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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Phenomenology, Humanities and Sciences - Fenomenologia, Humanidades e Ciências</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Gestalt-terapia de Goiânia (ITGT); Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Fenomenológica (Abrapfe)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210020</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210020</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>What is the Importance of Clinical Clues, and How can we Avoid Mistakes in Following Them?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7210-6486</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Salvador</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Aguinaldo Figueiredo</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UFG</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da UFG, Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Salvador Rassi • Rua T-36, 3229. Postal Code 74223-044, Setor Bueno, Goiânia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>srassi@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research: Rassi S, Rassi DC, Freitas AF. Acquisition of data: Rassi S, Rassi DC, Freitas AF. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rassi S, Rassi DC, Freitas AF. Statistical analysis:Rassi S. Writing of the manuscript:Rassi S, Rassi DC, Freitas AF. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:Rassi S.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>124</fpage>
			<lpage>126</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="8"/>
				<page-count count="3"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Approximately half of patients with heart failure (HF) have preserved ejection fraction (EF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and approximately half of these patients have increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . This increase in LV wall thickness is usually attributed to left ventricular hypertrophy induced by arterial hypertension (AH). However, cardiac amyloid fibril infiltration also increases ventricular wall thickness, and it can lead to a clinical syndrome of HF with preserved EF (HFpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Light chain amyloidosis (AL) cardiomyopathy occurs in patients with AL or primary amyloidosis, which is a hematologic disease with specific hematologic treatment. Both hereditary transthyretin (hATTR) and wild-type (ATTRwt) amyloidosis can cause transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The identification of ATTR-CM, among the broad spectrum of the population with HFpEF, is particularly important, because there is currently a specific, effective treatment for these clinical forms of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These findings and clinical observations are extremely important, and they alert us that we are possibly facing a patient with cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
		<p>What is the prevalence of ATTR-CM in the population with HFpEF with a thickened ventricular wall?</p>
		<p>In a recently published prospective cohort study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> involving 1235 consecutive patients with validated diagnosis of HF and increased risk of ATTR-CM due to age, HFpEF, and increased LV thickness, the prevalence by clinical recognition was only 1.3%, but it was approximately six times higher (6.3%) in the sample of 286 patients who had signed informed consent for additional tests for systematic screening of ATTR-CM. This evaluation consisted of technetium 99m pyrophosphate scintigraphy and appropriate laboratory exams for ruling out AL amyloidosis.</p>
		<p>Several clinical parameters help us consider amyloidosis; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> systematizes the usual clinical clues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Clues related to history and physical examination</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td>HFpEF, especially in elderly men (&gt; 65 years)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Intolerance to ACEI/ARB/ARNI/BB</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Biceps tendon rupture</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Peripheral polyneuropathy and/or autonomic dysfunction</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Periorbital ecchymosis</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Macroglossia</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p><italic>ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; BB: betablockers; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</italic></p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>The prevalence is usually higher in men (80%), and it increases with age. History of carpal tunnel syndrome (37%) and spinal stenosis (31%) are common.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> These extra-cardiac alterations may precede the development of cardiac amyloidosis by many years. The recognition of these signs as part of the clinical picture of amyloidosis is essential, and it may lead to earlier diagnosis and prevent the progression of heart disease through the implementation of specific treatment.</p>
		<p>In cases where peripheral neuropathy affects the most distal segments of the limbs, especially the lower limbs, and progresses to involve the proximal and upper limbs, this is a clinical clue that should lead us to consider amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Eelectrocardiogram is usually the first exam that is requested for evaluation of a possible heart disease. In AL cardiac amyloidosis, low voltage of the QRS complex calls our attention, especially if we have already conducted an echocardiogram showing significant left ventricular hypertrophy. In the ATTR form, this finding is less common, occurring in approximately 30% of cases. Therefore, this discrepancy between the magnitude of hypertrophy on the echocardiogram and the QRS amplitude on the electrocardiogram is a clinical clue that should be emphasized in considering diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. The rhythm of atrial fibrillation is frequent, due to the large atrial volumes caused by the elevated LV end-diastolic pressure (restrictive cardiomyopathy).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Echocardiography is one of the most important tests to raise suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis. We should consider the hypothesis of amyloidosis when we find LV wall thickening (greater than 12 mm) in the absence of AH, in elderly patients (&gt; 65 years), and in patients with biatrial enlargement that is disproportionate to the size of the ventricles. Also noteworthy is the thickening of the atrioventricular valves and the interatrial septum, as well as increased echogenicity of the myocardium with a granular appearance, which are alterations that are due to the deposition of amyloid filaments in these structures<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Clues related to routine imaging exams</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td>Concentric thickening of the LV walls with reduced QRS amplitude</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Echocardiogram showing hypertrophy of the septum and LVPW, biventricular hypertrophy, valve thickening, pericardial effusion, or interatrial septal thickening; myocardial hyperrefringence</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Reduced longitudinal strain that spares the apical region (apical sparing)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Restrictive pattern of LV filling with thickening of the RV walls</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Delayed enhancement on CMR with diffuse subendocardial or transmural pattern or increased extracellular volume</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<p><italic>CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; LV: left ventricle; LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall; QRS: QRS complex on electrocardiogram; RV: right ventricle.</italic></p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– <italic>Illustrative image shows electrocardiogram (A) with low QRS voltage. Transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrates, through the parasternal long axis (B) and apical 4-chamber (C) views, increased myocardial thickness with a shiny, granular appearance, thickening of the atrioventricular valve cusps, and significant dilation of both atria. In the parametric representation of longitudinal systolic strain (D), it is possible to observe reduced global longitudinal strain with a characteristic apical sparing pattern (images from the authors’ personal archives).</italic></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0124-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t3">
				<label>Table 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Combined clues</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td>HF with non-dilated LV and septum &gt; 12 mm, in patients without AH</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>Clinical presentation of late-onset HCM (&gt; 60 years)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td>AoS with thickening of the RV walls, especially in paradoxical cases with low flow and low gradient</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN3">
						<p><italic>AH: arterial hypertension; AoS: aortic stenosis; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HF: heart failure; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</italic></p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>It is in these “combined clues” that our greatest likelihood of diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis lies. When we are faced with an elderly patient, with clinical picture of HF, non-dilated LV, preserved EF, and thickened LV walls, without AH, this hypothesis is imposed. Another interesting clue that needs to be taken into account is when the patient presents with a diagnosis of late-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, after 60 years of age. This is unusual, and it should lead us to remember cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Another clinical situation is that of a patient with aortic stenosis, with thickening of the right ventricular walls, particularly in paradoxical cases with low flow and low gradient.</p>
		<p>Therefore, when faced with diagnosis of HFpEF, with symptoms of dysfunction in another organ (peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, gastrointestinal and central nervous system manifestations, carpal tunnel syndrome, and autonomic neuropathy, mainly) in a patient over 65 years of age, who is also unresponsive to the usual treatment for HF, we must consider the possibility of cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The implementation of this systematic evaluation can increase the diagnosis of ATTR-CM and make appropriate treatment possible for this HFpEF phenotype.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>117</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>561</fpage>
					<lpage>598</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210718.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Simões MV, Alves SMM, Fernandes F, Coelho Filho OR, Mangini S. Emerging Topics in Heart Failure: New Paradigms in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(5):945-8. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201126.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Simões</surname>
							<given-names>MV</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alves</surname>
							<given-names>SMM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coelho</surname>
							<given-names>OR</given-names>
							<suffix>Filho</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mangini</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Emerging Topics in Heart Failure: New Paradigms in Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>115</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>945</fpage>
					<lpage>948</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201126.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Gertz MA. Hereditary ATTR Amyloidosis: Burden of Illness and Diagnostic Challenges. Am J Manag Care. 2017;23(7):107-12.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gertz</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Hereditary ATTR Amyloidosis: Burden of Illness and Diagnostic Challenges</article-title>
					<source>Am J Manag Care</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>107</fpage>
					<lpage>112</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label/>
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Qual a Importância das Pistas Clínicas, como não Errar em Segui-las?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7210-6486</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Salvador</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rassi</surname>
						<given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freitas</surname>
						<given-names>Aguinaldo Figueiredo</given-names>
						<suffix>Junior</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da UFG, Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Salvador Rassi • Rua T-36, 3229. CEP 74223-044, Setor Bueno, Goiânia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: srassi@cardiol.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Rassi S, Rassi DC, Freitas AF. Obtenção de dados:Rassi S, Rassi DC, Freitas AF. Análise e interpretação dos dados:Rassi S, Rassi DC, Freitas AF. Análise estatística:Rassi S. Redação do manuscrito:Rassi S, Rassi DC, Freitas AF. Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante:Rassi S.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Miocardiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) tem fração de ejeção (FE) preservada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e também aproximadamente metade destes tem aumento na espessura das paredes do ventrículo esquerdo (VE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Este aumento na espessura das paredes do VE é usualmente atribuído à hipertrofia ventricular esquerda induzida pela hipertensão arterial (HA). Entretanto, a infiltração fibrilar amiloide cardíaca também aumenta a espessura das paredes ventriculares e pode levar a uma síndrome clínica de IC com FE preservada (ICFEp).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A cardiomiopatia amiloide de cadeia leve (AL) ocorre em pacientes com amiloidose AL ou primária, que é uma doença hematológica com tratamento hematológico específico. A amiloidose hereditária por transtirretina (hATTR) e a de tipo selvagem (ATTRwt) podem causar a cardiomiopatia amiloide por transtirretina (ATTR-CM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A identificação da ATTR-CM, entre o amplo espectro da população com ICFEp, é particularmente importante porque há atualmente tratamento específico e efetivo para estas formas clínicas de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estes achados e observações clínicas são extremamente importantes e já nos alertam para a possibilidade de estarmos frente a um paciente com amiloidose cardíaca.</p>
			<p>Qual é a prevalência da ATTR-CM na população com ICFEp com parede ventricular espessada?</p>
			<p>Em uma publicação recente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em estudo de coorte populacional prospectivo, envolvendo 1.235 pacientes consecutivos, com diagnóstico de IC validado e risco aumentado de ATTR-CM devido à idade, ICFEp e espessura de VE aumentada, a prevalência por reconhecimento clínico foi de apenas 1,3%, mas foi aproximadamente seis vezes maior (6,3%) na amostra de 286 pacientes que assinaram consentimento informado para realização de exames adicionais para avaliação sistemática para ATTR-CM. Esta avaliação consistia na realização da cintilografia com pirofosfato de tecnécio 99m e exames laboratoriais apropriados para afastar amiloidose AL.</p>
			<p>Vários parâmetros clínicos nos auxiliam a pensar em amiloidose e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> sistematiza as pistas clínica usuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1002">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Pistas originadas na história e exame físico</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="100%">
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">ICFEp particularmente em homens idosos (&gt; 65 anos)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Intolerância ao IECA/BRA/INRA/BB</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Síndrome do túnel do carpo bilateral</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ruptura de tendão do bíceps</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Polineuropatia periférica e/ou disfunção autonômica</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Equimose periorbitária</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Macroglossia</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1002">
							<p><italic>ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina II; INRA: inibidor de neprilisina e receptor de angiotensina II; BB: betabloqueadores.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Usualmente a prevalência é maior em homens (80%) e aumenta com a idade. A presença de história de túnel do carpo (37%) e estenose de canal espinhal (31%) são comuns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estas alterações extra cardíacas podem anteceder, em muitos anos, o desenvolvimento da amiloidose cardíaca. O reconhecimento de tais sinais como parte do quadro clínico de amiloidose é fundamental, podendo levar ao diagnóstico mais precoce e evitar a progressão da cardiopatia, pela instituição de tratamento específico.</p>
			<p>Frente a uma neuropatia periférica que afeta os segmentos mais distais dos membros, principalmente inferiores e que evolui para acometimento proximal e também de membros superiores, esta é uma pista clínica que nos deve fazer pensar em amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O eletrocardiograma é usualmente o primeiro exame pedido na avaliação de uma possível cardiopatia. Na amiloidose cardíaca AL a baixa voltagem do complexo QRS nos chama atenção, principalmente se já temos um ecocardiograma realizado evidenciando importante hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Na forma ATTR este achado é menos comum, em torno de 30% dos casos. Portanto, esta discrepância entre a magnitude da hipertrofia ao ecocardiograma e a amplitude do QRS ao eletrocardiograma é uma pista clínica a ser valorizada para se pensar no diagnóstico de amiloidose cardíaca. O ritmo de fibrilação atrial é frequente, devido aos grandes volumes atriais causado pela elevação da pressão diastólica final do VE (cardiomiopatia restritiva).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O ecocardiograma é um dos exames mais importantes para levantar a suspeita de amiloidose cardíaca. Devemos pensar na hipótese de amiloidose quando encontramos espessamento das paredes de VE (maior que 12 mm) na ausência de HA, em idosos (&gt; 65 anos) e com aumento biatrial desproporcional ao tamanho dos ventrículos. Chama atenção também o espessamento das valvas atrioventriculares e do septo inter atrial, bem como o aumento da ecogenicidade do miocárdio com aparência granular, alterações que se devem ao depósito de filamentos amiloides nestas estruturas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2002">
					<label>Tabela 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Pistas originadas nos exames usuais de imagem</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="100%">
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Espessamento concêntrico das paredes do VE com amplitude do QRS reduzido</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>ECO com hipertrofia do septo, PPVE, hipertrofia biventricular, espessamento valvar, derrame pericárdico, espessamento septo interatrial. Hiperrefringência miocárdica</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Redução do strain longitudinal que poupa a região apical (apical sparing)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Enchimento do VE de padrão restritivo com espessamento das paredes do VD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Realce tardio na RMC de padrão subendocárdico ou transmural, difuso ou aumento do volume extracelular</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2002">
							<p><italic>VE: ventrículo esquerdo; QRS: complexo QRS ao eletrocardiograma; ECO: ecocardiograma; PPVE: parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title><italic>
 <bold>–</bold> Imagem ilustrativa mostra eletrocardiograma (A) com baixa voltagem do QRS. Ecocardiograma transtorácico demonstra através do plano paraesternal eixo longo (B) e apical 4 câmaras (C) aumento da espessura miocárdica com aspecto granuloso e brilhante, espessamento das cúspides das valvas atrioventriculares e dilatação importante de ambos os átrios. Na representação paramétrica do strain sistólico longitudinal (D) observa-se redução do strain longitudinal global com padrão característico de apical sparing (imagens do arquivo pessoal dos autores).</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0124-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Nestas “pistas combinadas” ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref> ), reside a nossa maior probabilidade de diagnosticar a amiloidose cardíaca. Quando nos deparamos com um paciente idoso, com quadro de IC, com VE não dilatado, FE preservada e paredes de VE espessadas, sem presença de HA, esta hipótese se impõe. Outra pista interessante a ser seguida é quando o paciente se apresenta com um diagnóstico de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica iniciada tardiamente, após os 60 anos. Isto não é usual e devemos lembrar de amiloidose cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3002">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Pistas combinadas</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="100%">
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">IC com VE não dilatado e septo &gt;12 mm, em paciente sem HA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Apresentação clínica de CMH iniciada tardiamente (&gt; 60 anos)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>EAo com espessamento das paredes de VD, particularmente nos casos paradoxais com baixo fluxo/baixo gradiente</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3002">
							<p><italic>IC: insuficiência cardíaca; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; HA: hipertensão arterial; CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica; EAo: estenose aórtica; VD: ventrículo direito.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Outra situação clínica é a de um paciente com estenose aórtica, com espessamento das paredes do ventrículo direito, particularmente nos casos paradoxais de baixo fluxo/baixo gradiente.</p>
			<p>Portanto, frente a um diagnóstico de ICFEp, com sintomas de disfunção em outro órgão (neuropatia sensitivo-motora periférica, manifestações gastrointestinais e do sistema nervoso central, síndrome do túnel do carpo e neuropatia autonômica, principalmente), com idade acima de 65 anos e não responsíveis ao tratamento usual para IC, temos que pensar em na possibilidade de amiloidose cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A implementação desta avaliação sistemática pode aumentar a realização do diagnóstico da ATTR-CM e possibilitar tratamento apropriado para este fenótipo de ICFEp.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Aprovação Ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label/>
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>