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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Phenomenology, Humanities and Sciences - Fenomenologia, Humanidades e Ciências</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Gestalt-terapia de Goiânia (ITGT); Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Fenomenológica (Abrapfe)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210030</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210030</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Algorithms for Cardiac Amyloidosis Diagnosis: How to apply them in practice?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rohde</surname>
						<given-names>Luis E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">FAMED</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, FAMED-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada do Serviço de Cardiologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada do Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Núcleo de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Cardiomiopatias do Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Luis E. Rohde • Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Av. Protásio Alves, 211. Postal Code: 90035-903, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil. E-mail: <email>Rohde.le@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rohde LE.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>Luis E. Rohde participated in consulting activities, advisory boards or lectures with Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boheringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis and Pfizer.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>139</fpage>
			<lpage>143</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Cardiac amyloidosis has long been an entity neglected by most doctors, being considered a rare disease with limited treatment options. Recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances have brought a renewed vision in the evaluation strategies of the different forms of amyloidosis that potentially affect the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this article we carry out a critical reflection on the importance of early diagnostic suspicion and use of contemporary algorithms to instrumentalize the cardiologist for clinical practice.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Diagnostic suspicion</title>
			<p>The main obstacle to rapid and proper diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is the absence of early suspicion in patients who have clinical hints (red flags) that could – or should – trigger an investigation. This phenomenon becomes even more clear when it is documented that before the definitive diagnosis of amyloidosis or cardiac involvement due to amyloid deposition, investigation may take several months or years, usually involving many doctors from different specialties. In a study by the University of Toulouse, the average delay between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of amyloidosis was 8, 10 and 18 months, respectively,</p>
			<p>for light chain amyloidosis (AL), wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis and hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Similarly, the number of health professionals that each patient needs to consult on their “journey” for the correct diagnosis may vary substantially. In interviews with family members and patients with amyloidosis, predominantly due to deposition</p>
			<p>of light chains, the diagnosis was not established during the first year after symptom onset in more than 1/3 of cases and the diagnosis was made only after consulting with 5 different doctors in 32%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is critical to emphasize that for a disease characterized by continued myocardial deposition, but at a heterogeneous rate, the delay in diagnosis can have significant implications from a therapeutic and prognostic point of view. The cardiologist must continuously look for clues that should increase clinical suspicion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In practice, these are warning signs that suggest amyloid deposition in the bone-tendon-muscular system (carpal tunnel syndrome, particularly bilateral; lumbar canal stenosis or biceps tendon rupture) and peripheral neuropathic involvement (sensory and motor), particularly if associated with autonomic dysfunction (postural hypotension, gastroparesis and changes in bowel habits). The resting electrocardiogram – a simple, inexpensive, but fundamental test – can provide relevant clues if it identifies the presence of conduction system disturbances, the appearance of pseudo Q waves or low voltage in a patient with signs of increased wall thickness in other imaging exams. The scenario of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, particularly in males, in patients with advanced age and with manifestations of biventricular involvement, should increase the suspicion index for cardiac amyloidosis. Finally, proteinuria on the common urine test, loss of renal function, macroglossia, and the diagnosis of “low-flow and low-gradient” aortic stenosis – particularly of the paradoxical type – may also be suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Initial Cardiac Imaging Exams</title>
			<p>Cardiac imaging as an initial assessment is mandatory, but which exam should be requested is not consensual, and transthoracic echocardiography and/or cardiac magnetic resonance with evaluation of delayed enhancement are often recommended. Suggestive echocardiographic signs are thickening of the walls of both ventricles, which are usually not dilated, valve thickening, and pericardial effusion. An important warning sign on cardiac magnetic resonance, in addition to the respective findings identified on echocardiography, is the presence of diffuse subendocardial delayed enhancement. The assessment of left ventricular global longitudinal strain on the echocardiogram and the identification of relative preservation of the apical deformation (apical sparing) is a suggestive finding of cardiac amyloidosis, but not pathognomonic. Likewise, the multiparametric evaluation on cardiac resonance identifying an increase in native T1 time and extracellular volume may be strongly suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Diagnostic Algorithms and Flowcharts</title>
			<p>Once the clinical suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis is established, the cardiologist – or responsible physician – must launch a rational investigation strategy. Several algorithms and diagnostic flowcharts have been proposed with this objective. None of the proposed regimens will be perfect for all patients, since there is a wide variety of initial clinical presentations, depending on the type of amyloidosis in question (due to light chain, mutant or wild-type transthyretin deposition). Many algorithms ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> ) suggest that all suspected patients should be initially screened only for plasma dyscrasias (presence of monoclonal proteins). The European Society of Cardiology ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> ) proposes that concomitant myocardial scintigraphy with a bone radiotracer (99mTc-DPP/PYP/HMDP) should be requested and the diagnostic definitions be based on the combination of results. The recent position statement on the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> ) clearly separates the hematological route and the cardiology route of investigation, emphasizing that the suspicion of light chain amyloidosis (LA) should be considered a medical emergency, and that the cardiologist should act together with the hematologist for accelerated referral of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Our position statement also recommends performing an endomyocardial biopsy in doubtful cases and, according to finding of cardiac amyloid deposition (positive congo red staining), indicates protein typing by mass spectroscopy or immunohistochemistry.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>International Expert Panel diagnostic algorithm (2019)<sup>5</sup></italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0139-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Canadian societies diagnostic algorithm (2020)<sup>6</sup></italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0139-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Diagnostic algorithm of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group (2021)<sup>7</sup></italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0139-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Diagnostic algorithm of the Heart Failure Department of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (2021)<sup>8</sup> ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; ECG: electrocardiogram; TTR: transthyretin.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0139-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Regardless of the recommended or chosen algorithm, some facts, and scenarios in the investigation of cardiac amyloidosis are central, deserve attention and appear in almost all flowcharts. These can be summarized into 10 cardinal rules described below:</p>
			<p><bold>1. Evaluation of monoclonal proteins.</bold> We should simultaneously order three tests to increase the accuracy in identifying monoclonal proteins: (1) serum kappa and lambda free chain ratio, (2) serum protein immunofixation, and (3) urinary protein immunofixation.</p>
			<p><bold>2. Hematological route.</bold> The presence of abnormal monoclonal proteins in hematological screening in individuals suspected of having cardiac deposition suggests the presence of light chain amyloidosis (LA) and the patient should quickly proceed with the investigation with tissue biopsies aimed at clinical presentation, which may include collection of bone marrow, renal and myocardial tissue. The hematologist must be involved in the investigation process early on.</p>
			<p><bold>3. Abdominal fat biopsy.</bold> Abdominal fat biopsy, a test frequently used for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis, has an inadequate negative predictive value to rule out the diagnosis.</p>
			<p><bold>4. Diagnosis of amyloidosis without the need for biopsy</bold> . The diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis due to transthyretin deposition, without the need for tissue biopsy, can be achieved with the use of myocardial scintigraphy with a bone radiotracer (the marker available in Brazil is 99mTc pyrophosphate). For this purpose, marker uptake must be moderately or markedly positive (grade 2 or 3 and/or cardiac versus contralateral uptake &gt; 1.5) and the 3 hematological screening tests must demonstrate the absence of monoclonal proteins.</p>
			<p><bold>5. Transthyretin gene mutations.</bold> Genetic tests for evaluation of mutations related to specific phenotypes (neurological, cardiac, or mixed) are indicated for patients diagnosed with cardiac amyloidosis due to transthyretin deposition. The results of this assessment have implications for family counseling and genetic counseling.</p>
			<p><bold>6. Altered scintigraphy &amp; presence of monoclonal proteins.</bold> A small but not negligible percentage of patients with amyloidosis due to light chain deposition may simultaneously have positive bone radiotracer uptake in myocardial scintigraphy with hematological tests that identify the presence of monoclonal proteins.</p>
			<p><bold>7. Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance.</bold> On the other hand, the identification of a monoclonal protein is not diagnostic of light chain amyloidosis (AL). In addition, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance may also coexist with wild-type transthyretin deposition amyloidosis, especially in elderly patients.</p>
			<p><bold>8. Endomyocardial biopsy.</bold> Direct analysis of myocardial tissue may be essential in scenarios where clinical suspicion is high and other tests are inconsistent, or when myocardial scintigraphy with a bone radiotracer is not available.</p>
			<p><bold>9. Mass spectroscopy and/or immunohistochemistry.</bold> Tissue analysis by mass spectrometry and/or immunohistochemistry are not readily available for most patients but should be used in doubtful scenarios or with conflicting findings during the investigation, as they allow a definitive diagnosis and can differentiate the type of amyloid deposits.</p>
			<p><bold>10. Clinical suspicion, the cornerstone.</bold> Diagnostic clues can appear separated from other signs/symptoms and at different time frames in the natural history of the disease, affecting apparently unrelated bodily systems. The cardiologist should place amyloidosis within the scope of their differential diagnoses, because without an initial clinical suspicion no flowchart or algorithm will work.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Amyloidosis, an underdiagnosed, life-threatening entity, has long been considered untreatable. However, the recent availability of disease course-modifying therapies has renewed efforts to raise awareness about the initial symptoms of the disease and the assessments that are available to confirm its diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Clinical clues (red flags) must be remembered and involve manifestations of cardiac, renal, tendon or neurological involvement. The use of diagnostic flowcharts is recommended to assist the physician in investigating suspected cases in a systematic, rational, and orderly manner. These algorithms, however, are not infallible, since the disease has a very large spectrum of clinical presentations, which can vary substantially according to the phase and system in which amyloid deposition occurs.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fluxogramas para o Diagnóstico da Amiloidose Cardíaca: Como Aplicá-Los na Prática?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rohde</surname>
						<given-names>Luis E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, FAMED-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Programa de Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada do Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Núcleo de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Cardiomiopatias do Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correnspondência: Luis E. Rohde • Serviço de Cardiologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Av. Protásio Alves, 211. CEP: 90035-903, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil. E-mail: Rohde.le@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa; Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Rohde LE.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Luis E. Rohde participou em atividades de Consultoria, Advisory Board ou Palestras com Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boheringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis e Pfizer</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Amiloidose Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Amiloidose cardíaca foi por muito tempo uma entidade negligenciada pela maioria dos médicos, sendo considerada doença rara e com limitadas opções de tratamento. Os recentes avanços diagnósticos e terapêuticos trouxeram uma visão renovada nas estratégias de avaliação das diferentes formas de amiloidose que potencialmente afetam o coração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Neste artigo realizamos uma reflexão crítica sobre a importância da suspeita diagnóstica precoce e do uso de algoritmos contemporâneos visando instrumentalizar o cardiologista para sua prática clínica.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Suspeita Diagnóstica</title>
				<p>O maior obstáculo para o diagnóstico célere e apropriado de amiloidose cardíaca é a ausência de suspeição precoce em pacientes que apresentam sinais de alerta (“ <italic>red flags</italic> ”) que poderiam – ou deveriam – desencadear uma investigação. Este fenômeno fica claro quando se documenta que antes do diagnóstico definitivo de amiloidose ou de acometimento cardíaco por deposição amiloide, a investigação pode levar vários meses ou anos, envolvendo habitualmente muitos médicos de diferentes especialidades. Em estudo da Universidade de Toulouse, o retardo médio entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico de amiloidose foi 8, 10 e 18 meses, respectivamente, para a amiloidose de cadeia leve (AL), amiloidose por deposição de transtirretina do tipo selvagem e amiloidose por deposição de transtirretina hereditária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> De forma similar, o número de profissionais da saúde que cada paciente necessita consultar na sua “jornada” para o diagnóstico correto pode variar substancialmente. Em entrevista com pacientes e familiares de pacientes com amiloidose, predominantemente por deposição de cadeias leves, o diagnóstico não foi estabelecido durante o primeiro ano após o início de sintomas em mais de 1/3 dos entrevistados e o diagnóstico foi realizado apenas após a consulta com 5 médicos diferentes em 32% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>É fundamental frisar que para uma doença caracterizada pelo depósito miocárdico continuado, mas em velocidade heterogênea, o retardo no diagnóstico pode ter implicações significativas do ponto de vista terapêutico e prognóstico. O cardiologista deve estar sempre atento a pistas que deveriam aumentar a suspeita clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Na prática, são sinais de alerta achados que sugerem deposição amiloide no sistema ósseo-tendíneo-muscular (síndrome do túnel do carpo, particularmente bilateral; estenose do canal lombar ou ruptura do tendão do bíceps) e acometimento neuropático periférico (sensitivo e motor), particularmente se associado com disfunção autonômica (hipotensão postural, gastroparesia e alterações de hábito intestinal). O eletrocardiograma de repouso – exame simples, barato, mas fundamental – pode dar indícios relevantes se identificar a presença de distúrbios do sistema de condução, surgimento de pseudo ondas Q ou identificação de baixa voltagem em paciente com sinais de aumento de espessuras parietais em outros exames de imagem. O cenário de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada, particularmente no sexo masculino, em pacientes com idade avançada e com manifestações de comprometimento biventricular, deve aumentar o índice de suspeição para amiloidose cardíaca. Por fim, proteinúria no exame comum de urina, perda de função renal, macroglossia e o diagnóstico de estenose aórtica “baixo-fluxo e baixo-gradiente” – particularmente do tipo paradoxal – também podem ser indícios de amiloidose cardíaca.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Exames de Imagem Cardíaca Iniciais</title>
				<p>A realização inicial de exames de imagem cardíaca é mandatória, mas qual exame deve ser solicitado não é consensual, sendo frequentemente recomendados o ecocardiograma transtorácico e/ou ressonância magnética cardíaca com avaliação de realce tardio. Sinais ecocardiográficos sugestivos são espessamento das paredes de ambos os ventrículos, que habitualmente não estão dilatados, espessamento valvular e derrame pericárdico. Sinal de alerta na ressonância cardíaca, além dos achados identificados na ecocardiografia, é a presença de realce tardio subendocárdico difuso. Na mensuração do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal pelo ecocardiograma, a identificação de preservação relativa da deformação apical é achado sugestivo, mas não patognomônico de amiloidose cardíaca. Da mesma forma, a avaliação multiparamétrica na ressonância cardíaca identificando aumento do tempo T1 nativo e do volume extracelular podem ser indícios fortemente sugestivos de amiloidose cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Algoritmos e Fluxogramas Diagnósticos</title>
				<p>Uma vez estabelecida a suspeita clínica de amiloidose cardíaca, o cardiologista – ou médico responsável – deve estabelecer uma estratégia racional de investigação. Diversos algoritmos e fluxogramas diagnósticos têm sido propostos com este objetivo. Nenhum dos esquemas propostos será perfeito para todos os pacientes, uma vez que existe grande variedade de apresentações clínicas iniciais, dependendo ainda do tipo de amiloidose em questão (por deposição de cadeia leve ou de transtirretina mutante ou selvagem). Muitos algoritmos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">2</xref> ) sugerem que todos os pacientes suspeitos devam ser inicialmente rastreados apenas para discrasias plasmáticas (presença de proteínas monoclonais). A Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref> ) propõe que se deva solicitar concomitantemente a cintilografia miocárdica com radiotraçador ósseo (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPP/PYP/HMDP) e a partir da combinação dos resultados prosseguir nas definições diagnósticas. O recente posicionamento brasileiro sobre diagnóstico e tratamento de amiloidose cardíaco ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref> ) separa claramente a rota hematológica e a rota cardiológica de investigação, enfatizando que a suspeita de amioloidose AL deva ser considerada uma emergência médica, e que o cardiologista deva atuar em conjunto com o hematologista para encaminhamento acelerado dos trâmites diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Nosso posicionamento também recomenda realização de biopsia endomiocardica em casos duvidosos e, frente ao achado de deposição amiloide cardíaco (coloração de vermelho Congo positivo), indica tipagem da proteína por espectroscopia de massa ou imuno-histoquímica.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Algoritmo diagnóstico de Painel de Especialistas Internacionais (2019)<sup>5</sup></italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0139-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Algoritmo diagnóstico das Sociedades Canadenses (2020)<sup>6</sup></italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0139-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Algoritmo diagnóstico do Grupo de Trabalho da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (2021).<sup>7</sup></italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0139-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Algoritmo diagnóstico do Departamento de Insuficiência Cardíaca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (2021).<sup>8</sup>ATTR: amiloidose transtirretina; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; ECG: eletrocardiograma; TTR: transtiretina.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0139-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Independentemente do algoritmo preconizado ou escolhido, alguns pontos e cenários na investigação da amiloidose cardíaca são centrais, merecem destaque e aparecem em quase todos os fluxogramas. Estes podem ser sumarizados em <underline><bold>10 regras cardinais</bold></underline> descritas abaixo:</p>
				<p><bold>1. Identificação de proteínas monoclonais.</bold> Devemos solicitar simultaneamente três exames com objetivo de aumentar a acurácia na identificação de proteínas monoclonais: (1) razão das cadeias livres kappa e lambda séricas, (2) imunofixação de proteínas séricas e (3) imunofixação de proteínas urinárias.</p>
				<p><bold>2. Rota hematológica.</bold> A presença de picos monoclonais no rastreamento hematológico em indivíduos suspeitos de acometimento cardíaco sugere a presença de amiloidose AL e o paciente deve prosseguir rapidamente na investigação com biópsias teciduais direcionadas para a apresentação clínica, podendo incluir coleta de material de medula óssea, tecido renal e miocárdico. O hematologista deve ser envolvido no processo de investigação.</p>
				<p><bold>3. Biópsia de gordura abdominal.</bold> A biópsia de gordura abdominal, exame frequentemente usado para o diagnóstico de amiloidose sistêmica, tem valor preditivo negativo inadequado para afastar o diagnóstico.</p>
				<p><bold>4. Diagnóstico de amiloidose sem necessidade de biópsia.</bold> O diagnóstico de amiloidose cardíaca por deposição de transtirretina, sem a necessidade de biópsia tecidual, pode ser alcançado com o emprego da cintilografia miocárdica com radiotraçador ósseo (o marcardor disponível no Brasil é o pirofostato<sup>99m</sup>Tc). Para isso, a captação do marcador deve ser de intensidade moderadamente ou marcadamente positiva (grau 2 ou 3 e/ou captação cardíaca versus contralateral &gt; 1.5) e os três testes hematológicos devem demonstrar ausência de proteínas monoclonais.</p>
				<p><bold>5. Mutações do gene da transtirretina.</bold> Teste genéticos para avaliações de mutações relacionadas a fenótipos específicos (neurológico, cardíaco ou misto) são indicados para pacientes com diagnóstico de amiloidose cardíaca por deposição de transtirretina. Os resultados desta avaliação têm implicações na orientação de familiares e no aconselhamento genético.</p>
				<p><bold>6. Cintilografia alterada e presença de proteínas monoclonais.</bold> Percentual pequeno, mas não negligenciável de pacientes com amiloidose por deposição de cadeias leves, pode ter simultaneamente cintilografia miocárdica com radiotraçador ósseo com captação positiva no coração e testes hematológicos que identificam a presença de proteínas monoclonais.</p>
				<p><bold>7. Gamopatia monoclonal de significado incerto.</bold> Por outro lado, a simples identificação de uma proteína monoclonal não é diagnóstica de amiloidose AL. Além disso, gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado também pode coexistir com amiloidose por deposição de transtirretina do tipo selvagem, especialmente em pacientes idosos.</p>
				<p><bold>8. Biópsia endomiocárdica.</bold> A coleta de tecido miocárdico pode ser fundamental em casos em que a suspeita clínica é alta e os resultados de exames são inconsistentes ou quando não se tem disponível a cintilografia miocárdica com radiotraçador ósseo.</p>
				<p><bold>9. Espectroscopia de massa e/ou imuno-histoquímica.</bold> Análise tecidual por espectrometria de massa e/ou imuno-histoquímica são exames pouco disponíveis, mas que devem ser utilizados em casos duvidosos ou com achados conflitantes durante a investigação, por permitir o diagnóstico definitivo e conseguir diferenciar o tipo de amilóide depositado.</p>
				<p><bold>10. Suspeita clínica, a pedra angular.</bold> As pistas diagnósticas podem aparecer de forma isolada e em momentos distintos na história natural da doença, acometendo sistemas corpóreos aparentemente sem relação. O cardiologista deve colocar a amiloidose no escopo de seus diagnósticos diferenciais, pois sem a suspeita clínica inicial, nenhum fluxograma ou algoritmo funcionará.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A amiloidose, uma entidade subdiagnosticada, com elevado risco de vida, por muito tempo foi considerada intratável. No entanto, a recente disponibilidade de terapias modificadoras do curso da doença renovou os esforços para aumentar a conscientização sobre os sintomas iniciais da doença e as avaliações que estão disponíveis para confirmar seu diagnóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Pistas clínicas ( <italic>red flags</italic> ) devem ser lembradas e envolvem manifestações de acometimento cardíaco, renal, tendíneo ou neurológico. O uso de fluxogramas diagnósticos é recomendado para auxiliar o médico na investigação de casos suspeitos, de forma sistemática, racional e ordenada. Esses algoritmos, entretanto, não são infalíveis, uma vez que a doença tem um espectro muito grande de apresentações clínicas, que podem variar substancialmente de acordo com a fase e o sistema em ocorre deposição amiloide.</p>
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