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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Phenomenology, Humanities and Sciences - Fenomenologia, Humanidades e Ciências</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Gestalt-terapia de Goiânia (ITGT); Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Fenomenológica (Abrapfe)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210016</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210016</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Amyloidosis: How can it Assist Clinical Reasoning?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0886-0844</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pinto</surname>
						<given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli F.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Imagem do Grupo Fleury,São Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Imagem do Instituto Dante Pazzanese,São Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Ibraim Masciarelli F. Pinto • Seção Médica de Tomografia e Ressonância Magnética. Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code: 02404909, Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ibraim.pinto@grupofleury.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pinto IMF.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>115</fpage>
			<lpage>119</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="12"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The real incidence of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is still unknown, and this is, at least in part, due to difficulties in confirming diagnosis. Currently, however, different imaging exams and genetic tests can, in association with clinical presentation, confirm diagnosis. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can contribute to confirmation of diagnosis and, more recently, to the screening of family members of carriers of hereditary forms of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this article, we will review the contributions of CMR in relation to clinical suspicion or screening for CA, initiating with a review of the information that the exam offers and, subsequently, discussing clinical scenarios in which CMR can be most useful.</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Evaluation of cardiac morphology</title>
			<p>CA leads to changes in cardiac structure. In the atria, dilatation and increased thickness of the septum usually occur, while, in more advanced phases, there may be slow flow and thrombi, which, when arrhythmias are present, may be difficult to identify via CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The ventricular myocardium usually shows increased thickness, typically at levels higher than those observed in patients with arterial hypertension; the levels are typically greater in forms of transthyretin amyloidosis than in light chain amyloidosis, and they may involve both ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is, moreover, not uncommon to find pericardial or pleural effusion, which are characteristics that can be easily seen on CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Analysis of ventricular function</title>
			<p>CMR is considered the gold standard for analysis of global and regional ventricular contractility of both ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nevertheless, in clinical practice, analysis of ventricular contractility parameters is conducted, with good quality, using echocardiography, and resonance is reserved for conditions where there are doubts or conflicting echocardiograms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is important to remember that ventricular contractility can be preserved for long periods and that regional contractile analysis, especially based on strain analysis, can be more sensitive in detecting abnormalities in early stages of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Examples of morphological alterations in patients who are carriers of CA are displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>CA can present different morphological patterns, depending on the degree of involvement and the duration of disease evolution. There is usually dilation of the atria (1A, 1B, and 1C), while the thickness of the interatrial septum may be normal, slightly increased, or significantly increased, which is most characteristic (1A, 1B, and 1C, respectively, black arrows). The thickness of the interventricular septum (red arrows) is usually increased, but the degree of involvement varies, as does the relationship between the measurements of the interventricular septum and the free wall. Right ventricle thickness may be preserved (yellow arrow, 1D), slightly enlarged (yellow arrow, 1E), or significantly enlarged (yellow arrow, 1F). Often, there are pericardial effusion (1C and 1F = $), pleural effusion (1A and 1B =*), and even ascites (1D = **).</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0115-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Characterization of the myocardium – late enhancement techniques</title>
			<p>CMR with late enhancement (LE) is a well-established means of non-invasively investigating the existence of myocardial necrosis, inflammation, or fibrosis. Thanks to the dynamics of the material used as a contrast agent, a metal known as gadolinium, it is possible to identify the regions of the heart where it is retained and to quantify and define the morphological patterns of these regions. As these areas turn white and shiny, 7 to 12 minutes after the injection of the paramagnetic agent, this finding is called LE, which offers 2 types of information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The first is diagnostic in nature, given that different heart diseases tend to exhibit distinct LE patterns ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ). In cases of CA, the most common pattern shows diffuse LE, often affecting the subendocardium or the entire transmural thickness of the heart walls, but different morphologies can arise, including involvement of the mesocardial segment and the pattern of focal enhancement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>LE patterns (arrows, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D) can help in diagnosis and provide prognostic data. Cases of Chagas disease show apical enhancement, at times accompanied by filling failure, as in 2A; the presence of increased mural thickness with LE in the mesocardium at the meeting points of the right and left ventricles is characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2B). Cases of dilated cardiomyopathy often show areas of mesocardial LE in the interventricular septum (2C), and cases of coronary disease usually show enhancement in areas that are irrigated by only one coronary artery and have a “wave” morphology involving subendocardial to transmural regions. In cases of CA, LE is usually diffuse, and it is more relevant to the subendocardial region (2E and 2F). In more advanced cases of the disease, the involvement becomes transmural (2G and 2H). Due to difficulties in adjusting parameters that define LE, it can be difficult to visualize alterations, such as pericardial effusion (2G =*), in these series. Studies have shown that cases of diffuse, transmural, extensive LE are associated with worse prognosis (2H) (3)</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0115-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Characteristics of LE do not play a prominent role in defining the type of CA that patients present, but the presence and, in particular, the extent of LE are related to prognosis, and they add value to the markers that are classically used in clinical practice. Analyzing 250 patients, Fontana et al. demonstrated that LE quantification was an independent predictor of mortality, even considering variables such as pro-BNP, ejection fraction, and ventricular systolic volume index, diastolic function, and ventricular mass index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>These elements make LE analysis a fundamental step in the evaluation of patients with clinical suspicion of CA.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Characterization of the myocardium – T1 mapping</title>
			<p>Mapping, a more recently introduced form of characterizing the myocardium, comprises series based on changes that occur in T1, one of the parameters used to compose the CMR image. The data are presented in the form of quantifiable parametric maps, and they are able to reveal disease processes, even in conditions where LE is not observed, thus making them an important tool to complement diagnostic investigation of different heart diseases, including CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Measurement of native T1 is conducted without the injection of contrast medium, which makes it an interesting alternative to examine patients who have contraindications to the use of gadolinium, such as severe renal failure, or patients on a dialysis program.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Diagnostic efficacy also increases in cases where the extracellular space is quantified; in this condition, a contrast agent is applied, and it reveals changes when there are processes that lead to expansion of the interstitium, which is the case with CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The usefulness of this approach has been proven in a meta-analysis by Pan et al., who documented that the presence of elevated T1 mapping and extracellular space measurement led to improved diagnostic performance, compared to LE (odds ratio: 4.27; 95% confidence interval: 2.87 – 6.37 vs. odds ratio: 2.60; 95% confidence interval: 1.90 – 3.56; p = 0.03). However, the authors underscore that there may be cases where T1 mapping and the measurement of extracellular space do not confirm the diagnosis, and it may be necessary to evaluate the.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Contribution of resonance in different clinical scenarios</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Screening family members for hereditary forms of CA</title>
				<p>Morphological and functional changes that result from CA may be useful for confirming diagnosis, but, as with LE, they may only appear later. What is expected in this scenario is that the diagnosis should be made earlier. The use of T1 mapping can be useful in this context, especially because, if this parameter is within the normal limits, it is very safe to rule out diagnosis of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Even though this approach is not widely used, it has shown great clinical potential.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Differential diagnosis of myocardium with increased thickness</title>
				<p>Different heart diseases can cause increased thickness in the ventricular walls, and these conditions are often difficult to differentiate clinically.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> CMR can assist in the characterization of the etiology by identifying cases that are secondary to hypertension, cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Fabry disease, and CA. In this scenario, it is important to use all the tools that the exam provides, especially because both LE patterns and T1 mapping values vary according to etiology, and they can provide information that is essential to diagnosis. In the event that CA is confirmed, CMR results will make it possible to proceed to define the type of alteration and establish appropriate treatment as quickly as possible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Evaluation of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</title>
				<p>In our experience, there have been cases of CA that have manifested as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, even before there were significant increases in myocardial thickness. In this scenario as well, CMR can assist in identifying CA as the cause of the alterations and guide treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnostic uncertainty on other exams</title>
				<p>Due to the reduced intra- and interobserver variability and the superior capacity for myocardial characterization, CMR can be useful for defining diagnosis in cases where there are doubts after other forms of analysis, such as echocardiography, have been carried out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>In elderly patients with aortic stenosis</title>
				<p>The incidence of both aortic stenosis and CA increase as age advances, and this association is not rare; there are reports that both coexist in 13.9% to 16% of cases of aortic stenosis that will undergo percutaneous treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> CMR is recommended to clarify whether or not CA is present, especially if there is a disproportionate increase in myocardial thickness. LE techniques can identify myocardial injury and differentiate whether it is the consequence of valve damage or infiltrative disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, T1 mapping and increased extracellular space also favor diagnosis of infiltrative cardiomyopathy, and they may assist in the diagnostic strategy.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Prognosis and treatment monitoring</title>
				<p>In addition to aiding in diagnosis of CA, CMR can also be useful in estimating the prognosis of patients with CA. Although the applications of T1 mapping and estimation of extracellular space have the potential to contribute to this area, the main information regarding evolution is provided by LE. Fontana et al. demonstrated that the presence of LE is associated with worse evolution and that cases with transmural LE show more adverse events than cases with subendocardial LE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> These data can help define the severity of the case and the treatment planning.</p>
				<p>T1 mapping and extracellular space, on the other hand, have shown potential to monitor the therapeutic response in patients with specific treatments and, thus, assist in guiding the management strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the potential contributions of CMR in different clinical scenarios.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Contribution of CMR to different clinical situations of patients with CA</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Clinical scenario</th>
									<th>Contribution of CMR</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Screening family members for hereditary forms of CA</td>
									<td align="center">Early diagnosis of heart disease, preceding installation of structural heart disease, especially with use of T1 mapping</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Differential diagnosis of myocardium with increased thickness</td>
									<td align="center">Differential diagnosis based on use of T1 mapping and LE patterns, contributing to early diagnosis and treatment</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Evaluation of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</td>
									<td align="center">Confirming diagnosis of CA and guiding correct treatment</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diagnostic uncertainty on other exams</td>
									<td align="center">Confirming diagnosis and facilitating treatment</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>In elderly patients with aortic stenosis</td>
									<td align="center">Identification of cases of CA, based on analysis of T1 mapping and LE pattern</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Prognosis and treatment monitoring</td>
									<td align="center">The characteristics and extent of LE have an important prognostic impact. T1 mapping is useful for evaluating the efficacy of specific treatment.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p><italic>CA: cardiac amyloidosis; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; LE: late enhancement</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>CMR is highly useful in the evaluation of CA, and its application can have a positive impact on the management of these patients.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding</p>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca e Amiloidose: Como ela pode Ajudar no Raciocínio Clínico?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0886-0844</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pinto</surname>
						<given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli F.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Imagem do Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Serviço de Imagem do Instituto Dante Pazzanese, São Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Ibraim Masciarelli F. Pinto • Seção Médica de Tomografia e Ressonância Magnética. Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 02404909, Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: ibraim.pinto@grupofleury.com.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa; Obtenção de dados; Análise e interpretação dos dados; Redação do manuscrito e Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Pinto IMF</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Função Ventricular</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A real incidência de amiloidose cardíaca (AC) ainda é desconhecida e, ao menos em parte, isso se deve às dificuldades para confirmar o diagnóstico. Atualmente, porém, os diferentes exames de imagem e de genética podem, em associação com a apresentação clínica, confirmar o diagnóstico. A ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) pode contribuir para a confirmação diagnóstica e, mais recentemente, para o rastreio de familiares de portadores das formas hereditárias de AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Neste artigo iremos rever as contribuições da RMC diante da suspeita ou do rastreio de AC, iniciando por rever as informações que o exame oferece e, em seguida, discutindo os cenários clínicos nos quais a RMC pode ser mais útil.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Avaliação da morfologia cardíaca</title>
				<p>A AC leva à mudança da estrutura cardíaca. Nos átrios costuma haver dilatação e aumento da espessura do septo, enquanto que nas fases mais avançadas pode existir fluxo lento e trombos que, diante da presença de arritmias, podem ser de difícil identificação à RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O miocárdio ventricular, costuma apresentar aumento de espessura, habitualmente em patamares superiores aos observados em portadores de hipertensão arterial e, habitualmente, maior nas formas de amilidoise por transtirretina do que na forma de cadeias leves e podem envolver ambos os ventrículos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Não é raro, também que se encontre derrame pericárdico ou pleural, características que são facilmente vistas à RMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise da função ventricular</title>
				<p>A RMC é considerada o padrão-ouro para a análise da contratilidade ventricular global e regional de ambos os ventrículos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Contudo, na prática clínica, a análise dos parâmetros da contratilidade ventricular é feita com qualidade pela ecocardiografia e a ressonância fica reservada para as condições nas quais há dúvidas, ou ecocardiogramas conflitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> É importante lembrar que a contratilidade ventricular pode estar preservada durante longos períodos e que a análise contrátil regional, especialmente a partir da análise do strain, pode ser mais sensível para detectar anormalidades em fases iniciais da AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Exemplos de alterações morfológicas de portadores de AC encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>A AC pode apresentar diferentes padrões morfológicos, dependendo do grau de comprometimento e do tempo de evolução da doença. Habitualmente existe dilatação dos átrios (1A, 1B e 1C) enquanto a espessura do septo interatrial pode ser normal, levemente aumentada ou com aumento significativo, que é o mais característico (1A, 1B e 1C, respectivamente, setas pretas). A espessura do septo interventricular (seta vermelha) costuma ser aumentada, mas o grau de comprometimento varia, bem como a relação entre as medidas do septo interventricular e da parede livre. O ventrículo direito pode apresentar espessura preservada (seta amarela, 1D) com aumento discreto (seta amarela, 1E) ou com aumento expressivo (seta amarela, 1F). Muitas vezes há derrame pericárdico (1C e 1F = $) pleural (1A e 1B =*) e até ascite (1D = **).</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0115-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Caracterização do miocárdio – técnicas de realce tardio</title>
				<p>A pesquisa de realce tardio (RT) por RMC é uma forma consagrada de pesquisar, de modo incruento, a existência de necrose, inflamação ou fibrose miocárdica. Graças à dinâmica do material utilizado como contraste pela ressonância, um metal chamado gadolínio, é possível identificar as regiões do coração em que ele fica retido, assim como quantificar e definir o padrão morfológico destas regiões. Como estas áreas ficam brancas, brilhantes, depois de 7 a 12 minutos da injeção do material paramagnético, denomina-se este achado como RT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que traz dois tipos de informação. A primeira é de caráter diagnóstico, uma vez que diferentes cardiopatias mostram tendência a exibir padrão distinto de RT ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ). O padrão mais habitual, nos casos de AC é que o RT seja difuso, compromentendo muitas vezes o sub-endocárdio ou toda a espessura transmural das paredes do coração, mas morfologias distintas podem surgir, incluindo o comprometimento do segmento mesocárdico e o padrão de realce focal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Os padrões de RT (setas, 2A, 2B, 2C e 2D) podem auxiliar na elaboração diagnóstica e também fornecem dados prognósticos. Casos de doença de Chagas mostram realce apical, por vezes acompanhados de falha de enchimentos, como na 2A; a presença de aumento da espessura mural com RT no mesocárdio nos pontos de encontro do ventrículo direito com o ventrículo esquerdo é característica da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (2B). Casos de cardiomiopatia dilatada frequentemente mostram áreas de RT mesocárdico no septo interventricular (2C) e casos de doença coronária costumam apresentar realce em áreas que são irrigadas por apenas uma artéria coronária e apresentam morfologia “em onda” comprometendo de regiões sub-endocárdicas a transmurais. Nos casos de AC, o RT costuma ser difuso, interessando de modo mais acentuado à região subendocárdica (2E e 2F). Em casos de doença mais avançada, o comprometimento passa a ser transmural (2G e 2H). Devido à dificuldade de ajuste nos parâmetros que definem o RT, a visualização de alterações tais como derrame pericárdico (2G =*) pode ser difícil nestas séries. Estudos mostraram que casos de RT difuso, transmural, extenso, associam-se com pior prognóstico (2H) (3)</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0115-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>As características do RT não têm papel destacado na definição do tipo de AC que o paciente apresenta, mas a sua existência e, em especial, sua extensão, guardam relação com o prognóstico e acrescentam valor aos marcadores utilizados classicamente na prática clínica. Analisando 250 pacientes, Fontana e colaboradores demonstraram que a quantificação do RT foi preditor independente de mortalidade, mesmo quando se consideraram variáveis tais como pro-BNP, fração de ejeção e índice de volume sistólico dos ventrículos, função diastólica e índice de massa ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Tais elementos tornam a análise do RT etapa fundamental na avaliação de pacientes com suspeita de AC.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Caracterização do miocárdio – mapa T1</title>
				<p>Forma mais recentemente introduzida de tipificar o miocárdio, mapas são séries que se baseiam nas alterações que ocorrem em T1, um dos parâmetros usados para compor a imagem da RMC. Os dados são apresentados sob forma de mapas paramétricos, quantificáveis e podem revelar processos de doença mesmo em condições nas quais não se observa a presença de RT, sendo ferramenta importante para complementar a investigação diagnóstica em diferentes cardiopatias, dentre elas a AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A mensuração do T1 nativo é feita sem a injeção de meio de contraste, o que a torna alternativa interessante para estudar pacientes que tem alguma contraindicação ao uso de gadolínio, como insuficiência renal grave ou pacientes em programa de diálise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A eficácia diagnóstica também é aumentada no caso de se quantificar o espaço extracelular, condição na qual um meio de contraste é utilizado e que mostra alterações quando há processos que levem a expansão do interstício, como é o caso da AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A utilidade desta abordagem foi comprovada por meta-análise de Pan e associados, que documentaram que a presença de elevação do mapa T1 e da medida do espaço extracelular levou à melhora do desempenho diagnóstico em relação ao RT (razão de chance: 4.27; intervalo de confiança 95%: 2,87 – 6,37 vs. razão de chance: 2,60; intervalo de confiança 95%: 1,90 – 3,56; p = 0,03). Porém, os autores destacam que podem existir casos nos quais o mapa T1 e a medida do espaço extracelular não firmam o diagnóstico, e pode haver necessidade de se avaliar o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Contribuição da ressonância em diferentes cenários clínicos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Rastreio de familiares de formas hereditárias de AC</title>
					<p>Alterações morfológicas e funcionais decorrentes de AC podem ser úteis para a confirmação diagnóstica, mas, assim como ocorre com o RT, podem surgir apenas mais tardiamente. O que se espera neste cenário, é que o diagnóstico possa ser realizado mais precocemente. A utilização do mapa T1 pode ser útil neste contexto, em especial porque se este parâmetro se encontrar dentro dos limites da normalidade, há grande segurança na exclusão do diagnóstico de AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora esta abordagem não seja amplamente utilizada, ela mostra grande potencial clínico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Diagnóstico diferencial de miocárdio com espessura aumentada</title>
					<p>Diferentes cardiopatias podem provocar aumento da espessura das paredes dos ventrículos e muitas vezes estas condições são de difícil diferenciação clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A RMC pode auxiliar na caracterização da etiologia identificando casos secundários a hipertensão, casos de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, doença de Fabry e de AC. Neste cenário é importante que se utilizem todas as ferramentas que o exame faculta, em especial porque tanto os padrões de RT como os valores do mapa T1 tem variações de acordo com a etiologia e podem dar informações fundamentais para o diagnóstico. No caso de se confirmar AC, os resultados da RMC permitirão que se prossiga na definição do tipo de alteração e que se estabeleça o tratamento adequado o mais rapidamente possível.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada</title>
					<p>Na nossa experiência houve casos de AC que se manifestaram como insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada, mesmo antes de que houvesse aumentos expressivos da espessura miocárdica. Também neste cenário a RMC pode auxiliar a identificar a AC como a causa das alterações e orientar o tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Incerteza diagnóstica em outros exames</title>
					<p>A RMC, por apresentar reduzida variabilidade intra- e interobservador e por sua melhor capacidade de caracterização miocárdica, pode ser útil para definir o diagnóstico em casos que existam dúvidas após a realização de outras formas de análise, tais como a ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Em idosos com estenose aórtica</title>
					<p>Tanto estenose aórtica como AC aumentam de incidência com o avançar da idade e esta associação não é rara, existindo relatos de que ambas coexistem em até 13,9% a 16% dos casos de estenose aórtica que serão submetidos a tratamento percutâneo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> RMC é recomendada para esclarecer se há, ou não AC, em especial se existe aumento desproporcional da espessura miocárdica. Técnicas de RT podem identificar injúria miocárdica e diferenciar se esta é consequente à lesão valvar ou à doença infiltrativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Além disso, a existência de mapa T1 e de espaço extracelular aumentado também favorecem o diagnóstico da cardiomiopatia infiltrativa e podem auxiliar na estratégia diagnóstica.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Prognóstico e monitoração do tratamento</title>
					<p>Além de auxiliar no diagnóstico de AC a RMC também pode ser útil para estimar o prognóstico de portadores de AC. Embora o uso do mapa T1 e da estimativa do espaço extracelular tenha potencial para contribuir nesta área, as principais informações relativas à evolução é fornecida pelo RT. Fontana e associados demonstraram que a presença de RT se associa a pior evolução e que os casos com RT transmural mostram mais eventos adversos que os casos de RT subendocárdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Este dado pode auxiliar na definição da gravidade do caso e no planejamento do tratamento.</p>
					<p>Já o mapa T1 e o espaço extracelular mostra potencial para monitorar a resposta terapêutica em pacientes com tratamento específico e assim ajudar a guiar a estratégia de manejo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> resume as potenciais contribuições da RMC em diferentes cenários clínicos.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Contribuição da RMC em diferentes cenários clínicos de pacientes com AC</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup width="50%">
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Cenário clínico</th>
										<th>Contribuição da RMC</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Rastreio de familiares de formas hereditárias de AC</td>
										<td align="center">Diagnóstico precoce de cardiopatia, precedendo a instalação de cardiopatia estrutural, em especial com o uso do mapa T1</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Diagnóstico diferencial de miocárdio com espessura aumentada</td>
										<td align="center">Diagnóstico diferencial a partir do uso dos mapas T1 e dos padrões de RT, contribuindo para o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Avaliação de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada</td>
										<td align="center">Confirmar o diagnóstico de AC e orientar o tratamento correto</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Incerteza diagnóstica em outros exames</td>
										<td align="center">Confirmar o diagnóstico e agilizar o tratamento</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Em idosos com estenose aórtica</td>
										<td align="center">Identificação de casos de AC, a partir da análise dos mapas T1 e do padrão de RT</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Prognóstico e monitoração do tratamento</td>
										<td align="center">As características e a extensão do RT têm importante impacto prognóstico. Mapa T1 é útil para avaliar a eficácia do tratamento específico.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p><italic>AC: amiloidose cardíaca; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; RT: realce tardio</italic></p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A RMC tem grande utilidade na avaliação da AC e seu uso pode ter impacto positivo no manejo destes pacientes.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
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					<p>Aprovação Ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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</article>