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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20213402eabc178</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213402eabc178</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Uso do Doppler Colorido das Car&#xF3;tidas no Diagn&#xF3;stico de um Paciente com F&#xED;stula Carotideocavernosa Direta</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4193-9236</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Passos</surname><given-names>Mauro de Deus</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6684-7867</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Godoy-Gomes</surname><given-names>Isabella</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1958-8177</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Faria</surname><given-names>Mariana de Greg&#xF3;rio</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bras&#xED;lia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, Bras&#xED;lia, DF.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional de Santa Maria</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bras&#xED;lia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Santa Maria, Bras&#xED;lia, DF.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional de Formosa</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Formosa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Formosa, Formosa, GO, Brasil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Mauro de Deus Passos &#x2022;</bold> E-mail: <email>mauropassos@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos autores</bold></p>
<p>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa: Passos MD e Faria MG; obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados: Passos MD, Godoy-Gomes I e Faria MG; an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados: Passos MD, Godoy-Gomes I e Faria MG; reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito: Passos MD, Godoy-Gomes I e Faria MG.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>11</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>eabc178</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>21</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>02</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2021</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>05</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>Adulto jovem de 18 anos que evoluiu ap&#xF3;s traumatismo craniencef&#xE1;lico leve com f&#xED;stula carot&#xED;dea direta. Apresentou zumbido e exoftalmia, ambos de caracter&#xED;stica puls&#xE1;til e &#xE0; esquerda. Foi submetido a estudo com Doppler das car&#xF3;tidas, que mostrou elevadas velocidades do fluxo sangu&#xED;neo e &#xED;ndices de resist&#xEA;ncia reduzidos nas art&#xE9;rias car&#xF3;tidas comum e interna esquerdas, compat&#xED;veis com f&#xED;stula carot&#xED;dea direta. A angiotomografia computadorizada cerebral confirmou a f&#xED;stula carot&#xED;dea. Foi encaminhado para tratamento endovascular por emboliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o, com sucesso. O Doppler de car&#xF3;tidas pode ter papel importante no diagn&#xF3;stico das f&#xED;stulas carot&#xED;deas diretas e acompanhamento de pacientes submetidos &#xE0; terap&#xEA;utica endovascular.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>F&#xED;stula carotideocavenosa</kwd>
<kwd>Ultrassonografia Doppler</kwd>
<kwd>Les&#xF5;es Encef&#xE1;licas traum&#xE1;tica</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="10"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="22"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Uma F&#xED;stula Carot&#xED;deocavernosa (FCC) &#xE9; uma comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o anormal entre art&#xE9;rias e veias dentro do seio cavernoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) &#xC9; classificada em quatro tipos, que v&#xE3;o de A a D, de acordo com Barrow D, desde 1985.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> O tipo A &#xE9; o desvio direto de alto fluxo entre a Art&#xE9;ria Car&#xF3;tida Interna (ACI) e o seio cavernoso. O tipo B s&#xE3;o <italic>shunts</italic> durais entre ramos men&#xED;ngeos da ACI e do seio cavernoso. O tipo C s&#xE3;o <italic>shunts</italic> durais entre ramos men&#xED;ngeos da Art&#xE9;ria Car&#xF3;tida Externa (ACE) e seio cavernoso. O tipo D s&#xE3;o <italic>shunts</italic> entre ramos men&#xED;ngeos das ACI, art&#xE9;ria car&#xF3;tida externa e do seio cavernoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>F&#xED;stula carotideocarvenosa direta ou tipo A de Barrow.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<p>A causa mais comum da FCC direta &#xE9; a traum&#xE1;tica, seguida de outras menos frequentes, como ruptura de aneurisma da ACI dentro do seio cavernoso, s&#xED;ndrome de Ehlers-Danlos tipo IV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> ou interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es iatrog&#xEA;nicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>&#x2013;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> incluindo interven&#xE7;&#xE3;o endovascular transarterial, endarterectomia carot&#xED;dea interna, tratamento percut&#xE2;neo de neuralgia trigeminal, ressec&#xE7;&#xE3;o transesfenoidal de um tumor de hip&#xF3;fise e cirurgia maxilofacial. As FCC indiretas (tipos B, C e D de Barrow) tamb&#xE9;m s&#xE3;o chamadas de f&#xED;stulas durais e, normalmente, apresentam taxas de fluxo baixas. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>) O suprimento arterial maior para as f&#xED;stulas indiretas &#xE9; decorrente dos ramos maxilares internos, men&#xED;ngeos m&#xE9;dios, far&#xED;ngeos acess&#xF3;rios e far&#xED;ngeos ascendentes da ACE, assim como ramos de segmentos cavernosos da ACI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> As FCC indiretas tendem a ocorrer com maior frequ&#xEA;ncia em mulheres p&#xF3;s-menopausadas. A causa dessas les&#xF5;es ainda &#xE9; obscura, mas os casos descritos de crian&#xE7;as na literatura com f&#xED;stulas durais fornecem evid&#xEA;ncias de poss&#xED;vel origem cong&#xEA;nita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#x2013;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Fatores que podem predispor os pacientes ao desenvolvimento de FCC durais incluem hipertens&#xE3;o, diabetes, gravidez, trauma e esfor&#xE7;o, doen&#xE7;a ateroscler&#xF3;tica, trombose do seio cavernoso, sinusite e doen&#xE7;a vascular do col&#xE1;geno. O trauma &#xE9; menos comumente associado &#xE0; FCC indiretas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Classificac&#xE3;o de Barrow das f&#xED;stulas carotideocavernosas. As do tipo A s&#xE3;o caracterizadas por uma conex&#xE3;o direta entre a art&#xE9;ria car&#xF3;tida interna e o seio cavernoso; as do tipo B envolvem ramos men&#xED;ngeos da art&#xE9;ria car&#xF3;tida interna; j&#xE1; as do tipo C envolvem ramos carot&#xED;deos externos. O tipo D inclui ramos men&#xED;ngeos de ambas as art&#xE9;rias car&#xF3;tidas interna e externa.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf02.tif"/> <attrib>Fonte: Barrow DL, Spector RH, Braun IF, Landman JA, Tindall SC, Tindall GT. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(2):248-56. doi: 10.3171/jns.1985.62.2.0248.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></attrib></fig>
<p>As modalidades de tratamento incluem manejos conservador, cir&#xFA;rgico e endovascular, pelas vias transarterial ou transvenosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> As FCC diretas e indiretas desenvolvem-se com mecanismos diferentes e, assim, apresentam sintoma e gravidade distintos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
<p>Avan&#xE7;os recentes na tecnologia endovascular disponibilizaram uma s&#xE9;rie de diferentes op&#xE7;&#xF5;es de tratamento para as FCC. Como resultado desses avan&#xE7;os, a abordagem endovascular evoluiu como principal op&#xE7;&#xE3;o de tratamento das FCC. A escolha do tratamento &#xE9; feita de acordo com o tipo, a anatomia exata da f&#xED;stula, o tamanho do defeito arterial e as prefer&#xEA;ncias do operador e institucionais.</p>
<p>Nas FCC diretas, o tratamento tem por objetivos ocluir a ruptura entre a ACI e o seio cavernoso e preservar a pat&#xEA;ncia da primeira. Essas metas podem ser alcan&#xE7;adas por oblitera&#xE7;&#xE3;o transarterial da f&#xED;stula com bal&#xE3;o desmont&#xE1;vel, oblitera&#xE7;&#xE3;o transarterial ou transvenosa do seio cavernoso ipsilateral com espiral ou outro material emb&#xF3;lico, ou implanta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um stent recoberto atrav&#xE9;s da f&#xED;stula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Chi et al. estudaram 172 pacientes com FCC diretas e causadas por trauma. Observaram predom&#xED;nio de 35,5% de f&#xED;stulas de m&#xE9;dio porte e de 51,7% das de grande porte, al&#xE9;m de taxa de sucesso da oclus&#xE3;o das f&#xED;stulas sob emboliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o endovascular de 94%, com preserva&#xE7;&#xE3;o da art&#xE9;ria car&#xF3;tida em 70%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
<p>J&#xE1; nas FCC indiretas, o objetivo &#xE9; interromper as comunica&#xE7;&#xF5;es fistulosas e diminuir a press&#xE3;o no seio cavernoso. Isso pode ser feito pela oclus&#xE3;o dos ramos arteriais suprindo a f&#xED;stula (emboliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o transarterial) ou, mais comumente, pela oclus&#xE3;o do seio cavernoso que abriga as comunica&#xE7;&#xF5;es fistulosas (emboliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o transvenosa).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato do caso</title>
<p>Um adulto jovem de 18 anos apresentou-se com as queixas de zumbido de caracter&#xED;stica puls&#xE1;til &#xE0; esquerda. Referiu que os sintomas tiveram in&#xED;cio ap&#xF3;s acidente automobil&#xED;stico recente com traumatismo craniencef&#xE1;lico leve. Ao exame f&#xED;sico, observou-se proptose discreta do olho esquerdo. Foi submetido &#xE0; ultrassonografia das car&#xF3;tidas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>), que mostrou paredes saud&#xE1;veis, elevadas velocidades do fluxo sangu&#xED;neo e &#xCD;ndices de Resist&#xEA;ncia (IR) reduzidos nas art&#xE9;rias car&#xF3;tidas comum e interna esquerdas. Esses achados foram compat&#xED;veis com FCC direta. As velocidades &#xE0; direita estavam normais.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Doppler espectral (PW) da art&#xE9;ria car&#xF3;tida comum esquerda demonstrando velocidades elevadas e oscila&#xE7;&#xE3;o (&#x201C;serrilhado&#x201D;) do espectro.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf03.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Doppler espectral (PW) da art&#xE9;ria car&#xF3;tida interna esquerda demonstrando velocidades elevadas e oscila&#xE7;&#xE3;o (&#x201C;serrilhado&#x201D;) do espectro.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf04.tif"/></fig>
<p>O paciente realizou angiotomografia computadorizada cerebral de 256 canais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>) que mostrou a presen&#xE7;a de FCC &#xE0; esquerda, com tumefa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do respectivo seio cavernoso e presen&#xE7;a de calibrosa veia oft&#xE1;lmica ipsilateral. Foi encaminhado para realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de tratamento endovascular por emboliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o, com sucesso.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Angiotomografia de 256 canais apresentando tumefa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do seio cavernoso e presen&#xE7;a de veia oft&#xE1;lmica calibrosa ipsilateral.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf05.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>Na literatura, o Doppler colorido de car&#xF3;tidas raramente aparece como exame de diagn&#xF3;stico para as FCC. As f&#xED;stulas diretas s&#xE3;o caracterizadas por uma conex&#xE3;o direta entre a ACI e o seio cavernoso. Assim, as FCC diretas s&#xE3;o geralmente de alto fluxo, traduzidas no estudo com Doppler espectral por elevadas velocidades. No paciente em estudo, foram encontrados achados t&#xED;picos da FCC direta.</p>
<p>Na coorte de Lin et al., entre 2.600 exames consecutivos de Doppler de car&#xF3;tidas realizados de outubro de 1987 a junho de 1992, 14 casos foram diagnosticados como FCC. Especial &#xEA;nfase foi dada aos IR e ao volume de fluxo. Entre os 11 pacientes com FCC diretas, os par&#xE2;metros hemodin&#xE2;micos anormais mais encontrados inclu&#xED;ram velocidades de picos sist&#xF3;lico e diast&#xF3;lico elevadas, volume de fluxo aumentado e IR reduzido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref></p>
<p>Nas FCC dural (tipos B, C e D de Barrow), a recorr&#xEA;ncia da comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o arteriovenosa ap&#xF3;s o tratamento completo &#xE9; comum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Tsai et al. compararam o Doppler das car&#xF3;tidas com a angiografia cerebral. Os autores encontraram que o par&#xE2;metro IR da art&#xE9;ria car&#xF3;tida externa (ACE; <italic>cutoff points</italic> para direita de 0,72 e, para esquerda, de 0,71) resultou em melhor sensibilidade (74%), especificidade (89%), valor preditivo positivo (79%), valor preditivo negativo (86%) e acur&#xE1;cia (84%) na predi&#xE7;&#xE3;o da FCC dural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Assim, o Doppler de car&#xF3;tidas pode ser usado como ferramenta de triagem inicial para o diagn&#xF3;stico em pacientes com sintomas relacionados &#xE0; FCC dural. Em outro estudo, os mesmos autores observaram que o IR do Doppler de car&#xF3;tidas da ACE tamb&#xE9;m est&#xE1; correlacionado com a efic&#xE1;cia do tratamento e &#xE9; sens&#xED;vel &#xE0; evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica da FCC dural, propondo que pacientes com FCC dural devem ser submetidos a Doppler de Car&#xF3;tidas antes e imediatamente ap&#xF3;s a terapia endovascular para avaliar a efic&#xE1;cia do tratamento e determinar seu estado hemodin&#xE2;mico antes do acompanhamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
</sec></body>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Use of Color Doppler of Carotids in the Diagnosis of a Patient with Direct Carotid-Cavernous Fistula</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4193-9236</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Passos</surname><given-names>Mauro de Deus</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6684-7867</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Godoy-Gomes</surname><given-names>Isabella</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1958-8177</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Faria</surname><given-names>Mariana de Greg&#xF3;rio</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bras&#xED;lia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Sobradinho Regional Hospital, Bras&#xED;lia, DF, Brazil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bras&#xED;lia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Santa Maria Regional Hospital, Bras&#xED;lia, DF, Brazil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Formosa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Formosa Regional Hospital, Formosa, GO, Brazil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauro de Deus Passos &#x2022;</bold> E-mail: <email>mauropassos@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Authors&#x2019; contributions</bold></p>
<p>Research conception and design: Passos MD and Faria MG; data collection: Passos MD, Godoy-Gomes I, and Faria MG; data analysis and interpretation: Passos MD, Godoy-Gomes I, and Faria MG; manuscript writing: Passos MD, Godoy-Gomes I and Faria MG.</p></fn></author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>An 18-year-old patient developed a direct carotid fistula after a mild craniocerebral trauma. The patient presented with tinnitus and exophthalmia, both pulsatile and on the left. A carotid Doppler study revealed high blood flow velocities and reduced resistance rates in the left internal and common carotid arteries compatible with a direct carotid fistula. Computed tomography angiography of the brain confirmed the carotid fistula. The patient was successfully referred for endovascular embolization treatment. This case demonstrates that carotid Doppler may play an important role in the diagnosis of direct carotid fistulae and the follow-up of patients undergoing endovascular therapy.</p></abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Brain injury, traumatic</kwd>
<kwd>Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula</kwd>
<kwd>Doppler ultrasonography</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>A carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between arteries and veins inside the cavernous sinus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). According to Barrow D (1985)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, these fistulas are classified into types A to D: type A, a direct high flow deviation between the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the cavernous sinus; type B, a dural shunt between the meningeal branches of the ICA and the cavernous sinus; type C, a shunt between the meningeal branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and the cavernous sinus; and type D, a shunt between the meningeal branches of the ICA, ECA, and cavernous sinus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Direct carotid-cavernous (Barrow type A) fistula.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
<p>The most common cause of direct CCF is trauma, followed by less frequent causes such as rupture of an ICA aneurysm inside the cavernous sinus, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> or iatrogenic interventions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>&#x2013;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> including transarterial endovascular intervention, internal carotid endarterectomy, percutaneous trigeminal neuralgia treatment, transsphenoidal resection of a hypophysis tumor, and maxillofacial surgery. Indirect CCF (Barrow types B, C, and D) are also called dural fistulae and usually present with low flow rates (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Barrow classification of carotid-cavernous fistulae. Type A fistulae are characterized by a direct connection between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. Type B fistulae involve meningeal branches of the internal carotid artery. Type C fistulae involve external carotid branches. Type D fistulae include meningeal branches of the internal and external carotid arteries.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf02-en.tif"/> <attrib>Source: Barrow DL, Spector RH, Braun IF, Landman JA, Tindall SC, Tindall GT. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1985;62(2):248-56. doi: 10.3171/jns.1985.62.2.0248.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></attrib></fig>
<p>The largest arterial supply for indirect fistulae comes from branches of the internal maxillary, middle meningeal, accessory pharyngeal, and ascending pharyngeal ECA as well as from cavernous segments of the ICA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Indirect CCF tend to occur more frequently in postmenopausal women. The cause of these lesions remains uncertain, but pediatric cases of dural fistulae described in the literature evidence a possible congenital origin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#x2013;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Some factors that may predispose patients to the development of dural CCF include hypertension, diabetes, pregnancy, trauma, exertion, atherosclerosis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, sinusitis, and collagen vascular disease. Trauma is less commonly associated with indirect CCF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
<p>Treatment modalities include transarterial or transvenous conservative, surgical, and endovascular management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Direct and indirect CCF have different mechanisms; thus, they present with different symptoms and severity levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
<p>Recent advances in endovascular technology have resulted in different CCF treatment options. As a result, the endovascular approach has become the main CCF treatment. Treatment choice varies according to type, exact anatomy, arterial defect size, and operator and institutional preferences.</p>
<p>In direct CCF, the aim of treatment is to occlude the rupture between the ICA and the cavernous sinus and preserve the unobstructed artery. These objectives can be achieved using transarterial obliteration of the fistula with a detachable balloon, transarterial or transvenous obliteration of the ipsilateral cavernous sinus with coils or other embolic material, or implantation of a covered stent through the fistula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Chi et al. studied 172 patients with direct CCF caused by trauma. They reported a medium-sized fistula predominance of 35.5% and large-sized fistula predominance of 51.7% in addition to a fistula occlusion success rate of 94% using endovascular embolization and 70% using carotid artery preservation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
<p>In cases of indirect CCF, the objective is to stop fistulous communications and decrease the cavernous sinus pressure. This can be achieved by occluding the arterial branches supplying the fistula (transarterial embolization) or, more commonly, by occluding the cavernous sinus in which the fistulous communications occur (transvenous embolization).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>An 18-year-old patient presented with the complaint of pulsatile tinnitus in the left ear. The patient mentioned that the symptoms had started after a recent car accident involving mild craniocerebral trauma. A physical examination detected discrete left eye proptosis. Carotid ultrasonography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">4</xref>) showed healthy walls, high blood flow velocities, and decreased resistance index (RI) rates in the left common and internal carotid arteries. These findings were compatible with a diagnosis of a direct CCF. The velocities were normal on the right side.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Spectral Doppler (pulsed wave) of the left common carotid artery showing high velocities and spectrum oscillation (serrated).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Spectral Doppler (pulsed wave) of the left internal carotid artery showing high velocities and spectrum oscillation (serrated).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
<p>The patient underwent 256-channel cerebral computed tomography angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>), which showed the presence of CCF on the left, tumefaction of the respective cavernous sinus, and a large ipsilateral ophthalmic vein. He was successfully referred for endovascular embolization treatment.</p>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Image of 256-channel computed tomography angiography showing cavernous sinus tumefaction and a large ipsilateral ophthalmic vein.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc178-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Carotid color Doppler is rarely reported in the literature as a diagnostic modality for CCF. Direct fistulae are characterized by a direct connection between the ICA and the cavernous sinus. Thus, direct CCF usually have a high flow that translates on a spectral Doppler study as high velocity. The reported patient showed typical direct CCF findings.</p>
<p>Lin et al. analyzed 2,600 consecutive carotid Doppler examinations performed from October 1987 to June 1992 and reported 14 CCF cases. Special emphasis was given to the RI and flow volume. Of the 11 patients with a direct CCF, the most common abnormal hemodynamic parameters included high systolic and diastolic peak velocities, increased flow volume, and decreased RI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref></p>
<p>Dural CCF (Barrow types B, C, and D) often presents as recurrent arteriovenous communication after complete treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Tsai et al. compared carotid Doppler with cerebral angiography and reported that the ECA RI parameter (cutoff point of 0.72 on the right and of 0.71 on the left) resulted in better sensitivity (74%), specificity (89%), better positive predictive value (79%), better negative predictive value (86%), and higher accuracy (84%) for predicting dural CCF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Thus, carotid Doppler can be used as an initial screening tool for diagnosing patients with symptoms related to dural CCF. In another study, the same authors reported that ECA carotid Doppler RI was correlated with treatment efficacy and sensitive to dural CCF clinical progression; therefore, they proposed that patients with a dural CCF should undergo carotid Doppler before and immediately after endovascular therapy to enable the evaluation of treatment efficacy and determination of the patient&#x2019;s hemodynamic status before follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
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