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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Phenomenology, Humanities and Sciences - Fenomenologia, Humanidades e Ciências</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Gestalt-terapia de Goiânia (ITGT); Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Fenomenológica (Abrapfe)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210024</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210024</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Heart Failure Due to Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6451-5623</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Motta</surname>
						<given-names>Humberto Butzke da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8339-2991</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Oliveira Magalhães</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Biolo</surname>
						<given-names>Andreia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Andreia Biolo • Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2060. Postal Code: 90035-903, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. Email: <email>biolo.andreia@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research: Motta HB, Biolo A. Acquisition of data: Motta HB, Costa GOM, Biolo A. Writing of the manuscript: Motta HB, Costa GOM, Biolo A. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Motta HB, Biolo A.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>161</fpage>
			<lpage>166</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>A 90-year-old male patient presented with complaints and physical examination compatible with decompensated heart failure. Electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation and low voltage in limb leads, and echocardiogram identified biatrial dilatation, in addition to mild increases in ventricular wall thickness and diameter. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis. With negative serum and urinary protein electrophoresis and positive pyrophosphate cardiac scintigraphy, diagnosis of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis was confirmed. Transthyretin gene mutations were not identified on sequencing, characterizing wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Prealbumin</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
				<page-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>A 90-year-old man sought emergency assistance at a hospital complaining of dyspnea on mild exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and lower limb edema for 3 weeks. Until 4 months before presentation, he had been able to walk close to his residence without any major limitations and climb 2 flights of stairs. Since then, he had had a decline in functional capacity, with progressive dyspnea on exertion. He did not complain of chest pain, palpitations, or syncope.</p>
			<p>Previously, he had been diagnosed with glaucoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and depression, for which he was receiving treatment with timolol and travoprost eye drops, finasteride 5 mg daily, doxazosin 2 mg in the evening, and escitalopram 10 mg daily. In the past, he had undergone inguinal hernioplasty and appendectomy, as well as transurethral resection of the prostate. He denied tobacco or alcohol use. After the death of his wife, which had occurred 3 months before hospitalization, he lived with his daughter. He had not traveled recently, and he had no history of allergies.</p>
			<p>On physical examination upon arrival at the hospital, he was in regular general state, with well hydrated and colored mucous membranes; he was anicteric, acyanotic, alert, oriented, and cooperative. Blood pressure was 107/62 mmHg; heart rate was 110 bpm, and respiratory rate 24 breaths per minute. He was afebrile, and peripheral oxygen saturation was 93%, while breathing spontaneously with an O2 nasal catheter at 3 L/min. He showed jugular turgescence at 45°, irregular cardiac auscultation, with 2 sounds, and normal heart sounds, without murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation revealed abolished vesicular murmur at the right base, with crackling rales up to the middle thirds bilaterally. Palpation of the upper right quadrant of the abdomen was painful, and he had edema with Godet’s sign in the lower limbs extending to the area below the knees. Extremities were warm, and capillary refill time was adequate.</p>
			<p>Anteroposterior chest radiograph was conducted, showing bilateral pleural effusion, which was greater on the right, and extensive interstitial infiltrate, predominantly in bases, compatible with the clinical hypothesis of decompensated heart failure. Electrocardiogram on arrival showed atrial fibrillation rhythm with frequent monomorphic ventricular extrasystoles, left bundle branch block, and low voltage in limb leads ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1a</xref> ). Laboratory tests demonstrated ultrasensitive troponin I of 59.1 pg/mL (reference value 0 to 34.2 pg/mL) and brain natriuretic peptide of 1243.2 pg/mL (reference value 0 to 100 pg/mL).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>1a. Electrocardiogram demonstrating atrial fibrillation with frequent ventricular extrasystoles, left bundle branch block, and low voltage in limb leads. 1b. Transthoracic echocardiogram with biatrial dilatation (*) and increased thickness of the interventricular septum (&lt;-).</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0161-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed dilation of both atria, slightly increased ventricular diameters, septal thickness of 13 mm, and posterior wall thickness of 11 mm, with left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1b</xref> ). The right ventricle was normal, and there was moderate tricuspid regurgitation, with no signs of significant pulmonary hypertension. The other echocardiographic parameters are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> .</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Transthoracic echocardiogram</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Echocardiography measurements</th>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
								<th>Reference values</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Aortic root</td>
								<td align="center">37 mm</td>
								<td align="center">up to 39 mm</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Left atrial diameter</td>
								<td align="center">58 mm</td>
								<td align="center">up to 40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Left atrial indexed volume</td>
								<td align="center">72 mL/m2</td>
								<td align="center">up to 34 mL/m2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Systolic left ventricle</td>
								<td align="center">53 mm</td>
								<td align="center">up to 59 mm</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diastolic left ventricle</td>
								<td align="center">44 mm</td>
								<td align="center">up to 40 mm</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Septal thickness</td>
								<td align="center">13 mm</td>
								<td align="center">up to 11 mm</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Posterior wall thickness</td>
								<td align="center">11 mm</td>
								<td align="center">up to 11 mm</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Left ventricular ejection fraction</td>
								<td align="center">35%</td>
								<td align="center">&gt; 50%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Basal right ventricle</td>
								<td align="center">40 mm</td>
								<td align="center">up to 41 mm</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The clinical, electrocardiography, and echocardiography findings led to suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis. In order to define diagnosis, cardiac magnetic resonance and electrophoresis of blood and urine proteins with immunofixation were initially performed. Cardiac magnetic resonance showed partial nulling of the myocardial signal with extensive late enhancement of mesocardial and endocardial non-ischemic aspect, with circumferential involvement, predominantly in the basal portions, and additional involvement of the right ventricle and atria. These characteristics and distribution are associated with amyloidosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ). Electrophoresis did not identify any monoclonal paraproteinemia.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with delayed enhancement of non-ischemic appearance, predominantly in the basal portions of the left ventricle, right ventricle, and atria (arrows).</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0161-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The patient was treated for decompensated heart failure with a diuretic, which resolved the congestion; functional limitation persisted, compatible with New York Heart Association functional class III. Moreover, anticoagulation with rivaroxaban was initiated in order to prevent thromboembolic phenomena secondary to atrial fibrillation.</p>
			<p>When the patient was discharged, exams for transthyretin (TTR) gene mutation and myocardial scintigraphy with pyrophosphate were forwarded. Thirty days later, when he returned to the outpatient clinic, he showed clinical improvement, and he was able to take short walks, without orthopnea or clinical signs of pulmonary congestion. Investigation of mutations of the transthyretin gene was negative, and scintigraphy showed grade 2 myocardial uptake ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> ). These findings, in the absence of evidence of plasma cell dyscrasia, are compatible with the diagnosis of wild-type TTR amyloidosis. Thus, treatment with tafamidis 80 mg a day was prescribed, and outpatient follow-up was maintained. The patient is waiting for the medication to be provided.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Myocardial pyrophosphate scintigraphy with planar images (upper quadrants) and SPECT (lower quadrants), showing increased cardiac uptake in relation to the contralateral chest, with similar intensity to that of the costal arches (grade 2).</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0161-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Amyloidosis is a systemic or localized disease characterized by tissue deposition of insoluble fibrillar proteins that are resistant to proteolysis and that have lost their conformation, which can lead to organic dysfunction, including the heart. More than 30 types of proteins with amyloidogenic potential have been described. However, about 95% of cases of cardiac amyloidosis are related to 2 types of deposition: light chain immunoglobulins (AL) or transthyretin (ATTR); the latter may be secondary to mutation (ATTRm) or wild (ATTRwt), usually induced by changes related to aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although it is one of the most rapidly progressive heart diseases and one of the ones with the worst prognosis, with average untreated survival of less than 6 months for the AL form and between 3 and 5 years for ATTR, diagnosis often goes unnoticed or is delayed. It is estimated that the prevalence of AL amyloidosis is around 8 to 12 cases per million, and 30% to 50% of these individuals will develop some cardiac symptom. The estimated prevalence of the ATTR form is more uncertain, with recent data suggesting underdiagnosis, especially in the elderly. Autopsy studies have shown amyloid TTR deposits in the myocardium of 25% of individuals over 80 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, especially in elderly men, is an early manifestation characteristic of cardiac amyloidosis, most often accompanied by echocardiographic changes (concentric hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and septal thickening).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atrial fibrillation or flutter or conduction system abnormalities are also common findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome manifests approximately 5 to 10 years before diagnosis of ATTRwt amyloidosis in up to 70% of patients, and it may indicate an initial manifestation of transthyretin deposits. Sensory and autonomic neuropathy, orthostatic hypotension, biceps tendon rupture, spinal stenosis, and digestive disorders are also among the multisystem manifestations that may raise suspicion of ATTR. Therefore, with patients who complain of progressive exercise intolerance associated with any of these conditions and cardiac imaging suggestive of concentric thickening of the left ventricle, with an infiltrative phenotype or a restrictive pattern, it is necessary to be alert to the possibility of cardiac amyloidosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Given that it is a disease with complex diagnosis, high clinical suspicion is fundamental. As highlighted in the recent Position Statement of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> , there are some warning signs, also known as clinical clues, that should lead to further investigation. In the reported case, there was a considerable mismatch between the left ventricular concentric hypertrophy and the electrocardiographic manifestations, most notably in the limb leads.</p>
			<p>When facing clinical suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis, careful analysis of cardiovascular tests is essential. Resting electrocardiograms may show suggestive changes, such as low voltage, absence of R-wave progression in precordial leads, or changes in heart rhythm. On echocardiography, we may identify characteristics of restrictive infiltrative cardiomyopathy, with diastolic dysfunction, thickening of the walls and septum, increased filling pressures, and biatrial dilatation. Ejection fraction usually remains preserved until later stages of the disease. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging makes it possible to accurately assess changes in myocardial tissue, such as increased ventricular thickness, as well as the presence of delayed enhancement, which have a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 92% for diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
			<p>In order to differentiate between the AL and ATTR forms, a search for monoclonal light chains must be carried out, requiring the measurement of the serum kappa:lambda ratio and serum and urinary immunofixation. In the event that one of these tests is positive, a hematologist should be consulted, and a biopsy of peripheral tissues should be obtained for analysis and confirmation of diagnosis, as well as typing of the amyloid protein.</p>
			<p>In the absence of monoclonal proteins, the cardiological path of the Brazilian Position Statement on Amyloidosis should be followed<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> ). Cardiac scintigraphy with pyrophosphate is the exam of choice for confirming diagnosis, given that it can have 99% sensitivity and 86% specificity in diagnosing the ATTR form. Gene sequencing is recommended to differentiate between wild and hereditary forms.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Flowchart for diagnostic investigation of cardiac amyloidosis, according to the Position Statement of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; ECG: electrocardiogram; TTR: transthyretin</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0161-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Treatment of ATTR involves treating the clinical syndrome and specific approaches that interfere with the formation and deposition of amyloid fibrils. Liver transplantation was once the preferred option, but, currently, the use of TTR stabilizers, inhibitors of liver synthesis of TTR, and degradation and reabsorption of TTR fibrils has gained prominence. Among these strategies, tafamidis, a molecule that effectively inhibits the cascade of amyloid fibril formation, is the only drug that has been proven to prolong survival in patients with ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Among therapies in the experimental phase, the following stand out: patisiran<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (microRNA that inhibits expression of genes that encode the liver production of TTR), compounds that stabilize TTR, and compounds that induce TTR degradation and reabsorption.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgements</title>
			<p>We would like to thank Dr Gabriel Grossmann (Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande so Sul, Brazil), for generously allowing us to reproduce the scintigraphy images.</p>
		</ack>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Insuficiência Cardíaca Secundária a Amiloidose Transtirretina</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6451-5623</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Motta</surname>
						<given-names>Humberto Butzke da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8339-2991</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Oliveira Magalhães</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Biolo</surname>
						<given-names>Andreia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Andreia Biolo • Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2060. CEP 90035-903, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. Email: biolo.andreia@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Motta HB, Biolo A. Obtenção de dados: Motta HB, Costa GOM, Biolo A. Redação do manuscrito: Motta HB, Costa GOM, Biolo A. Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Motta HB, Biolo A.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Um paciente de 90 anos buscou atendimento com queixas e exame físico compatíveis com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada. Eletrocardiograma demonstrou fibrilação atrial e baixa voltagem em derivações dos membros, e ecocardiograma identificou dilatação biatrial, além de discreto aumento das espessuras parietais e do diâmetro do ventrículo esquerdo. A ressonância magnética demonstrou realce tardio subendocárdico confirmando a suspeita de amiloidose cardíaca. Com eletroforese e imunofixação de proteínas séricas e urinárias negativas e cintilografia com pirofosfato positiva, foi confirmado diagnóstico de amiloidose transtirretina. O sequenciamento do gene da transtirretina não detectou mutações, sendo caracterizado um caso de amiloidose transtirretina selvagem.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Pré-Albumina</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec>
				<title>Relato de caso</title>
				<p>Um homem de 90 anos procurou a emergência de um hospital com queixa de dispneia aos pequenos esforços, ortopneia, dispneia paroxística noturna e edema de membros inferiores há 3 semanas. Até 4 meses antes da apresentação, conseguia caminhar perto de sua residência sem maiores limitações, bem como subir 2 lances de escadas. Desde então, apresentou um declínio da capacidade funcional, com dispneia aos esforços progressiva. Não apresentava queixa de dor no peito, palpitações ou síncopes.</p>
				<p>Previamente, tinha diagnósticos de glaucoma, hiperplasia prostática benigna e depressão, para os quais realizava tratamento com colírios de timolol e travoprosta, finasterida 5 mg ao dia, doxazosina 2 mg à noite e escitalopram 10 mg ao dia. No passado, havia sido submetido a hernioplastia inguinal e apendicectomia, bem como ressecção transuretral de próstata. Negava tabagismo ou etilismo. Após o falecimento da esposa, ocorrido 3 meses antes da internação, residia com a filha. Não havia realizado viagens recentes e não apresentava histórico de alergias.</p>
				<p>Ao exame físico na chegada ao hospital, estava em regular estado geral, com mucosas bem hidratadas e coradas, anictéricas e acianóticas, alerta, orientado e colaborativo. A pressão arterial era 107/62 mmHg, a frequência cardíaca 110 bpm, frequência respiratória de 24 irpm, estava afebril e a saturação periférica de oxigênio era 93% enquanto respirava espontaneamente com cateter nasal de O2 a 3 L/min. Apresentava turgência jugular a 45° e ausculta cardíaca irregular, em 2 tempos, bulhas normofonéticas, sem sopros. À ausculta pulmonar, o murmúrio vesicular estava abolido em base direita, com estertores crepitantes até terços médios bilateralmente. A palpação do quadrante superior direito do abdome era dolorosa, e havia edema com cacifo de membros inferiores até abaixo dos joelhos. As extremidades estavam aquecidas e o tempo de enchimento capilar era adequado.</p>
				<p>Foi realizada uma radiografia do tórax em incidência anteroposterior, que demonstrou derrame pleural bilateral, maior à direita e extenso infiltrado intersticial predominante em bases, compatível com a hipótese clínica de insuficiência cardíaca descompensada. O eletrocardiograma da chegada mostrava ritmo de fibrilação atrial com extrassístoles ventriculares monomórficas frequentes, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e baixa voltagem nas derivações dos membros ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1a</xref> ). Exames laboratoriais demonstraram troponina I ultrassensível de 59.1 pg/mL (valor de referência 0 - 34,2 pg/mL) e peptídeo natriurético cerebral de 1243.2 pg/mL (valor de referência 0 - 100 pg/mL).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>1a. Eletrocardiograma demonstrando fibrilação atrial com extrassístoles ventriculares frequentes, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e baixa voltagem em derivações de membros.1b. Ecocardiograma transtorácico com dilatação biatrial (*) e espessura aumentada do septo interventricular (&lt;-).</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0161-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O ecocardiograma transtorácico revelou dilatação de ambos átrios, diâmetros ventriculares levemente aumentados, espessura septal de 13 mm e da parede posterior de 11 mm, com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo de 35% ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1b</xref> ). O ventrículo direito era normal e havia insuficiência tricúspide moderada, sem sinais de hipertensão pulmonar significativa. Os demais parâmetros ecocardiográficos estão descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiograma transtorácico</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Medidas ecocardiográficas</th>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
									<th>Valores de referência</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Raiz da aorta</td>
									<td align="center">37 mm</td>
									<td align="center">até 39 mm</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diâmetro átrio esquerdo</td>
									<td align="center">58 mm</td>
									<td align="center">até 40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Volume indexado átrio esquerdo</td>
									<td align="center">72 mL/m2</td>
									<td align="center">até 34 mL/m2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ventrículo esquerdo sistólico</td>
									<td align="center">53 mm</td>
									<td align="center">até 59 mm</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ventrículo esquerdo diastólico</td>
									<td align="center">44 mm</td>
									<td align="center">até 40 mm</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Espessura septal</td>
									<td align="center">13 mm</td>
									<td align="center">até 11 mm</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Espessura parede posterior</td>
									<td align="center">11 mm</td>
									<td align="center">até 11 mm</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fração de ejeção ventrículo esquerdo</td>
									<td align="center">35%</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 50%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ventrículo direito - basal</td>
									<td align="center">40 mm</td>
									<td align="center">até 41 mm</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Os achados clínicos, eletro e ecocardiográficos levaram à suspeita de amiloidose cardíaca. Para a definição do diagnóstico, foram realizados inicialmente ressonância magnética cardíaca e eletroforeses de proteínas do sangue e urina com imunofixação. A ressonância demonstrou anulação parcial do sinal do miocárdio com extenso realce tardio de aspecto não-isquêmico mesocárdico e endocárdico, com acometimento circunferencial, predominantemente nas porções basais, com acometimento adicional do ventrículo direito e dos átrios -- características e distribuição associadas à amiloidose ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ). As eletroforeses não identificaram nenhuma paraproteinemia monoclonal.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Ressonância magnética cardíaca com realce tardio de aspecto não-isquêmico predominantemente em porções basais do ventrículo esquerdo, ventrículo direito e dos átrios (flechas).</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0161-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O paciente recebeu tratamento para insuficiência cardíaca descompensada com diurético, com resolução da congestão, persistindo limitação funcional compatível com classe funcional III da New York Heart Association. Além disso, foi iniciada anticoagulação com rivaroxabana para prevenção de fenômenos tromboembólicos secundários à fibrilação atrial.</p>
				<p>No momento da alta, foram encaminhadas pesquisa de mutação genética da transtirretina (TTR) e cintilografia miocárdica com pirofosfato. Trinta dias após, no retorno ambulatorial, se apresentava com melhora clínica, conseguindo realizar pequenas caminhadas, sem ortopneia ou sinais clínicos de congestão pulmonar. A pesquisa para mutação do gene da transtirretina foi negativa, e a cintilografia demonstrou captação miocárdica grau 2 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> ). Estes achados, na ausência de evidência de discrasia plasmocitária, são compatíveis com o diagnóstico de amiloidose TTR do tipo selvagem - ou <italic>wild type</italic> . Deste modo, foi prescrito tratamento com tafamidis 80 mg ao dia, e mantido o acompanhamento ambulatorial. O paciente aguarda o fornecimento da medicação.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>– Cintilografia miocárdica com pirofosfato com imagens planares (quadrantes superiores) e SPECT (quadrantes inferiores) demonstrando captação cardíaca aumentada em relação ao tórax contralateral, com intensidade semelhante à dos arcos costais (grau 2).</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0161-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A amiloidose é uma doença sistêmica ou localizada caracterizada por deposição tecidual de proteínas fibrilares insolúveis, resistentes à proteólise e que perderam a sua conformação, podendo acarretar em disfunção orgânica, inclusive do coração. Existem mais de 30 tipos de proteínas descritas com potencial amiloidogênico. Contudo, cerca de 95% dos casos de amiloidose cardíaca estão relacionados a 2 tipos de deposição: imunoglobulinas de cadeia leve (AL) ou de transtirretina (ATTR), essa última podendo ter caráter secundário à sua mutação (ATTRm) ou ser selvagem (ATTRwt) - geralmente induzida por alterações ligadas ao envelhecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora seja uma das cardiopatias mais rapidamente progressivas e de pior prognóstico, com média de sobrevida, sem tratamento, de menos de 6 meses para a forma AL e entre 3 e 5 anos para ATTR, o diagnóstico muitas vezes passa despercebido ou é tardio. Estima-se que a prevalência da amiloidose AL seja em torno de 8 a 12 casos por milhão, sendo que 30% a 50% desses indivíduos desenvolverão algum sintoma cardíaco. Já a estimativa da prevalência da forma ATTR é mais incerta, com dados recentes sugerindo subdiagnóstico principalmente em idosos. Estudos de autópsia demonstraram depósito de TTR amilóide no miocárdio de 25% dos indivíduos com idade superior a 80 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada, principalmente em homens idosos, é uma manifestação precoce característica da amiloidose cardíaca, acompanhada, na maioria das vezes, de alterações ecocardiográficas (hipertrofia concêntrica, disfunção diastólica, espessamento septal).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Fibrilação ou flutter atriais ou anormalidades no sistema de condução também são achados comuns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A síndrome do túnel do carpo bilateral apresenta-se cerca de 5 a 10 anos antes do diagnóstico de amiloidose ATTRwt em até 70% dos pacientes, podendo indicar manifestação inicial dos depósitos de transtirretina. Neuropatia sensorial e autonômica, hipotensão ortostática, ruptura do tendão do bíceps, estenose do canal vertebral, e alterações digestivas também estão entre as manifestações multissistêmicas que podem levantar a suspeita de ATTR. Portanto, pacientes com queixa de intolerância progressiva aos esforços associada a alguma dessas condições e imagem cardíaca sugestiva de espessamento concêntrico de ventrículo esquerdo, com fenótipo infiltrativo ou padrão restritivo deve alertar para a possibilidade de amiloidose cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Por se tratar de uma patologia de diagnóstico complexo, a alta suspeita clínica é fundamental. Conforme salientado no recente Posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> há alguns sinais de alerta -- pistas clínicas -- que devem levar ao seguimento da investigação. No caso apresentado, havia considerável desproporção entre a hipertrofia concêntrica ventricular esquerda e as manifestações eletrocardiográficas, mais notadamente nas derivações dos membros.</p>
				<p>Frente à suspeita clínica de amiloidose cardíaca, a análise criteriosa dos exames cardiovasculares é essencial. O eletrocardiograma em repouso pode apresentar alterações sugestivas como baixa voltagem, ausência de progressão de ondas R em derivações precordiais ou alterações do ritmo cardíaco. Ao ecocardiograma, podemos identificar características de cardiomiopatia restritiva do tipo infiltrativa, com disfunção diastólica, espessamento de paredes e septo, aumento das pressões de enchimento, bem como dilatação biatrial. A fração de ejeção geralmente permanece preservada até estágios mais avançados da doença. A ressonância magnética cardíaca permite avaliar de forma precisa alterações do tecido miocárdico, como o aumento da espessura ventricular, e presença de realce tardio, que apresentam sensibilidade de 85% e especificidade de 92% para diagnóstico da amiloidose cardíaca.</p>
				<p>Para diferenciação entre as formas AL e ATTR, deve-se proceder com pesquisa de cadeias leves monoclonais, sendo necessárias dosagem da relação kappa/lambda sérica, e imunofixação sérica e urinária. Em caso de positividade para um dos exames acima, um hematologista deve ser consultado e biópsia de tecidos periféricos obtidas para análise e confirmação do diagnóstico e da tipagem da proteína amilóide.</p>
				<p>Na ausência de proteínas monoclonais, segue-se a rota cardiológica conforme fluxograma do Posicionamento Brasileiro de Amiloidose<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref> ). A cintilografia cardíaca com pirofosfato é o exame de escolha para a confirmação do diagnóstico, uma vez que pode apresentar 99% de sensibilidade e 86% de especificidade no diagnóstico da forma ATTR. O sequenciamento genético é recomendado para diferenciação entre as formas selvagem e hereditária.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Fluxograma de investigação diagnóstica de amiloidose cardíaca, conforme Posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0161-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O tratamento da ATTR envolve tanto o tratamento da síndrome clínica, como abordagens específicas que interferem com a formação e deposição das fibrilas amilóides. O transplante hepático já foi opção preferencial, mas atualmente o uso de estabilizadores das cadeias de TTR, inibidores da síntese hepática de TTR e degradação e reabsorção das fibrilas de TTR tem recebido destaque. Dentre essas estratégias, o tafamidis, uma molécula que inibe efetivamente a cascata de formação das fibrilas amiloides, é a única droga que comprovadamente prolonga a sobrevida em pacientes portadores de ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Dentre terapias em fase experimental, destacam-se o patisiran<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> -- microRNA que inibe a expressão dos genes que codificam a produção hepática de TTR -- bem como compostos que estabilizam a TTR, e compostos que induzem a degradação e reabsorção da TTR.</p>
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			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimento</title>
				<p>Agradecemos ao Dr Gabriel Grossmann (Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre - RS), que gentilmente cedeu as imagens da cintilografia.</p>
			</ack>
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					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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