<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="other" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Phenomenology, Humanities and Sciences - Fenomenologia, Humanidades e Ciências</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Gestalt-terapia de Goiânia (ITGT); Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Fenomenológica (Abrapfe)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210036</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210036</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A Practical Approach to Differential Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathies with Infiltrative Phenotypes</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3185-9745</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Trevizan</surname>
						<given-names>Ligia Lopes Balsalobre</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituição: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituição: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein,São Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Coração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração,São Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Sandrigo Mangini • Rua Lúcio Martins Rodrigues, 330 ap 13, Jardim Leonor Postal code 05621-025 São Paulo - SP. E-mail: <email>sandrigomangini@cardiol.br</email> , <email>sandrigoman@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author Contributions</p>
					<p>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Trevizan LLB, Mangini S</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>132</fpage>
			<lpage>138</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
				<page-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) affects approximately 2% of the world population; heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is responsible for approximately 50% of cases, and it has shown a progressive increase in prevalence with the aging of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>HFpEF is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and it is responsible for frequent hospitalizations, especially in the most elderly population. It has a complex pathophysiology and a diversified group of risk factors and etiologies. To date, few therapies have been shown to be effective in reducing cardiovascular outcomes in HFpEF; however, for specific etiologies, the possibility of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies exists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Restrictive cardiomyopathies (RCM) represent a small yet significant portion of patients with HFpEF, and they are characterized by diastolic dysfunction secondary to myocardial infiltration or primary dysfunction due to ventricular hypertrophy. RCM can result from hereditary or acquired diseases or a combination of both. Depending on their etiology, RCM are classified as infiltrative, non-infiltrative, storage diseases, and endomyocardial, and they may vary by age group. Some are more prevalent in certain regions ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Classification of restrictive cardiomyopathies</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="20%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Involvement of the myocardium</th>
								<th>&lt; 30 years</th>
								<th>Age 30 to 65 years</th>
								<th>&gt; 65 years</th>
								<th>Genetic</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Non-infiltrative</td>
								<td align="center">Idiopathic</td>
								<td align="center">Idiopathic</td>
								<td align="center">Idiopathic</td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Scleroderma</td>
								<td align="center">Scleroderma</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Elastic pseudoxanthoma</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">ABCC6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Diabetic cardiomyopathy</td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Infiltrative</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">ATTR Sarcoidosis</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">TTR gene variants*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">ATTR-WT**</td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">AL amyloidosis</td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Sarcoidosis</td>
								<td align="center">Sarcoidosis</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Storage diseases</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Hemochromatosis</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">HAMP, HFE, HFE2, HJV, PNPLA3, SLC40A1, TfR2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Fabry disease</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">GLA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Gaucher disease</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">GBA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Hurler disease</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">IDUA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Glycogen deposition***</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Due to a specific type</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Iron overload</td>
								<td align="center">Iron overload</td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Endomyocardial</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Endomyocardial fibrosis</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Eosinophilic syndrome</td>
								<td align="center">Eosinophilic syndrome</td>
								<td align="center">Eosinophilic syndrome</td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Carcinoid disease</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Metastatic tumor</td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Radiation</td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">Medication-related</td>
								<td align="center">Medication-related</td>
								<td align="center">Acquired</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>AL: light chain; ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; ATTR-WT: wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis *V122I; I68L; L111M; T60A; S23N; P24S; W41L; V30M; V20I; APOA1 *** PRKAG2 gene disease, Danon disease (LAMP2)</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The most common phenotypic characteristic of infiltrative RCM is increased ventricular wall thickness; amyloidosis and storage diseases are the main etiologies, and situations of hypertrophy (hypertensive cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and their phenocopies) are differential diagnoses ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). Due to the heterogeneous nature and variable phenotypic expression of RCM, diagnosis is a challenge; however, it plays a prognostic and therapeutic role. Early recognition remains a fundamental barrier to having an impact on survival in these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The objective of this publication is to assist clinicians in reasoning by means of a practical approach to differential diagnosis of RCM with infiltrative phenotypes.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Differential diagnoses of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. * Thickening of the left ventricular inferobasal wall and apical obliteration are frequent. ** Abnormal septal thickness (thickening or thinning). HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LV: left ventricle; RCM: restrictive cardiomyopathy. Adapted from Pereira, N.L. et al. J AM Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71 (10)1130-48.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0132-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Pathophysiology</title>
				<p>Ventricular walls evolve with increased stiffness and reduced relaxation, resulting in impaired filling and consequent increase in pressure while resting and, more intensely, during exertion; this severe diastolic dysfunction results in limited increases in end-diastolic volume of one or both ventricles. In addition, non-compliant ventricles inhibit rapid venous return, resulting in limited increases in stroke volume. Biatrial enlargement is characteristic; systolic function is generally preserved or slightly reduced, as is the size of the ventricular chambers, until advanced stages of the disease occur.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>RCM do not have a uniformly accepted diagnostic criterion; additionally, the classic pattern of restriction can be found in other diseases that affect the heart. In a simultaneous hemodynamic study of the ventricles, initial diastolic pressure declines and rises rapidly, with a tendency to equalize end-diastolic pressures of both ventricles. This restrictive physiology has been attributed to a reduction in ventricular compliance secondary to fibrosis or an infiltrative process in the subendocardium and/or myocardium. In RCM, right atrial pressure usually exceeds 15 mmHg, and there should be a difference of at least 5 mmHg between right atrial pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure, as well as between the end-diastolic pressures of the left and right ventricles, due to the unequal involvement and compliance of both ventricles, unlike what is found in constrictive pericarditis, where equalization of ventricular filling pressures occurs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical characteristics</title>
				<p>HF is a common initial manifestation, and intolerance to physical exertion is a common complaint. Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances are often found due to progressive biatrial enlargement. Physical examination may reveal findings of pulmonary congestion and, especially, systemic congestion, including jugular stasis, hepatomegaly, ascites, lower limb edema, and the presence of B3 and B4; Kussmaul’s sign is usually absent. Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation may be present.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Thromboembolic complications, with or without concomitant atrial fibrillation, are not uncommon due to marked biatrial enlargement and low atrial contractility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The clinical phenotype of HF due to systemic diseases that affect the heart is very similar; however, extracardiac manifestations are varied, and they increase diagnostic suspicion of specific etiologies, in addition to family history of heart disease ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Specific characteristics and treatment of restrictive cardiomyopathies</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="13%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Etiology</th>
									<th align="left">Clinical history</th>
									<th align="left">Extracardiac manifestations</th>
									<th align="left">ECG</th>
									<th align="left">Echo</th>
									<th align="left">NMR</th>
									<th align="left">Other methods</th>
									<th align="left">Treatment</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="8"><bold>Infiltrative restrictive cardiomyopathies</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Cardiac amyloidosis</bold> More than 30 proteins can lead to amyloidosis, 5 of which can lead to cardiac involvement; 95% are related to AL and TTR (mutation or WT)</td>
									<td>Symptoms of HF Positive family history In TTR due to mutation, autosomal dominant inheritance</td>
									<td>TTR: bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, dysautonomia, Gastrointestinal tract alteration, peripheral neuropathy, sexual dysfunction WT: bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome AL: macroglossia, periorbital erythema</td>
									<td>Normal to QRS complexes with low voltage, Anteroseptal/inferior pseudoinfarction</td>
									<td>Hyperrefringence, biatrial enlargement, symmetric hypertrophy, preserved EF, apical sparing strain pattern</td>
									<td>Diffuse or focal late enhancement may be subendocardial or transmural Increased ECV</td>
									<td>AL: free light chain assay, serum and urinary immunofixation, if positive bone marrow and tissue biopsy (abdominal fat, endomyocardial) TTR: pyrophosphate scintigraphy in ATTR: presence of grade 2 or 3 or heart/contralateral ratio &gt; 1.5 TTR: genetic testing Endomyocardial biopsy: Congo red and mass spectrometry</td>
									<td>AL: chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, consider heart transplant TTR: acting on RNA, blocking protein synthesis (patisiran and inotersen), stabilization of monomers (tafamidis, diflusisal, and AG10) and acting to remove already formed fibrils (doxycycline). Consider double transplantation (liver-heart) in TTR due to mutation and cardiac transplant in WT</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Fabry disease</bold> X-linked recessive inheritance Alpha-galactosidase A deficiency, globotriaosylceramide accumulation</td>
									<td>Symptoms of HF Positive family history</td>
									<td>Neuropathic pain, heat intolerance, presence of angiokeratoma in the skin and/or mucous membranes, kidney injury, cornea verticillata, central nervous system injury</td>
									<td>QRS with normal or extended amplitude, altered PR interval.</td>
									<td>Symmetrical hypertrophy of the LV and RV wall, normal EF</td>
									<td>Focal involvement, middle wall, inferolateral wall, normal or reduced ECV</td>
									<td>Enzyme testing Genetic testing</td>
									<td>Enzyme replacement therapy to control symptoms</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Danon disease</bold> Dominant X-linked inheritance, caused by mutation of lysosomal-linked membrane protein 2 (LAMP2)</td>
									<td>Symptoms of HF, ventricular arrhythmias</td>
									<td>Skeletal myopathy, cognitive deficit</td>
									<td>QRS with increased amplitude; short PR with delta wave</td>
									<td>Major LV hypertrophy with possible outflow tract obstruction</td>
									<td>Subendocardial late enhancement sparing the septum; normal or reduced ECV</td>
									<td>Genetic testing</td>
									<td>No specific treatment</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="8"><bold>Restrictive cardiomyopathies</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Sarcoidosis</bold></td>
									<td>Symptoms of HF, presyncope, syncope, arrhythmias, sudden death</td>
									<td>Most frequently presents pulmonary involvement. It may present hepatic, spleen, ocular, lymphatic, cutaneous, nervous system, and renal involvement.</td>
									<td>Arrhythmias, AVB, nonspecific repolarization changes</td>
									<td>Thinning of the basal region of the interventricular septum, septal hypertrophy and aneurysms</td>
									<td>Multi-focal myocardial involvement, sparing the edge of the endocardium; “mid-ventricular and subepicardial.”</td>
									<td>PET/CT with 18F FDG for detection of the inflammatory process. Endomyocardial biopsy</td>
									<td>Immunosuppression with a corticosteroid. In refractory cases, methotrexate, azathioprine, and myocofenalate mofetil Implantable defibrillator</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Hemochromatosis</bold></td>
									<td>Symptoms of HF Positive family history</td>
									<td>Weakness, arthralgia, skin hyperpigmentation, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism</td>
									<td>Supraventricular arrhythmia</td>
									<td>Presents restrictive diastolic dysfunction that progresses to dilation and systolic dysfunction</td>
									<td>T2*</td>
									<td>Ferritin assay, transthyretin saturation Genetic testing</td>
									<td>Therapeutic phlebotomy iron chelators</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Endomiocardial fibrosis</bold></td>
									<td>Symptoms of HF, massive ascites disproportionate to lower limb edema, giant V wave</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Arrhythmias (AF, AVB), low voltage QRS complexes</td>
									<td>Normal EF. Thickening of the LV inferobasal wall, apical obliteration, and thrombi adherent to the endocardial surface. Pericardial effusion. Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation.</td>
									<td>Late enhancement identified as a hyperintense linear image representing endocardial fibrosis or the double V sign</td>
									<td>Angiography can be seen with left and right ventriculography show chamber distortion due to fibrosis and apical obliteration. Endomyocardial biopsy</td>
									<td>Consider myocardial resection surgery with ventricular reconstruction and valve replacement</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p><italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; AL: light chain; AVB: atrioventricular block; ECG: electrocardiogram; echo: echocardiography; EF: ejection fraction; HF: heart failure; LV: left ventricle; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; RV: right ventricle; TTR: transthyretin</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Diagnostic investigation (Figure 2)</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Laboratory exams</title>
				<p>Troponin and NT-proBNP may be elevated, and they have prognostic value. Renal function can be altered when there is renal infiltration or in patients with advanced HF. When amyloidosis is suspected, free light chain assay and serum and urinary immunofixation have high sensitivity for diagnosing light chain amyloidosis (AL).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Electrocardiogram</title>
				<p>Electrocardiogram (ECG) is very important to initiate diagnostic reasoning. Infiltrative disorders generate abnormal accumulations of substances in myocytes or in the interstitium of the myocardium, which are responsible for increased wall thickness; therefore, the voltage of the QRS complex may be reduced or incompatible with the degree of thickening in the presence of infiltration between myocardial fibers (a common finding in amyloidosis); on the other hand, when myocardial fibers are involved, we can observe an increase in QRS amplitude on ECG (Fabry disease, for example), with differential diagnoses of diseases related to increased afterload (arterial hypertension and aortic stenosis) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although low voltage favors clinical reasoning of cardiac amyloidosis, it is present in only 20% of patients with the TTR form (transthyretin) and is more frequent in the AL form (50% of cases). The most common finding related to cardiac amyloidosis is the mismatch between increased ventricular thickness on echocardiogram and the amplitude of the QRS complex; another common finding is the presence of electrically inactive areas in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (pseudoinfarction).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In Fabry disease, ECG abnormalities may include short PR interval, right bundle branch block, left ventricular hypertrophy, and giant negative T waves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In infiltrative RCM, sinus rhythm with biatrial overload may be observed. Atrial fibrillation, however, is not uncommon. Bundle branch blocks and atrioventricular blocks can also be a presentation of infiltrative diseases. Ventricular arrhythmias are also common.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiography</title>
				<p>Transthoracic echocardiography typically demonstrates normal ejection fraction, normal chamber volumes with biatrial enlargement, and restrictive diastolic filling parameters. Infiltrative RCM progresses with concentric increase in left ventricular wall and septum thickness; in amyloidosis, we may observe thickening of the right ventricle and interatrial septum. Assessment of left ventricular thickening on transthoracic echocardiography, especially when correlated with ECG, contributes to differential diagnoses in HFpEF ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). Diastolic compliance is abnormal, and it shows increased early diastolic filling velocity (E wave), reflecting elevated left atrial pressure, decreased atrial filling velocity (A wave) due to high ventricular diastolic pressures (E/A &gt; 1.5), shortening of mitral deceleration time (&lt; 120 ms), and decreased isovolumetric relaxation time. Tissue Doppler imaging reveals reduced initial diastolic longitudinal axis or mitral annular velocities (eʹ) and increased E/eʹ ratio (&gt; 15).</p>
				<p>An aspect of myocardial hyperrefringence is often characteristic of amyloid infiltrate. Using the speckle tracking technique, the longitudinal strain pattern can help differentiate between cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to the characteristic of restricted basal movement compared to apical movement in amyloidosis (apical sparing).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Flowchart for investigation of restrictive cardiomyopathies with infiltrative phenotypes. * Reduced or normal QRS complex with mismatch between left ventricular wall thickness on echocardiography and QRS complex on electrocardiogram. ** Bone marrow and tissue biopsy of any affected organ (e.g. abdominal fat, endomyocardial). AL: light chain; AoS: aortic stenosis; BMB: bone marrow biopsy; ECG: electrocardiogram; ECV: extracellular volume; EMB: endomyocardial biospy; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; TTRm: transthyretin mutation; TTR-WT: transthyretin, wild-type.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0132-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiac resonance</title>
				<p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, with a combination of native and contrast images, allows for accurate anatomical and functional assessment, as well as tissue characterization, indisputably assisting the assessment of RCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Late gadolinium enhancement plays an established role in assisting differential diagnosis of cardiomyopathies, including restrictive ones. Diffuse subendocardial late enhancement is indicative of fibrosis, and it is observed in approximately one third of all cases of RCM; however, it is limited to patients with creatinine clearance above 30 mL/min. Gadolinium is an extracellular contrast agent, and, under normal conditions, it is not retained in the myocardium after administration. Amyloid infiltration results in volume expansion and contrast retention.</p>
				<p>One of the greatest advantages of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is tissue characterization of various structures and cardiac diseases. Recently, this characterization went from being merely qualitative to measuring objectively by means of T1 and T2 parametric maps, with the additional advantage of not requiring contrast. T1 mapping has made it possible to objectively measure areas of edema, inflammation, and fibrosis, reflecting systemic changes that occur in the extracellular space. Another advantage of the technique is that it allows measurement of extracellular volume (ECV), with contrast infusion, assisting in differential diagnosis of the restrictive infiltrative cause, given that, in amyloidosis, there is an increase in ECV. On the other hand, in diseases that occur with hypertrophy, there is a more reduced pattern of ECV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Bone tracer scintigraphy</title>
				<p>For suspected amyloidosis, this technique has demonstrated a sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 86% for diagnosis of cardiac involvement due to TTR cardiac amyloidosis, whether wild-type or due to a mutation, once the light chain form has been excluded. Radiopharmaceutical uptake is classified by the semi-quantitative visual score of cardiac retention in relation to the sternum; the presence of grade 2 or 3 is highly suggestive of TTR in the absence of monoclonal proteins. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of cardiac retention in ratio to the contralateral chest wall greater than 1.5 is consistent for diagnosis of the TTR form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Endomyocardial biopsy</title>
				<p>The evolution of imaging methods has reduced the need for endomyocardial biopsy in diagnosis, but it may still play a fundamental role in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with restrictive disease. Diagnoses of systemic diseases with cardiac involvement, such as amyloidosis and hemochromatosis, can be definitively established by biopsy of the right ventricle. Endomyocardial biopsy can be used when clinical, laboratory, and imaging data are not sufficient to establish diagnosis. It is worth underscoring that a recent study observed that right ventricular biopsy was effective in only 29% of patients with unexplained RCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Genetic assessment</title>
				<p>The genetic etiology of RCM is strongly suspected, due to its familial occurrence. Clinical and imaging presentations in infiltrative RCM are similar, and they may be difficult to differentiate when the extracardiac clinical expression is not as pronounced; correct genetic diagnosis implies prognostic assessment and specific therapeutic possibilities. In TTR amyloidosis, genetic analysis is essential to differentiate between mutation and wild-type; furthermore, mutational TTR is associated with the phenotypic expression of neuropathy and/or heart disease. It is also important in the differential diagnosis of hypertrophy, including hypertrophic RCM, its phenocopies, and storage diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment</title>
				<p>Treatment of RCM must be individualized according to etiology ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> ). Management of HF is a challenge, given that few pharmacological therapies have been associated with favorable outcomes in this scenario. Patients poorly tolerate antihypertensives and betablockers; digoxin should be avoided due to the risk of intoxication. Diuretic therapy and volume management is the most used strategy. Oral anticoagulation should be considered in the presence of atrial fibrillation, regardless of risk scores, due to the associated high thromboembolic risk. Pacemakers considered in blocks and symptomatic bradycardias and defibrillators are controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>HFpEF is currently a great challenge for clinicians, as it represents a phenotype with many possibilities and, in general, limited therapeutic strategies; however, the search for etiologies should not be neglected, as it makes it possible to establish prognosis and specific therapeutic strategies that can modify the evolution of patients. For this purpose, all available workup should be taken into account, from clinical history and detailed physical examination, family history, and involvement of other systems, combined with adequate diagnostic procedures, including ECG, echocardiogram, laboratory tests, nuclear medicine, coronary and hemodynamic assessment, magnetic resonance, and, in specific situations, endomyocardial biopsy and genetic analysis. To paraphrase Claude Bernard, “If you do not know what you are looking for, you will not know how to interpret what you find.” Therefore, we must not neglect considering and seeking differential diagnoses of HFpEF, including in RCM with infiltrative phenotypes.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Shah KS, Xu H, Matsouaka RA, Bhatt DL, Heidenreich PA, Hernandez AF, et al. Heart Failure with Preserved, Borderline, and Reduced Ejection Fraction: 5-Year Outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(20):2476-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.074.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shah</surname>
							<given-names>KS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xu</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Matsouaka</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bhatt</surname>
							<given-names>DL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Heidenreich</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernandez</surname>
							<given-names>AF</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Heart Failure with Preserved, Borderline, and Reduced Ejection Fraction: 5-Year Outcomes</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>70</volume>
					<issue>20</issue>
					<fpage>2476</fpage>
					<lpage>2486</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.074.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):146-603. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Benjamin</surname>
							<given-names>EJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blaha</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chiuve</surname>
							<given-names>SE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cushman</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Das</surname>
							<given-names>SR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Deo</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>135</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>146</fpage>
					<lpage>603</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Madan N, Kalra D. Clinical Evaluation of Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies Resulting in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2020;21(2):181-90. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm.2020.02.65.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Madan</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kalra</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Evaluation of Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies Resulting in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
					<source>Rev Cardiovasc Med</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>181</fpage>
					<lpage>190</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31083/j.rcm.2020.02.65.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Mesquita ET, Grion DC, Kubrusly MC, Silva BBFF, Santos EAR. Phenotype Mapping of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Int.J. Cardiovasc. Sci. 2018;31(6):652-61. doi: 10.5935/2359-4802.20180047.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mesquita</surname>
							<given-names>ET</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grion</surname>
							<given-names>DC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kubrusly</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>BBFF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>EAR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Phenotype Mapping of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
					<source>Int.J. Cardiovasc. Sci</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>652</fpage>
					<lpage>661</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180047.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Pereira NL, Grogan M, Dec GW. Spectrum of Restrictive and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies: Part 1 of a 2-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(10):1130-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.016.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pereira</surname>
							<given-names>NL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grogan</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dec</surname>
							<given-names>GW</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Spectrum of Restrictive and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies: Part 1 of a 2-Part Series</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>71</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>1130</fpage>
					<lpage>1148</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.016.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Muchtar E, Blauwet LA, Gertz MA. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Circ Res. 2017;121(7):819-37. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.310982.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Muchtar</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blauwet</surname>
							<given-names>LA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gertz</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Genetics, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Therapy</article-title>
					<source>Circ Res</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>121</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>819</fpage>
					<lpage>837</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.310982.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Seward JB, Casaclang-Verzosa G. Infiltrative Cardiovascular Diseases: Cardiomyopathies That Look Alike. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(17):1769-79. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.040.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Seward</surname>
							<given-names>JB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Casaclang-Verzosa</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Infiltrative Cardiovascular Diseases: Cardiomyopathies That Look Alike</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>55</volume>
					<issue>17</issue>
					<fpage>1769</fpage>
					<lpage>1779</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.040.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Ammash NM, Seward JB, Bailey KR, Edwards WD, Tajik AJ. Clinical Profile and Outcome of Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2000;101(21):2490-6. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.101.21.2490.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ammash</surname>
							<given-names>NM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Seward</surname>
							<given-names>JB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bailey</surname>
							<given-names>KR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Edwards</surname>
							<given-names>WD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tajik</surname>
							<given-names>AJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Profile and Outcome of Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2000</year>
					<volume>101</volume>
					<issue>21</issue>
					<fpage>2490</fpage>
					<lpage>2496</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.101.21.2490.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Pfeffer MA, Shah AM, Borlaug BA. Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction In Perspective. Circ Res. 2019;124(11):1598-617. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.313572.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pfeffer</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shah</surname>
							<given-names>AM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borlaug</surname>
							<given-names>BA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction In Perspective</article-title>
					<source>Circ Res</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>124</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1598</fpage>
					<lpage>1617</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.313572.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Hausfater P, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Cacoub P, Papo T, Grateau G, et al. AL Cardiac Amyloidosis and Arterial Thromboembolic Events. Scand J Rheumatol. 2005;34(4):315-9. doi: 10.1080/03009740510015203.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hausfater</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costedoat-Chalumeau</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Amoura</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cacoub</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Papo</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grateau</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>AL Cardiac Amyloidosis and Arterial Thromboembolic Events</article-title>
					<source>Scand J Rheumatol</source>
					<year>2005</year>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>315</fpage>
					<lpage>319</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/03009740510015203.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. Maurer MS, Elliott P, Comenzo R, Semigran M, Rapezzi C. Addressing Common Questions Encountered in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Circulation. 2017;135(14):1357-77. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024438.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maurer</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elliott</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Comenzo</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Semigran</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rapezzi</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Addressing Common Questions Encountered in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>135</volume>
					<issue>14</issue>
					<fpage>1357</fpage>
					<lpage>1377</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024438.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12. Cyrille NB, Goldsmith J, Alvarez J, Maurer MS. Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Low QRS Voltage Among the Three Main Types of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Am J Cardiol. 2014;114(7):1089-93. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.026.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cyrille</surname>
							<given-names>NB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Goldsmith</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alvarez</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maurer</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Low QRS Voltage Among the Three Main Types of Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>114</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>1089</fpage>
					<lpage>1093</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.07.026.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13. Weidemann F, Reiser M. Fabry Disease: Cardiomyopathy Staging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(8):1684-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.05.029.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Weidemann</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reiser</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Fabry Disease: Cardiomyopathy Staging</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1684</fpage>
					<lpage>1685</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.05.029.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14. Stricagnoli M, Cameli M, Incampo E, Lunghetti S, Mondillo S. Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Heart Fail Rev. 2019;24(5):701-7. doi: 10.1007/s10741-019-09796-z.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Stricagnoli</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cameli</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Incampo</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lunghetti</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mondillo</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>701</fpage>
					<lpage>707</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-019-09796-z.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15. Bellavia D, Pellikka PA, Al-Zahrani GB, Abraham TP, Dispenzieri A, Miyazaki C, et al. Independent Predictors of Survival in Primary Systemic (Al) Amyloidosis, Including Cardiac Biomarkers and Left Ventricular Strain Imaging: An Observational Cohort Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(6):643-52. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.027.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bellavia</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pellikka</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Al-Zahrani</surname>
							<given-names>GB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abraham</surname>
							<given-names>TP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dispenzieri</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miyazaki</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Independent Predictors of Survival in Primary Systemic (Al) Amyloidosis, Including Cardiac Biomarkers and Left Ventricular Strain Imaging: An Observational Cohort Study</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>643</fpage>
					<lpage>652</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.027.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16. Koyama J, Falk RH. Prognostic Significance of Strain Doppler Imaging in Light-Chain Amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3(4):333-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.11.013.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Koyama</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Falk</surname>
							<given-names>RH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prognostic Significance of Strain Doppler Imaging in Light-Chain Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2010</year>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>333</fpage>
					<lpage>342</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2009.11.013.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation>17. Galea N, Polizzi G, Gatti M, Cundari G, Figuera M, Faletti R. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) in Restrictive Cardiomyopathies. Radiol Med. 2020;125(11):1072-86. doi: 10.1007/s11547-020-01287-8.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Galea</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Polizzi</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gatti</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cundari</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Figuera</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Faletti</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) in Restrictive Cardiomyopathies</article-title>
					<source>Radiol Med</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>125</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1072</fpage>
					<lpage>1086</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11547-020-01287-8.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation>18. Abulizi M, Sifaoui I, Wuliya-Gariepy M, Kharoubi M, Israël JM, Emsen B, et al. 18F-Sodium Fluoride PET/MRI Myocardial Imaging in Patients with Suspected Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021;28(4):1586-95. doi: 10.1007/s12350-019-01885-8.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Abulizi</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sifaoui</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wuliya-Gariepy</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kharoubi</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Israël</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Emsen</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>18F-Sodium Fluoride PET/MRI Myocardial Imaging in Patients with Suspected Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>J Nucl Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1586</fpage>
					<lpage>1595</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12350-019-01885-8.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation>19. Martinez-Naharro A, Treibel TA, Abdel-Gadir A, Bulluck H, Zumbo G, Knight DS, et al. Magnetic Resonance in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(4):466-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.053.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Martinez-Naharro</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Treibel</surname>
							<given-names>TA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abdel-Gadir</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bulluck</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zumbo</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Knight</surname>
							<given-names>DS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Magnetic Resonance in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>70</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>466</fpage>
					<lpage>477</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.053.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation>20. Gillmore JD, Maurer MS, Falk RH, Merlini G, Damy T, Dispenzieri A, et al. Nonbiopsy Diagnosis of Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Circulation. 2016;133(24):2404-12. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021612.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gillmore</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maurer</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Falk</surname>
							<given-names>RH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Merlini</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Damy</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dispenzieri</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Nonbiopsy Diagnosis of Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>133</volume>
					<issue>24</issue>
					<fpage>2404</fpage>
					<lpage>2412</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021612.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation>21. Chung WK. Predictive Genetic Testing for Cardiomyopathies. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 2007;23(1):33-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2007.05.002.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chung</surname>
							<given-names>WK</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Predictive Genetic Testing for Cardiomyopathies</article-title>
					<source>Prog Pediatr Cardiol</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>33</fpage>
					<lpage>38</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ppedcard.2007.05.002.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation>22. Colombo MG, Botto N, Vittorini S, Paradossi U, Andreassi MG. Clinical Utility of Genetic Tests for Inherited Hypertrophic and Dilated Cardiomyopathies. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2008;6:62. doi: 10.1186/1476-7120-6-62.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Colombo</surname>
							<given-names>MG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Botto</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vittorini</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paradossi</surname>
							<given-names>U</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andreassi</surname>
							<given-names>MG</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Utility of Genetic Tests for Inherited Hypertrophic and Dilated Cardiomyopathies</article-title>
					<source>Cardiovasc Ultrasound</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<size units="pages">62</size>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1476-7120-6-62.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation>23. Hershberger RE, Givertz MM, Ho CY, Judge DP, Kantor PF, McBride KL, et al. Genetic Evaluation of Cardiomyopathy-A Heart Failure Society of America Practice Guideline. J Card Fail. 2018;24(5):281-302. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.03.004.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hershberger</surname>
							<given-names>RE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Givertz</surname>
							<given-names>MM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ho</surname>
							<given-names>CY</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Judge</surname>
							<given-names>DP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kantor</surname>
							<given-names>PF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McBride</surname>
							<given-names>KL</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Genetic Evaluation of Cardiomyopathy-A Heart Failure Society of America Practice Guideline</article-title>
					<source>J Card Fail</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>281</fpage>
					<lpage>302</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.03.004.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation>24. Maurer MS, Schwartz JH, Gundapaneni B, Elliott PM, Merlini G, Waddington-Cruz M, et al. Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(11):1007-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805689.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maurer</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schwartz</surname>
							<given-names>JH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gundapaneni</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elliott</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Merlini</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Waddington-Cruz</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>379</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1007</fpage>
					<lpage>1016</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1805689.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation>25. Ribeiro Neto ML, Jellis CL, Joyce E, Callahan TD, Hachamovitch R, Culver DA. Update in Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2019;16(11):1341-50. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201902-119CME.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
							<given-names>ML</given-names>
							<suffix>Neto</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jellis</surname>
							<given-names>CL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Joyce</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Callahan</surname>
							<given-names>TD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Culver</surname>
							<given-names>DA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Update in Cardiac Sarcoidosis</article-title>
					<source>Ann Am Thorac Soc</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1341</fpage>
					<lpage>1350</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1513/AnnalsATS.201902-119CME.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation>26. Azevedo O, Gago MF, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G, Sousa N, Cunha D. Fabry Disease Therapy: State-of-the-Art and Current Challenges. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;22(1):206. doi: 10.3390/ijms22010206.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Azevedo</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gago</surname>
							<given-names>MF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miltenberger-Miltenyi</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sousa</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cunha</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Fabry Disease Therapy: State-of-the-Art and Current Challenges</article-title>
					<source>Int J Mol Sci</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<size units="pages">206</size>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms22010206.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Uma Abordagem Prática para o Diagnóstico Diferencial das Miocardiopatias com Fenótipo Infiltrativo</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3185-9745</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Trevizan</surname>
						<given-names>Ligia Lopes Balsalobre</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mangini</surname>
						<given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituição: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Sandrigo Mangini • Rua Lúcio Martins Rodrigues, 330 ap 13, Jardim Leonor CEP: 05621-025 São Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: sandrigomangini@cardiol.br, sandrigoman@uol.com.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Trevizan LLB, Mangini S</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
					<p>Não há conflito com o presente artigo</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>miocardiopatias</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) acomete aproximadamente 2% da população mundial, sendo a insuficiência cardíaca de fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP) responsável por aproximadamente 50% dos casos, apresentando progressivo aumento da prevalência com o envelhecimento da população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A ICFEP está associada à alta morbimortalidade e é responsável por frequentes internações, sobretudo na população mais idosa. Apresenta fisiopatologia complexa e grupo diversificado de fatores de risco e etiologias; atualmente, poucas terapias demonstraram-se eficazes na redução de desfechos cardiovasculares na ICFEP, porém, em etiologias específicas, existe a possibilidade de estratégias terapêuticas modificadoras da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As miocardiopatias restritivas (MCR) representam uma parcela menor, porém significativa dos pacientes com ICFEP e são caracterizadas por disfunção diastólica secundária à infiltração do miocárdio ou primária por hipertrofia ventricular. A MCR pode resultar de doenças hereditárias ou adquiridas ou uma combinação de ambas. De acordo com a etiologia, as MCR são classificadas como infiltrativas, não-infiltrativas, doenças de depósito e endomiocárdicas e podem variar segundo faixa etária. Algumas são mais prevalentes em determinadas regiões ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Classificação das miocardiopatias restritivas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="20%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Comprometimento do Miocárdio</th>
									<th>&lt; 30 anos</th>
									<th>Idade 30-65 anos</th>
									<th>&gt; 65 anos</th>
									<th>Genética</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Não infiltrativo</td>
									<td align="center">Idiopática</td>
									<td align="center">idiopática</td>
									<td align="center">Idiopática</td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Esclerodermia</td>
									<td align="center">Esclerodermia</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Pseudoxantoma elástico</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">ABCC6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Miocardiopatia diabética</td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Infiltrativo</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Amiloidose ATTR</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Variantes genes TTR*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Amiloidose ATTRWT**</td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Amiloidose AL</td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Sarcoidose</td>
									<td align="center">Sarcoidose</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Depósito</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Hemocromatose</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">HAMP, HFE, HFE2, HJV, PNPLA3, SLC40A1, TfR2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Doença de Fabry</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">GLA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Doença de Gaucher</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">GBA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Doença de Hurler</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">IDUA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Depósito de glicogênio***</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Por tipo específico</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Sobrecarga de ferro</td>
									<td align="center">Sobrecarga de ferro</td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Endomiocárdico</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Endomiocardiofibrose</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Síndrome eosinofílica</td>
									<td align="center">Síndrome eosinofilica</td>
									<td align="center">Síndrome eosinofilica</td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Doença carcionóide</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Tumor metastático</td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Radiação</td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">Medicamentoso</td>
									<td align="center">Medicamentoso</td>
									<td align="center">Adquirida</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>* V122I; I68L; L111M; T60A; S23N; P24S; W41L; V30M; V20I; APOA1; ** WT Wild Type; *** Doença do gene PRKAG2, Doença de Danon (LAMP2); Adaptado de Pereira, N.L. et al. J AM Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71 (10)1130-48 e Muchtar E. et al. Circ Res. 2017 Sep 15;121(7):819-837.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A característica fenotípica mais comum às MCR infiltrativas é o aumento da espessura das paredes ventriculares, tendo como principais etiologias a amiloidose e as doenças de depósito e como diagnósticos diferenciais as situações de hipertrofia (miocardiopatia hipertensiva, estenose aórtica, cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e suas fenocópias) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). Devido à natureza heterogênea e expressão fenotípica variável das MCR, o diagnóstico é um desafio, no entanto, tem papel prognóstico e terapêutico. O reconhecimento precoce permanece uma barreira fundamental para impacto em sobrevida nesses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esta publicação tem por objetivo auxiliar o raciocínio dos clínicos através de uma abordagem prática para o diagnóstico diferencial das MCR com fenótipo infiltrativo.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Diagnósticos diferenciais de ICFEP. * Espessamento da parede ínfero-basal do VE e obliteração apical são frequentes. ** Espessura anormal do septo (espessamento ou afilamento). IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFEP: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; MCR: miocardiopatia restritiva; VE: ventrículo esquerdo. Adaptado de Pereira, N.L. et al. J AM Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71 (10)1130-48.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0132-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Fisiopatologia</title>
					<p>As paredes ventriculares evoluem com aumento da rigidez e redução do relaxamento resultando em comprometimento do seu enchimento e consequente aumento de suas pressões em repouso e, mais intensamente, durante o esforço; esta disfunção diastólica grave resulta em aumentos limitados no volume diastólico final de um ou ambos os ventrículos. Além disso, os ventrículos não complacentes inibem o retorno venoso rápido, resultando em aumentos limitados no volume sistólico. O aumento biatrial é característico; a função sistólica geralmente é preservada ou pouco reduzida, assim como o tamanho das câmaras ventriculares, até que ocorram estágios avançados da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A MCR não apresenta critério diagnóstico uniformemente aceito; além disso, o padrão clássico de restrição pode ser encontrado em outras doenças que afetam o coração. Em estudo hemodinâmico simultâneo dos ventrículos, a pressão diastólica inicial declina e eleva-se rapidamente havendo tendência à equalização das pressões diastólicas finais de ambos os ventrículos. Essa fisiologia restritiva tem sido atribuída à redução da complacência ventricular secundária à fibrose ou processo infiltrativo no subendocárdio e/ou miocárdio. A pressão atrial direita na MCR costuma exceder 15 mmHg, devendo haver diferença de pelo menos 5 mmHg entre a pressão atrial direita e a pressão capilar pulmonar e entre as pressões diastólicas finais dos ventrículos esquerdo e direito, devido ao desigual envolvimento e complacência dos dois ventrículos, diferentemente do encontrado na pericardite constritiva, em que há a equalização das pressões de enchimento ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Características clínicas</title>
					<p>A IC é a manifestação inicial comum e intolerância ao esforço físico é uma queixa habitual. Arritmias e distúrbios de condução são frequentemente encontrados devido ao aumento progressivo biatrial. O exame físico pode revelar achados de congestão pulmonar, mas principalmente, congestão sistêmica, incluindo estase jugular, hepatomegalia, ascite e edema de membros inferiores e presença de B3 e B4, com sinal de Kussmaul geralmente ausente. Regurgitação mitral e tricúspide podem estar presentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Complicações tromboembólicas, com ou sem fibrilação atrial concomitante, não são incomuns devido ao aumento biatrial acentuado e à baixa contratilidade atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O fenótipo clínico de IC de doenças sistêmicas que acometem o coração é muito semelhante, porém as manifestações extracardíacas são variadas e aumentam a suspeita diagnóstica de etiologias específicas, bem como a história familiar de cardiopatia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características específicas e tratamento de miocardiopatias restritivas</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="13%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Etiologia</th>
										<th>História clínica</th>
										<th>Manifestações extracardíacas</th>
										<th>ECG</th>
										<th>ECO</th>
										<th>RNM</th>
										<th>Outro método</th>
										<th>Tratamento</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="8"><bold>Miocardiopatias restritivas infiltrativas</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Amiloidose Cardíaca</bold> Mais de 30 proteínas podem levar à amiloidose, 5 delas, a acometimento cardíaco, 95% relacionados à AL e TTR (mutação ou WT)</td>
										<td align="center">Sintomas de IC, História familiar positiva Na TTR por mutação, herança autossômica dominante</td>
										<td align="center">TTR: Síndrome do túnel do carpo bilateral, disautonomia, Alteração TGI, neuropatia periférica, disfunção sexual WT: túnel do carpo bilateral AL: macroglossia, eritema periorbitario</td>
										<td align="center">Normal a complexos QRS com baixa voltagem, Pseudo infarto anteroseptal/ inferior</td>
										<td align="center">Hiperrefringência, aumento biatrial, hipertrofia simétrica, FE preservada, Strain longitudinal que poupa região apical</td>
										<td align="center">Realce tardio difuso ou focal, pode ser subendocárdico ou transmural ECV aumentado</td>
										<td align="center">AL: Cadeia leve livre, imunofixação sérica e urinária, se positivo biópsia de MO e tecidos (gordura abdominal, endomiocárdica) TTR: Cintilografia com pirofosfato em ATTR: presença de grau 2 ou 3 ou relação coração/contralateral &gt; 1,5 TTR: Teste genético Biópsia endomiocárdica: vermelho Congo e espectrometria de massa</td>
										<td align="center">AL: quimioterapia, transplante de medula óssea, considerar transplante cardíaco TTR: atuam no RNA, bloqueando a síntese da proteína (patisiran e inotersen), estabilização dos monômeros (tafamidis, diflusisal e AG10) e atuação como removedor de fibrilas já formadas (doxiciclina). Considerar transplante duplo (fígado-coração) na TTR por mutação e cardíaco na WT</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Doença de Fabry</bold> Herança recessiva ligada ao X Deficiência da alfa-galactosidase A, acúmulo de globotriaosilceramida</td>
										<td align="center">Sintomas de IC, História familiar positiva</td>
										<td align="center">Dor neuropática, intolerância ao calor, presença de angioqueratomas na pele e/ou mucosas, lesão renal, córnea verticilata, lesão de sistema nervoso central</td>
										<td align="center">QRS com amplitude normal ou ampliada, intervalo PR alterado.</td>
										<td align="center">Hipertrofia simétrica da parede do VE e VD, FE normal</td>
										<td align="center">Acometimento focal, parede mediana, parede inferolateral, ECV normal ou reduzido</td>
										<td align="center">Teste enzimático Teste genético</td>
										<td align="center">Terapia de reposição enzimática para controle de sintomas.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Doença de Danon</bold> Herança dominante ligada ao X, causada por mutação da Proteína 2 de membrana ligada ao lisossomo (LAMP2)</td>
										<td align="center">Sintomas de IC, arritmias ventriculares</td>
										<td align="center">Miopatia esquelética, déficit cognitivo</td>
										<td align="center">QRS com amplitude aumentada; PR curto com onda delta</td>
										<td align="center">Hipertrofia importante do VE com possível obstrução de via de saída</td>
										<td align="center">Realce tardio subendocárdico poupando o septo, ECV normal ou reduzido</td>
										<td align="center">Teste genético</td>
										<td align="center">Sem tratamento específico</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="8"><bold>Miocardiopatias Restritivas</bold></td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sarcoidose</bold></td>
										<td align="center">Sintomas de IC, pré-síncope, síncope, arritmias, morte súbita</td>
										<td align="center">O acometimento pulmonar é mais frequente. Pode apresentar envolvimento, hepático, esplênico, ocular, linfático, cutâneo, sistema nervoso, renal.</td>
										<td align="center">Arritmias, BAV, alterações inespecíficas de repolarização</td>
										<td align="center">Afilamento da região basal do septo interventricular hipertrofia septal e aneurismas.</td>
										<td align="center">Acometimento miocárdico multi-focal, poupando a borda do endocárdio. “médio-ventricular e subepicárdico”.</td>
										<td align="center">PET/CT com 18F FDG para detecção do processo inflamatório. Biópsia endomiocárdica</td>
										<td align="center">Imunossupressão com corticoide. Em refratariedade, metotrexate, azatioprina e miocofenalato mofetil Cardiodesfibrilador implantável</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Hemocromatose</bold></td>
										<td align="center">Sintomas de IC, História familiar positiva</td>
										<td align="center">Fraqueza, artralgia, hiperpigmentação cutânea, diabetes, cirrose hepática, hipogonadismo, hipotireoidismo</td>
										<td align="center">Arritmia supraventricular</td>
										<td align="center">Apresenta disfunção diastólica restritiva que evolui para dilatação e disfunção sistólica</td>
										<td align="center">RNM com T2*</td>
										<td align="center">Dosagem de ferritina, saturação de transferrina Teste genético</td>
										<td align="center">Flebotomia terapêutica quelantes de ferro</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Endomiocardiofibrose</bold></td>
										<td align="center">Sintomas de IC, ascite volumosa desproporcional ao edema de membros inferiores, onda V gigante</td>
										<td> </td>
										<td align="center">Arritmias (FA, BAV), baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS.</td>
										<td align="center">FE normal Espessamento da parede infero-basal do VE obliteração apical e trombos aderentes à superfície endocárdica, derrame pericárdico. Regurgitação mitral e tricúspide.</td>
										<td align="center">Realce tardio identificado como uma imagem linear hiperintensa representando a fibrose endocárdica ou o sinal de duplo V.</td>
										<td align="center">Angiografia pode se observar ventriculografia esquerda e direita demonstram distorção da câmara por fibrose e obliteração apical. Biópsia endomiocárdica</td>
										<td align="center">Considerar cirurgia de ressecção do miocárdio com reconstrução ventricular e troca valvar</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p><italic>AL: light chain; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ECO: ecocardiografia; FA: fibrilação atrial; FE: fração de ejeção; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; MO: medula óssea; RNM: ressonância nuclear magnética; TGI: trato gastrointestinal; TTR: transtirretina; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; ECV : volume extracelular.</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Investigação diagnóstica (Figura 2)</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
					<p>A troponina e o NT-proBNP podem estar elevados e têm valor prognóstico. A função renal pode ser alterada quando há infiltração renal ou em pacientes com IC avançada. Na suspeita de amiloidose, a pesquisa de cadeia leve livre e a imunofixação sérica e urinária possuem elevada sensibilidade para o diagnóstico de amiloidose por cadeia leve (AL).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
					<p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) é muito importante para iniciar o raciocínio diagnóstico. Distúrbios infiltrativos geram acúmulos anormais de substâncias nos miócitos ou no interstício do miocárdio, responsáveis pelo aumento da espessura da parede; desta forma, a voltagem do complexo QRS pode ser reduzida ou incompatível com o grau de espessamento na presença de infiltração entre as fibras miocárdicas (achado comum na amiloidose); já quando existe acometimento das fibras miocárdicas, podemos observar aumento da amplitude do QRS ao ECG (doença de Fabry, por exemplo), tendo como diagnósticos diferenciais doenças relacionadas ao aumento da pós-carga (hipertensão arterial e estenose aórtica) e cardiomiopatia hipertrófica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Apesar da baixa voltagem favorecer o raciocínio de amiloidose cardíaca, ela está presente em apenas 20% dos pacientes com a forma TTR (transtirretina), sendo mais frequente na forma AL (50% dos casos). O achado mais comum relacionado à amiloidose cardíaca é a desproporção entre o aumento da espessura do ventrículo no ecocardiograma e a amplitude do complexo QRS; outro achado comum é a presença de áreas eletricamente inativas na ausência de coronariopatia obstrutiva (pseudoinfarto).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Na doença de Fabry, as anormalidades do ECG podem incluir intervalo PR curto, bloqueio do ramo direito, hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo e ondas T gigantes e negativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Nas MCR infiltrativas, o ritmo sinusal com sobrecarga biatrial pode ser observado. A fibrilação atrial, entretanto, não é incomum. Bloqueios de ramo e bloqueios atrioventriculares também podem ser apresentação de doenças infiltrativas. Arritmias ventriculares também são comuns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiograma</title>
					<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica tipicamente demonstra fração de ejeção normal, volumes normais das câmaras com aumento biatrial e parâmetros de enchimento diastólico restritivos. As MCR infiltrativas cursam com aumento concêntrico da espessura de parede e septo do ventrículo esquerdo; na amiloidose, podemos observar espessamento do ventrículo direito e do septo interatrial. A avaliação de espessamento de ventrículo esquerdo na ecocardiografia transtorácica, principalmente quando correlacionadas ao ECG, colabora para diagnósticos diferenciais em ICFEP ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). Complacência diastólica é anormal e apresenta aumento da velocidade de enchimento diastólico precoce (onda E) refletindo pressão atrial esquerda elevada, velocidade de enchimento atrial diminuída (onda A) devido a pressões diastólicas ventriculares elevadas (E/A &gt; 1,5), encurtamento do tempo de desaceleração mitral (&lt; 120 ms) e diminuição do tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico. A imagem Doppler tecidual revela redução do eixo longitudinal diastólico inicial ou velocidades do anel mitral (eʹ) e uma razão E/eʹ aumentada (&gt; 15).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– <italic>Fluxograma para investigação de miocardiopatias restritivas de fenótipo infiltrativo. * Complexo QRS reduzido ou normal com dissociação entre espessura de parede de VE no ECO e complexo QRS no ECG. ** Biópsia de MO e de tecido de qualquer órgão afetado (ex.: gordura abdominal, endomiocárdica). AL: light chain; BEM: biópsia endomiocárdica; Bx: biópsia; CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica; EAo: estenose aórtica; ECV: volume extracelular; HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica; MO: medula óssea; RM: ressonância magnética; RT: realce tardio; TTRm: transtirretina mutação; TTR-WT: transtirretina wild type.</italic></title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0132-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Aspecto de hiperrefringência do miocárdio é bastante característico de infiltrado amilóide. O padrão de <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da técnica do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> pode auxiliar na diferenciação entre amiloidose cardíaca e miocardiopatia hipertrófica pela característica de restrição do movimento basal comparado ao movimento apical na amiloidose ( <italic>apical sparing</italic> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ressonância cardíaca</title>
					<p>A ressonância magnética cardíaca com uma combinação de imagens nativas e contrastadas, permite avaliação anatômica e funcional acuradas, bem como a caracterização tecidual, auxiliando de forma incontestável na avaliação das MCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A técnica de realce tardio com a utilização do gadolínio tem papel estabelecido para auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial das miocardiopatias, incluindo as restritivas. Realce tardio subendocárdico difuso é indicativo de fibrose, sendo observado em aproximadamente um terço de todos os casos de MCR, no entanto fica limitado para pacientes com <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina acima de 30 mL/min. O gadolínio é um contraste extracelular e, sob condições normais, não é retido no miocárdio após administração. A infiltração amilóide resulta em expansão do volume e retenção do contraste.</p>
					<p>A ressonância magnética cardíaca tem uma de suas maiores vantagens na caracterização tecidual de diversas estruturas e doenças cardíacas. Recentemente essa caracterização deixou de ser apenas qualitativa e passou a ser medida de forma objetiva através de mapas paramétricos T1 e T2, tendo como vantagem adicional não necessitar de contraste. O mapeamento T1 trouxe a possibilidade de mensurar de forma objetiva áreas de edema, inflamação e fibrose, refletindo alterações sistêmicas que ocorrem no espaço extracelular. Outra vantagem da técnica é permitir a mensuração do volume extracelular (ECV), com infusão de contraste, auxiliando no diagnóstico diferencial da causa restritiva infiltrativa, uma vez que na amiloidose existe um aumento do ECV. Já nas doenças que cursam com hipertrofia existe um padrão mais reduzido de ECV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cintilografia com traçador ósseo</title>
					<p>Na suspeita de amiloidose, esta técnica demonstrou uma sensibilidade de 99% e especificidade de 86%, para o diagnóstico de acometimento cardíaco por amiloidose cardíaca por TTR, quer seja selvagem ( <italic>wild-type</italic> ) ou por mutação, na exclusão de cadeia leve. A captação do radiofármaco é classificada pelo escore visual semiquantitativo da retenção cardíaca em relação ao esterno; a presença de grau 2 ou 3 é altamente sugestiva de TTR na ausência de proteína monoclonal. Além disso, a análise quantitativa da retenção cardíaca em relação à parede torácica contralateral superior a 1,5 é consistente para o diagnóstico de TTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Biópsia endomiocárdica</title>
					<p>A evolução dos métodos por imagem reduziu a necessidade de biópsia endomiocárdica para diagnóstico, porém ela ainda pode ter papel fundamental na avaliação diagnóstica de pacientes com doença restritiva. Diagnósticos de doenças sistêmicas com envolvimento cardíaco, como amiloidose e hemocromatose, podem ser estabelecidos definitivamente pela biópsia do ventrículo direito. A biópsia endomiocárdica pode ser empregada quando dados clínicos, laboratoriais e de imagem não são suficientes para elaboração diagnóstica. Vale ressaltar que estudo recente observou que a biópsia do ventrículo direito foi resolutiva em apenas 29% dos pacientes com MCR inexplicável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação genética</title>
					<p>A etiologia genética para MCR é fortemente suspeita pela ocorrência familiar. A apresentação clínica e de imagem em MCR infiltrativas são semelhantes e podem ser de difícil diferenciação quando a expressão clínica extracardíaca não é tão exuberante; o diagnóstico genético correto implica em avaliação prognóstica e possibilidades terapêuticas específicas. Em amiloidose por TTR a análise genética é fundamental para diferenciação entre mutação e selvagem; além disso, a TTR por mutação está associada à expressão fenotípica de neuropatia e/ou cardiopatia. Assume importância também no diagnóstico diferencial de hipertrofia, incluindo a Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH), suas fenocópias e doenças de depósito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento</title>
					<p>O tratamento da MCR deve ser individualizado conforme sua etiologia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> ). O manejo da IC é um desafio, pois poucas terapêuticas farmacológicas foram associadas a desfechos favoráveis nesse cenário. Os pacientes toleram mal anti-hipertensivos e beta-bloqueadores; digoxina deve ser evitada pelo risco de intoxicação. Diureticoterapia e manejo de volume é a estratégia mais utilizada. Anticoagulação oral deve ser considerada na presença de fibrilação atrial independentemente de escores de risco, devido ao alto risco tromboembólico associado. Marcapasso considerado em bloqueios e bradicardias sintomáticas e desfibriladores são controversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A ICFEP é atualmente um grande desafio para o clínico uma vez que representa um fenótipo de muitas possibilidades e de modo geral, estratégias terapêuticas limitadas; no entanto, a busca por etiologias não deve ser negligenciada uma vez que permite estabelecer prognóstico e estratégias terapêuticas específicas que podem modificar a evolução dos pacientes. Para tal objetivo, deve-se levar em consideração toda a propedêutica disponível, desde a história clínica e exame físico detalhado, história familiar e acometimentos de outros sistemas, aliada à propedêutica diagnóstica adequada, incluindo ECG, ecocardiograma, exames laboratoriais, medicina nuclear, avaliação coronariana e hemodinâmica, ressonância magnética e, em situações específicas, biopsia endomiocárdica e análise genética. Parafraseando Claude Bernard, “quem não sabe o que procura, não sabe interpretar quando encontra.” Dessa forma, não devemos deixar de pensar e buscar diagnósticos diferenciais de ICFEP, inclusive nas MCR de fenótipo infiltrativo.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>