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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Phenomenology, Humanities and Sciences - Fenomenologia, Humanidades e Ciências</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Gestalt-terapia de Goiânia (ITGT); Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Fenomenológica (Abrapfe)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210017</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210017</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Comprehensive Echocardiogram: What is it? For which Patients?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-7742</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Garcia</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco,Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Clínica São Vicente da Gávea</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica São Vicente da Gávea,Rio de Janeiro RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Marcelo Iorio Garcia • Avenida Nossa Senhora de Copacabana, 647 - sala 814. Postal Code: 22050-002, Copacabana, RJ – Brazil. E-mail: <email>migarcia@cardiol.br</email> , <email>mioriogarcia@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author contributions</p>
					<p>Writing of the manuscript: Garcia MI.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>120</fpage>
			<lpage>123</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiogram</kwd>
				<kwd>Comprehensive</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="12"/>
				<page-count count="4"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Amyloidosis occurs due to the gradual deposition of protein aggregates, which may infiltrate more than one organ, progressively evolving to organ dysfunction. Prognosis is determined by the organ involved and by the involvement of the heart; cardiac amyloidosis (CA) leads to the worst evolution. CA may be due to myocardial deposition of the protein transthyretin, which is derived from liver tissue; this condition is known as ATTR. The other form of myocardial deposition is secondary to immunoglobulin light chain proteins, which are derived from a clone of plasma cells; this is known as the systemic form or AL amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The ATTR and AL forms need to be differentiated, because they have different treatments.</p>
		<p>CA is a common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy, and it should always be considered in the context of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Symptoms encompass reduced effort threshold, fatigue, and edema of the lower limbs. It is common for the conduction system to be involved, and reduced voltage of the QRS complex on electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the diagnostic clues. Evolution with arrhythmias and atrioventricular block is also characteristic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The gold standard for diagnosis of CA is myocardial biopsy. This procedure, however, in addition to being invasive, can be inaccurate if we remove a fragment of tissue that is not affected by the disease. With the evolution of imaging methods, we are currently moving towards a non-invasive diagnostic algorithm. The use of nuclear medicine with pyrophosphate scintigraphy, combined with hematological tests for light chain immunoglobulins, makes it possible not only to diagnose but also, in many cases, to differentiate between the ATTR and AL forms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This algorithm is initiated following clinical suspicion, combining ECG with an imaging method, such as echocardiogram or magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
		<p>And where does the importance of comprehensive echocardiogram come from? Due to the peculiar characteristics provided by each of the imaging methods in relation to the pathogenesis of CA, most patients will need more than one method for complete evaluation. Due to its wide availability and low cost, echocardiogram is usually the first diagnostic tool in patients with clinical suspicion of heart failure, and it should always be performed in the investigation of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The initial alteration that should draw the attention of the echocardiographer is increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, usually above 12 mm. This finding, especially when it is associated with left atrial enlargement (or even biatrial enlargement) and preserved systolic function, raises the possibility of CA. Other associated findings that may be present include thickening of the atrioventricular valves and functional regurgitation (mitral and tricuspid valves without organic alterations). We may detect elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (a common finding in patients with HFpEF), and infiltration of the interatrial septum is also a very suggestive sign. The presence of pleural and/or pericardial effusion is very common. Although it is subjective in appearance, we can observe an image of granular infiltration of the ventricular walls (granular sparkling). The right ventricle may also be involved. These findings can be observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– <italic>Subcostal window. Important thickening of the left ventricular and right ventricular walls, the interatrial septum, and the mitral and tricuspid valves. Granular aspect of the left ventricular walls (granular sparkling). LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</italic></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0120-gf01.tif"/>
				<attrib><italic>Source: personal archive.</italic></attrib>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>Nevertheless, typical alterations are more evident in the advanced stage of the disease, and they may go unnoticed at earlier stages, even when the patient is already in heart failure. Thus, a high degree of suspicion is necessary. It is through detailed study of diastole that we will be able to add information to our initial suspicion. As this is a muscular infiltration, reduced early diastolic filling velocities, detected by tissue Doppler (e’ velocities in the septal and lateral mitral annulus), are very common. As the condition worsens, we will observe progressive diastolic dysfunction, with reduced atrial compliance and increased mean pressure of the left atrium. We will go from grade I diastolic dysfunction to a pseudonormal pattern and, subsequently, a restrictive pattern (e/a ratio &gt; 2 on pulse Doppler and increased e/e’ ratio), as exemplified in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> .</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f02">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– <italic>Mitral flow on pulse Doppler with e wave velocity = 1.33 m/s, low atrial contribution (a wave = 0.31 m/s), reduced acceleration time (115 ms), and e/a ratio = 4.29, denoting a restrictive pattern.</italic></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0120-gf02.tif"/>
				<attrib><italic>Source: personal archive.</italic></attrib>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f03">
				<label>Figure 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– <italic>Important reduction in e’ wave velocity of the septal mitral annulus (0.04 m/s); e/e’ ratio = 33.2 (1.33 m/s divided by 0.04 m/s), denoting a large increase in the mean pressure of the left atrium.</italic></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0120-gf03.tif"/>
				<attrib><italic>Source: personal archive.</italic></attrib>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>CA is an example of a restrictive heart disease where LV ejection fraction may remain unchanged until the more advanced stages of the disease, but longitudinal contractile function is reduced in an early manner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> With examination of myocardial deformation, known as global strain, we have yet another tool that can be explored via echocardiogram. In particular, LV longitudinal global strain is significantly altered in CA, in an early manner, before the drop in ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Although it is a non-specific pattern, more than reduced global strain, the apical sparing pattern (colloquially known as “cherry on the cake,” visualized as a bull’s eye) is a characteristic that can be present in CA, as exemplified in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> .</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f04">
				<label>Figure 4</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– <italic>Important reduction in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (–11.1%), sparing the apical segments, which appear in red. Apical sparing, resembling a “cherry on the cake,” is demonstrated by the bull’s eye.</italic></title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0120-gf04.tif"/>
				<attrib><italic>Source: personal archive.</italic></attrib>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>It is worth remembering other pathologies with which CA may be associated. A very common scenario, especially with greater population longevity, is the detection of aortic stenosis. LV hypertrophy secondary to valve restriction is very common, but valve stenosis is not always the only diagnosis. The association of these two pathologies, aortic stenosis and amyloidosis, has been described in up to 13% of patients referred to the hemodynamic laboratory for percutaneous implantation of aortic prostheses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Low-gradient aortic stenosis may be a form of presentation, with LV ejection fraction &gt; 50%, indexed systolic volume &lt; 35 ml/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , peak systolic velocity &lt; 4 m/s, and mean LV-Ao gradient &lt; 40 mmHg.</p>
		<p>Amyloid deposits may also coexist among hypertrophic cardiomyopathies or even hypertensive cardiomyopathies. In these cases, longitudinal global strain may be the only echocardiographic marker that is altered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Only by conducting detailed examination, with the echocardiographer considering the possibility of amyloidosis, will we proceed with the appropriate diagnostic investigation.</p>
		<p>In summary, CA is frequently underdiagnosed, and the echocardiographer’s role is fundamental. More than using the name “comprehensive” echocardiogram, it is necessary to establish an examination routine, using all the tools that are available today. Think of all the situations in our daily routine where we find ventricular thickness &gt; 12 mm! They are countless! It is through a good echocardiogram, combined with good interaction with the clinician, that suspicion will be more sharpened. The diagnostic algorithm will only be implemented if we raise the hypothesis. There is no point in using the exams in an isolated manner, given that the diagnostic sequence is only valid when used correctly.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ecocardiograma Abrangente na Amiloidose Cardíaca. O Que É? Para Quem?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-7742</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Garcia</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Clínica São Vicente da Gávea, Rio de Janeiro RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Marcelo Iorio Garcia • Avenida Nossa Senhora de Copacabana, 647 - sala 814. CEP: 22050-002, Copacabana, RJ – Brasil. E-mail: migarcia@cardiol.br, mioriogarcia@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Redação do manuscrito: Garcia MI.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Pré-Albumina</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A amiloidose ocorre devido a deposição gradual de agregados proteicos, onde mais de um órgão pode estar infiltrado, evoluindo progressivamente para disfunção orgânica. O prognóstico é determinado pelo órgão envolvido e o acometimento do coração, a amiloidose cardíaca (AC), carreia a pior evolução.</p>
			<p>A AC pode ser por deposição miocárdica da proteína transtirretina, derivada do tecido hepático e conhecida como ATTR. A outra forma de deposição miocárdica é a secundária às proteínas de cadeia leve das imunoglobulinas, derivadas de um clone de células plasmáticas, conhecida como forma sistêmica ou amiloidose AL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As formas ATTR e AL precisam ser diferenciadas pois possuem tratamentos distintos.</p>
			<p>A AC é uma causa comum de miocardiopatia do tipo restritiva, devendo sempre ser considerada no contexto de pacientes com a síndrome de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). A sintomatologia engloba a reduzida limitação aos esforços, fadiga e edema dos membros inferiores. É comum o sistema de condução estar envolvido, e a reduzida voltagem do complexo QRS ao eletrocardiograma (ECG) é uma das pistas diagnósticas. A evolução com arritmias e bloqueios átrio-ventriculares também é uma característica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico de AC é a biópsia miocárdica. Este procedimento, porém, além de invasivo, pode ser inacurado se retirarmos um fragmento de tecido não afetado pela doença. Com a evolução dos métodos de imagem, caminhamos hoje para um algoritmo diagnóstico não invasivo. A utilização da medicina nuclear com a realização da cintilografia com pirofosfato, combinada a testes hematológicos na pesquisa de imuglobulinas de cadeia leve, permite não só o diagnóstico como muitas vezes a diferenciação das formas ATTR e AL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A utilização desse algoritmo começa após a suspeita clínica aliada a realização do ECG e de um método de imagem, como o ecocardiograma (ECO) ou a ressonância.</p>
			<p>E de onde surge a importância de um ecocardiograma abrangente? Em virtude das características peculiares fornecidos por cada um dos métodos de imagem em relação à patogênese da AC, a maioria dos pacientes irão necessitar de mais de um método para uma completa avaliação. Pela ampla disponibilidade e baixo custo, o ECO usualmente é a primeira ferramenta diagnóstica nos pacientes com suspeita clínica de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e deve sempre ser realizado na pesquisa de AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A alteração inicial que deve chamar atenção do ecocardiografista é o aumento na espessura das paredes do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), geralmente acima de 12mm. Esse achado, em especial quando associado ao aumento do átrio esquerdo (ou mesmo o aumento biatrial) e à função sistólica preservada, acirram para a possibilidade de AC. Outros achados associados que podem estar presentes são o espessamento das valvas átrio-ventriculares e regurgitações funcionais (valvas mitral e tricúspide sem alterações orgânicas). Podemos detectar pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar elevada (achado frequente em pacientes com ICFEp) e um sinal bastante sugestivo é a infiltração do septo interatrial. A presença de derrames é muito comum, pleurais e/ou pericárdicos. Embora de aspecto subjetivo, podemos observar uma imagem de infiltração granular das paredes ventriculares ( <italic>granular sparkling</italic> ). O ventrículo direito também pode estar acometido. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> podemos notar esses achados.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Corte subcostal. Importante espessamento das paredes do ventrículo esquerdo e do ventrículo direito, do septo interatrial e das valvas mitral e tricúspide. Aspecto granular das paredes do ventrículo esquerdo (granular sparkling). AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0120-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Fonte: arquivo pessoal.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Entretanto, alterações típicas são mais evidentes na fase avançada da doença e podem passar desapercebidas em um estágio mais precoce, mesmo quando o paciente já encontra-se em IC. Com isso, é necessário um alto índice de suspeita. É através de um detalhado estudo da diástole que iremos agregar informações à nossa suspeita inicial. Como trata-se de uma infiltração muscular, é muito comum a redução nas velocidades de enchimento diastólico iniciais, detectadas por meio do Doppler tecidual (velocidades e´ no anel mitral septal e lateral). Com o agravamento teremos uma disfunção diastólica progressiva, com redução na complacência atrial e elevação na pressão média do átrio esquerdo. Passaremos de uma disfunção diastólica grau I para um padrão pseudonormal e posteriormente um padrão restritivo (relação e/a &gt; 2 ao Doppler pulsátil e relação e/e´ aumentada), conforme exemplo nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">3</xref> .</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02002">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Fluxo mitral ao Doppler pulsátil com velocidade da onda e = 1,33 m/s, pequena contribuição atrial (onda a = 0,31 m/s), tempo de aceleração reduzido (115 ms) e relação e/a = 4,29, denotando um padrão do tipo restritivo.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0120-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Fonte: arquivo pessoal</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03002">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Importante redução na velocidade da onda e´ do anel mitral septal (0,04 m/s). Relação e/e´ = 33,2 (1,33 m/s dividido por 0,04 m/s), denotando grande aumento na pressão média do átrio esquerdo.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0120-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Fonte: arquivo pessoal.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A AC é um exemplo de cardiopatia restritiva em que a fração de ejeção do VE pode permanecer inalterada até os momentos mais avançados da doença, porém a função contrátil longitudinal é reduzida de forma precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Com o estudo da deformação miocárdica, chamado strain global, temos mais uma ferramenta que pode ser explorada através do ECO. Em especial o strain global longitudinal do VE encontra-se bastante alterado na AC, de forma precoce, antes da queda na fração de ejeção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Embora de padrão inespecífico, mais do que a redução na deformação global, é a característica que pode estar presente na AC, com padrão de ápice preservado ou <italic>apical sparing</italic> (também chamado de “cereja do bolo”, visualizado no <italic>bull’s eye</italic> ), conforme exemplificado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref> .</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04002">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Importante redução no strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo (–11,1%) porém poupando os segmentos apicais, que aparecem em vermelho, com aspecto de “cereja do bolo” ou apical sparing, demonstrado no bull’s eye.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0120-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					<attrib><italic>Fonte: arquivo pessoal.</italic></attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Vale lembrar de outras patologias em que a AC pode estar associada. Um cenário muito comum, em especial com a maior longevidade da população, é a detecção de estenose aórtica. A hipertrofia do VE secundária à restrição valvar é muito comum, porém nem sempre a estenose valvar é o único diagnóstico. A associação dessas duas patologias, estenose aórtica e amiloidose, é descrita em até 13% dos pacientes encaminhados ao laboratório de hemodinâmica para realização de implantes percutâneo de próteses aórticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A estenose aórtica <italic>low-gradient</italic> pode ser uma forma de apresentação, com fração de ejeção do VE &gt; 50%, volume sistólico indexado &lt; 35 ml/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , velocidade de pico sistólico &lt; 4m/s, e um gradiente médio VE-Ao &lt; 40 mmHg.</p>
			<p>O depósito amiloide também pode coexistir dentre as cardiomiopatias hipertróficas ou mesmo as cardiopatias hipertensivas. Nesses casos a ferramenta do strain global longitudinal pode ser o único marcador ecocardiográfico alterado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Só a realização de um exame detalhado, com o ecocardiografista pensando na possibilidade de amiloidose, é que seguiremos com a investigação diagnóstica apropriada.</p>
			<p>Em suma, a AC é frequentemente subdiagnosticada e o papel do ecocardiografista é fundamental. Mais do que a utilização do nome ECO “abrangente”, é necessário estabelecermos uma rotina de exame, utilizando todas as ferramentas que hoje são disponibilizadas. Pensem em todas as situações do nosso dia a dia em que encontramos uma espessura ventricular &gt; 12 mm! São inúmeras! É através de um bom ECO, aliado a uma boa interação com o clínico, que a suspeita será aguçada. A realização do algoritmo diagnóstico só será desencadeada se levantarmos a hipótese. Não adianta utilizar os exames de forma isolada, pois a sequência diagnóstica só é validada quando corretamente utilizada.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Aprovação Ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>