are respiratory variations greater than 25% in mitral flow velocity and greater than 40% in tricuspid flow, polar strain map with greater sidewall, and reduced <italic>annulus reversus</italic> (transmitral e´ wave greater than lateral e´ wave).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>CMR is usually the method of choice after echocardiography for CP assessments. The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is greater than 90%, but its main advantage is the ability to differentiate CP from restrictive cardiomyopathy. The presence of pericardial thickening &gt; 4 mm on MRI differentiates CP from restrictive cardiomyopathy with 88% sensitivity and 100% specificity. It also shows better anatomical definition of the calcification, which improves surgical planning in cases of pericardiectomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Other CMR findings are biatrial enlargement, dilatation of the inferior vena cava and hepatic vein, tubular-shaped ventricles, interventricular reversed septal curvature (RV diastolic dilatation sign related to its impaired filling), and the presence of pericardial delayed enhancement (post-contrast phase) suggestive of inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>After defining the diagnosis of CP, it is essential to assess the disease stage to determine treatment. In initial cases without hemodynamic compromise but with early diagnosis, treatment can be based on the use of anti-inflammatory agents. In cases refractory to initial treatment, late diagnosis, or the presence of systemic symptoms with hemodynamic compromise, pericardiectomy is the indicated treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Finally, laboratory tests and electrocardiography have nonspecific CP findings. On the other hand, the findings of cardiac calcification on chest X-rays (easily available in emergency services) associated with signs of right HF can be considered a starting point for clinical suspicion. Complementary tests such as TTE and CMR are essential for differentiating between restrictive cardiomyopathy and CP, making them important for its differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Importância dos Métodos de Imagem para o Diagnóstico de Pericardite Constritiva <italic>Versus</italic> Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Negri</surname>
						<given-names>Débora Pereira Galvêas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Patrick Ventorim</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Potratz</surname>
						<given-names>Mateus Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Belinassi</surname>
						<given-names>Carina Massariol</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Luiz Torres</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio de Moraes, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES;</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Vitória, Vitória,ES, Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002"> Correspondência: Débora Pereira Galvêas Negri • Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio de Moraes – Avenida Marechal Campos, 1.355 – Santa Cecília – CEP: 29043-260 – Vitória, ES, Brasil. E-mail: deboragalveas@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Negri DPG, Costa PV, Potratz MO, Belinassi CM e Gomes FLT.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Pericárdio</kwd>
				<kwd>Pericardite constritiva e Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A Pericardite Constritiva (PC) é um diagnóstico diferencial desafiador de dor torácica na emergência cardiológica. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente que apresentava dor torácica há 7 dias, paa quem foi aventada a possibilidade de pericardite calcificada pela alteração da radiografia de tórax. Após ser encaminhada para serviço especializado de cardiologia, foi possível definir, por meio do Ecocardiograma Transtorácico (ECOTT) e da Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca (RMC), que se tratava de caso compatível com PC e havia necessidade de abordagem cirúrgica. Iniciado pela radiografia de tórax até a RMC. Os exames de imagem se mostraram cruciais para a suspeita, a confirmação e a definição do tratamento.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato de caso</title>
				<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 41 anos, natural do estado do Minas Gerais e residente em Espírito Santo, foi transferida ao pronto-socorro de um hospital terciário devido à queixa de dor torácica há 7 dias, do tipo pontada, retroesternal, sem irradiação e de caráter progressivo e contínuo. Inicialmente, a paciente negava queixa de dispneia, porém, a partir do quinto dia de dor, teve início a dispneia aos esforços. Sobre a história patológica pregressa, a paciente negava comorbidades prévias e uso de medicações contínuas. Para fator de risco de doenças cardiovasculares, informava o hábito de fumar (carga tabágica de 25 maços ao ano) e história familiar positiva (pai com acidente vascular cerebral aos 60 anos).</p>
				<p>Nos 7 dias anteriores, a paciente esteve por quatro vezes em serviço de saúde, sendo liberada sem diagnóstico e tratada com sintomáticos. Durante os atendimentos no serviço de urgência, foi descartada a síndrome coronariana aguda pela ausência de alteração dos marcadores de necrose miocárdica. Em última avaliação, foram analisadas alterações compatíveis com calcificação pericárdica na radiografia de tórax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>), e a paciente foi encaminhada para avaliação do especialista em hospital terciário. A paciente foi admitida com sinais vitais normais e ausculta cardíaca e respiratória sem alterações. A hipótese de doença pericárdica foi aventada após avaliação da queixa de dor torácica refratária ao uso de dipirona e tramadol.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Radiografia de tórax.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Durante a internação, a paciente foi submetida ao ECOTT para avaliação do quadro clínico de dor torácica associada à imagem sugestiva de calcificação pericárdica na radiografia de tórax. O exame evidenciou: aumento biatrial (volume indexado do átrio de ٣٧ mL/m<sup>2</sup> e do átrio direito de 36 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), variação respiratória no fluxo transmitral com relação (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>) E/A de 1,4, onda e’ septal ao Doppler tecidual de 14,1 cm/s, onda e’ lateral 12,9 cm/s, sugestiva de padrão <italic>annulus reversus</italic> e acentuada movimentação septal anômala, conforme a respiração <italic>septal bounce</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Vídeo 1</xref>). O Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE) apresentava fração de ejeção de 69%, mas com redução do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal de -15%, notando-se valores mais negativos na parede septal e valores menos negativos nas paredes lateral e anterior (possível restrição da movimentação das paredes por possível adesão pericárdica). O Ventrículo Direito (VD) apresentava dilatação e disfunção contrátil (S’ 8,7 cm/s). A veia cava inferior estava dilatada com tamanho estimado de 2,3 cm e sem variação respiratória. Também foi evidenciada, na análise de fluxo da veia hepática, a relação do fluxo diastólico final expiratório retrógrado/fluxo anterógrado de 1,04. Desse modo, o estudo transtorácico corroborava todos os critérios para PC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). Na época, não se dispunha de respirômetro para a análise.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Imagens pré pericardiectomia. (A) Variação respiratória do fluxo mitral de 37%. (B) Variação respiratória do fluxotricúspide de - 38%. (C) Relação do fluxo expiratório da veia hepática no final da diástole sobre o fluxo anterógrado &gt; 0,8. (D) Velocidade de e´ lateral de 12,9 cm/s e e´ medial de 14,1 cm/s (Annulus Reversus).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f04" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-m01.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiograma transtoracico com movimentação anomala do septo interventricular (septal bounce).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Características de pericardite constritiva versus cardiomiopatia restritiva (incluso).</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Pericardite constritiva</th>
									<th>Cardiomiopatia restritiva</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Pericárdio</td>
									<td>Anormal</td>
									<td>Normal</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Miocárdio</td>
									<td>Normal</td>
									<td>Strain miocárdio anormal</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Átrios</td>
									<td>Normais ou aumentados</td>
									<td>Aumentados</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Septal bounce</td>
									<td>Presente</td>
									<td>Ausente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Válvula mitral no ECOTT</td>
									<td>Velocidades de fluxo transmitral &gt; 25% com a variação respiratória</td>
									<td>Velocidade de fluxo da válvula mitral normal</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Doppler tecidual no ECOTT</td>
									<td>Relaxamento diastólico normal</td>
									<td>Relaxamento diastólico reduzido</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Annulus reverso no ECOTT</td>
									<td>Presente</td>
									<td>Ausente</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Strain global</td>
									<td>Preservado globalmente, com redução na lateral comparado com septal</td>
									<td>Globalmente diminuído sem significante heterogeneidade regional</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>ECOTT: ecocardiograma transtorácico.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Além dos achados já descritos, destacava-se também o pericárdio, que se apresentava aparentemente espessado, com vários pontos hiperrefringentes na sua porção relacionada à parede livre do VD e à parede inferolateral, com sombra acústica posterior, o que sugeria calcificação.</p>
				<p>Foi realizada RMC, para melhor definição anatômica da calcificação e programação da abordagem cirúrgica e, assim, para avaliar as melhores áreas a serem ressecadas. Foram evidenciados movimento assincrônico do septo <italic>septal bounce</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Vídeo 2</xref>), aumento biatrial, função sistólica do VD no limite inferior com sinais de compressão externa do VD e pericárdio com espessura maior de 4 mm. Havia muito cálcio ao redor do coração, principalmente em parede posterior.</p>
				<p>
					<media id="f05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-m02.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ressonancia magnética cardíaca com presença de septal bounce.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</media>
				</p>
				<p>Foram solicitados exames laboratoriais para investigação de doença reumatológica, porém os resultados foram negativos. Devido à relação de tuberculose com quadro de pericardite calcificada, foi feita investigação com Teste Tuberculínico (PPD), que evidenciou resultado positivo (19 mm).</p>
				<p>Durante a internação, a paciente apresentou permanência da dor em detrimento de analgesia otimizada. Houve resolução do quadro, quando foi submetida à pericardiectomia. O material extraído do procedimento cirúrgico foi encaminhado para avaliação histopatológica, que mostrou moderado infiltrado inflamatório crônico e inflamação crônica fibrosante com múltiplos focos mostrando calcificação distrófica. Pela infectologia, foi indicado início de tratamento para pericardite tuberculosa, com rifampicina, isoniazida, pirazinamida e etambutol, associados a corticoide, no pós-operatório, com tratamento finalizado após uso das medicações por 6 meses.</p>
				<p>Infelizmente os ecocardiogramas – realizados cerca de 1 mês e outro cerca de 1 ano após a pericardiectomia – não evidenciaram reversão do padrão de constrição pericárdica, mantendo o <italic>septal bounce</italic> de forma proeminente, as variações respiratórias mitral e tricúspide e a manutenção do <italic>annulus reversus</italic>. Os valores de <italic>strain</italic> apresentaram piora em relação aos valores iniciais (sendo então de -12,8%) (Demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>), o que pode ser atribuído à restrição de movimentação endocárdica principalmente da parede lateral do VE por intenso acometimento do pericárdio dessa área, apesar de a paciente não apresentar mais episódios de dor torácica, internações ou intercorrências, com queixa apenas de dispneia aos grandes esforços. Tal achado ecocardiográfico mantido pode ocorrer nos casos da pericardiectomia com ressecção incompleta do pericárdio.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Imagens pós pericardiectomia. (A) Manutenção do &quot; Annulus Reversus&quot;. (B) Manutenção das variações respiratórias de 35% do fluxo mitral e -33% do fluxo tricúspide. (C) Redução do strain longitudinal global, principalmente parede lateral. (D) Manutenção da relação do fluxo expiratório da veia hepática no final da diástole sobre o fluxo anterógrado &gt; 0,8 e da dilatação da veia cava inferior.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc213-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A PC é o endurecimento pericárdico que prejudica o enchimento diastólico dos ventrículos com subsequente elevação das pressões venosas sistêmicas e baixo débito cardíaco. Geralmente, é um processo lento, que se desenvolve ao longo 3 a 12 meses e pode ocorrer após praticamente qualquer processo de doença pericárdica: infecção viral, pós-cirurgia cardíaca, pós-radioterapia, doenças do tecido conjuntivo, outras infecções (tuberculose ou pericardite purulenta) e até causas mais incomuns (malignidade, trauma, indução por drogas, asbestose, sarcoidose ou pericardite urêmica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Quando a pericardite aguda é tratada de maneira adequada e eficaz, a PC raramente se desenvolve. Da mesma forma, a drenagem de derrames pericárdicos – em particular derrames pericárdicos pós-operatórios – aparentemente reduziu a probabilidade de PC crônica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Clinicamente, o paciente pode se apresentar com quadro de Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) direita, com predomínio de edema periférico e anasarca. Queixa de dor torácica está presente apenas em uma pequena porção dos pacientes. Ao exame físico, são frequentes os achados de sinal de Kussmaul, pulso paradoxal e ausculta cardíaca com <italic>knock</italic> pericárdico (estalido protodiastólico).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O eletrocardiograma não apresenta sinais patognomônicos para o diagnóstico. É possível encontrar alterações inespecíficas do segmento S-T e onda T. Já a radiografia de tórax é altamente sugestiva de PC quando correlacionada com quadro clínico de IC direita e sinais de calcificação ao redor do coração. Ainda, a PC por tuberculose possui alta incidência de calcificação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A calcificação pericárdica pode ocorrer na ausência de PC, mas, geralmente, é menos densa e tem distribuição irregular, quando visualizada na radiografia. É importante diferenciar a PC da cardiomiopatia restritiva, uma vez que essas condições podem se apresentar com achados clínicos e hemodinâmicos semelhantes, porém com o tratamento diferente. Assim, para definir se há ou não o padrão constritivo, fazem-se necessários métodos de imagem adicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O ecocardiograma é um exame importante para definir o padrão de PC. Os achados para o diagnóstico são desvio do septo interventricular, que altera conforme a respiração (<italic>septal bounce</italic>); reversão do fluxo diastólico nas veias hepáticas durante a expiração e velocidade normal ou aumentada da onda e’ septal ao Doppler tecidual (&gt; 8cm/segundos). Esses três achados têm sensibilidade de 87% e especificidade de 91%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Outras alterações presentes são variação respiratória maior que 25% na velocidade do fluxo mitral, maior que 40% no fluxo tricúspide, mapa polar do <italic>strain</italic> com maior redução em parede lateral e <italic>annulus reversus</italic> (onda e’ transmitral é maior do que onda e’ lateral).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A RMC é geralmente o método de escolha, após o ecocardiograma, para avaliação da PC. A precisão do diagnóstico de ressonância magnética é maior que 90%, mas sua principal vantagem é a capacidade de diferenciar a PC da cardiomiopatia restritiva. A presença de espessamento pericárdico &gt; 4 mm na ressonância magnética diferencia PC de cardiomiopatia restritiva com sensibilidade de 88% e especificidade 100%. Também apresenta melhor definição anatômica da calcificação, o que facilita o planejamento cirúrgico nos casos de pericardioectomia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outros achados na RMC são: aumento biatrial, dilatação da veia cava inferior e veia hepática, ventrículos com formato tubular, septo interventricular com curvatura invertida (sinal de dilatação diastólica do VD relacionada ao seu enchimento prejudicado) e presença de realce tardio pericárdico (fase pós-contraste), sugerindo inflamação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Após a definição do diagnóstico de PC, a avaliação do estágio da doença é fundamental para indicar o tratamento. Nos casos iniciais, sem comprometimento hemodinâmico e diagnóstico precoce, o tratamento pode se basear no uso de agentes anti-inflamatórios. Já nos casos refratários ao tratamento inicial, diagnóstico tardio ou presença de sintomas sistêmicos com comprometimento hemodinâmico, a pericardiectomia é o tratamento indicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Por fim, os exames laboratoriais e eletrocardiograma possuem achados inespecíficos para PC. Já os achados de calcificação cardíaca na radiografia de tórax (exame de fácil disponibilidade em serviços de urgência) associados a quadro de IC direita podem ser vistos como ponto de partida para uma suspeita clínica. A realização de exames complementares, como ECOTT e RMC, é fundamental para diferenciação de cardiomiopatia restritiva e PC e tem, portanto, importância para diagnóstico diferencial, tratamento e prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
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