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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20213402ecom12</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213402ecom12</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Como Eu Fa&#xE7;o Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o Ecocardiogr&#xE1;fica na Regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o Valvar Mitral</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Camarozano</surname><given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/> <bio id="b1">
<p><inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-ingf01.tif"/></p></bio></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Camarozano</surname><given-names>Luisa Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <bio id="b2">
<p><inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-ingf02.tif"/></p></bio></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#xE1;</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#xE1;, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pontif&#xED;cia Universidade Cat&#xF3;lica (PUC), Curitiba, PR, Brasil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Ana Cristina Camarozano</bold> &#x2022; E-mail: <email>a.camarozano@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos autores:</bold></p>
<p>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa: Camarozano AC; obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados: Camarozano AC; an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados: Camarozano AC; reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito: Camarozano AC, Camarozano LM; revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante: Camarozano AC; Prepara&#xE7;&#xE3;o das tabelas: Camarozano LM.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>11</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>ecom12</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>06</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>10</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>27</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2021</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o Mitral</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Diagn&#xF3;stico</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="6"/>
<table-count count="8"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="25"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar mitral cr&#xF4;nica &#xE9; a doen&#xE7;a valvar relativamente comum e deve ser diferenciada em prim&#xE1;ria (doen&#xE7;a estrutural da valva mitral) e secund&#xE1;ria (doen&#xE7;a do Ventr&#xED;culo Esquerdo &#x2013; VE), com abordagem e tratamento distintos. O ecocardiograma &#xE9; um exame fundamental no diagn&#xF3;stico etiol&#xF3;gico, na quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da les&#xE3;o valvar e em sua repercuss&#xE3;o, sendo tamb&#xE9;m decisivo na defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o do melhor momento cir&#xFA;rgico. Al&#xE9;m disso, o ecocardiograma intraoperat&#xF3;rio tem indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o Classe I nos reparos (plastias) da valva mitral e no tratamento intervencionista, como a coloca&#xE7;&#xE3;o de MitraClip&#xAE;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
<p>Sabidamente, a regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral n&#xE3;o tratada est&#xE1; associada a piores resultados, devido &#xE0;s consequ&#xEA;ncias adversas da sobrecarga vol&#xEA;mica sobre as c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas, e a interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoce tem demonstrado excelentes resultados na regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria. Ent&#xE3;o, a pergunta que cabe aqui &#xE9;: Qual o mecanismo da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral?</p>
<p>Esta resposta, bem como sua quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o, contribui decisivamente para o tipo de interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar mitral.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da valva mitral: como eu fa&#xE7;o?</title>
<p>O primeiro passo &#xE9; avaliar se h&#xE1; ou n&#xE3;o altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o estrutural da valva mitral. Em nosso meio, no Brasil, a maior preval&#xEA;ncia de insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral prim&#xE1;ria &#xE9; por doen&#xE7;a reum&#xE1;tica, seguida do prolapso da valva mitral. A calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel mitral se apresenta como causa comum em pacientes mais idosos, e a radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o afetando a valva mitral &#xE9; observada eventualmente em pacientes submetidos &#xE0; radioterapia.</p>
<p>Quando identifica-se o acometimento reum&#xE1;tico da valva mitral (abertura em &#x2018;dome&#x2019;), &#xE9; importante avaliar se h&#xE1; estenose mitral associada ou outras les&#xF5;es valvares. No caso do prolapso valvar mitral, deve-se diferenciar a doen&#xE7;a fibroel&#xE1;stica (com c&#xFA;spides delgadas e prolapso geralmente localizado) da doen&#xE7;a de Barlow, na qual as c&#xFA;spides s&#xE3;o redundantes e bem espessadas, e o prolapso &#xE9; difuso. Nesse &#xFA;ltimo caso, a s&#xED;ndrome do prolapso se faz presente, e estudos mostraram correla&#xE7;&#xE3;o com morte s&#xFA;bita por arritmia card&#xED;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
<p>A associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o prolapso da v&#xE1;lvula mitral e ectasia da aorta e a s&#xED;ndrome de Marfan deve ser investigada. Na calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o senil, o cen&#xE1;rio &#xE9; claro, com calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel mitral, podendo haver estenose mitral associada. Nesse caso, raramente a les&#xE3;o &#xE9; grave. No espessamento valvar mitral por radia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, nota-se espessamento da valva associada a hist&#xF3;rico de neoplasia e radioterapia tor&#xE1;cica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
<p>Essas patologias definem a maioria das regurgita&#xE7;&#xF5;es mitrais prim&#xE1;rias. Caso n&#xE3;o se identifique altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o estrutural da valva mitral &#x2013; mas sim dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o e disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda, como ocorre na cardiomiopatia dilatada com dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel valvar e refluxo mitral secund&#xE1;rio &#x2013; e nem altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o contr&#xE1;til da parede inferior ou inferolateral por infarto do mioc&#xE1;rdio com comprometimento da coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o da c&#xFA;spide posterior mitral, ent&#xE3;o a defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o passa a ser de insufici&#xEA;ncia mitral secund&#xE1;ria, cujo problema valvar &#xE9; consequ&#xEA;ncia, e n&#xE3;o causa.</p>
<p>Ap&#xF3;s a diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mecanismo da les&#xE3;o valvar, s&#xE3;o importantes a quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da les&#xE3;o mitral e sua repercuss&#xE3;o hemodin&#xE2;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral pode ser feita do seguinte modo: an&#xE1;lise qualitativa (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do jato regurgitante ao Doppler Espectral e Color Doppler); an&#xE1;lise semiquantitativa (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da vena contracta &#x2013; VC) e an&#xE1;lise quantitativa (avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Orif&#xED;cio Regurgitante &#x2013; ERO &#x2013;, do Volume Regurgitante &#x2013; VR &#x2013; e da Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o Regurgitante &#x2013; FR). Esses par&#xE2;metros podem ser analisados pelo m&#xE9;todo do PISA ou pela an&#xE1;lise dos fluxos.</p>
<p>Atualmente, os par&#xE2;metros quantitativos s&#xE3;o os considerados de maior valor diagn&#xF3;stico, e considera-se a regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar mitral como de grau importante, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Valores de refer&#xEA;ncia para regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar mitral importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="49%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Par&#xE2;metros</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Valores</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Jato regurgitante central ou jato exc&#xEA;ntrico</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Ocupa &#x3E; 40% do AE Holossist&#xF3;lico</bold></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Vena contracta</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x2265; 0,7 cm</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Volume regurgitante</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 60 mL</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o regurgitante</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 50%</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ERO</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x2265; 0,40cm<sup>2</sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1">
<p>AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; ERO: orif&#xED;cio regurgitante.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>O ecocardiogama bidimensional e Doppler s&#xE3;o de sufici&#xEA;ncia para quantificar o grau de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral e avaliar esses par&#xE2;metros, por&#xE9;m o ecocardiograma tridimensional &#xE9; mais preciso na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ERO e da VC. Yosefy et al. demonstraram, pelo ecocardiograma tridimensional em tempo real, que a regi&#xE3;o de converg&#xEA;ncia proximal do fluxo regurgitante (PISA) n&#xE3;o &#xE9; hemisf&#xE9;rica na maioria das vezes, mas sim hemiel&#xED;ptica, e o m&#xE9;todo tridimensional denota melhor acur&#xE1;cia para essa quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
<p>J&#xE1; o ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico e, principalmente, o tridimensional t&#xEA;m grande valor para melhor detalhamento anat&#xF4;mico da valva mitral e melhor defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o etiol&#xF3;gica, quando necess&#xE1;ria, bem como para melhor quantificar o grau de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar, quando essa informa&#xE7;&#xE3;o ainda estiver imprecisa.</p>
<p>Uma vez definida a regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar mitral como importante, sabe-se que os resultados dependem da presen&#xE7;a de sintomas e da presen&#xE7;a ou n&#xE3;o de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda, estando a cirurgia bem definida. Pacientes em Classes Funcionais I e II da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) que n&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o operados apresentam taxa de mortalidade de cerca de 4,1% ao ano, em compara&#xE7;&#xE3;o com os que est&#xE3;o em Classes Funcionais III e IV, cuja mortalidade &#xE9; de 34% ao ano. Contudo, se a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o for menor que 60% ou o di&#xE2;metro sist&#xF3;lico final do VE maior que 40 mm, os resultados n&#xE3;o s&#xE3;o t&#xE3;o promissores, pois esses par&#xE2;metros s&#xE3;o preditores de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda no p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio e pior progn&#xF3;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Idealmente, os pacientes devem ser operados antes de atingirem tal condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o, e o ecocardiograma &#xE9; um exame fundamental para o acompanhamento desses pacientes.</p>
<p>O pr&#xF3;ximo passo ap&#xF3;s a defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral como prim&#xE1;ria ou secund&#xE1;ria e feita sua quantifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; considerar os est&#xE1;gios da doen&#xE7;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Est&#xE1;gios da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria</title>
<sec>
<title>Risco de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral</title>
<p>Discreto prolapso mitral com coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal. Aus&#xEA;ncia de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral ou discreta regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral central. A VC &#xE9; &#x3C; 0,3 cm.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral progressiva com evidente prolapso, por&#xE9;m com coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal das c&#xFA;spides</title>
<p>Jato de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral central ocupando 20% a 40% do &#xE1;trio esquerdo. A VC &#xE9; &#x3C; 0,7 cm, VR &#x3C; 60 mL, FR &#x3C; 50% e ERO &#x3C;0,40 cm<sup>2</sup>. Sem aumento do VE ou hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Assintom&#xE1;tico com grave regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral</title>
<p>Prolapso com perda de coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xFA;spides ou <italic>flail</italic>. Regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral com jato central ocupando &#x3E; 40% do &#xE1;trio esquerdo ou jato exc&#xEA;ntrico holossist&#xF3;lico. A VC &#xE9; &#x2265; 0,7 cm, VR &#x2265; 60 mL, FR &#x2265; 50% e ERO &#x2265; 0,40 cm<sup>2</sup>. H&#xE1; aumento das c&#xE2;maras esquerdas e hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar em repouso ou ao esfor&#xE7;o. C1: Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE (FEVE) &#x3E; 60% e Di&#xE2;metro Sist&#xF3;lico do VE (DSVE) &#x3C; 40 mm. C2: FEVE &#x2264; 60% e DSVE &#x2265; 40 mm.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral grave sintom&#xE1;tica</title>
<p>Importante prolapso e falha de coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xFA;spides ou <italic>flail</italic>. Jato central que ocupa mais de 40% do &#xE1;trio esquerdo ou jato exc&#xEA;ntrico holossist&#xF3;lico. A VC &#xE9; &#x2265; 0,7 cm, VR &#x2265; 60 mL, FR &#x2265; 50% e ERO &#x2265; 0,40 cm<sup>2</sup>. H&#xE1; aumento das c&#xE2;maras esquerdas, hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar, presen&#xE7;a de dispneia aos esfor&#xE7;os e redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da toler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Est&#xE1;gios da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral secund&#xE1;ria</title>
<sec>
<title>Risco de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral</title>
<p>Cordas, c&#xFA;spides e anel valvar normais em paciente com doen&#xE7;a arterial coron&#xE1;ria ou cardiomiopatia dilatada. Aus&#xEA;ncia de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral ou discreta regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o central. A VC &#xE9; &#x3C;0,3 cm. O VE ainda &#xE9; normal ou com altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o de infarto ou dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o por doen&#xE7;a mioc&#xE1;rdica prim&#xE1;ria. Sintomas de isquemia ou insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca podem estar presentes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral progressiva com anormalidade parietal e disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo</title>
<p>Podem existir dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel valvar e perda de coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o. O VR &#xE9; &#x3C; 60 mL, FR &#x3C; 50%. N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; aumento do VE e nem hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar. Sintomas de isquemia ou insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca podem estar presentes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral grave assintom&#xE1;tica</title>
<p>Anormalidade parietal e/ou dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE. Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel e falha de coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xFA;spides. O VR &#xE9; &#x2265; 60 mL, FR &#x2265; 50% e ERO &#x2265;0,40 cm<sup>2</sup>, sendo ERO &#x2265; 0,2cm<sup>2</sup> mais sens&#xED;vel. H&#xE1; altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o contr&#xE1;til com disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE ou disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o por cardiomiopatia. Sintomas de isquemia ou insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca podem estar presentes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral grave sintom&#xE1;tica</title>
<p>Anormalidade parietal e/ou dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE. Dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel valvar com VR &#x2265; 60 mL, FR &#x2265; 50% e ERO &#x2265; 0,40 cm<sup>2</sup>. Altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o contr&#xE1;til com disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE ou por cardiomiopatia. Sintomas de isquemia ou insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca podem estar presentes. Dispneia aos esfor&#xE7;os est&#xE1; presente, e h&#xE1; redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da toler&#xE2;ncia ao exerc&#xED;cio.</p>
<p>Havendo regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral significativa, &#xE9; pertinente mencionar a classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o b&#xE1;sica de Carpentier para abordagem mitral cir&#xFA;rgica, quando necess&#xE1;ria, que &#xE9; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Carpentier sobre o movimento das c&#xFA;spides mitrais para planejamento e abordagem cir&#xFA;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Tipo</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Movimento</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Normal das c&#xFA;spides (por exemplo: dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel valvar mitral)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">II</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Aumentado das c&#xFA;spides (por exemplo: prolapso e ruptura ou alongamento de cordas mitrais)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Restrito das c&#xFA;spides (por exemplo: fus&#xE3;o comissural e infarto do mioc&#xE1;rdio)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Carpentier.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-gf01.tif"/> <attrib>Fonte: adaptado de Carpentier A, Chauvaud S, Fabiani JN, Deloche A, Relland J, Lessana A, D&#x2019;Allaines C, Blondeau P, Piwnica A, Dubost C. Reconstructive surgery of mitral valve incompetence: ten-year appraisal. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980 Mar;79(3):338-48. PMID: 7354634; Carpentier A. Cardiac valve surgery--the &#x201C;French correction&#x201D;. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Sep;86(3):323-37. PMID: 6887954.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></attrib></fig>
<p>A classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o tipo I refere-se &#xE0; valva mitral sem altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o estrutural, por&#xE9;m com dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel, que ocasiona falha na coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o das c&#xFA;spides com consequente refluxo valvar. Isso se deve ao comprometimento do VE por dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o e/ou disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o dessa c&#xE2;mara, devido &#xE0; cardiomiopatia dilatada (regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral secund&#xE1;ria).</p>
<p>A classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o tipo II refere-se ao prolapso, ao alongamento ou &#xE0; ruptura das cordas, e o principal representante &#xE9; o pr&#xF3;prio prolapso valvar. Nessa situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o, temos que separar a doen&#xE7;a fibroel&#xE1;stica da doen&#xE7;a de Barlow, e o ecocardiograma auxilia bastante nessa diferencia&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Na primeira entidade, o grau de degenera&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; discreto, e o prolapso geralmente &#xE9; mais localizado (em segmentos P2 e/ou A2), sem pontos de calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o e com leve a moderada dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do anel valvar. Nessa situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o, o sucesso da plastia &#xE9; grande. Na doen&#xE7;a de Barlow, o grau de degenera&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar &#xE9; bem maior e acomete mais segmentos valvares. Quando o prolapso envolve mais de tr&#xEA;s segmentos com extens&#xE3;o para a comissura posterior, com calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o localizada no anel e moderada dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o anular, o reparo valvar &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel, por&#xE9;m n&#xE3;o &#xE9; muito simples; quando o prolapso envolve mais de tr&#xEA;s segmentos valvares e se estende para a comissura anterior, com calcifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o importante (em anel e c&#xFA;spides) e grande dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o anular, o reparo valvar &#xE9; improv&#xE1;vel pela dificuldade t&#xE9;cnica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
<p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico intraoperat&#xF3;rio &#xE9; fundamental durante a cirurgia de reparo valvar mitral, e alguns crit&#xE9;rios devem ser observados para avaliar o sucesso da plastia. A dist&#xE2;ncia do coto de P2 deve ser de at&#xE9; 20 mm, a zona de coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o A2-P2 deve ser menor que 10 mm, o &#xE2;ngulo posterolateral deve ser menor que 45&#xB0;, e o gradiente &#xE1;trio esquerdo/VE n&#xE3;o deve denotar estenose de via de entrada do VE. O gradiente em via de sa&#xED;da do VE (VSVE) deve ser observado quando existir cavidade pequena, hipertrofia septal (&#x3E; 15 mm), menor angula&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitro-a&#xF3;rtica (&#x3C; 120&#xB0;), anel mitral estreito, menor dist&#xE2;ncia do septo &#xE0; c&#xFA;spide anterior mitral (&#x3C; 25 mm) e dist&#xE2;ncia do coto P2 &#x3E; 20 mm, pois s&#xE3;o fatores que aumentam a propens&#xE3;o de movimento anterior sist&#xF3;lico da valva mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Modelo esquem&#xE1;tico do corte apical de cinco c&#xE2;maras no es&#xF4;fago m&#xE9;dio, ao eco transesof&#xE1;gico (ETE) considerando os pontos que devem ser analisados, por predisporem ao gradiente din&#xE2;mico em via de sa&#xED;da do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-gf02.tif"/> <attrib>Fonte: adaptado de Varghese R, Itagaki S, Anyanwu AC, Trigo P, Fischer G, Adams DH. Predicting systolic anterior motion after mitral valve reconstruction: using intraoperative transoesophageal echocardiography to identify those at greatest risk. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;45(1):132-7; discussion 137-8. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt234.13. AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#xED;culo direito.</attrib></fig>
<p>O di&#xE2;metro do anel tric&#xFA;spide tamb&#xE9;m deve ser analisado antes da plastia mitral, uma vez que o anel tric&#xFA;spide &#x2265; 40 mm ou &#x2265; 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup> tem indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de plastia tric&#xFA;spide, independente do grau de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o por essa valva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
<p>A classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o tipo III de Carpentier refere-se ao movimento restrito das c&#xFA;spides, que pode ser observado na doen&#xE7;a reum&#xE1;tica (prim&#xE1;ria) e na isqu&#xEA;mica (secund&#xE1;ria). Nesses casos, seja pela fus&#xE3;o das comissuras, como ocorre na doen&#xE7;a reum&#xE1;tica, ou pela falta de sustenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o da parede ventricular, como acontece na doen&#xE7;a isqu&#xEA;mica, reconhece-se movimento restrito das c&#xFA;spides levando &#xE0; falha de coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Em ambas as situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es, a plastia apresenta resultados n&#xE3;o muito favor&#xE1;veis, mesmo em m&#xE3;os experientes.</p>
<p>De modo geral, houve grande avan&#xE7;o na plastia valvar mitral na regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar prim&#xE1;ria, uma vez que a plastia valvar est&#xE1; associada &#xE0; baixa mortalidade operat&#xF3;ria, &#xE0; boa sobrevida, &#xE0; qualidade de vida e &#xE0; baixa taxa de sangramento, comparada &#xE0; troca valvar. O sucesso da plastia em pacientes com fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular preservada &#xE9; excelente. Esses achados t&#xEA;m incentivado a cirurgia precoce em pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral grave, mesmo para aqueles com fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#x3E; 60% ou DSVE&#x3C;40mm, desde que a probabilidade de plastia valvar seja &#x3E; 95% com baixo risco operat&#xF3;rio (&#x3C; 1%), conforme definido na atualiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o sobre doen&#xE7;a valvar da <italic>American Heart Association/American Colloge of Cardiology</italic> (AHA/ACC) de 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
<p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> mostram as recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es da AHA/ACC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> expondo se houve ou n&#xE3;o altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; diretriz americana de doen&#xE7;a valvar de 2014,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> &#xE9; um guia de conduta na regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar mitral cr&#xF4;nica.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es para interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o na regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria cr&#xF4;nica.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">COR</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LOE</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Coment&#xE1;rios</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A cirurgia de v&#xE1;lvula mitral &#xE9; recomendada para pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral grave cr&#xF4;nica (est&#xE1;gio D) e FEVE &#x3E; 30%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A cirurgia de v&#xE1;lvula mitral &#xE9; recomendada para pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria grave cr&#xF4;nica e disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo (FEVE = 30%-60% e/ou DSVE &#x2265; 40 mm, est&#xE1;gio C2)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">O reparo da v&#xE1;lvula mitral &#xE9; recomendado em prefer&#xEA;ncia &#xE0; troca valvar, quando o tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico &#xE9; indicado para pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria grave cr&#xF4;nica, limitada a c&#xFA;spide posterior</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">O reparo da v&#xE1;lvula mitral &#xE9; recomendado em prefer&#xEA;ncia &#xE0; troca valvar quando o tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico &#xE9; indicado para pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria grave cr&#xF4;nica envolvendo a c&#xFA;spide anterior, quando um reparo bem-sucedido e dur&#xE1;vel pode ser efetuado</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">O reparo da v&#xE1;lvula mitral concomitante (ou a troca valvar) est&#xE1; indicado em pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria grave cr&#xF4;nica submetidos &#xE0; cirurgia card&#xED;aca para outras indica&#xE7;&#xF5;es</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IIa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A cirurgia de v&#xE1;lvula mitral &#xE9; aceit&#xE1;vel para pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria grave cr&#xF4;nica (estagio C1) e com a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo preservada (FEVE &#x3E; 60% e DSVE &#x3C; 40 mm) na qual a probabilidade de sucesso e durabilidade da plastia sem regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral residual &#xE9; maior que 95%, com taxa esperada de mortalidade menor que 1%, quando realizada em hospital (centro) de excel&#xEA;ncia</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IIa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A cirurgia de v&#xE1;lvula mitral &#xE9; aceit&#xE1;vel para pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria grave cr&#xF4;nica (estagio C1) e com a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo preservada (FEVE &#x3E; 60% e DSVE &#x3C; 40 mm), com aumento progressivo no tamanho do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo ou queda na FE em consistentes estudos de imagem</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Nova: pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral grave com FE &#x2264; 60% ou DSVE &#x2265; 40 mm j&#xE1; desenvolveram disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, ent&#xE3;o operar antes de atingir esses par&#xE2;metros, particularmente quando h&#xE1; aumento progressivo no tamanho do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo ou queda na FE, &#xE9; considerado racional em diversos estudos</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">H&#xE1; uma preocupa&#xE7;&#xE3;o a respeito de que a presen&#xE7;a de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral leva progressivamente &#xE0; regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral grave (&#x201C;regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral gera regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral&#x201D;). O conceito &#xE9; que o n&#xED;vel inicial da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral causa dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o no ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo, o que aumenta o estresse no aparelho mitral, causando dano adicional valvar, regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral mais grave e dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o adicional do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo. Portanto, inicia-se um ciclo perp&#xE9;tuo de volumes cada vez maiores do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo e regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral progressiva. O volume sobrecarrega e leva &#xE0; disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo irrevers&#xED;vel, e o progn&#xF3;stico &#xE9; pior. Pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral grave que desenvolvem FE &#x2264; 60% ou DSVE &#x2265; 40 mm j&#xE1; desenvolveram disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo. Um estudo sugeriu que: para que a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o e o tamanho do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo voltem ao normal ap&#xF3;s a plastia mitral, a FEVE deve ser &#x3E; 64% e o DSVE &#x3C; 37 mm. Quando o acompanhamento longitudinal demonstra queda progressiva na FE em dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o a 60% ou um crescimento progressivo no DSVE se aproximando de 40 mm, &#xE9; razo&#xE1;vel considerar interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o. N&#xE3;o obstante, o paciente assintom&#xE1;tico com dimens&#xF5;es est&#xE1;veis e excelente capacidade de exercitar-se pode ser seguramente observado</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IIa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">O reparo da v&#xE1;lvula mitral &#xE9; aceit&#xE1;vel para pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria grave cr&#xF4;nica n&#xE3;o reum&#xE1;tica (est&#xE1;gio C1) e com a fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo preservada (FEVE &#x3E; 60% e DSVE &#x3C; 40mm), na qual h&#xE1; grande probabilidade de sucesso e da durabilidade da plastia, principalmente em situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es em que h&#xE1; novo in&#xED;cio de fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial ou hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar em repouso (press&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xF3;lica da art&#xE9;ria pulmonar &#x3E; 50 mmHg).</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot><attrib>Fonte: adaptado de Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159-e1195. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000503.14 COR: recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o; LOE: n&#xED;vel de evid&#xEA;ncia;</attrib>
<fn id="TFN2">
<p>FEVE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#xE2;metro sist&#xF3;lico final do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es para interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o na regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral secund&#xE1;ria.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Classe</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es para interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o na RM secund&#xE1;ria</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Coment&#xE1;rios</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">lla</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Cirurgia da valva mitral &#xE9; razo&#xE1;vel para paciente com RM grave secund&#xE1;ria (est&#xE1;gios C e D) que se submete &#xE0; cirurgia card&#xED;aca</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">lla</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">&#xC9; razo&#xE1;vel escolher a preserva&#xE7;&#xE3;o de cordas da v&#xE1;lvula mitral e anuloplastia, se a opera&#xE7;&#xE3;o for considerada para paciente sintom&#xE1;tico grave (III-IV NYHA) com RM isqu&#xEA;mica (est&#xE1;gio D) e sintomas persistentes</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Nova: foi demonstrado que a plastia valvar est&#xE1; associada &#xE0; maior chance de RM moderada e grave do que a troca valvar mitral em pacientes com RM grave isqu&#xEA;mica e sintom&#xE1;tica, sem diferen&#xE7;a na mortalidade no seguimento de 2 anos</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">llb</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Plastia ou troca valvar mitral pode ser considerada para paciente grave sintom&#xE1;tico (NYHA III-IV) em est&#xE1;gio D, com RM grave cr&#xF4;nica que tem sintomas persistentes, a despeito da terapia otimizada</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">llb</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Para paciente com RM isqu&#xEA;mica cr&#xF4;nica moderada (est&#xE1;gio B), submetido &#xE0; cirurgia de revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica, a indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de plastia mitral &#xE9; incerta</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">N&#xE3;o se demonstrou benef&#xED;cio cl&#xED;nico da plastia valvar mitral nessa popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes, e houve aumento no risco de complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es no p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio (eventos neurol&#xF3;gicos e arritmia supraventricular)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot><attrib>Fonte: adaptado de Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159-e1195. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000503.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></attrib>
<fn id="TFN3">
<p>RM: regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Guia pr&#xE1;tico de conduta na regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar mitral cr&#xF4;nica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-gf03.tif"/> <attrib>Fonte: adaptado de Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159-e1195. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000503.12. RM: regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral; FR: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o regurgitante; ERO: orif&#xED;cio regurgitante; VE: ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; DAC: doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana; IC: insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca; TRC: terapia de ressincronia card&#xED;aca; FEVE: fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#xE2;metro sist&#xF3;lico do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo;FA: fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o atrial; PSAP: press&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica de art&#xE9;ria pulmonar; VM: v&#xE1;lvula mitral; NYHA: New York Heart Assocition.</attrib></fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o complementar da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral cr&#xF4;nica</title>
<sec>
<title>Ecocardiograma de estresse</title>
<p>Estudos com ecocardiografia de estresse mostram-se capazes de predizer disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular latente em pacientes com prolapso valvar mitral, antes da interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica, por meio do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global m&#xE9;dio. Pacientes com discreta mudan&#xE7;a no <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal (&#x3C; 2%) n&#xE3;o apresentam reserva contr&#xE1;til.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> A presen&#xE7;a de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral estresse-induzida ou a piora da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral ao estresse t&#xEA;m implica&#xE7;&#xF5;es sobre a morbidade desses pacientes, bem como o aumento da Press&#xE3;o Sist&#xF3;lica de Art&#xE9;ria Pulmonar (PSAP) &#x3E; 60 mmHg e a capacidade funcional reduzida, o que permite identificar os pacientes de maior risco. Apesar de pacientes com marcado aumento no grau da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral e hipertens&#xE3;o arterial pulmonar ao exerc&#xED;cio se beneficiarem da cirurgia eletiva precoce para valva mitral, na diretriz da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> e da ACC, a presen&#xE7;a de hipertens&#xE3;o pulmonar ao esfor&#xE7;o &#xE9; considerada como classe IIb de indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o para a plastia da valva mitral em pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos sem disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ou dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Crit&#xE9;rios de interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o baseados em sintomas e ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo</title>
<sec>
<title>Encaminhamento para interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica</title>
<p>A menos que a cirurgia seja contraindicada, todos os pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral grave e sintom&#xE1;tica devem ser considerados para cirurgia. Quer a v&#xE1;lvula seja reparada ou substitu&#xED;da, essa opera&#xE7;&#xE3;o geralmente melhora os sintomas. Entretanto, enquanto aguardam o desenvolvimento dos sintomas, esses pacientes apresentam piores resultados a longo prazo, uma vez que muitos pacientes j&#xE1; come&#xE7;am a desenvolver disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda incipiente ou latente.</p>
<p>As diretrizes do ACC e da AHA recomendam que, se houver evid&#xEA;ncia de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE, a cirurgia deve ser realizada em pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> devido &#xE0;s condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es prop&#xED;cias ao desempenho card&#xED;aco (aumento da pr&#xE9;-carga e diminui&#xE7;&#xE3;o da p&#xF3;s-carga). A fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o normal na regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria grave deve ser maior que a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o verdadeiramente normal, e, portanto, quando a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o se torna &#x3C; 60% (ou 64%), &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel considerar disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica ventricular esquerda. Se a fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o cair para &#x3C; 60%, a plastia valvar deve ser realizada em pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos e, nesse contexto, deve-se considerar tamb&#xE9;m a queda gradual da fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o. O DSVE &#x3E; 40 mm &#xE9; outro sinal de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica, e se a plastia for muito prov&#xE1;vel, a cirurgia deve ser considerada. Para pacientes com disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica avan&#xE7;ada (fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#x3C; 30%) e regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria cr&#xF4;nica, a cirurgia est&#xE1; associada &#xE0; alto risco e &#xE0; incerteza na recupera&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio, e cada caso deve ser avaliado individualmente.</p>
<p>No passado, devido &#xE0; alta mortalidade cir&#xFA;rgica e &#xE0;s consequ&#xEA;ncias adversas da troca da v&#xE1;lvula mitral, esses pacientes eram acompanhados at&#xE9; a ocorr&#xEA;ncia de sintomas ou disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE. Atualmente, com o avan&#xE7;o da tecnologia e da plastia valvar, recomenda-se considerar a abordagem mais precoce. No entanto, quando se considera baixa possibilidade de plastia, a espera vigilante pode ser a estrat&#xE9;gia preferida, pois a coloca&#xE7;&#xE3;o prematura de pr&#xF3;teses valvares substitui essencialmente uma doen&#xE7;a por outra, com risco de tromboembolismo, sangramento e interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o futura.</p>
<p>Estudos de centros de refer&#xEA;ncia mostraram que a taxa de sucesso p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio da plastia no prolapso da c&#xFA;spide posterior &#xE9; maior que 98%, e a mortalidade cir&#xFA;rgica &#xE9; baixa. A taxa de sucesso do prolapso anterior fica em torno de 90% a 95%, e a mortalidade cir&#xFA;rgica &#xE9; menor que 1%, com excelente durabilidade em 20 anos na plastia da c&#xFA;spide posterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
<p>H&#xE1; v&#xE1;rios tipos de plastia, sendo as mais usadas a do prolapso posterior com ressec&#xE7;&#xE3;o triangular ou quadrangular, a do prolapso anterior com cordas artificiais e a do prolapso comissural com comissuroplastia. Quase todas as plastias incluem anel de anuloplastia para maior sustenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o e durabilidade do procedimento. A troca da v&#xE1;lvula mitral pode ser realizada com coloca&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pr&#xF3;tese mec&#xE2;nica ou biol&#xF3;gica, e procura-se poupar as cordas mitrais</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Encaminhamento para interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o percut&#xE2;nea</title>
<sec>
<title>MitraClip&#xAE;</title>
<p>Procedimento realizado por meio de um dispositivo MitraClip&#xAE;, que conta com a t&#xE9;cnica &#x201C;de ponta com ponta&#x201D; na presen&#xE7;a de um cateter. Esse novo m&#xE9;todo foi estudado e aprovado para uso cl&#xED;nico. A t&#xE9;cnica simula o reparo cir&#xFA;rgico da t&#xE9;cnica de Alfieri.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Para pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria sintom&#xE1;tica grave e maior risco cir&#xFA;rgico, o estudo EVEREST mostra que a estrat&#xE9;gia original do MitraClip&#xAE; pode melhorar significativamente os sintomas. Essa estrat&#xE9;gia deve ser segura e parece n&#xE3;o haver diferen&#xE7;a na mortalidade a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
<p>A interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o MitraClip&#xAE; inclui o tipo de prolapso, sendo o prolapso que envolve os segmentos P2-A2 o mais adequado para essa interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Normalmente, esse dispositivo pode ser usado para tratar sintomas graves causados pela regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria, embora os resultados n&#xE3;o sejam t&#xE3;o bons quanto a cirurgia. O MitraClip&#xAE; &#xE9; aprovado para pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria com sintomas graves e alto risco cir&#xFA;rgico. Outros m&#xE9;todos baseados em cateter usados para tratar a regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral incluem troca valvar percut&#xE2;nea e coloca&#xE7;&#xE3;o anel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Anuloplastia percut&#xE2;nea</title>
<p>O procedimento percut&#xE2;neo visa &#xE0; corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral funcional (secund&#xE1;ria &#xE0; dilata&#xE7;&#xE3;o do VE) por meio do cateterismo. A anuloplastia ser&#xE1; realizada de forma indireta ou diretamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> De forma indireta, a veia jugular interna &#xE9; pulsionada, e o cateter &#xE9; inserido no seio coron&#xE1;rio. Isso envolve aproximadamente dois ter&#xE7;os da circunfer&#xEA;ncia do anel valvar mitral. Ao colocar o anel prot&#xE9;tico, que aperta o anel da v&#xE1;lvula mitral no seio coron&#xE1;rio, seu di&#xE2;metro pode ser reduzido, reduzindo o grau de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o da v&#xE1;lvula mitral. O problema com esse m&#xE9;todo &#xE9; que ele pode causar compress&#xE3;o da art&#xE9;ria circunflexa. Portanto, &#xE9; importante realizar o cateterismo esquerdo ap&#xF3;s a coloca&#xE7;&#xE3;o do dispositivo, para avaliar a art&#xE9;ria.</p>
<p>Na anuloplastia de forma direta, a pun&#xE7;&#xE3;o arterial &#xE9; realizada, e o cateter &#xE9; inserido no VE de maneira retr&#xF3;grada, no qual uma s&#xE9;rie de &#xE2;ncoras s&#xE3;o colocadas ao redor do anel da v&#xE1;lvula mitral. Essas &#xE2;ncoras s&#xE3;o fixadas e causam tens&#xE3;o ao redor do anel da v&#xE1;lvula mitral, reduzindo seu di&#xE2;metro. A vantagem desse m&#xE9;todo &#xE9; que ele n&#xE3;o causa compress&#xE3;o da art&#xE9;ria coron&#xE1;ria.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Procedimento transcateter para v&#xE1;lvula mitral</title>
<p>Trata-se de um novo procedimento, que ainda est&#xE1; em fase inicial. Embora o MitraClip&#xAE; j&#xE1; seja uma op&#xE7;&#xE3;o de cirurgia transcateter aprovada pelo <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA), o implante por cateter &#xE9; usado na posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o da v&#xE1;lvula mitral para tratar biopr&#xF3;teses cir&#xFA;rgicas. O objetivo desse campo &#xE9; colocar a v&#xE1;lvula card&#xED;aca na posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o da v&#xE1;lvula mitral por meio de cateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Considera&#xE7;&#xF5;es da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral secund&#xE1;ria</title>
<p>Ambas as formas de regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral secund&#xE1;ria s&#xE3;o resultados de ventr&#xED;culos aumentados e deslocamento lateral dos m&#xFA;sculos papilares ou anormalidade parietal, ocasionando comprometimento na coapta&#xE7;&#xE3;o da c&#xFA;spide posterior mitral.</p>
<p>Para pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral secund&#xE1;ria grave e disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica secund&#xE1;ria do VE por isquemia, se houver mioc&#xE1;rdio vi&#xE1;vel, deve-se considerar revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica ou interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o coron&#xE1;ria percut&#xE2;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Embora o efeito sobre a regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral isqu&#xEA;mica seja vari&#xE1;vel, a revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o desses pacientes com baixa fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o pode melhorar o progn&#xF3;stico a longo prazo. A plastia da valva mitral na regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral isqu&#xEA;mica durante a revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do mioc&#xE1;rdio &#xE9; controversa, podendo ocorrer um resultado ben&#xE9;fico, por&#xE9;m com maior grau de complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es. Estudo mostrou que, em 2 anos, 68% dos pacientes que n&#xE3;o fizeram plastia da v&#xE1;lvula mitral reduziram a gravidade da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral apenas pela revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref></p>
<p>Outro estudo randomizado apoia o uso de troca de valvar mitral em pacientes com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral isqu&#xEA;mica grave. Segundo os autores, a plastia da valva mitral est&#xE1; associada a uma taxa de recorr&#xEA;ncia inaceit&#xE1;vel neste caso, com regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral moderada ou grave em 2 anos (58,8% <italic>versus</italic> 3,8%), &#xE0; redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da qualidade de vida e a hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es por insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref></p>
<p>Ainda n&#xE3;o est&#xE1; bem claro se o tratamento da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral secund&#xE1;ria beneficiar&#xE1; esses pacientes, mas o estudo COAPT demonstrou que o uso do MitraClip&#xAE; associado &#xE0; terapia medicamentosa foi superior, reduzindo as hospitaliza&#xE7;&#xF5;es e a mortalidade significativamente quando comparado a terapia medicamentosa isolada, no intervalo de 2 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclus&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral prim&#xE1;ria e a secund&#xE1;ria s&#xE3;o duas doen&#xE7;as completamente distintas. Hist&#xF3;ria natural, mecanismo de les&#xE3;o, estrat&#xE9;gia de tratamento e resposta ao tratamento s&#xE3;o diferentes. A origem da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral secund&#xE1;ria tamb&#xE9;m deve ser dividida em isqu&#xEA;mica ou n&#xE3;o isqu&#xEA;mica, e existem importantes diferen&#xE7;as de abordagem entre os dois tipos. A defini&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre esses fen&#xF3;tipos da regurgita&#xE7;&#xE3;o mitral pode ser elucidada pela ecocardiografia, que, al&#xE9;m de orientar a conduta e a sele&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos pacientes, &#xE9; essencial para o diagn&#xF3;stico e a abordagem terap&#xEA;utica.</p>
</sec></body>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>My Approach to the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Valve Regurgitation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Camarozano</surname><given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/> <bio id="b3">
<p><inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-ingf01-en.tif"/></p></bio></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name><surname>Camarozano</surname><given-names>Luisa Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref> <bio id="b4">
<p><inline-graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-ingf02-en.tif"/></p></bio></contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Federal University of Paran&#xE1;, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Pontif&#xED;cia University Cat&#xF3;lica (PUC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Cristina Camarozano</bold> &#x2022; E-mail: <email>a.camarozano@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Authors&#x2019; contributions</bold></p>
<p>Research conception and design: Camarozano AC; data collection: Camarozano AC; data analysis and interpretation: Camarozano AC; manuscript writing: Camarozano AC, Camarozano LM; critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Camarozano AC; table preparation: Camarozano LM.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Chronic mitral valve regurgitation is a very common disease that must be differentiated into primary (structural mitral valve disease) and secondary (left ventricular [LV] disease) types to ensure appropriate management and treatment. Echocardiography is an essential exam in the etiological diagnosis to quantify a valve lesion and its repercussion as well as being decisive for defining the best surgical timing. Intraoperative echocardiography, such as MitraClip<sup>&#xAE;</sup> placement, is a Class I indication in mitral valve repair and interventional treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
<p>Untreated mitral regurgitation (MR) is associated with worse outcomes due to the adverse consequences of volume overload on the cardiac chambers, whereas early intervention has shown excellent results for primary MR. However, what is the mechanism of MR?</p>
<p>This answer and its quantification decisively influence the choice of mitral valve intervention.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>My approach to mitral valve evaluation</title>
<p>The first step of mitral valve evaluations is to determine the presence of any structural mitral valve changes. In Brazil, the most common cause of primary MR cases is rheumatic disease, followed by mitral valve prolapse. Mitral annulus calcification is a common cause in older patients, while radiation can occasionally affect the mitral valve in patients undergoing radiotherapy.</p>
<p>When rheumatic involvement of the mitral valve is identified (the so-called dome opening), it is important to determine the presence or absence of associated mitral stenosis or other valve lesions. In cases of mitral valve prolapse, fibroelastic disease (with thin cusps and generally localized prolapse) must be differentiated from Barlow&#x2019;s disease, in which the cusps are redundant and well thickened and the prolapse is diffuse. Prolapse syndrome is present in the latter case, and some studies have shown a correlation with sudden death from cardiac arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
<p>The association between mitral valve prolapse, aortic ectasia and Marfan syndrome should be investigated. Senile calcification presents a clear scenario, with mitral annulus calcification and the possibility of associated mitral stenosis. In such cases, lesions are rarely severe. Mitral valve thickening induced by radiation is associated with a history of neoplasia and chest radiotherapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
<p>These pathologies define most primary MR cases. Cases without structural mitral annular changes but with LV dilatation and dysfunction, as occurs in dilated cardiomyopathy with annular dilatation and secondary mitral reflux, or contractile changes in the inferior or inferolateral wall due to myocardial infarction with impaired posterior mitral cusp coaptation, are defined as secondary MR, with the valve problem being a consequence rather than the cause.</p>
<p>After discerning of the valve lesion mechanism, it is important to quantify the mitral damage and its hemodynamic repercussions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> MR can be quantified by qualitative (Color Doppler evaluation of the regurgitant jet), semi-quantitative (vena contracta [VC] evaluation), and quantitative (evaluation of the effective regurgitant orifice [ERO], regurgitant volume [RV], and regurgitant fraction [RF]) analyses. These parameters can be analyzed using the proximal isovelocity surface area method or flow analysis.</p>
<p>Quantitative parameters currently have the greatest diagnostic value, in the mitral valve regurgitation important (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Reference values for important mitral valve regurgitation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="49%">
<col width="1%"/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Parameter</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Value</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>Central regurgitant jet or eccentric jet</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Occupies &#x3E; 40% of the LA Holosystolic</bold></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Vena contracta</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x2265; 0,7 cm</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Regurgitant volume</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 60 mL</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Regurgitant fraction</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x3E; 50%</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ERO</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">&#x2265; 0.40cm<sup>2</sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN4">
<p>AE: &#xE1;trio esquerdo; ERO: orif&#xED;cio regurgitante.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<p>Two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler are able to quantify the MR degree and evaluate these parameters, but three-dimensional echocardiography more accurately evaluates ERO and VC. Yosefy et al. used real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to show that, in most cases, the region of proximal convergence of the regurgitant flow (proximal isovelocity surface area method) is hemielliptic, not hemispheric, and more accurate for this quantification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
<p>Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, and particularly three-dimensional echocardiography, provides more accurate anatomical detailing of the mitral valve and an etiological definition when necessary, but the quantification of the degree of valve regurgitation using this information remains inaccurate.</p>
<p>Once mitral valve regurgitation is defined as important, the results depend on the presence of symptoms and the presence or absence of LV dysfunction, with the need for surgery being well defined. Non-surgical patients in New York Heart Association functional classes I and II present a mortality rate of about 4.1% per year compared to those in functional classes III and IV, whose mortality rate is 34% per year. However, the results are not so promising if the ejection fraction (EF) is lower than 60% or the LV systolic diameter (LVSD) is greater than 40 mm, as these parameters are predictors of LV dysfunction in the postoperative period and worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Ideally, patients should undergo surgery before the onset of such a condition, and the use of echocardiography is fundamental for their monitoring.</p>
<p>The next step after defining MR as primary or secondary and quantifying it is to consider the disease stages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Stages of primary MR</title>
<sec>
<title>MR risk</title>
<p>Primary MR involves discreet mitral prolapse with normal coaptation, the absence of MR or mild central MR, and a VC &#x3C; 0.3 cm.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Progressive MR with evident prolapse but normal cusp coaptation</title>
<p>This stage involves a central MR jet occupying 20&#x2013;40% of the left atrium in which the VC is &#x3C;0.7 cm, RV is &#x3C;60 mL, RF is &#x3C;50%, and ERO is &#x3C;0.40 cm<sup>2</sup>. No increased LV or pulmonary arterial hypertension are noted.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Asymptomatic with severe MR</title>
<p>This stage involves prolapse with a loss of cusp coaptation or flail; MR with a central jet occupying &#x3E; 40% of the left atrium or eccentric holosystolic jet; and a VC &#x2265; 0.7 cm, RV &#x2265; 60 mL, RF &#x2265; 50%, and ERO &#x2265; 0.40 cm<sup>2</sup>. It also features enlarged left chambers and pulmonary arterial hypertension at rest or on exertion. Stage C1 is defined as LVEF &#x3E; 60% and LVSD &#x3C; 40 mm, while stage C2 is defined as LVEF &#x2264; 60% and LVSD &#x2265; 40 mm.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Symptomatic severe MR</title>
<p>This stage involves important prolapse and cusp coaptation failure or flail; a central jet &#x3E; 40% of the left atrium or eccentric holosystolic jet; and a VC &#x2265; 0.7 cm, RV &#x2265; 60 mL, RF &#x2265; 50%, and ERO &#x2265; 0.40 cm<sup>2</sup>. It also features enlarged left chambers, pulmonary arterial hypertension, dyspnea on exertion, and reduced exercise tolerance.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Stages of secondary MR</title>
<sec>
<title>MR risk</title>
<p>Secondary MR involves normal cords, cusps, and mitral annulus in a patient with coronary artery disease or dilated cardiomyopathy. No mitral or mild central MR is seen, while the VC is &#x3C;0.3 cm. The LV is normal or with infarction or dilatation due to primary myocardial disease. Symptoms of ischemia or heart failure may be present.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Progressive MR with parietal abnormality and LV dysfunction</title>
<p>This stage involves possible annular dilatation and loss of coaptation. The RV is &#x3C;60 mL, while the RF is &#x3C;50%. No increased LV or pulmonary arterial hypertension is noted. Symptoms of ischemia or heart failure may be present.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Asymptomatic severe MR</title>
<p>This stage involves a parietal abnormality and/or LV dilatation as well as annular dilatation and cusp coaptation failure. The RV is &#x2265;60 mL, RF &#x2265;50%, and ERO &#x2265;0.40 cm<sup>2</sup>, with an ERO &#x2265; 0.2 cm<sup>2</sup> being more sensitive. Contractile changes with LV dysfunction or cardiomyopathy-induced dysfunction are evident, and symptoms of ischemia or heart failure may be present.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Symptomatic severe MR</title>
<p>This stage involves a parietal abnormality and/or LV dilatation. It also features annular dilatation with an RV &#x2265; 60 mL, RF &#x2265; 50%, and ERO &#x2265; 0.40 cm<sup>2</sup> as well as contractile changes in LV dysfunction or cardiomyopathy-induced dysfunction. Symptoms of ischemia or heart failure may be present in addition to dyspnea on exertion with reduced exercise tolerance.</p>
<p>In cases of significant MR, it is important to mention the basic Carpentier&#x2019;s classification used to choose the surgical mitral approach (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Carpentier sobre o movimento das c&#xFA;spides mitrais para planejamento e abordagem cir&#xFA;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Type</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Motion</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Normal cusp motion (e.g., mitral annular dilatation)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">II</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Excessive cusp motion (e.g., mitral cord prolapse and rupture or elongation)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Restricted cusp motion (e.g., commissural fusion and myocardial infarction)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Carpentier.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-gf01-en.tif"/> <attrib>Source: Adapted from Carpentier A, Chauvaud S, Fabiani JN, Deloche A, Relland J, Lessana A, D&#x2019;Allaines C, Blondeau P, Piwnica A, and Dubost C. Reconstructive surgery of mitral valve incompetence: ten-year appraisal. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980;79(3):338-48. PMID: 7354634; Carpentier A. Cardiac valve surgery--the &#x201C;French correction&#x201D;. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983;86(3):323-37. PMID: 6887954.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></attrib></fig>
<p>Type I classification refers to a mitral annulus without structural changes but with annular dilatation that causes cusp coaptation failure with consequent valve reflux. This is caused by involvement of the LV due to chamber dilatation and/or dysfunction induced by dilated cardiomyopathy (secondary MR).</p>
<p>Type II classification refers to cord prolapse, elongation, or rupture with annular prolapse as the main finding. In this situation, fibroelastic disease must be differentiated from Barlow&#x2019;s disease, for which echocardiography is very useful. In the first entity, the degree of degeneration is mild and the prolapse is generally more localized (in the P2 and/or A2 segments) without calcification points and with mild to moderate annular dilatation. In this situation, surgical intervention is highly successful. In Barlow&#x2019;s disease, the annular degeneration is more severe and affects more segments. (When the prolapse involves more than three segments with extension to the posterior commissure, annulus calcification and moderate annular dilatation, valve repair is possible but not simple; when the prolapse involves more than three valve segments and extends to the anterior commissure with significant calcification (annulus and cusps) and large annular dilatation, valve repair is unlikely due to technical difficulty).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
<p>The use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography is essential during mitral valve repair surgery, and some criteria must be observed to evaluate its success. The distance from the P2 stump must be up to 20 mm, the coaptation A2&#x2013;P2 zone must be smaller than 10 mm, the posterolateral angle must be lower than 45&#xB0;, and the LA/LV gradient must not indicate LV inflow tract stenosis. The LV outflow tract gradient should be analyzed since it should present a small cavity, septal hypertrophy (&#x3E;15 mm), smaller mitral-aortic angulation (&#x3C;120&#xB0;), narrow mitral annulus, shorter distance from the septum to the anterior mitral cusp (&#x3C;25 mm), and a distance from the P2 stump &#x3E; 20 mm, as these factors increase the propensity of mitral valve anterior systolic motion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Schematic model of the mid-esophageal five-chamber cross-section considering the points that should be analyzed for predisposing dynamic LVOT gradient.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-gf02-en.tif"/> <attrib>Source: Adapted from Varghese R, Itagaki S, Anyanwu AC, Trigo P, Fischer G, Adams DH. Predicting systolic anterior motion after mitral valve reconstruction: using intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography to identify those at greatest risk. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;45(1):132-7; discussion 137-8. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt234.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle.</attrib></fig>
<p>The diameter of the tricuspid annulus should be analyzed before mitral repair since a tricuspid annulus &#x2265; 40 mm or &#x2265; 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup> is an indication for tricuspid surgery regardless of the degree of regurgitation through this valve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
<p>Carpentier&#x2019;s type III classification refers to restricted cusp motion, which can be seen in rheumatic (primary) and ischemic (secondary) disease cases. In these cases, restricted cusp motion is recognized either by commissure fusing, as in rheumatic disease, or by the lack of ventricular wall support, as in ischemic disease, leading to valve coaptation failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In both situations, surgical repair is unfavorable, even when performed by an experienced surgeon.</p>
<p>There have been great advances in mitral valve repair in cases of primary valve regurgitation since valve repair is associated with low operative mortality, good survival, increased quality of life, and low bleeding rates compared to valve replacement. Surgical repair has excellent success rates in patients with preserved ventricular function. These findings have encouraged early surgery in asymptomatic patients with severe MR, even those with an EF &#x3E; 60% or LVSD &#x3C; 40 mm, as long as the valve repair probability is &#x3E;95% with low operative risk (&#x3C;1%) as defined in the 2017 update on valve disease of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref> show the AHA/ACC recommendations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> highlighting any differences versus the 2014 guideline,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref> shows a conduct guideline for chronic mitral valve regurgitation.</p>
<table-wrap id="t7">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Recommendations for chronic primary mitral regurgitation intervention.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">COR</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">LOE</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Recomenda&#xE7;&#xF5;es</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Coment&#xE1;rios</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve surgery is recommended for asymptomatic patients with chronic severe MR (stage D) and an LVEF &#x3E; 30%</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The 2014 recommendation currently remains</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve surgery is recommended for asymptomatic patients with chronic severe primary MR and left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF = 30&#x2013;60% and/or LVSD &#x2265; 40 mm, stage C2)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The 2014 recommendation currently remains</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve repair is more commonly recommended than valve replacement when the surgical treatment is indicated for patients with chronic severe primary MR limited to the posterior cusp</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The 2014 recommendation currently remains</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve repair is more commonly recommended than valve replacement when the surgical treatment is indicated for patients with chronic severe primary MR involving the anterior cusp when a successful and durable repair can be performed</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The 2014 recommendation currently remains</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Concomitant mitral valve repair (or replacement) is indicated in patients with chronic severe primary MR undergoing cardiac surgery for other reasons</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">A recomenda&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 2014 permanece atualmente</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IIa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve surgery is acceptable for asymptomatic patients with chronic severe primary mitral regurgitation (stage C1) and preserved left ventricular function (LVEF &#x3E; 60% and LVSD &#x3C; 40 mm) when the likelihood of repair success and durability without residual MR exceeds 95% with an expected mortality rate of less than 1% when performed in a referral hospital (center)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The 2014 recommendation currently remains</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IIa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">C</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve surgery is acceptable for asymptomatic patients with chronic severe primary mitral regurgitation (stage C1) and preserved left ventricular function (LVEF &#x3E; 60% and LVSD &#x3C; 40 mm) with progressively increased left ventricular size or consistent EF decreases in imaging studies</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">New: Severe MR patients with an EF &#x2264; 60% or LVSD &#x2265; 40 mm have already developed left ventricular systolic dysfunction; thus, operating them before reaching these parameters was considered rational in several studies, particularly when the left ventricular size is progressively increasing or EF is decreasing</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">MR progressively leads to severe MR (&#x201C;mitral regurgitation generates mitral regurgitation&#x201D;). The concept is that the initial MR level causes LV dilatation, which increases stress in the mitral tract, causing additional valve damage, more severe MR, and additional LV dilatation, thus starting a perpetual cycle of LV volume increases and MR progression. This volume causes LV overload and leads to irreversible LV dysfunction, worsening the prognosis. Patients with severe MR and an EF &#x2264; 60% or LVSD &#x2265; 40 mm already present with LV systolic dysfunction. A study suggested that to normalize LV function and size after mitral repair, LVEF should be &#x3E;64% and LVSD &#x3C; 37 mm. It is reasonable to consider intervention when longitudinal follow-up shows a progressively decreased EF near 60% or a progressive LVSD increase near 40 mm. Nevertheless, asymptomatic patients with stable dimensions and excellent exercise capacity can be safely observed.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">IIa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">B</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve repair is acceptable for asymptomatic patients with chronic non-rheumatic severe primary MR (stage C1) and preserved LV function (LVEF &#x3E; 60% and LVSD &#x3C; 40 mm) with a high probability of successful and durable repair, especially in cases of new-onset atrial fibrillation or pulmonary hypertension at rest (systolic pulmonary artery pressure &#x3E; 50 mmHg)</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The 2014 recommendation currently remains</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot><attrib>Source: Adapted from Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159-e1195. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000503.14 COLOR, recommendation;</attrib>
<fn id="TFN5">
<p>EF, ejection fraction; LOE, level of evidence; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; LVSD, left ventricle systolic diameter.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t8">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Recommendations for secondary mitral regurgitation intervention.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/></colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Class</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Recommendations for secondary MR intervention</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Comments</th></tr></thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">lla</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve surgery is reasonable for patients with severe secondary MR (stages C and D) undergoing cardiac surgery</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The 2014 recommendation currently remains</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">lla</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">It is reasonable to preserve the mitral valve cords and annuloplasty in a symptomatic severe patient (NYHA III-IV) with ischemic MR (stage D) and persistent symptoms</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">New: Valve repair has been associated with a greater chance of moderate and severe MR than mitral valve replacement in patients with severe ischemic and symptomatic MR and no mortality difference in a 2-year follow-up.</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">llb</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral valve repair or replacement can be considered for stage D symptomatic severe patients (NYHA III-IV) with chronic severe MR and persistent symptoms despite optimized therapy</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The 2014 recommendation currently remains</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">llb</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">The mitral repair indication is uncertain for a patient with moderate chronic ischemic MR (stage B) who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">No clinical benefit was demonstrated for mitral valve repair in this population, with an increased risk of postoperative complications (neurological events and supraventricular arrhythmia)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot><attrib>Source: Adapted from Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159-e1195. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000503.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></attrib>
<fn id="TFN6">
<p>MR, mitral regurgitation; NYHA, New York Heart Association.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Practical conduct guide for chronic mitral valve regurgitation.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-ecom12-gf03-en.tif"/> <attrib>Source: adapted from Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(25):e1159-e1195. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000503.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> AF, atrial fibrillation; CAD, coronary artery disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; ERO, effective regurgitant orifice; HF, heart failure; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSD, left ventricular systolic diameter; MR, mitral regurgitation; MV, mitral valve; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PSAP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RF, regurgitant fraction</attrib></fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Complementary evaluation of chronic MR</title>
<sec>
<title>Stress echocardiography</title>
<p>Stress echocardiography findings predict latent ventricular dysfunction before surgical intervention in patients with mitral valve prolapse using the mean global longitudinal strain (GLS). Patients with a mild GLS change (&#x3C;2%) have no contractile reserve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> The presence of stress-induced MR or stress MR worsening increases the morbidity rate and pulmonary artery systolic pressure &#x3E; 60 mmHg of patients, decreasing their functional capacity, which allows the identification of patients at higher risk. Although patients with severely increased MR and pulmonary arterial hypertension on exertion benefit from early elective mitral valve surgery, the presence of pulmonary hypertension is considered a IIb class indication for mitral valve repair in asymptomatic patients without LV dysfunction or dilation in the European Society of Cardiology and ACC guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Intervention criteria based on symptoms and the LV</title>
<sec>
<title>Referral for surgical intervention</title>
<p>Unless surgery is contraindicated, all patients with severe and symptomatic MR should be considered for surgery. Whether the valve is repaired or replaced, surgery usually improves patients&#x2019; symptoms. However, while awaiting the onset of symptoms, these patients present worse long-term outcomes since many develop incipient or latent LV dysfunction.</p>
<p>The AHA/ACC guidelines recommend surgery for asymptomatic patients with evidenced LV dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> due to adequate conditions for cardiac performance (increased preload and decreased afterload). The normal EF in severe primary MR must be greater than the truly normal EF. Therefore, when the EF decreases to &#x3C;60% (or 64%), LV systolic dysfunction is possible. If the EF decreases to &#x3C; 60%, valve repair should be performed in asymptomatic patients; in this context, a gradually decreased EF should also be considered. An LVSD &#x3E; 40 mm is another sign of systolic dysfunction; however, if repair success is very probable, surgery should be considered. Surgery is associated with high risk and myocardial recovery uncertainty in patients with advanced systolic dysfunction (EF &#x3C; 30%) and chronic primary MR; thus, each case must be evaluated individually.</p>
<p>In the past, due to high surgical mortality and adverse consequences of mitral valve replacement, these patients were followed up until the onset of LV symptoms or dysfunction. With advanced technology and valve repair techniques, consideration of the earliest approach is currently recommended. However, in cases of a low possibility of repair, close follow-up should be the chosen strategy, as the premature placement of valve prostheses essentially substitutes one disease for another, with risks of thromboembolism, bleeding, and need for future interventions.</p>
<p>Reference center studies have shown a postoperative success rate greater than 98% and low surgical mortality in posterior cusp prolapse repair. The success rate of anterior cusp prolapse repair is 90&#x2013;95% and surgical mortality is lower than 1%, with excellent 20-year durability.<sup>16.17</sup></p>
<p>There are several types of repair, the most commonly used being posterior prolapse with triangular or quadrangular resection, anterior prolapse with artificial cords, and commissure prolapse with commissuroplasty. Almost all techniques include annuloplasty rings for greater support and durability. The mitral valve can be replaced using a mechanical or biological prosthesis with effort made to preserve the mitral cords.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Referral for percutaneous intervention</title>
<sec>
<title>MitraClip<sup>&#xAE;</sup></title>
<p>The MitraClip<sup>&#xAE;</sup> device is placed using the tip-to-tip technique in the presence of a catheter. This new method has been studied and approved for clinical use. It simulates the surgical repair technique by Alfieri.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> The EVEREST study reported that the original MitraClip<sup>&#xAE;</sup> strategy can significantly improve symptoms in patients with severe symptomatic primary MR and a higher surgical risk. This strategy must be safe and present no difference in long-term mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
<p>The MitraClip<sup>&#xAE;</sup> intervention depends on prolapse type, with the prolapse involving the P2&#x2013;A2 segments being the most appropriate for this intervention. This device can be used to treat severe symptoms caused by primary MR, although it does not promote better results than surgery. The MitraClip<sup>&#xAE;</sup> is approved for patients with primary MR, severe symptoms, and a high surgical risk. Other catheter-based methods used to treat MR include percutaneous valve replacement and ring placement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Percutaneous annuloplasty</title>
<p>The percutaneous procedure aims to correct functional MR (secondary to LV dilatation) through catheterization. Percutaneous mitral valve repair is most commonly used for posterior cusp prolapse. Annuloplasty is performed indirectly or directly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> In the indirect technique, the internal jugular vein is pulsed and the catheter is inserted into the coronary sinus. This involves approximately two-thirds of the mitral valve annulus&#x2019; circumference. The prosthetic ring tightens the mitral valve annulus in the coronary sinus, reducing its diameter and consequently reducing the degree of mitral valve regurgitation. The problem with this method is that it can compress the circumflex artery. Therefore, it is important to perform left catheterization after device placement to evaluate arterial patency.</p>
<p>An arterial puncture is performed in direct annuloplasty, and the catheter is retrogradely inserted into the LV with a series of anchors placed around the mitral valve annulus. These anchors are fixed and place tension on the mitral valve annulus, reducing its diameter. The advantage of this method is that it does not compress the coronary artery.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Transcatheter mitral valve procedure</title>
<p>The transcatheter mitral valve procedure is still in its initial phase. Although the MitraClip<sup>&#xAE;</sup> is already a transcatheter surgery option approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, catheter implantation is used to place surgical bioprostheses. The purpose of this approach is to place the heart valve in the mitral valve position using a catheter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Secondary MR considerations</title>
<p>Both forms of secondary MR result from enlarged ventricles and lateral displacement of the papillary muscles or a parietal abnormality that impairs posterior mitral cusp coaptation.</p>
<p>If the myocardium is viable, myocardial revascularization or percutaneous coronary intervention should be considered for patients with severe secondary MR and secondary LV systolic dysfunction induced by ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Although the effect on ischemic MR varies, revascularization in patients with a low EF can improve their long-term prognosis. Mitral valve repair in ischemic MR during myocardial revascularization is controversial, with possible beneficial results but a higher rate of complications. One study showed that, in a period of 2 years, 68% of patients undergoing mitral valve repair experienced reduced MR severity only if treated with myocardial revascularization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref></p>
<p>Another randomized study supported the use of mitral valve replacement in patients with severe ischemic MR. According to the authors, mitral valve repair was associated with an unacceptable recurrence rate, with moderate or severe MR within 2 years (58.8% vs 3.8%), a decreased quality of life, and heart failure&#x2013;related hospitalizations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref></p>
<p>It remains unclear whether the treatment of secondary MR will benefit these patients, but the COAPT study demonstrated that the use of a MitraClip<sup>&#xAE;</sup> associated with drug therapy was superior at a 2-year interval with significantly reduced hospitalization and mortality rates compared to drug therapy alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Primary and secondary MR are two completely different diseases whose natural history, lesion mechanism, treatment strategy, and response to treatment differ. The origin of secondary MR should also be divided into ischemic or non-ischemic, as there are important approach differences between them. These MR phenotypes can be defined using echocardiography, which, in addition to guiding patient selection and conduct, is essential for the diagnosis and choice of therapeutic approaches.</p>
</sec></body></sub-article>
</article>
