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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2675-312X/20213402eabc136</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213402eabc136</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Pseudoaneurisma Ventricular Esquerdo em Paciente Diab&#xE9;tico sem Cl&#xED;nica de S&#xED;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Carrijo</surname><given-names>Alice Mirane Malta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Marcela Gomes de</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Marina Vit&#xF3;ria Silva</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>O&#x2019;Connell</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o Lucas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#xE2;ndia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#xE2;ndia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#xE2;ndia, Uberl&#xE2;ndia, MG, Brasil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Jo&#xE3;o Lucas O&#x2019;Connell &#x2022;</bold> Rua da Carioca, 2.005, casa 852. Morada da Colina. CEP: <postal-code>38411-151</postal-code>. Uberl&#xE2;ndia, MG, Brasil. E-mail: <email>oconnelljl@me.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflito de interesses</bold></p>
<p>Os autores declaram n&#xE3;o terem conflitos de interesse.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos autores</bold></p>
<p>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa: Carrijo AMM, Souza MG e Costa MVS; Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados: Carrijo AMM, Souza MG e Costa MVS; An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados: Carrijo AMM, Souza MG, Costa MVS e O&#x2019;Connell JL; Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito: Carrijo AMM, Souza MG, Costa MVS e O&#x2019;Connell JL; Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante: O&#x2019;Connell JL.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>11</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>eabc136</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>09</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>10</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2020</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Falso aneurisma</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Diabetes mellitus</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="14"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdu&#xE7;&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O pseudoaneurisma do Ventr&#xED;culo Esquerdo (VE) consiste em uma ruptura da parede livre, que &#xE9; contida pelo peric&#xE1;rdio adjacente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> &#xC9; uma patologia grave e de alta morbimortalidade que, geralmente, surge como complica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#xE1;rdio (IAM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> O quadro cl&#xED;nico pode ser inespec&#xED;fico e, em algumas situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es, o paciente &#xE9; assintom&#xE1;tico, o que pode dificultar o diagn&#xF3;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#x2013;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Em raz&#xE3;o do risco elevado de ruptura e tamponamento card&#xED;aco a corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica &#xE9; o tratamento de escolha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
<p>Relata-se o caso de paciente portador de <italic>Diabetes Mellitus</italic> (DM), com hist&#xF3;ria pr&#xE9;via de transplante renal, imunossuprimido e assintom&#xE1;tico, que teve o diagn&#xF3;stico incidental de pseudoaneurisma do VE.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato do caso</title>
<p>Paciente brasileiro, sexo masculino, branco, 55 anos, hipertenso, com hipotireoidismo, portador de DM h&#xE1; 25 anos (em insulinoterapia nos &#xFA;ltimos 5), insufici&#xEA;ncia renal cr&#xF4;nica em est&#xE1;gio IV e transplantado renal em uso de imunossupressores h&#xE1; 3 anos.</p>
<p>Foi admitido com quadro de p&#xE9; diab&#xE9;tico, submetido &#xE0; antibioticoterapia e &#xE0; amputa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de terceiro podod&#xE1;ctilo &#xE0; direita. Negava outros sintomas. Foram solicitadas, durante a interna&#xE7;&#xE3;o, ecocardiografias (primeiro transtor&#xE1;cica e, devido &#xE0;s altera&#xE7;&#xF5;es encontradas, tamb&#xE9;m uma trasesof&#xE1;gica), que evidenciaram di&#xE2;metros de cavidades esquerdas no limite superior da normalidade, fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda preservada (&#xE1;trio esquerdo de 40mm; VE de 56mm; fra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de eje&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 56%) e hipocinesia importante dos segmentos m&#xE9;dio e basal da parede inferior. Foi identificada tamb&#xE9;m acinesia de parede inferolateral, associada a uma solu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de continuidade do mioc&#xE1;rdio e a um abaulamento sacular, com trombo em seu interior, que se comunicava com o VE (presen&#xE7;a de fluxo detectado ao Doppler), bastante sugestivo de pseudoaneurisma de VE. Os di&#xE2;metros do pseudoaneurisma foram calculados em colo de 1,7cm; di&#xE2;metro anteroposterior interno de 3cm; di&#xE2;metro laterolateral 3,7cm e 4cm de di&#xE2;metro longitudinal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma transesof&#xE1;gico no corte es&#xF4;fago m&#xE9;dio longitudinal. (A) Solu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de continuidade na parede inferolateral do ventr&#xED;culo esquerdo evidenciada, medindo, nessa proje&#xE7;&#xE3;o, 1,7 cm. (B) Imagem, na mesma proje&#xE7;&#xE3;o, com Doppler colorido, evidenciando fluxo (em azul) em dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o ao pseudoaneurisma.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc136-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<p>A cinecoronariografia mostrou estenoses de 30% proximal e 70% em ter&#xE7;o m&#xE9;dio do ramo Ventricular Posterior Direito (VPD) da art&#xE9;ria coron&#xE1;ria direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>), sem outras estenoses significativas. A ventriculografia esquerda n&#xE3;o foi realizada pelo risco relaconado ao diagn&#xF3;stico j&#xE1; estabelecido de pseudoaneurisma ventricular associado a trombos.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Coronariografia. (A) Esquerda, evidenciando aus&#xEA;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva significativa. (B) Direita, evidenciando estenose importante em segmento m&#xE9;dio-distal de ramo ventricular posterior direito.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc136-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<p>O paciente foi submetido &#xE0; cirurgia de reconstru&#xE7;&#xE3;o ventricular esquerda com fechamento da parede livre no local de rotura com implante de <italic>pacth</italic> de peric&#xE1;rdio bovino, sem intercorr&#xEA;ncias. Optou-se pela n&#xE3;o realiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de revasculariza&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica por conta do leito distal inadequado do ramo VPD. No intraoperat&#xF3;rio, a ecocardiografia transesof&#xE1;gica demonstrou resolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o da descontinuidade ventricular, inclusive ao Doppler. No p&#xF3;s-operat&#xF3;rio, permaneceu assintom&#xE1;tico e recebeu alta hospitalar 5 dias ap&#xF3;s a cirurgia.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discuss&#xE3;o</title>
<p>O pseudoaneurisma do VE se forma quando uma ruptura da parede card&#xED;aca &#xE9; tamponada por peric&#xE1;rdio aderente ou tecido cicatricial, sem conter endoc&#xE1;rdio ou mioc&#xE1;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Devido ao estado inflamat&#xF3;rio e pr&#xF3;-tromb&#xF3;tico, forma-se um hematoma com a apar&#xEA;ncia de um aneurisma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Trata-se, geralmente, de uma complica&#xE7;&#xE3;o mec&#xE2;nica ap&#xF3;s um quadro cl&#xE1;ssico de IAM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> e costuma ocorrer dentro de 5 a 7 dias ap&#xF3;s o evento, quando a friabilidade do tecido necr&#xF3;tico infartado confere fragilidade significativa &#xE0; parede ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
<p>Em virtude do maior adelga&#xE7;amento da parede ventricular em sua por&#xE7;&#xE3;o inferior, infartos nessa regi&#xE3;o est&#xE3;o relacionados a uma maior chance de pseudoaneurismas (quando comparados aos de parede anterior).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Dentre os fatores de risco para a ocorr&#xEA;ncia de falso aneurisma, destacam-se sexo feminino, idade avan&#xE7;ada, hipertens&#xE3;o, primeiro IAM, IAM transmural, aus&#xEA;ncia de tromb&#xF3;lise, tromb&#xF3;lise tardia, tromb&#xF3;lise qu&#xED;mica (quando comparada &#xE0; mec&#xE2;nica), aus&#xEA;ncia de circula&#xE7;&#xE3;o colateral e uso de corticoides, imunossupressores e outras drogas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A faixa de idade m&#xE9;dia na apresenta&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; de 60 anos, sendo a maioria dos pacientes da ra&#xE7;a branca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Outras situa&#xE7;&#xF5;es, que n&#xE3;o o IAM (cirurgias card&#xED;acas, trauma tor&#xE1;cico, invas&#xE3;o tumoral e infec&#xE7;&#xF5;es), tamb&#xE9;m podem resultar em pseudoaneurisma de VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
<p>O desenvolvimento de pseudoaneurisma de VE ocorre em menos de 0,1% dos pacientes com IAM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> e, devido &#xE0; sua maior propens&#xE3;o a ruptura (de 30 a 45% em pacientes n&#xE3;o tratados),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> ao tamponamento card&#xED;aco, ao choque e &#xE0; morte,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> configura-se como condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica de urg&#xEA;ncia, com necessidade de tratamento imediato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Diferentemente, um aneurisma verdadeiro resulta do enfraquecimento da parede card&#xED;aca que, entretanto, mant&#xE9;m a integridade de suas camadas (endoc&#xE1;rdio, mioc&#xE1;rdio, epic&#xE1;rdio e peric&#xE1;rdio) e que, na maioria dos casos, n&#xE3;o requer abordagem urgente ou nem mesmo intervencionista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
<p>O movimento discin&#xE9;tico do cora&#xE7;&#xE3;o pode resultar em insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca, e a &#xE1;rea infartada pode ainda gerar arritmias e forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o de co&#xE1;gulos, que podem embolizar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Normalmente, o falso aneurisma de VE apresenta sintomas, como dor no peito, dispneia e hipotens&#xE3;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Entretanto, mais de 10% dos casos podem ser assintom&#xE1;ticos e diagnosticados incidentalmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Nesses casos, o diagn&#xF3;stico &#xE9; realizado durante a fase cr&#xF4;nica, pois o pseudoaneurisma pode evoluir durante anos sem ruptura. Todavia, &#xE9; prov&#xE1;vel que parte significativa dos pacientes n&#xE3;o tenha seu diagn&#xF3;stico estabelecido na fase aguda, em virtude da ruptura precoce e fatal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
<p>A detec&#xE7;&#xE3;o incidental na angiografia ou na ecocardiografia transtor&#xE1;cica &#xE9; comum, devido &#xE0; sua maior disponibilidade e ao seu uso rotineiro durante avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o inicial de pacientes com dor no peito, sopro e insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> A angiografia de VE &#xE9; o m&#xE9;todo preferencial, pois &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel observar um orif&#xED;cio estreito que conduz a uma estrutura sacular, al&#xE9;m da aus&#xEA;ncia de art&#xE9;rias coron&#xE1;rias em suas proximidades. A ventriculografia esquerda possui acuidade diagn&#xF3;stica de 85%, apesar do risco real de emboliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o de material tromb&#xF3;tico eventualmente presente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> J&#xE1; a ecocardiografia transtor&#xE1;cica pode evidenciar a descontinuidade do endoc&#xE1;rdio e uma conex&#xE3;o do fluxo sist&#xF3;lico turbulento do VE para o saco aneurism&#xE1;tico, al&#xE9;m de uma rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre as dimens&#xF5;es do orif&#xED;cio para o di&#xE2;metro do pseudoaneurisma maior que 0,5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
<p>A tomografia computadorizada e a Resson&#xE2;ncia Magn&#xE9;tica Card&#xED;aca (RMC) tamb&#xE9;m podem ser utilizadas para o diagn&#xF3;stico. Na pr&#xE1;tica, esses m&#xE9;todos t&#xEA;m a capacidade de detalhar ainda mais as caracter&#xED;sticas da descontinuidade. A RMC, por exemplo, pode evidenciar a aus&#xEA;ncia do endoc&#xE1;rdio e mioc&#xE1;rdio junto do aneurisma, al&#xE9;m de ser eficaz na avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fun&#xE7;&#xE3;o mioc&#xE1;rdica, da contratilidade, da perfus&#xE3;o tecidual e do fluxo sangu&#xED;neo turbulento nas c&#xE2;maras card&#xED;acas atrav&#xE9;s do falso aneurisma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
<p>Pacientes portadores de DM, como o do caso relatado, possuem um fator de risco significativo associado ao desenvolvimento da doen&#xE7;a arterial coronariana, al&#xE9;m de maior incid&#xEA;ncia de IAM silencioso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A insufici&#xEA;ncia renal e o uso de imunossupressores ap&#xF3;s transplante renal tamb&#xE9;m s&#xE3;o fatores de risco n&#xE3;o s&#xF3; para o desenvolvimento de cardiopatia isqu&#xEA;mica, mas tamb&#xE9;m para a ocorr&#xEA;ncia de ruptura ventricular p&#xF3;s infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
<p>O tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico do pseudoaneurisma &#xE9; o mais adequado, devido &#xE0; possibilidade de excluir o pseudoaneurisma e restaurar a morfologia do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Devido &#xE0; alta tend&#xEA;ncia &#xE0; ruptura (30% a 45%) e &#xE0; chance de morte s&#xFA;bita, o tratamento cir&#xFA;rgico deve ser recomendado e ser realizado o mais precocemente poss&#xED;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A mortalidade descrita da cirurgia &#xE9; menor do que a dos pacientes conduzidos clinicamente (23% <italic>versus</italic> 48%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
<p>A equipe m&#xE9;dica considerou as condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas do paciente do caso relatado e as caracter&#xED;sticas morfol&#xF3;gicas do pseudoaneurisma e optou pela indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o cir&#xFA;rgica. Ap&#xF3;s a cirurgia e a corre&#xE7;&#xE3;o da descontinuidade, o paciente evoluiu assintom&#xE1;tico e est&#xE1;vel, recebendo alta hospitalar ap&#xF3;s 5 dias.</p>
<p>O pseudoaneurisma do VE &#xE9; uma condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o rara que, geralmente, ocorre ap&#xF3;s o IAM e se relaciona &#xE0; alta mortalidade, quando n&#xE3;o diagnosticado e tratado adequadamente. Requer tratamento imediato, devido &#xE0; possibilidade de ruptura. &#xC9; muito importante conhecer todos os m&#xE9;todos diagn&#xF3;sticos e as estrat&#xE9;gias terap&#xEA;uticas para seu manejo, a fim de tentar diminuir a alta mobimortalidade relacionada a essa patologia. O presente relato refor&#xE7;a ainda a import&#xE2;ncia de uma boa avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o pr&#xE9;-operat&#xF3;ria, considerando todos os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de cardiopatia isqu&#xEA;mica e, consequentemente, de sua estabiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o antes de cirurgias de maior porte.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm in a Diabetic Patient without Clinical Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Carrijo</surname><given-names>Alice Mirane Malta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Marcela Gomes de</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Marina Vit&#xF3;ria Silva</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>O&#x2019;Connell</surname><given-names>Jo&#xE3;o Lucas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#xE2;ndia</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Federal University of Uberl&#xE2;ndia, Uberl&#xE2;ndia, MG, Brazil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#xE3;o Lucas O&#x2019;Connell &#x2022;</bold> Rua da Carioca, 2.005, casa 852. Morada da Colina. CEP: <postal-code>38411-151</postal-code>. Uberl&#xE2;ndia, MG, Brazil. E-mail: <email>oconnelljl@me.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold></p>
<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Authors&#x2019; contributions</bold></p>
<p>Research conception and design: Carrijo AMM, Souza MG, and Costa MVS; data collection: Carrijo AMM, Souza MG, and Costa MVS; data analysis and interpretation: Carrijo AMM, Souza MG, Costa MVS, and O&#x2019;Connell JL; manuscript writing: Carrijo AMM, Souza MG, Costa MVS, and O&#x2019;Connell JL; and critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: O&#x2019;Connell JL.</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Aneurysm, false</kwd>
<kwd>Diabetes mellitus</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Left ventricular (LV) pseudoaneurysm consists of a free wall rupture contained by the adjacent pericardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> It is a severe pathology with high morbidity and mortality and usually a complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Its clinical status may be nonspecific; in some situations, the patient is asymptomatic, which may hinder the diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#x2013;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Surgical correction is the treatment of choice due to the high risk of rupture and cardiac tamponade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
<p>This is a case report of an asymptomatic diabetes mellitus (DM) patient with a previous history of kidney transplantation and immunosuppression who had an incidental diagnosis of LV pseudoaneurysm.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>A Brazilian 55-year-old man with hypertension and hypothyroidism had a 25-year history of DM (on insulin therapy for the past 5 years) and chronic stage IV renal failure and had undergone a renal transplant using immunosuppressants 3 years prior. He was admitted with diabetic foot and underwent antibiotic therapy and amputation of the third right toe. The patient denied other symptoms. During the hospitalization, he underwent echocardiography (transthoracic and, due to the changes found, transesophageal), which evidenced left cavity diameters at the upper limit of normal, preserved left ventricular function (left atrium, 40 mm; LV, 56 mm; ejection fraction, 56%), and significant hypokinesia in the middle and basal segments of the lower wall. Inferolateral wall akinesia was also identified associated with myocardial discontinuity and a saccular bulge with a thrombus inside, which communicated with the LV (flow detected on Doppler) and was quite suggestive of LV pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm measured 1.7 cm at the neck and had an internal anteroposterior diameter of 3 cm, laterolateral diameter of 3.7 cm, and longitudinal diameter of 4 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Transesophageal echocardiogram revealing a longitudinal median esophageal cut. (A) Left ventricle inferolateral wall discontinuity measuring 1.7 cm in this projection. (B) Color Doppler image in the same projection showing flow (in blue) toward the pseudoaneurysm.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc136-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
<p>Cine computed tomography angiography revealed 30% proximal and 70% middle third stenoses in the right posterior ventricular (RPV) branch of the right coronary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>) but no other significant stenosis. Left ventriculography was not performed due to risks related to the already established diagnosis of ventricular pseudoaneurysm associated with the thrombi.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Coronary computed tomography angiogram. (A) Left view shows no significant obstructive coronary artery disease. (B) Right view shows significant stenosis in the middle-distal segment of the right posterior ventricular branch.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-2-eabc136-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
<p>The patient underwent LV reconstruction surgery with closure of the free wall rupture and implantation of bovine pericardium patch. No complications occurred. Myocardial revascularization was not performed due to distal bed inadequacy in the RPV branch. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography and a Doppler examination showed correction of the ventricular discontinuity. The patient remained asymptomatic in the postoperative period and was discharged from the hospital 5 days after the surgery.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>LV pseudoaneurysm forms when a cardiac wall rupture is blocked by adherent pericardium or scar tissue without containing endocardium or myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Due to the inflammatory and prothrombotic condition, a hematoma looking like an aneurysm forms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> This is usually a mechanical complication after classic AMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> that occurs within 5&#x2013;7 days after the event when the infarcted necrotic tissue is friable, making the ventricular wall significantly fragile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
<p>Due to greater ventricular wall thinning in its lower portion, infarcts in this region versus the anterior wall are associated with a greater chance of pseudoaneurysm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Some important risk factors for false aneurysm include: female sex; older age; hypertension; first AMI; transmural AMI; absence of thrombolysis, late thrombolysis; chemical thrombolysis (versus mechanical); absence of collateral circulation; and the use of corticoids, immunosuppressants, or other drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. The mean age at presentation is 60 years, and most patients are Caucasian.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Conditions other than AMI (cardiac surgery, chest trauma, tumor invasion, and infection) may also result in LV pseudoaneurysm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
<p>LV pseudoaneurysm develops in less than 0.1% of AMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> patients; due to its greater tendency to rupture (30&#x2013;45% of untreated patients),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> cardiac tamponade, shock, and death,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> is it considered an urgent condition that requires immediate treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> In contrast, a true aneurysm results from cardiac wall weakening involves maintained layer integrity (endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, and pericardium) and does not require an urgent or even interventionist approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
<p>Dyskinetic movement of the heart can result in heart failure, and the infarcted area can cause arrhythmias and form clots that can embolize<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. A false LV aneurysm usually has symptoms such as chest pain, dyspnea, and hypotension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> However, more than 10% of cases may be asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In such cases, the patients are diagnosed in the chronic phase since pseudoaneurysm can progress for years without rupturing. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients will not have their diagnosis established in the acute phase due to early and fatal rupture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
<p>An incidental detection on angiography or transthoracic echocardiography is common due to the greater availability and routine use of this exam during the initial evaluation of patients with chest pain, murmur, and heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> LV angiography is the method of choice since it can show the narrow orifice that leads to a saccular structure in addition to the absence of coronary arteries around it. Left ventriculography has a diagnostic acuity of 85% despite the real risk of embolizing any thrombotic material present. On the other hand, transthoracic echocardiography can show the endocardial discontinuity, the connection of the LV turbulent systolic flow to the aneurysmal sac, and a ratio between the size of the orifice and the diameter of the pseudoaneurysm greater than 0.5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
<p>Computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) can also be used for diagnosis. In practice, these methods can further detail the characteristics of the discontinuity. For instance, CMRI can show the absence of endocardium and myocardium near the aneurysm in addition to effectively assessing myocardial function, contractility, tissue perfusion, and turbulent blood flow in the cardiac chambers through a false aneurysm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
<p>DM patients, as described in this case report, are at significant risk of developing coronary artery disease and have a higher incidence of silent AMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Renal failure and the use of immunosuppressive drugs after kidney transplantation are risk factors for the development of ischemic heart disease and the occurrence of ventricular rupture after infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
<p>Surgery is the most appropriate treatment for pseudoaneurysm due to the possibility of its removal and the restoration of LV morphology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Due to its high tendency to rupture (30&#x2013;45%) and the risk of sudden death, surgical treatment should be recommended and performed as early as possible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> The mortality rate of cases treated surgically is lower than of cases treated clinically (23% versus 48%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
<p>The medical team considered the patient&#x2019;s clinical condition and the pseudoaneurysm&#x2019;s morphological characteristics and chose surgical correction. After the surgery and discontinuity correction, the patient became asymptomatic and stable and was discharged from the hospital after 5 days.</p>
<p>LV pseudoaneurysm is a rare condition that usually occurs after AMI and has a high mortality rate when not accurately diagnosed and treated. It requires immediate treatment due to the possibility of rupture. Knowledge of all diagnostic methods and treatment strategies for LV pseudoaneurysm is extremely important to ensuring its appropriate management and decreasing its high morbidity and mortality rates. The present report also reinforces the importance of a good preoperative evaluation that considers all risk factors for the development of ischemic heart disease and stabilizes the patient before major surgeries.</p>
</sec></body></sub-article>
</article>