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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20213402eabc159</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213402eabc159</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Mucopolissacaridoses IV e VI: Aspectos ao Ecocardiograma Bidimensional com <italic>Strain</italic> pelo <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> em uma S&#xE9;rie de Casos</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Teodoro</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o Vitor Tiveron</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>Lav&#xED;nia Ayumi Borges</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Marques</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Vin&#xED;cius Marques</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Grangeiro</surname><given-names>Carlos Henrique Paiva</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Adriana de Nazar&#xE9; Miziara</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Tri&#xE2;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Uberaba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#xE2;ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#xE1;</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Complexo Hospitalar</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar da Universidade Federal do Cear&#xE1;, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Jo&#xE3;o Vitor Tiveron Teodoro &#x2022;</bold> Servi&#xE7;o de M&#xE9;todos Gr&#xE1;ficos do Hospital de Cl&#xED;nicas da Universidade Federal do Tri&#xE2;ngulo Mineiro. Av. Frei Paulino, S/N, Bairro Abadia, <postal-code>38025-180</postal-code>. MG, Brasil. E-mail: <email>jvitortiveron@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos autores:</bold></p>
<p>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira ANMO e Grangeiro CHP; Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados: Teodoro JVTT, Ribeiro LAB, Oliveira ANMO e Grangeiro CHP; An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados: Teodoro JVTT, Ribeiro LAB, Ferreira Neto JM, Ferreira VM, Oliveira ANMO e Grangeiro CHP; Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito: Teodoro JVTT, Ribeiro LAB, Ferreira Neto JM, Ferreira VM, Oliveira ANMO e Grangeiro CHP; Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante: Teodoro JVTT, Ribeiro LAB, Ferreira Neto JM, Ferreira VM, Oliveira ANMO e Grangeiro CHP.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>11</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>eabc159</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>29</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>14</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>20</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2021</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Mucopolissacaridose IV</kwd>
<kwd>Mucopolissacaridose VI</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
<kwd>Doen&#xE7;as raras</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>As Mucopolissacaridoses (MPSs) pertencem ao grupo das doen&#xE7;as de dep&#xF3;sito lisoss&#xF4;mico associadas &#xE0; defici&#xEA;ncia parcial ou total de 11 diferentes hidrolases lisoss&#xF4;micas respons&#xE1;veis pela degrada&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos Glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O ac&#xFA;mulo desses GAGs pode comprometer as v&#xE1;lvulas, o mioc&#xE1;rdio e os vasos coron&#xE1;rios. As formas que acumulam sulfato de dermatan (MPS I, II, VI e VII) est&#xE3;o associadas com espessamento valvar (E&#x3E;D). Al&#xE9;m disso, as MPSs s&#xE3;o consideradas uma das causas mais comuns de espessamento do anel mitral na inf&#xE2;ncia. O comprometimento card&#xED;aco ainda inclui hipertrofia, encurtamento das cordas tend&#xED;neas e espessamento dos m&#xFA;sculos papilares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> O ecocardiograma &#xE9; uma t&#xE9;cnica essencial para avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o do comprometimento card&#xED;aco nas MPSs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> O estudo da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) pelo <italic>Speckle-Tracking</italic> Bidimensional (2D-STE) confere avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o mais sens&#xED;vel da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fibra mioc&#xE1;rdica, revelando acometimento do mioc&#xE1;rdio precoce e subcl&#xED;nico, independentemente de altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es da Fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Ventr&#xED;culo Esquerdo (FEVE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
<p>Esta s&#xE9;rie de casos revisa aspectos ecogr&#xE1;ficos relevantes do acometimento card&#xED;aco, complementados pela t&#xE9;cnica do 2D-STE em tr&#xEA;s pacientes com MPS em seguimento ambulatorial e em uso de Terapia de Reposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o Enzim&#xE1;tica (TRE).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relatos dos casos</title>
<sec>
<title>Paciente 1</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 25 anos, diagn&#xF3;stico bioqu&#xED;mico de s&#xED;ndrome de Morquio (MPS IVA), aos 5 anos de idade, por baixa estatura e dismorfias craniofaciais. Os pais eram consangu&#xED;neos. A antropometria registrou: estatura de 111,5 cm;peso de 23,6 kg; &#xED;ndice de massa corporal de 18,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; frouxid&#xE3;o articular generalizada; deformidade em valgo dos joelhos; opacidade corneana; nistagmo horizontal; hipoestesia t&#xE1;til e dolorosa em luva e sopro sist&#xF3;lico suave em mesoc&#xE1;rdio. O Ecocardiograma Transtor&#xE1;cico (ETT) revelou valva mitral espessada e prolapso da c&#xFA;spide posterior competente. Havia aumento atrial esquerdo, sinais de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica com aumento das press&#xF5;es de enchimento (grau II) e espessamento valvar a&#xF3;rtico sem disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Pequena Comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o Interatrial (CIA) era observada no ter&#xE7;o m&#xE9;dio do septo. 2D-STE mostrou encurtamento reduzido na parede anterior e <italic>Strain Global Longitudinal</italic> (SGL) normal. Recebia 2mg/kg de elosulfase alfa (Vimizim<sup>&#xAE;</sup>) semanalmente h&#xE1; 6 anos. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma da paciente 1. (A) Apical de cinco c&#xE2;maras mostra espessamento valvar mitral e a&#xF3;rtico. (B) Modo M demonstra fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o sist&#xF3;lica preservada do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo. (C) Comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o interatrial sem repercuss&#xE3;o. (D) Doppler tecidual mostra aumento das press&#xF5;es de enchimento do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo com onda E&#x2019; reduzida.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc159-gf01.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Paciente 2</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 16 anos, diagn&#xF3;stico bioqu&#xED;mico de s&#xED;ndrome de Maroteaux-Lamy (MPS VI) aos 7 anos de idade por dismorfias craniofaciais. A antropometria registrou: estatura de 110cm; peso de 27,4 kg; &#xED;ndice de massa corporal de 22,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; macrocefalia; f&#xE1;cies infiltrada; exoftalmia; hipertrofia gengival e restri&#xE7;&#xE3;o articular. O ETT revelou aumento atrial esquerdo, refluxo mitral discreto, estenose mitral (&#xE1;rea valvar: 1,18 cm&#xB2;), valva tric&#xFA;spide espessada, valva a&#xF3;rtica espessada com insufici&#xEA;ncia discreta, Ventr&#xED;culo Esquerdo (VE) com remodelamento conc&#xEA;ntrico (espessura relativa de 0,6; massa de 83 g/m&#xB2;). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>)O 2D-STE demonstrou redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do encurtamento longitudinal da parede basal inferior e inferolateral e segmento m&#xE9;dio anterior e anterosseptal, por&#xE9;m SGL normal. Recebia TRE com 1mg/kg de galsulfase (Naglazyme<sup>&#xAE;</sup>) semanalmente h&#xE1; 8 anos.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma da paciente 2. (A) Apical de tr&#xEA;s c&#xE2;maras mostra valva mitral espessada. (B) Modo M demonstra abertura reduzida valvar mitral. (C) Doppler cont&#xED;nuo mostra estenose valvar mitral e refluxo. (D) Doppler cont&#xED;nuo com insufici&#xEA;ncia a&#xF3;rtica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc159-gf02.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Paciente 3</title>
<p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, diagn&#xF3;stico bioqu&#xED;mico da s&#xED;ndrome de Maroteaux-Lamy (MPS VI) aos 2 anos de idade por dismorfias craniofaciais. A antropometria registrou: estatura de 126 cm; peso de 26,6 kg; &#xED;ndice de massa corporal de 16,73 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; macrocefalia e rigidez articular. O ETT revelou valva mitral espessada, abertura reduzida, gradiente m&#xE9;dio de 5 mmHg e m&#xE1;ximo de 11 mmHg, &#xE1;rea valvar estimada em 2,27 cm&#xB2;, refluxo discreto (dupla les&#xE3;o valvar mitral discreta), valva a&#xF3;rtica espessada sem disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) O 2D-STE demonstrou redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do encurtamento longitudinal na parede anterior e SGL preservado. Recebia TRE com 1mg/kg de galsulfase (Naglazyme<sup>&#xAE;</sup>) semanalmente h&#xE1; 11 anos.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma do paciente 3. (A) Paraesternal transverso mostra espessamento e abertura valvar mitral reduzida. (B) Paraesternal transverso dos vasos da base mostra valva a&#xF3;rtica espessada. (C) Modo M apresenta espessamento e abertura reduzida da valvar mitral. (D) Doppler cont&#xED;nuo demonstra insufici&#xEA;ncia valvar mitral e eleva&#xE7;&#xE3;o do gradiente m&#xE9;dio.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc159-gf03.tif"/></fig>
<p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados pelo mesmo ecocardiografista. Foram feitos v&#xED;deos de boa qualidade em tr&#xEA;s janelas ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficas (quatro, tr&#xEA;s e duas c&#xE2;maras). Os exames foram realizados com o equipamento Philips Affiniti 50. A an&#xE1;lise do SGL por 2D-STE do VE foi realizada <italic>off-line</italic> por meio do <italic>software</italic> QLab.(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>)</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Strain longitudinal 2D-STE, bullseye. (A) Paciente 1: encurtamento reduzido na parede anterior, sem repercuss&#xE3;o sobre strain global longitudinal. (B) Paciente 2: redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do encurtamento longitudinal basal inferior e inferolateral; segmento m&#xE9;dio anterior e anterosseptal, sem repercuss&#xE3;o sobre strain global longitudinal. (C) Paciente 3: redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o do strain na parede anterior e inferior, sem repercuss&#xE3;o sobre strain global longitudinal.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc159-gf04.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>A taxa de incid&#xEA;ncia mundial das MPSs &#xE9; de 1 para cada 25 mil nascidos vivos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> configurando uma doen&#xE7;a rara. Em se tratando de preval&#xEA;ncia espec&#xED;fica, a MPS IV, ou s&#xED;ndrome de Morquio, corresponde a um n&#xFA;mero entre 0,15 a 1,3 a cada 100 mil habitantes, enquanto a MPS VI, ou s&#xED;ndrome de Marateaux-Lamy, &#xE9; mais rara, embora, no Brasil, represente em torno de 20% de todos os casos de MPSs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> O acometimento card&#xED;aco nas MPSs &#xE9; progressivo e uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade precoce. As principais causas de eventos fatais s&#xE3;o a insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca, as arritmias graves levando &#xE0; morte s&#xFA;bita e a oclus&#xE3;o coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> A t&#xE9;cnica 2D-STE tem ganhado import&#xE2;ncia para pacientes com MPS devido &#xE0; possibilidade de detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoce do comprometimento card&#xED;aco e de acompanhamento mais preciso desses casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
<p>Os achados ecocardiogr&#xE1;ficos mais comuns nos pacientes em quest&#xE3;o foram espessamento valvar mitral e a&#xF3;rtico com diferentes graus de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o valvar. Essa caracter&#xED;stica foi relatada em outros estudos, aparecendo em todos os pacientes com MPS VI, exceto para os mais lentamente progressivos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> e em quase metade dos pacientes com MPS IV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
<p>Observou-se comprometimento do VE na paciente 1, que apresentou sinais de disfun&#xE7;&#xE3;o diast&#xF3;lica grau II, e na paciente 2, que demonstrou aumento discreto da espessura mioc&#xE1;rdica, o que pode estar relacionado a aumento da massa ventricular e/ou redu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da complac&#xEA;ncia por dep&#xF3;sitos intra e intercelulares. Ap&#xF3;s cerca de 1 ano com a TRE (se iniciada em tempo h&#xE1;bil), h&#xE1; relatos de regress&#xE3;o da hipertrofia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
<p>Os pacientes deste relato n&#xE3;o demonstraram significativa altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o no SGL do VE, o que reflete a deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o sobretudo das fibras subendoc&#xE1;rdicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> sendo os valores globais obtidos normais para suas faixas et&#xE1;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Contudo, h&#xE1; relatos de altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o no <italic>strain global</italic> circunferencial e radial de pacientes com MPSs, envolvendo, respectivamente, as fibras da camada m&#xE9;dia e subepic&#xE1;rdicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Na doen&#xE7;a de Fabry, outra doen&#xE7;a multissist&#xEA;mica de dep&#xF3;sito, h&#xE1; relatos de altera&#xE7;&#xE3;o da deforma&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica em todas as tr&#xEA;s dire&#xE7;&#xF5;es avaliadas pelo 2D-STE, isto &#xE9;, longitudinal, circunferencial e radial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Nos pacientes deste relato, foram observadas, ainda, altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es regionais, lembrando um padr&#xE3;o heterog&#xEA;neo, com mais frequ&#xEA;ncia nos segmentos da parede anterior e basal inferolateral. Embora esta s&#xE9;rie de casos conte com um pequeno n&#xFA;mero de pacientes, o que n&#xE3;o permite maiores infer&#xEA;ncias estat&#xED;sticas, por se tratarem de doen&#xE7;as raras, considera-se o dado interessante para observa&#xE7;&#xF5;es futuras.</p>
<p>Embora a aplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do 2D-STE na pr&#xE1;tica cl&#xED;nica ainda n&#xE3;o seja universal, diversos estudos t&#xEA;m sido feitos para estabelecer sua acur&#xE1;cia e confiabilidade. Um aspecto que interfere em seu potencial uso de rotina &#xE9; a possibilidade de variabilidade do SGL, que, embora apresente boa reprodutibilidade intra e interobservador e pequena curva de aprendizado, ele apresenta fatores que podem limitar a acur&#xE1;cia dos achados, como a variabilidade entre equipamentos distintos, que pode chegar a &#xB1;5%, e a qualidade da imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
<p>A t&#xE9;cnica 2D-STE &#xE9; uma ferramenta &#xFA;til e importante na detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoce de afec&#xE7;&#xF5;es do mioc&#xE1;rdio, particularmente em pacientes com doen&#xE7;as de dep&#xF3;sito, que se beneficiam de diagn&#xF3;stico e introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o precoces do tratamento espec&#xED;fico, al&#xE9;m do uso de interven&#xE7;&#xF5;es terap&#xEA;uticas, no sentido de cardioprote&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Entretanto, mais estudos se fazem necess&#xE1;rios nos aspectos progn&#xF3;sticos e de controle evolutivo do uso do m&#xE9;todo.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Mucopolysaccharidoses IV and VI: Aspects in Two-dimensional Speckle-tracking Strain Echocardiogram Imaging in a Case Series</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Teodoro</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o Vitor Tiveron</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>Lav&#xED;nia Ayumi Borges</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Jos&#xE9; Marques</given-names><suffix>Neto</suffix></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Vin&#xED;cius Marques</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Grangeiro</surname><given-names>Carlos Henrique Paiva</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Adriana de Nazar&#xE9; Miziara</given-names></name> <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Uberaba</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Tri&#xE2;ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Complex of the Federal University of Cear&#xE1;, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#xE3;o Vitor Tiveron Teodoro &#x2022;</bold> E-mail: <email>jvitortiveron@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Authors&#x2019; Contributions:</bold></p>
<p>Research conception and design: Oliveira ANMO and Grangeiro CHP; data collection: Teodoro JVTT, Ribeiro LAB, Oliveira ANMO, and Grangeiro CHP; data analysis and interpretation: Teodoro JVTT, Ribeiro LAB, Ferreira Neto JM, Ferreira VM, Oliveira ANMO, and Grangeiro CHP; manuscript writing: Teodoro JVTT, Ribeiro LAB, Ferreira Neto JM, Ferreira VM, Oliveira ANMO, and Grangeiro CHP; critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Teodoro JVTT, Ribeiro LAB, Ferreira Neto JM, Ferreira VM, Oliveira ANMO, and Grangeiro CHP.</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
<kwd>Mucopolysaccharidosis IV</kwd>
<kwd>Mucopolysaccharidosis VI</kwd>
<kwd>Rare diseases</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) belongs to the group of lysosomal storage diseases associated with the partial or total deficiency of 11 different lysosomal hydrolases responsible for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. GAG accumulation may affect the valves, myocardium, and coronary vessels. The forms that accumulate dermatan sulfate (MPS I, II, VI, and VII) are associated with valvular thickening (L &#x3E; R). MPS is one of the most common causes of mitral annulus thickening in children. Cardiac involvement also includes hypertrophy, tendinous cord shortening, and papillary muscle thickening<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Echocardiography is an essential technique used to assess cardiac involvement in MPS. The study of myocardial strain using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) provides a more sensitive evaluation of myocardial fiber strain that can reveal early and subclinical myocardial involvement regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) changes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
<p>This case series reviews relevant echocardiographic aspects of cardiac involvement complemented by 2D-STE in three patients with MPS during outpatient follow-up and taking enzyme replacement therapy (ERT).</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case reports</title>
<sec>
<title>Patient 1</title>
<p>A 25-year-old woman previously received the biochemical diagnosis of Morquio syndrome (MPS IVA) at 5 years of age due to her short stature and craniofacial dysmorphia. Her parents were consanguineous. At that time, she had a height of 111.5 cm, a weight of 23.6 kg, a body mass index of 18.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, generalized joint laxity, valgus deformity in the knees, corneal opacity, horizontal nystagmus, tactile and painful glove hypoesthesia, and a mild mesocardial systolic murmur. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed a thickened mitral valve and prolapse of the competent posterior cusp.</p>
<p>There was also left atrial enlargement, signs of diastolic dysfunction with increased filling pressures (grade II), and aortic valve thickening without dysfunction. A small atrial septal defect (ASD) was observed in the middle third of the septum. The use of 2D-STE showed reduced shortening in the anterior wall and a normal global longitudinal strain (GLS). The patient had been treated with elosulfase alfa (Vimizim<sup>&#xAE;</sup>) 2 mg/kg weekly for 6 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Echocardiogram of patient 1. (A) Five-chamber apical view showing mitral and aortic valve thickening. (B) M mode demonstrating preserved left ventricular systolic function. (C) Atrial septal defect with no repercussion. (D) Tissue Doppler showing increased left ventricular filling pressures with a decreased E-wave.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc159-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Patient 2</title>
<p>A 16-year-old female patient previously received the biochemical diagnosis of Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS VI) at 7 years of age due to craniofacial dysmorphia. At that time, the patient had a height of 110 cm, a weight of 27.4 kg, a body mass index of 22.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, macrocephaly, infiltrated facies, exophthalmia, gingival hypertrophy, and joint restriction. TTE revealed left atrial enlargement, mild mitral reflux, mitral stenosis (valve area: 1.18 cm&#xB2;), a thickened tricuspid valve, a thickened aortic valve with mild insufficiency, and concentric left ventricular (LV) remodeling (relative thickness of 0.6, mass of 83 g/m&#xB2;) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). The use of 2D-STE revealed reduced longitudinal shortening in the lower and inferolateral basal wall and anterior middle and anteroseptal segment but a normal GLS. The patient had received ERT consisting of galsulfase (Naglazyme<sup>&#xAE;</sup>) 1 mg/kg weekly for 8 years.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Echocardiogram of patient 2. (A) Tree-chamber apical view showing a thickened mitral valve. (B) M-mode showing a reduced mitral valve opening. (C) Continuous Doppler showing mitral valve stenosis and reflux. (D) Continuous Doppler showing aortic insufficiency.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc159-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Patient 3</title>
<p>A 13-year-old male patient previously received the biochemical diagnosis of Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS VI) at 2 years of age due to craniofacial dysmorphia. At that time, the patient had a height of 126 cm, a weight of 26.6 kg, a body mass index of 16.73 kg/m&#xB2;, macrocephaly, and joint stiffness. TTE revealed a thickened mitral valve, a reduced mitral valve opening, a mean gradient of 5 mmHg and maximum gradient of 11 mmHg, an estimated valvar area of 2.27 cm&#xB2;, mild reflux (mild double mitral valve lesion), and a thickened aortic valve without dysfunction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). The use of 2D-STE showed reduced longitudinal shortening in the anterior wall and a preserved GLS. The patient had received ERT consisting of galsulfase (Naglazyme<sup>&#xAE;</sup>) 1 mg/kg weekly for 11 years.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Echocardiogram of patient 3. (A) Transverse parasternal view showing thickening and a reduced mitral valve opening. (B) Transverse parasternal view of base vessels showing a thickened aortic valve. (C) M-mode showing thickening and a reduced mitral valve opening. (D) Continuous Doppler showing mitral valve insufficiency and an increased mean gradient.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc159-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
<p>All patients were evaluated by the same echocardiographer. Good quality videos were made in three echocardiographic windows (four-, three-, and two- chamber). The exams were performed using Philips Affiniti 50 equipment. The 2D-STE GLS analysis was performed offline using QLAB software (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>The 2D-STE longitudinal strain bullseye. (A) Patient 1: Reduced shortening of the anterior wall without repercussion on the global longitudinal strain. (B) Patient 2: Reduced longitudinal shortening of the lower and inferolateral basal wall of the anterior middle and anteroseptal segment without repercussion on the global longitudinal strain. (C) Patient 3: Reduction anterior and inferior wall strain without repercussion on the global longitudinal strain.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc159-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The global MPS incidence is 1 per 25 live births<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>, making it a rare disease. The specific prevalence of MPS IV (Morquio syndrome) is 0.15&#x2013;1.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, whereas MPS VI (Marateaux-Lamy syndrome), although rarer, represents around 20% of all MPP cases in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Cardiac involvement in PSS is progressive and among the main causes of early morbidity and mortality. The main causes of death are heart failure, severe arrhythmia leading to sudden death, and coronary occlusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. The use of 2D-STE has become important for MPS patients due to the possibility of early cardiac involvement detection and more accurate follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>.</p>
<p>The most common echocardiography findings of these analyzed patients were mitral and aortic valve thickening with different degrees of valve dysfunction. Other studies reported this characteristic in all MPS VI patients except in cases with slower progression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> and almost half of MPS IV patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
<p>LV involvement was observed in patient 1, who presented signs of grade II diastolic dysfunction, and patient 2, who presented slightly increased myocardial thickness, which may be related to increased ventricular mass and/or decreased compliance due to intra- and intercellular storage. There are reports of hypertrophy regression after about 1 year of ERT (if started promptly).</p>
<p>The patients analyzed in this study showed no significant LV GLS changes, which primarily reflects subendocardial fiber strain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> with normal overall values for their age groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. However, some studies reported circumferential and radial GLS changes in MPS patients involving the middle and subepicardial layer fibers, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. Reports on Fabry disease, another multisystemic storage disorder, demonstrated myocardial strain changes in the three directions evaluated using 2D-STE, i.e., longitudinal, circumferential, and radial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. This report also showed regional changes in a heterogeneous pattern that occurred more frequently in the anterior and inferolateral basal wall segments. Although this case series included a small number of patients that precludes any higher statistical inferences in the analysis of rare diseases, it provides important data for future research.</p>
<p>Although the use of 2D-STE in clinical practice is not universal, several studies have established its accuracy and reliability. One aspect that interferes with its potential routine use is the possibility of GLS variability, and, although it presented good intra- and interobserver reproducibility and a small learning curve, it involves factors that may limit the accuracy of our findings, such as inter-device variability, which can reach &#xB1;5%, and image quality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
<p>Finally, 2D-STE is a useful and important tool in the early detection of myocardial diseases, particularly in patients with storage diseases who can benefit from an early diagnosis and the introduction of specific treatment in addition to the use of cardioprotective therapeutic interventions. However, further studies on the prognostic and progressive control aspects of the use of 2D-STE are necessary.</p>
</sec></body></sub-article>
</article>