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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20213402eabc168</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213402eabc168</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Pseudotrombo em Ap&#xEA;ndice Atrial Esquerdo</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Marcio Augusto</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Pazolini</surname><given-names>Marcelo</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Cazelli</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Guilherme</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Peixoto</surname><given-names>Daniel Escobar Bueno</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Rua</surname><given-names>Rafael Soares</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Farinazzo</surname><given-names>Rodolpho Jacques de Melo</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed Vit&#xF3;ria</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Vit&#xF3;ria</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Vit&#xF3;ria, Vit&#xF3;ria, ES, Brasil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: M&#xE1;rcio Augusto Silva &#x2022;</bold> Rua Pedro Luiz Zanandrea 85, Mata da Praia, Vit&#xF3;ria, ES, CEP <postal-code>29065-610</postal-code> E-mail: <email>masilva.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos autores</bold></p>
<p>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva MA; obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados: Silva MA, Cazelli JG, Peixoto DEB, Rua RS e Farinazzo RJM; an&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados: Silva MA, Pazolini M, Cazelli JG, Peixoto DEB, Rua RS e Farinazzo RJM; reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito: Pazolini M e Cazelli JG; revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito: Pazolini M e Cazelli JG.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>11</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>eabc168</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>20</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>25</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>02</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chaves</title>
<kwd>Ap&#xEA;ndice atrial</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Tomografia computadorizada</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="5"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 65 anos de idade, foi internado por suspeita de Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC). Resson&#xE2;ncia Magn&#xE9;tica (RM) encef&#xE1;lica demonstrou hemorragia intracraniana (AVC hemorr&#xE1;gico) em regi&#xE3;o de t&#xE1;lamo e imagens compat&#xED;veis com infartos cerebrais antigos. Portador de hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica, dislipidemia, doen&#xE7;a arterial carot&#xED;dea (obstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o total de art&#xE9;ria car&#xF3;tida interna direita e 50% em art&#xE9;ria car&#xF3;tida interna esquerda) e doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva grave, com Infarto do Mioc&#xE1;rdio (IM) de parede anterior do Ventr&#xED;culo Esquerdo (VE) pr&#xE9;vio. Foi submetido &#xE0; revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica cir&#xFA;rgica em 1998 (enxertos de safena para Coron&#xE1;ria Direita &#x2013; CD &#x2013;, Diagonal &#x2013; DG &#x2013; e Circunflexa &#x2013; CX &#x2013;, al&#xE9;m de mam&#xE1;ria interna esquerda para descendente anterior) e &#xE0; angioplastia coronarianade CD em 2004 e de CX em 2014.</p>
<p>Ap&#xF3;s o IM, evoluiu com disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica severa do VE (fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 24%), tendo recebido Cardioversor Desfibrilador Implant&#xE1;vel (CDI) h&#xE1; 1 ano (Intica 5 DR-T, Biotronik). Vinha sendo acompanhado clinicamente, em uso de terapia medicamentosa otimizada para Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca (IC), al&#xE9;m de Dupla Antiagrega&#xE7;&#xE3;o Plaquet&#xE1;ria (DAPT), com &#xC1;cido Acetilsalic&#xED;lico (AAS) e clopidogrel. Seguimento do CDI foi realizado a cada 6 meses e continuamente por meio de telemetria remota (BIOTRONIK Home Monitoring&#xAE;).</p>
<p>Durante a interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o, foi submetido a Ecocardiograma Transesof&#xE1;gico (ETE), que detectou imagem ecodensa em Ap&#xEA;ndice Atrial Esquerdo (AAE), sugestiva de trombo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Dados do CDI desde o implante demonstraram aus&#xEA;ncia de Fibrila&#xE7;&#xE3;o Atrial (FA) ou ritmos atriais r&#xE1;pidos. Na imagem din&#xE2;mica do ETE (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f2">V&#xED;deo 1</xref>), observamos imagem em aspecto &#x201C;raiado&#x201D; no AAE, que fez suspeitar de artefato.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico. Plano esof&#xE1;gico m&#xE9;dio evidenciando estrutura ecodensa no segmento proximal do ap&#xEA;ndice atrial esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc168-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<media id="f2" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc168-m01.mp4">
<label>V&#xED;deo 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem din&#xE2;mica do ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico no plano esof&#xE1;gico m&#xE9;dio evidenciando (seta) estrutura ecodensa no segmento proximal do ap&#xEA;ndice atrial esquerdo.</title></caption></media>
<p>Assim, considerando a aus&#xEA;ncia de FA, a imagem suspeita e o importante impacto que a presen&#xE7;a de um trombo em AAE causaria na terap&#xEA;utica desse paciente (AVC hemorr&#xE1;gico recente), optou-se por submet&#xEA;-lo &#xE0; Angiotomografia Computadorizada (angio-TC) de cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Nesse exame, n&#xE3;o foram detectadas imagens de trombo em AAE, tendo sido observado stent em ponte de safena de aorta para ramo diagonalis da art&#xE9;ria coron&#xE1;ria esquerda, em segmento intimamente relacionado ao AAE, o qual foi considerado causa da imagem suspeita (artefato) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f4">V&#xED;deo 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Angiotomografia em reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o multiplanar curva, demonstrando trombose de stent em ponte livre de aorta para o ramo diagonalis, em &#xED;ntimo contato com a borda externa do ap&#xEA;ndice atrial esquerdo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc168-gf03.tif"/></fig>
<media id="f4" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc168-m02.mp4">
<label>V&#xED;deo 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagem din&#xE2;mica da Angiotomografia Computadorizada demonstrando o &#xED;ntimo contato da ponte de safena para ramo diagonal com a borda externa do ap&#xEA;ndice atrial esquerdo.</title></caption></media>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O Eco TEE &#xE9; considerado exame padr&#xE3;o-ouro paradetec&#xE7;&#xE3;o de trombos em AAE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Com aincorpora&#xE7;&#xE3;o da angio-TC de cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica, tornou-se mais frequente o diagn&#xF3;sticode &#x201C;falsa&#x201D; imagem de trombo, o chamado pseudotrombo, em AAE, explicadopela falha de enchimento do contraste, devido &#xE0; velocidade de fluxo reduzida nas trab&#xE9;culas do AAE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Recentemente, coma utiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de protocolos espec&#xED;ficos para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de trombos na angio-TC e capta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de imagens tardias, houve melhora significativa de sua sensibilidade e sua especificidade, com estas chegando pr&#xF3;ximas a 100% em algumas s&#xE9;ries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> e tornando-se, assim, op&#xE7;&#xE3;o menos invasiva ao ETE. Ela tem sido muito utilizada no pr&#xE9;-operat&#xF3;rio de abla&#xE7;&#xE3;o por cateter para tratamento da FA ou oclus&#xE3;o percut&#xE2;nea do AAE.</p>
<p>Destaca-se, neste caso, o diagn&#xF3;stico do pseudotrombo no ETE, que correspondia a artefato de estrutura extracard&#xED;aca met&#xE1;lica (stent) intimamente relacionado ao AAE, somente identificado na angio-TC card&#xED;aca e que foi relevante no tratamento do paciente.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Left Atrial Appendage Pseudo-Thrombus</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Marcio Augusto</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Pazolini</surname><given-names>Marcelo</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Cazelli</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Guilherme</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Peixoto</surname><given-names>Daniel Escobar Bueno</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Rua</surname><given-names>Rafael Soares</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Farinazzo</surname><given-names>Rodolpho Jacques de Melo</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Vit&#xF3;ria</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Unimed Hospital of Vit&#xF3;ria, Vit&#xF3;ria, ES, Brazil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#xE1;rcio Augusto Silva &#x2022;</bold> Rua Pedro Luiz Zanandrea 85, Mata da Praia, Vit&#xF3;ria, ES, CEP <postal-code>29065-610</postal-code> E-mail: <email>masilva.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Authors&#x2019; contributions</bold></p>
<p>Research concept and design: Silva MA; data collection: Silva MA, Cazelli JG, Peixoto DEB, Rua RS, and Farinazzo RJM; data analysis and interpretation: Silva MA, Pazolini M, Cazelli JG, Peixoto DEB, Rua RS, and Farinazzo RJM; manuscript writing: Pazolini M and Cazelli JG; critical review of the manuscript: Pazolini M and Cazelli JG.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Atrial appendage</kwd>
<kwd>Computed tomography</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<p>A 65-year-old man was admitted with a suspected cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intracranial hemorrhage (hemorrhagic CVA) in the thalamus region and findings suggestive of old cerebral infarctions. The patient had systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, carotid artery disease (complete occlusion of the right internal carotid artery and 50% occlusion of the left internal carotid artery), and severe obstructive coronary artery disease with a history of previous left ventricular (LV) anterior wall myocardial infarction (MI). He underwent surgical myocardial revascularization in 1998 (bypass of the right [RC], diagonal [DG], and circumflex [CX] coronary arteries in addition to left internal mammary artery bypass of the anterior descending artery), coronary RC angioplasty in 2004, and CX angioplasty in 2014.</p>
<p>After the MI, severe LV systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction of 24%) developed. The patient received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD; Intica 5 DR-T, Biotronik) 1 year prior to the current presentation. He had been clinically followed up on optimized heart failure (HF) drug therapy and dual antiplatelet aggregation therapy (DAPT) with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel. ICD follow-up was performed every 6 months and continuously by remote telemetry (Biotronik Home Monitoring&#xAE;).</p>
<p>During the current hospitalization, the patient underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), which revealed echo density in the left atrial appendage (LAA) suggestive of a thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). ICD data collected since implantation showed no atrial fibrillation (AF) or rapid atrial rhythm. Dynamic TEE imaging (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f6">Video 1</xref>) showed a streaking image in the LAA suggestive of an artefact.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Transesophageal echocardiogram In the mid-esophageal plane demonstrating an echo dense structure in the proximal segment of the left atrial appendage.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc168-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
<media id="f6" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc168-m01.mp4">
<label>Video 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Transesophageal echocardiogram&#x27;s dynamic view in the mid-esophageal plane demonstrating (arrow) an echo dense structure in the proximal segment of the left atrial appendage.</title></caption></media>
<p>Therefore, considering the absence of AF, the imaging findings, and the important impact that a thrombus in the LAA would have on the patient&#x2019;s treatment (recent hemorrhagic CVA), the patient underwent computed tomography coronary angiography (CT-angio), which revealed no evidence of an LAA thrombus but showed a coronary artery bypass graft from the aorta to the diagonal branch of the left coronary artery in a segment closely related to the LAA that was considered the cause of the suspected artefact (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="other" rid="f8">Video 2</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Computed tomography angiogram (curved multiplanar reconstruction) showing stent thrombosis of an aortic bypass to the diagonal branch in close contact with the outer border of the left atrial appendage.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc168-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
<media id="f8" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc168-m02.mp4">
<label>Video 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Computed Tomographic Angiogram&#x27;s dynamic view showing close contact of the aortic bypass to the diagonal branch with the outer border of the left atrial appendage.</title></caption></media>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>TEE is considered the gold standard test to detect LAA thrombi.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> With the incorporation of heart CT-angio into clinical practice, the diagnosis of a &#x201C;false&#x201D; thrombus, called pseudo-thrombus, in the LAA has become more frequent and is explained by contrast filling failure due to reduced flow velocity in the LAA trabeculae.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The recent use of specific CT-angio protocols to evaluate thrombi and late imaging capture has significantly improved its sensitivity and specificity, which reaches near 100% in some series,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> thus becoming a less invasive option than TEE. It has been widely used in preoperative catheter ablation to treat AF or LAA percutaneous occlusions.</p>
<p>In this case, it is noteworthy that the diagnosis of pseudo-thrombus by TEE corresponded to an extracardiac metallic structure (stent) artefact closely related to the LAA but only identified on the cardiac CT-angio and relevant in the patient&#x2019;s treatment.</p>
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