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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Phenomenology, Humanities and Sciences - Fenomenologia, Humanidades e Ciências</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Gestalt-terapia de Goiânia (ITGT); Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Fenomenológica (Abrapfe)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210034</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210034</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Disease Modifying Therapies for Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macedo</surname>
						<given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes</surname>
						<given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (BCRI), São Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Coração</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da USP,São Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Duke Clinical Research Institute</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Duke University Medical Center</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">NC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="US">USA</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC - USA</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Renato D. Lopes • Duke Clinical Research Institute. P.O. Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715 – USA E-mail: <email>renato.lopes@duke.edu</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Writing of the manuscript: Macedo AVS, Fernandes F, Lopes RD. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Macedo AVS, Fernandes F, Lopes RD.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>Dra. Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo - Speaker fees for Pfizer, Novartis, Bayer, Ferring, Astra Zeneca, Janssen. Dr. Fábio Fernandes - Speaker fees for Pfizer e Alnylan. Dr. Renato D. Lopes - No potential conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>144</fpage>
			<lpage>146</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Treatment</kwd>
				<kwd>TTR</kwd>
				<kwd>Transthyretin</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="22"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein synthesized essentially by the liver. TTR molecules may misfold and store as amyloid fibrils in the heart and other organs, leading to TTR-related amyloidosis (ATTR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> . ATTR can follow the deposition of either variant ATTR (ATTRv), which was previously known as mutant ATTR, or wild-type ATTR (ATTRwt).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ATTR is an underdiagnosed disease, as well as a crucial determinant of morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Cardiac involvement is common in ATTR, leading to transthyretin cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CA). ATTR-CA is a progressive disorder, and patients ultimately develop heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiac conduction disturbances, resulting in decreased functional capacity, diminished quality of life, and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Until recently, treatment of ATTR-CA was limited to treating symptoms and complications; however, the development of new specific therapies that delay or stop the progress of the cardiomyopathy has positively modified the outcomes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> . These specific treatments work by targeting the inhibition of TTR synthesis (inotersen or patisiran); tetramer stabilization (diflunisal, tafamidis, or acoramidis [AG10]); inhibition of oligomer aggregation and disruption (epigallocatechin-3-gallate); and degradation and reabsorption of amyloid fibers (doxycycline-tauroursodeoxycholic acid [TUDCA] or doxycycline-ursodeoxycholic acid [UDCA]).4</p>
		<p>In patients with ATTR-CA, either ATTRv or ATTRwt, tafamidis is considered the agent of choice due to the proven clinical benefit in cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Tafamidis is a kinetic TTR stabilizer that binds to the unoccupied thyroxine binding sites of tetrameric TTR and blocks the amyloidogenic cascade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> It was first adopted for treatment of symptomatic ATTRv polyneuropathy, and it is the only therapy approved with effectiveness to treat ATTR-CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This recommendation is essentially based on the results of a large, well-designed phase III randomized clinical trial (RCT), ATTR-ACT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this study, tafamidis (20 and 80 mg, pooled) showed a decline in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular-related hospitalization, decreased decline in 6-minute walk test, slower deterioration in quality of life, and a minor increase of NT-proBNP in patients with biopsy-proven ATTRwt or ATTRv CA with heart failure and NYHA class I to III at 30 months. The safety profile was similar to placebo, and individuals with NYHA classes I and II reached the most meaningful benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ATTR-ACT was not designed to assess a specific dose; therefore, further analysis from ATTR-ACT and its long-term extension study support tafamidis 80 mg as the optimal dose to be used in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Other drugs with the capacity to stabilization of TTR have been tested, but, differently from tafamidis, they have not been approved for ATTR-CA treatment yet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Diflunisal is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug with TTR-stabilizing attributes. Studies on diflunisal are all noncomparative, small non-RCTs, including almost exclusively patients with ATTRv, with exploratory cardiovascular endpoints limited to cardiovascular biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although these potential beneficial effects have been described, adverse events associated with NSAIDs may impede their use in patients with heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>AG10 is a highly selective, small-molecule TTR stabilizer. Phase I and II studies exhibited a good toxicity profile and stabilization of both types of TTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> AG10 cannot be supported at present for ATTR-CA, as the only study of AG10 had a short duration of 1 month, and the cardiovascular endpoints are only exploratory and restricted to cardiac biomarkers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A phase III study to evaluate AG10 compared with placebo in subjects with symptomatic ATTR-CA is ongoing. The ATTRIBUTE-CM study evaluates AG10 in patients with ATTRwt or ATTRv CA, and the primary endpoints are 6-minute walk test change from baseline at 12 months and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalizations at 30 months (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03860935).</p>
		<p>Lately, agents able to silence the TTR gene and considerably reduce the concentration of circulating TTR have joined clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> They specifically degrade TTR mRNA at the nucleus (inotersen) or cytoplasm (patisiran).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Both agents have been accepted for the therapy of ATTRv polyneuropathy after proof of their effectiveness in neurologic RCTs. Patisiran is a promising drug for patients with ATTR-CA based on a subgroup analysis of a phase III double-blind RCT, APOLLO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> which suggested that therapy with patisiran was associated with a decline in mortality and hospitalization, as well as a decrease in NT-proBNP and left ventricular wall thickness, without significant adverse events. By contrast, inotersen failed to demonstrate significant differences in echocardiographic variables compared with placebo in patients with ATTRv and cardiac disease in the neurological trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, a small, open-label study showed stabilization of cardiac parameters in most patients with ATTRv or ATTRwt followed for up to 3 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The possible benefit of patisiran in patients with ATTR-CA is currently under research in the APOLLO-B phase III RCT. APOLLO B (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03997383) is assessing patisiran in patients with ATTR-CA (ATTRwt or ATTRv), considering a 6-minute walk test as the primary endpoint and death and hospitalization outcomes as secondary endpoints at 12 months. Phase III trials with new gene silencing molecules are ongoing. The HELIOS-B (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04153149) study evaluates the RNA interference agent, vutrisiran, with the convenience of a subcutaneous administration every 3 months in patients with either ATTRwt or ATTRv CA. The primary endpoint is the composite outcome of all-cause mortality and recurrent cardiovascular hospitalizations at 30 months. The CARDIO-TTRansform trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04136171) evaluates different antisense oligonucleotides, AKCEA-TTR-LRX, with the comfort of a lower frequency of administration (every 4 weeks). This study will also include patients with ATTRwt or ATTRv CA, and the primary endpoint is cardiovascular mortality and clinical events at 120 weeks.</p>
		<p>Another potential alternative to mRNA targeting-based gene silencing is use of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated Cas9 endonuclease (CRISPR-Cas9) system to achieve in vivo gene editing. NTLA-2001 is a new CRISPR-Cas9–based in vivo gene-editing therapy, administered by intravenous infusion, that is intended to edit <italic>TTR</italic> in hepatocytes, leading to a decrease in the production of both wild-type and mutant TTR after a single administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In patients with ATTRv with polyneuropathy, treatment with NTLA-2001 was associated with sustained reductions in the serum TTR protein concentration at day 28 (87% in the group that received a dose of 0.3 mg per kilogram).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Additional molecules are under examination to inhibit oligomer aggregation and disruption (epigallocatechin-3-gallate), accelerate clearance, and eliminate existing cardiac deposits (TUDCA). Although a small, but significant benefit was found on cardiac magnetic resonance parameters such as left ventricular mass and native T1 in patients with ATTR-CA treated with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (green tea extract), these effects should be assessed thoroughly, as they are based on noncomparative single-arm small non-RCTs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The compound of doxycycline and tauroursodeoxycholic bile acid (TUDCA) has been investigated in phase II trials, with variable outcomes and an adverse side-effect profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> At this stage, the absence of evidence and the presence of side-effects do not allow its utilization in clinical practice. A phase III clinical trial evaluating doxycycline and TUDCA in ATTR-CM is also ongoing and will shed light on their utility (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03481972).</p>
		<p>Finally, other early-phase investigations are ongoing with monoclonal antibodies that promote the removal of deposits (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03336580 and NCT04360434).</p>
		<p>Notwithstanding the tremendous ongoing investigation, there is still a data gap concerning subsets of patients who have been excluded from the studies, such as patients manifesting ATTR-CA after liver transplantation, patients with ATTR-CA with advanced heart failure (NYHA class IV), and patients with ATTR over 90 years of age. Furthermore, it is necessary to assess whether the association of treatments with distinct mechanisms of action could improve the outcome of ATTR-CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>As demonstrated, this is a growing research field with many RCTs currently ongoing, and their results will likely shift the paradigm of treatment of ATTR-CA. Our main goal continues to be finding the best therapy or combination of therapies for each patient with ATTR-CA by optimizing the efficacy and minimizing the side effects.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Terapias Modificadoras de Doenças para Cardiomiopatia Amilóide por Transtirretina</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macedo</surname>
						<given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Fábio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lopes</surname>
						<given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute (BCRI), São Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="US">EUA</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC - EUA</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Renato D. Lopes • Duke Clinical Research Institute. P.O. Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715 – USA E-mail: renato.lopes@duke.edu</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa; Obtenção de dados; Análise e interpretação dos dados; Redação do manuscrito; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Macedo AVS, Fernandes F, Lopes RD.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Dra. Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo - Honorários como palestrante para Pfizer, Novartis, Bayer, Ferring, Astra Zeneca, Janssen. Dr. Fábio Fernandes - Honorários como palestrantes para Pfizer e Alnylan. Dr. Renato D. Lopes - Não há conflitos de interesses.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Amiloidose Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Tratamento</kwd>
				<kwd>TTR, Transtirretina</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A transtirretina (TTR) é uma proteína tetramérica sintetizada essencialmente pelo fígado. As moléculas de TTR podem se dobrar incorretamente e se armazenar como fibrilas amilóides no coração e em outros órgãos, levando à amiloidose relacionada a TTR (ATTR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A ATTR pode seguir a deposição de ATTR hereditária (ATTRv), que era anteriormente conhecido como ATTR mutante, ou ATTR de tipo selvagem (ATTRwt).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A ATTR é uma doença subdiagnosticada, bem como um determinante crucial de morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O acometimento cardíaco é comum na ATTR, levando à cardiomiopatia por transtirretina (ATTR-CA). A ATTR-CA é um distúrbio progressivo e os pacientes acabam desenvolvendo insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e distúrbios de condução cardíaca, resultando em diminuição da capacidade funcional, redução da qualidade de vida e morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Até recentemente, o tratamento de ATTR-CA era limitado ao tratamento dos sintomas e complicações, porém o desenvolvimento de novas terapias específicas que retardam ou interrompem o progresso da cardiomiopatia tem modificado positivamente os desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esses tratamentos específicos atuam por meio de inibição da síntese de TTR (inotersen ou patisiran); estabilização do tetrâmero (diflunisal, tafamidis ou acoramidis [AG10]); inibição e interrupção da agregação do oligômero (epigalocatequina-3-galato); e degradação e reabsorção de fibras amilóides (ácido doxiciclina-tauroursodesoxicólico [TUDCA] ou ácido doxiciclina-ursodeoxicólico [UDCA]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em pacientes com ATTR-CA, seja ATTRv ou ATTRwt, tafamidis é considerado o agente de escolha devido ao benefício clínico comprovado em desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Tafamidis é um estabilizador de TTR cinético que se liga aos locais de ligação de tiroxina desocupados da TTR tetramérica e bloqueia a cascata amiloidogênica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Foi adotada pela primeira vez para o tratamento da polineuropatia ATTRv sintomática e é a única terapia aprovada com eficácia para tratar a ATTR-CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A recomendação é essencialmente baseada nos resultados de um ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) de fase III de larga escala e bem projetado, o ATTR-ACT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Neste estudo, tafamidis (20 e 80 mg, <italic>pooled</italic> ) demonstrou um declínio na mortalidade por todas as causas e na hospitalização relacionada a doenças cardiovasculares, diminuição do declínio no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, deterioração mais lenta da qualidade de vida e uma menor elevaçao no NT-PROBNP. em pacientes com ATTRwt ou ATTRv CA, comprovada por biópsia, com insuficiência cardíaca e classe NYHA I a III em 30 meses. O perfil de segurança foi semelhante ao do placebo e os indivíduos com classes I e II da NYHA obtiveram benefício mais significativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O ATTR-ACT não foi desenhado para avaliar uma dose específica; porém, análises adicionais do ATTR-ACT e seu estudo de extensão de longo prazo apoiam o tafamidis 80 mg como a dose ideal a ser usada na prática clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Outros medicamentos com capacidade de estabilização da ttr já foram testados, mas, diferentemente de tafamidis, ainda não foram aprovados para o tratamento de ATTR-CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O diflunisal é um antiinflamatório não esteroidal (AINE) com atributos estabilizadores da TTR. Os estudos sobre diflunisal são todos não comparativos, pequenos e não ECRs, incluindo quase exclusivamente pacientes com ATTRv, com desfechos cardiovasculares exploratórios limitados a biomarcadores cardiovasculares e parâmetros ecocardiográficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora esses potenciais efeitos benéficos tenham sido descritos, eventos adversos associados a AINEs podem impedir seu uso em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>AG10 é um estabilizador de TTR de pequenas moléculas altamente seletivo. Os estudos de fase I e II exibiram um bom perfil de toxicidade e estabilização de ambos os tipos de TTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O AG10 não pode ser indicado no momento para ATTR-CA, pois o único estudo de AG10 teve uma curta duração de 1 mês e os desfechos cardiovasculares são apenas exploratórios e restritos a biomarcadores cardíacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Um estudo de fase III para avaliar AG10 em comparação com placebo em indivíduos com ATTR-CA sintomática está em andamento. O estudo ATTRIBUTE-CM avalia o AG10 em pacientes com ATTRwt ou ATTRv-CA e os desfechos primários são as mudanças no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos da linha de base em 12 meses, na mortalidade por todas as causas e nas hospitalizações cardiovasculares em 30 meses (ClinicalTrials.gov Identificador: NCT03860935).</p>
			<p>Ultimamente, agentes capazes de silenciar o gene TTR e reduzir consideravelmente a concentração de TTR circulante passaram a fazer parte da prática clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estes agentes especificamente degradam o mRNA de TTR no núcleo (inotersen) ou no citoplasma (patisiran).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Ambos os agentes foram aceitos para o tratamento da polineuropatia ATTRv após a comprovação de sua eficácia em ECRs neurológicos. Patisiran é um medicamento promissor para pacientes com ATTR-CA com base em uma análise de subgrupo de um ECR duplo-cego de fase III, o APOLLO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que sugeriu que a terapia com patisiran fosse associada a um declínio na mortalidade e na hospitalização, bem como uma diminuição no NT-proBNP e na espessura da parede do ventrículo esquerdo, sem eventos adversos significativos. Em contraste, o inotersen não conseguiu demonstrar diferenças significativas nas variáveis ecocardiográficas em comparação com o placebo em pacientes com ATTRv e doença cardíaca no ensaio neurológico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, um pequeno estudo <italic>open-label</italic> mostrou estabilização dos parâmetros cardíacos na maioria dos pacientes com ATTRv ou ATTRwt, seguidos por até 3 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Os possíveis benefícios do patisiran em pacientes com ATTR-CA estão atualmente sendo pesquisados no ECR fase III, APOLLO-B (ClinicalTrials.gov Identificador: NCT03997383) que está avaliando patisiran em pacientes com ATTR-CA (ATTRwt ou ATTRv), considerando um teste de caminhada de 6 minutos como o desfecho primário e os desfechos de morte e hospitalização como desfechos secundários em 12 meses. Os ensaios de fase III com novas moléculas de silenciamento de genes estão em andamento. O estudo HELIOS-B (ClinicalTrials.gov Identificador: NCT04153149) avalia o agente de interferência de RNA, vutrisiran, com a conveniência de uma administração subcutânea a cada 3 meses, em pacientes com ATTRwt ou ATTRv CA. O desfecho primário é composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitalizações cardiovasculares recorrentes em 30 meses. O ensaio CARDIO-TTRansform (ClinicalTrials.gov Identificador: NCT04136171) avalia diferentes oligonucleotídeos <italic>antisense</italic> , AKCEA-TTR-LRX, com o conforto de uma menor frequência de administração (a cada 4 semanas). Este estudo também incluirá pacientes com ATTRwt ou ATTRv CA, o desfecho primário sendo a mortalidade cardiovascular e eventos clínicos em 120 semanas.</p>
			<p>Outra alternativa potencial para o silenciamento de gene focada no mRNA é o uso de repetições palindrômicas curtas regularmente espaçadas agrupadas e sistema de endonuclease Cas9 associado (CRISPR-Cas9) para obter edição de gene in vivo. NTLA-2001 é uma nova terapia de edição de genes in vivo baseada em CRISPR-Cas9, administrada por infusão intravenosa, que visa editar TTR em hepatócitos, levando a uma diminuição na produção de TTR de tipo selvagem e mutante após uma única administração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em pacientes com ATTRv com polineuropatia, o tratamento com NTLA-2001 foi associado a reduções sustentadas na concentração sérica da proteína TTR no dia 28 (87% no grupo que recebeu uma dose de 0,3 mg por quilograma).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Moléculas adicionais estão sendo examinadas para inibir a agregação e ruptura do oligômero (epigalocatequina-3-galato), acelerar a depuração e eliminar os depósitos cardíacos existentes (TUDCA). Embora um benefício pequeno, mas significativo, tenha sido encontrado nos parâmetros de ressonância magnética cardíaca, como massa ventricular esquerda e T1 nativo em pacientes com ATTR-CA tratados com epigalocatequina-3-galato (extrato de chá verde), esses efeitos devem ser amplamente avaliados, pois eles baseiam-se em estudos pequenos nao comparativos e nao randomizados e de braço único.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O composto de doxiciclina e ácido biliar tauroursodesoxicólico (TUDCA) foi investigado em estudos de fase II, com resultados variáveis e um perfil de efeitos colaterais adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Neste momento, a ausência de evidências e a presença de efeitos colaterais não permitem a sua utilização na prática clínica. Um ensaio clínico de fase III avaliando a doxiciclina e TUDCA em pacientes com ATTR-CM também está em andamento e lançará luz sobre a sua utilidade (ClinicalTrials.gov Identificador: NCT03481972).</p>
			<p>Finalmente, outras investigações de fase inicial estão em andamento com anticorpos monoclonais que promovem a remoção de depósitos (ClinicalTrials.gov Identificadores: NCT03336580 e NCT04360434).</p>
			<p>Apesar da ampla investigação em andamento, ainda há uma lacuna de dados sobre subgrupos de pacientes que têm sido excluídos dos estudos, como pacientes que manifestam ATTR-CA após transplante de fígado, pacientes com ATTR-CA com insuficiência cardíaca avançada (NYHA classe IV) e pacientes com ATTR com mais de 90 anos de idade. Além disso, é necessário avaliar se a associação de tratamentos com mecanismos distintos de ação poderia melhorar os desfechos em pacientes com ATTR-CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Conforme demonstrado, este é um campo de pesquisa em crescimento, com muitos ECRs em andamento e é provável que seus resultados mudem o paradigma do tratamento de ATTR-CA. Nosso principal objetivo continua sendo encontrar a melhor terapia ou combinação de terapias para cada paciente com ATTR-CA, otimizando a eficácia e minimizando os efeitos colaterais.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação Ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>