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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Phenomenology, Humanities and Sciences - Fenomenologia, Humanidades e Ciências</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Gestalt-terapia de Goiânia (ITGT); Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Fenomenológica (Abrapfe)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210033</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210033</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Cardiac Amyloidosis: Implications for Treatment</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Danzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zimmer</surname>
						<given-names>João Ricardo Cambruzzi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tscheika</surname>
						<given-names>Anna Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital São Lucas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">PUC-RS</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Lucas da PUC-RS, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitário de Canoas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário de Canoas, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Luiz Claudio Danzmann • ORCID: 0000-0002-5774-2780 Avenida Ipiranga 6690/402. Postal Code: 96610-000, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil. E-mail: <email>luiz.danzmann@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Author contributions</p>
					<p>Conception and design of the research:Danzmann LC. Acquisition of data: Danzmann LC, Tscheika AP, Zimmer JRC. Analysis and interpretation of the data:Danzmann LC, Tscheika AP, Zimmer JRC. Writing of the manuscript:Danzmann LC, Tscheika AP. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Danzmann LC. Supervision / as the major investigador: Danzmann LC.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>98</fpage>
			<lpage>102</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a syndrome with multiple etiologies and varied phenotypic manifestations. Amyloidosis is a systemic disease that frequently affects the myocardium, and it may represent a specific etiology of HFpEF. The treatment of HFpEF associated with amyloidosis is not based on specific evidence, and the risk of hypotension as an adverse effect of pharmacological management is always a concern. In this context, this review addresses some strategies for controlling circulatory congestion, arrhythmias, cardiac conduction disorders, valvular heart diseases, and treatment of the specific type of amyloidosis based on available evidence as well as the latest recommendations and guidelines for managing cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Therapeutics</kwd>
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a syndrome with a potentially underestimated prevalence, and it accounts more than half of the population with heart failure (HF), when assessed in primary health care units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> HFpEF is induced by multiple coexisting morbidities, mainly of non-cardiac origin, leading to systemic inflammation, increased oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and biochemical signaling that determines hypertrophy and decreased elasticity of the cardiac myocyte, in addition to some degree of interstitial fibrosis. The functional result is an increase in ventricular filling pressures, especially during exertion, culminating in symptoms and signs of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Some systemic diseases can specifically alter the cardiac extracellular matrix, which is the case of cardiac amyloidosis (CA). This infiltrative cardiomyopathy most strongly impacts myocardial stiffening due to tissue deposition of insoluble fibrillary proteins in different tissues, including the myocardium, valves, and cardiac conduction tissue. The following amyloidogenic proteins may affect the heart: immunoglobulin heavy chain proteins; immunoglobulin light chain proteins (AL); and those related to transthyretin (ATTR), to amyloid A, and to apolipoprotein A1. In practice, pathophysiological models due to the AL and ATTR types represent more than 90% of cases of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The clinical condition of HF arises from an inadequate cardiac response to the need for increased cardiac output, linked to depressed systolic volume due to inadequate left ventricular pressure-volume ratio, to the chronotropic response compromised by sinus frequency, or to atrioventricular conduction blocks. Arrhythmic complications, which are related mainly to atrial fibrillation and to the potential thromboembolic impairment in this condition, but also to ventricular arrhythmias, occur in the more advanced stages of the disease, when systolic dysfunction is already installed. Parallel to myocardial changes, postural hypotension and syncope may occur due to dysautonomia related to neuronal amyloid infiltration, while aortic valve stenosis secondary to amyoloidosis may severely compromise a condition of HFpEF or represent a clinical syndrome of severe aortic stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>The bases of treatment for HFpEF associated with cardiac amyloidosis</title>
				<p>Recommendations for treatment of HFpEF in patients with CA are not based on data from randomized clinical trials (RCT), but on observational studies with few participants, involving more traditional drugs, such as beta-blockers, digitalis, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB). Medications more recently introduced as options for managing HFpEF, such as angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have not yet been studied in combined HFpEF and CA. Arrhythmic complications, in terms of both atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular blocks must also be addressed, because, from the pathological point of view, patients with CA, even without loss of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), have difficulty maintaining cardiac output or increasing it during exercise, and conventional HF treatment strategies that have an impact on reduced heart rate, preload, and afterload, can cause symptomatic hypoperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Appropriate treatment of amyloidosis should be guided according to diagnosis of the two important phenotypic groups, AL or ATTR amyloidosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Treatment of cardiac amyloidosis in patients with HFpEF. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AF: atrial fibrillation; AL: light-chain; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors; ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; BB: beta-blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HSCT: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; NYHA FC: New York Heart Association functional class; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; VT: ventricular tachycardia</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0098-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diuretics</title>
				<p>Diuretic treatment for all HF phenotypes is based on principles of clinical plausibility, rather than on placebo-controlled RCTs, for obvious reasons. One piece of evidence available for management of patients with HFpEF, although it was not designed for patients with CA exclusively, comes from the Hong Kong study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> That trial tested treatment with diuretics (loop or thiazide) alone or associated with ACEI or ARB in relation to outcomes of quality of life, functional capacity, and rates of cardiac function in a population of 150 participants with HF, in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II to IV, and LVEF &gt; 45%. The study was not placebo controlled. They evaluated the outcomes of HF symptoms and the Minnesota quality of life score (−46%, p &lt; 0.01) in the comparison between 0 and 52 weeks of follow-up. Association with ramipril or irbesartan did not add additional clinical benefits.</p>
				<p>The effect of the diuretic can also be verified when its use is guided by the degree of circulatory congestion with invasive pulmonary pressure devices. The CHAMPION study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> using a pressure-sensing device implanted in the pulmonary artery, tested its effectiveness as a guide for the use of diuretics. The population was not specifically composed of patients with HFpEF and CA, but 23% of participants had LVEF ≥ 40%. Patients with device-guided diuretic treatment had 28% lower hospital admission rates for HF (RR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.85, p = 0.0002), demonstrating not only the potential usefulness of this type of device, but also the clinical benefit of effective decongestion.</p>
				<p>The 2021 Update to the Brazilian Guidelines on Heart Failure<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> classifies diuretic therapy as a class I recommendation with level of evidence B for patients with HFpEF with evidence of clinical congestion, but these drugs should be used cautiously due to the possibility of hypotension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> especially in patients with neurological dysfunction due to polyneuropathy, whose diuretic doses must be appropriately adjusted to avoid syncope.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists</title>
				<p>This is one of the most investigated drug classes in populations with HFpEF. The TOPCAT study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> allocated a population of 3,445 patients with HF and LVEF ≥ 45%, randomized to spironolactone versus placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A reduction in the primary endpoint composed of total cardiovascular mortality, sudden death, or hospitalization due to HF was not achieved, but the isolated secondary endpoint of HF hospitalization was reduced by 14%. Nevertheless, spironolactone appears to have a more consistent effect in the most congested patients, as a post hoc analysis testing the population with elevated natriuretic peptides found a 35% reduction in the primary composite endpoint. In patients with CA, there are no specific studies, and, even if this class of drugs has reached a class IIa recommendation, according to the current Brazilian Guidelines on Heart Failure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> these drugs should be used sparingly, on account of the potential hypotensive effect due to relative hypovolemia in this group. In a recent position statement by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists have been recommended for patients with congestion, HFpEF, and CA, provided that there is monitoring for eventual hypotensive manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Angiotensin II receptor blockers</title>
				<p>The CHARM-Preserved Trial allocated participants with HF, functional class II and III, and LVEF &gt; 40%, testing candesartan versus placebo. The results demonstrated a reduction in the number of hospitalizations due to HF. In the Brazilian Guidelines on Heart Failure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> ARB in HFpEF is a class IIb recommendation with level of evidence B; however, this does not consider cases of amyloidosis. In relation to ACEI, strictly speaking, there have not been any RCTs that have demonstrated benefit versus placebo in patients with HFpEF, and the guidelines do not include recommendations regarding this drug class for this group of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A recent position paper on CA by the European Society of Cardiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> recommends avoiding ARB and ACEI, due to their hypotensive potential in cases of HF, in general. However, this recommendation should be viewed with caution, as many patients with HFpEF and amyloidosis may present with hypertension.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sacubitril/valsartan</title>
				<p>The best evidence for the use of this medication in HFpEF comes from the PARAGON-HF Trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which included 4,796 participants with LVEF ≥ 45%, elevated natriuretic peptides, and NYHA functional class II to IV. The results showed no benefits in terms of cardiovascular mortality and/or hospitalization for HF. However, in a pre-specified analysis, a reduction in this composite outcome was observed in female participants and in those of both sexes who had LVEF &lt; 57%. These results suggest that sacubitril-valsartan could be an alternative for populations with HFpEF, symptoms that are difficult to control, and LVEF below 57%. The use of this drug has not been tested in the context of CA, and it is necessary to be very cautious regarding the potential reduction of left ventricular preload and postload and eventual hypotensive effects. This medication is currently only recommended for patients with HF with slightly reduced LVEF, in the 2021 Update to the Brazilian Guidelines on Heart Failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors</title>
				<p>The SOLOIST-WHF RCT recruited a population of patients with type 2 diabetes who had recently been hospitalized due to HF, testing sotagliflozin versus placebo, finding a significant reduction in the outcome of cardiovascular death and hospitalization due to worsening HF in patients with both reduced LVEF and preserved LVEF (RR = 0.67, 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.85, p &lt; 0.001). The EMPEROR Preserved placebo-controlled RCT <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> allocated 5,988 participants with signs and symptoms of HF, with patterns of heart failure with slightly reduced ejection fraction and HFpEF (LVEF &gt; 40%) and high serum levels of natriuretic peptides. The results of the study demonstrated a 25% reduction in the relative risk for the combined primary endpoint of cardiovascular death and hospitalization due to HF, making it the first study to demonstrate a reduction in the primary endpoint in populations with HF with LVEF &gt; 40%. This class of drugs represents a potential therapeutic resource in HFpEF associated with CA, as it does not promote hypovolemia, bradycardia, or exacerbated hypotension; however, patients’ volume status and blood pressure should be monitored during use.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Beta-adrenergic blockers and calcium channel blockers</title>
				<p>Regarding patients with HFpEF, beta-blockers are only recommended for the treatment of angina pectoris in patients with HFpEF associated with the ischemic phenotype or for heart rate control in the event of atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In the context of CA, beta-blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are generally not well tolerated, due to their negative influence on chronotropism. Furthermore, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers should be avoided in patients with AL-CA as they bind to amyloid fibrils, which can result in advanced heart blocks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Digoxin</title>
				<p>In patients with atrial fibrillation and high ventricular response, digoxin is always remembered as a therapeutic alternative. However, an in vitro study has demonstrated that isolated amyloid fibrils bind to digoxin with an important degree of affinity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> This interaction may play some role in the sensitivity to digoxin observed in some patients with CA, and this selective binding of digoxin to amyloid fibrils may increase the severity of myocardial disorders previously attributed to fibrillar amyloid deposits. In general, therefore, great caution is recommended when administering digoxin to patients with CA.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Atrial fibrillation and prevention of embolic phenomena</title>
				<p>The management of atrial fibrillation by heart rate control should be carried out with monitoring of possible excessive bradycardia by commonly used agents, due to the aforementioned reasons. Radioablation for this arrhythmia seems to be feasible, and it may be an interesting alternative when performed early in CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Anticoagulation has been indicated for CA with atrial fibrillation regardless of the risk score for thromboembolism, given that atrial amyloid infiltration significantly reduces atrial contractility and increases the possible appearance of thrombi, especially in AL-CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Anticoagulation in patients in sinus rhythm has not been well established, but it can be considered in specific cases of decreased contractility or cardiac deformation, especially in cases of AL-CA.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ventricular arrhythmias</title>
				<p>Non-sustained tachycardia is the most frequently detected ventricular arrhythmia on electrocardiographic monitoring, in cases of AL-CA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and, in this context, an implanted defibrillator may be an option, even without systolic ventricular dysfunction. However, implanting these devices for primary prevention per se can be ineffective, given that most events have pulseless electrical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Thus, the best evidence is in favor of early detection, when it is possible to identify arrhythmias that can potentially be treated by devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiac conduction blocks</title>
				<p>Blockages, especially atrioventricular blocks, are frequent in amyloidosis. Implantation of artificial stimulation is effective and in following with the contemporary recommendations for the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Specific treatment of amyloidosis</title>
				<p>Treatment should follow diagnosis of the phenotype of CA. Once AL-CA has been diagnosed, it becomes urgent to activate the hematology team in order to initiate treatment with antineoplastic agents and/or autologous stem cell transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment of ATTR-CA</title>
				<p>The following potential treatments exist for CA caused by TTR: a- TTR tetramer stabilizers; b- inhibitors of hepatic TTR synthesis; c- degradation and resorption of deposited amyloid fibrils, and d- liver transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Tafamidis is a tetramer stabilizer and the only drug that has been tested in a multicenter RCT, the ATTR-ACT study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Patients were not selected by ejection fraction, but rather by NYHA functional class between I and III and high BNP. The groups that received tafamidis 80 and 20 mg were analyzed together, and the results indicated a statistically significant 30% reduction in the relative risk of all-cause mortality (RR = 0.70 [95% CI: 0.51 to 0, 96]), as well as a 32% reduction in cardiovascular hospitalizations (RR = 0.68 [95% CI: 0.56 to 0.81]). Subsequently, a long-term extension of the same study demonstrated that the sample that received 80 mg of tafamidis had an additional 30% decrease in relative risk of the outcome of mortality (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.5 to 0.97, p = 0.037).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Final considerations</title>
			<p>The association of HFpEF and CA is based on the plausibility of treating circulatory congestion, heart rhythm, and associated morbidities, but, above all, treating amyloidosis itself. Potentially hypotensive drugs must be used very cautiously and bradycardia-causing agents must be avoided.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Study Association</p>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by">
				<p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Preservada e Amiloidose Cardíaca: Implicações para o Tratamento</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Danzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zimmer</surname>
						<given-names>João Ricardo Cambruzzi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tscheika</surname>
						<given-names>Anna Paula</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Lucas da PUC-RS, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário de Canoas, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Luiz Claudio Danzmann • Avenida Ipiranga 6690/402. CEP: 96610 000, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil. E-mail: luiz.danzmann@gmail.com</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Danzmann LC. Obtenção de dados: Danzmann LC, Tscheika AP, Zimmer JRC. Análise e interpretação dos dados: Danzmann LC, Tscheika AP, Zimmer JRC. Redação do manuscrito: Danzmann LC, Tscheika AP. Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Danzmann LC. Supervisão / como investigador principal: Danzmann LC.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp) é uma síndrome de múltiplas etiologias e com manifestação fenotípica variada. A amiloidose é uma doença sistêmica que frequentemente afeta o miocárdio e pode representar uma etiologia específica à ICFEp. O tratamento do binômio ICFEp associada à amiloidose não está baseado em evidências específicas e o risco de hipotensão como efeito adverso ao manejo farmacológico sempre é uma preocupação. Nesse contexto, a presente revisão aborda algumas estratégias para o controle da congestão circulatória, das arritmias, distúrbios da condução cardíaca, valvopatias e do tratamento do tipo específico da amioidose baseado nas evidências disponíveis e nas mais recentes recomendações e diretrizes para o enfrentamento da amiloidose cardíaca.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Terapêutica</kwd>
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp) é uma síndrome que tem sua prevalência potencialmente subestimada e compreende mais da metade da população com insuficiência cardíaca (IC), quando aferida a partir das unidades básicas em saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A ICFEp é induzida por múltiplas morbidades coexistentes, principalmente de origem não cardíaca, levando à inflamação sistêmica, ao aumento do estresse oxidativo, disfunção endotelial e apresentando sinalização bioquímica que determina hipertrofia e diminuição da elasticidade do miócito cardíaco. Soma-se a isso, algum grau de fibrose intersticial. O resultado funcional é elevação das pressões de enchimento ventricular, sobretudo no esforço, culminando em sintomas e sinais de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Algumas doenças sistêmicas podem alterar especificamente a matriz extracelular cardíaca, como no caso da amiloidose cardíaca (AC). Essa cardiomiopatia infiltrativa impacta mais fortemente no enrijecimento do miocárdio pela deposição de tecido de proteínas fibrilares insolúveis em diversos tecidos, inclusive o miocárdio, nas valvas e no tecido de condução cardíaca. As proteínas amiloidogênicas que podem afetar o coração são: as de cadeia pesada de imunoglobulina; de cadeia leve (AL); as relativas à transtirretina (ATTR); à amiloide A, e à apolipoproteína A1. Na prática, os modelos fisiopatológicos a partir do tipo AL e ATTR representam mais de 90% dos casos AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A clínica de IC surge da resposta inadequada cardíaca às necessidades de aumento do débito cardíaco, seja vinculada ao volume sistólico deprimido por uma relação pressão-volume inadequada do ventrículo esquerdo, seja pela resposta cronotrópica comprometida pela frequência sinusal ou por bloqueios da condução atrioventricular. As complicações arrítmicas, principalmente relativas à fibrilação atrial e ao potencial comprometimento tromboembólico dessa condição, mas também às arritmias ventriculares, cursam nos estágios mais avançados da doença, quando a disfunção sistólica já está instalada. Paralelamente às alterações miocárdicas, a hipotensão postural e síncopes podem ocorrer por disautonomia relacionada à infiltração amiloide neuronal, enquanto a estenose valvar aórtica secundária à amioloidose pode comprometer de forma insidiosa um quadro de ICFEp ou representar uma síndrome clínica de estenose aórtica grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>As bases do tratamento para ICFEp associada à amiloidose cardíaca</title>
					<p>As recomendações para o tratamento da ICFEp em pacientes com AC não são embasadas em dados provenientes de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR), mas de estudos observacionais com poucos participantes e envolvendo os fármacos mais tradicionais, como betabloqueadores, digitálicos, diuréticos, inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (iECA) e bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II (BRA). As medicações mais recentemente apresentadas como opção para o manejo da ICFEp, como os inibidores da neprilisina/receptores da angiotensina II e os inibidores da sódio-glicose transportador-2 não foram ainda estudadas no binômio ICFEp e AC. As complicações arrítmicas, tanto em termos de fibrilação atrial, quanto de bloqueios atrioventriculares também devem ser enfrentadas, pois sob o ponto de vista patológico, o paciente que se apresenta com CA, mesmo ainda sem perda da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE), cursa com dificuldade de manter o débito cardíaco ou de incrementá-lo durante o exercício e as estratégias de tratamento convencional de IC que impactam na redução da frequência cardíaca, da pré e pós carga e podem gerar hipoperfusão sintomática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O tratamento próprio da amiloidose deve ser encaminhado de acordo com o diagnóstico dos dois importantes grupos fenotípicos: amiloidose AL ou ATTR ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– <italic>Tratamento da amiloidose cardíaca em paciente com ICFEp. AL: amiloidose de cadeia leve; ATTR: amiloidose por transtirretina; BB: betabloqueadores; BCC: bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável; CF NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association; FA: fibrilação atrial; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; IECA: inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina; INRA: inibidores da neprilisina/receptores da angiotensina II; iSGLT2: inibidores da sódio-glicose transportador-2; MP: marcapasso; TCTH: transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas; TV: taquicardia ventricular</italic></title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0098-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Diuréticos</title>
					<p>O tratamento diurético em qualquer fenótipo da IC está baseado em princípios de plausibilidade clínica, mas não em ECRs controlados por placebo por razões óbvias. Uma evidência disponível para o manejo de pacientes com ICFEp, ainda que não tenha sido desenhada para pacientes exclusivamente com CA, provém do estudo Hong Kong.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Este ensaio testou o tratamento com diuréticos (de alça ou tiazídicos) isolados ou associados a iECA ou BRA nos desfechos de qualidade de vida, capacidade funcional e índices de função cardíaca numa população de 150 participantes com IC classe II a IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA) e FEVE &gt; 45%. O estudo não foi controlado por placebo. Avaliaram os desfechos de sintomas de IC e no escore de qualidade de vida de Minnesota (−46%, p &lt; 0,01) na comparação entre 0 e 52 semanas de seguimento. A associação com o ramipril ou irbesartana não acrescentaram benefício clínico adicional.</p>
					<p>O efeito do diurético também pode ser verificado quando se guia o seu uso por grau de congestão circulatória com dispositivos invasivos de pressão pulmonar. O estudo CHAMPION,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> utilizando dispositivo de detecção de pressão implantado na artéria pulmonar testou eficácia do uso deste como guia para o uso de diuréticos. A população não era especificamente de pacientes com ICFEp e CA, mas 23% dos participantes apresentavam FEVE ≥ 40%. Os pacientes com tratamento diurético guiados pelo dispositivo tiveram taxas de internação hospitalar por IC 28% menores (RR: 0,72, intervalo de confiança 95%: 0,60 a 0,85, p = 0,0002), demonstrando não somente a utilidade potencial desse tipo de dispositivo, mas o benefício clínico de uma descongestão efetiva.</p>
					<p>A Atualização das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Insuficiência Cardíaca 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> ratifica a terapia diurética como classe de recomendação I e nível de evidência B para os pacientes com ICFEp com evidências de congestão clínica, mas a utilização desses fármacos deve ser realizadas com cuidado devido à possibilidade de hipotensão,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> principalmente em pacientes que apresentam disfunção neurológica por polineuropatia, nos quais a dose do diurético deve ser bem ajustada para evitar síncopes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides</title>
					<p>Essa classe de fármacos é uma das mais investigadas nas populações com ICFEp. O estudo TOPCAT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> alocou uma população de 3.445 pacientes com IC e FEVE ≥ 45% randomizados para espironolactona versus placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Não foi alcançada a redução no desfecho principal primário composto por mortalidade cardiovascular total, morte súbita ou hospitalização por IC, mas o desfecho secundário isolado de hospitalização por IC foi reduzido em 14%. Entretanto, a espironolactona parece ter um efeito mais consistente nos mais congestos, pois uma análise <italic>post hoc</italic> , testando a população com peptídeos natriuréticos elevados, verificou uma redução de 35% no desfecho primário composto. Nos pacientes com AC não há estudos específicos e, mesmo que essa classe tenha alcançado um nível de recomendação classe IIa pelas atuais Diretrizes Brasileiras de IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> deve ser utilizada com parcimônia, devido ao potencial efeito hipotensivo por hipovolemia relativa nesse grupo. Em recente posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, os antagonistas dos receptores mineralocorticoides são recomendados para pacientes congestos com ICFEp e AC, ainda que com monitorização de eventual manifestação hipotensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II</title>
					<p>O estudo CHARM-Preserved Trial alocou participantes com IC e classe funcional II e III e FEVE &gt; 40%, testando candesartana versus placebo. O resultado demonstrou uma redução no número de hospitalizações por IC, sendo que a recomendação da Diretriz Brasileira de IC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> dos BRA para casos de ICFEp é de classe de recomendação IIb e com nível de evidência B, no entanto, sem considerar casos de amiloidose. Em relação aos iECA, a rigor, não há estudo tipo ECR que tenha demonstrado benefício de placebo em pacientes com ICFEp e as diretrizes não contemplam recomendações sobre essa classe de medicamento para esse grupo de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em recente documento de posicionamento da European Society of Cardiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> sobre AC, recomenda-se evitar os BRAs e iECA devido ao potencial hipotensivo nos casos de IC em geral. No entanto, essa recomendação deve ser vista com cautela, já que muitos pacientes com ICFEp e amiloidose podem se apresentar hipertensos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Sacubitril-valsartana</title>
					<p>A melhor evidência sobre a utilidade deste fármaco em ICFEp provém do estudo PARAGON-HF Trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que incluiu 4.796 participantes com FEVE ≥ 45%, peptídeos natriuréticos elevados e classe funcional II a IV da NYHA. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve benefício em termos de mortalidade cardiovascular e ou hospitalização por IC. No entanto, numa análise pré-especificada, foi observada a redução desse desfecho combinado nos participantes do sexo feminino e naqueles de ambos os sexos que apresentavam FEVE &lt; 57%. Esses resultados sugerem que o sacubitril-valsartana poderia ser uma alternativa para populações com ICFEp de difícil controle dos sintomas e com FEVE abaixo de 57%. O uso desse fármaco não foi testado no contexto da AC e muito cuidado deve ser tomado no potencial de redução da pré e pós carga ao ventrículo esquerdo e eventual efeito hipotensivo. Atualmente esse medicamento está recomendado somente para pacientes com IC com FEVE levemente reduzida na Atualização das Diretrizes Brasileiras de IC 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Inibidores do cotransportador sódio-glicose</title>
					<p>O ECR SOLOIST-WHF Trial recrutou uma população de pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e com internação recente por IC e testou a sotagliflozina versus placebo, verificando uma redução significativa do desfecho de morte cardiovascular e hospitalização por piora da IC tanto em pacientes com FEVE reduzida, quanto em preservada (RR = 0,67, intervalo de confiança 95%, 0,52 a 0,85, p &lt; 0,001). O ECR controlado por placebo EMPEROR Preserved<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> alocou 5.988 participantes com sinais e sintomas de IC, com padrão de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção levemente reduzida e ICFEp (FEVE &gt; 40%) e elevado nível sérico de peptídeos natriuréticos. O resultado do estudo demonstrou redução de 25% do risco relativo para o desfecho combinado primário de morte cardiovascular e internação por IC, sendo o primeiro estudo a demonstrar redução do desfecho primário em populações com IC com FEVE &gt; 40%. Essa classe de fármacos representa um potencial recurso terapêutico na ICFEp associada à AC, pois não promove hipovolemia, bradicardia ou hipotensão exacerbada, no entanto deve ser monitorizado o status volêmico e a pressão arterial dos pacientes durante seu uso.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Beta-bloqueadores adrenérgicos e bloqueadores dos canais do cálcio</title>
					<p>Para pacientes com ICFEp os betabloqueadores são recomendados somente para tratamento da angina pectoris nos pacientes com ICFEp associados ao fenótipo isquêmico ou para o controle da frequência cardíaca em caso de fibrilação atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No cenário da AC, os beta-bloqueadores e bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio não dihidropiridínicos não são bem tolerados geralmente, devido à influência negativa no cronotropismo. Adicionalmente, os bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio não dihidropiridínicos devem ser evitados em pacientes com AC-AL, pois ligam-se às fibrilas amilóides, o que pode resultar em bloqueios cardíacos avançados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Digoxina</title>
					<p>Em pacientes com fibrilação atrial e elevada resposta ventricular digoxina sempre é lembrada como alterativa terapêutica. Porém, um estudo in vitro demonstrou que as fibrilas amiloides isoladas ligam-se à digoxina com um grau importante de afinidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Essa interação pode desempenhar algum papel na sensibilidade à digoxina observada em alguns pacientes com AC e tal ligação seletiva da digoxina às fibrilas amiloides pode aumentar a gravidade dos distúrbios no miocárdio, anteriormente atribuídos aos depósitos fibrilares amilóides. Em geral, portanto, recomenda-se muita cautela com a administração de digoxina em pacientes com AC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fibrilação atrial e prevenção de fenômenos embólicos</title>
					<p>O manejo da fibrilação atrial por controle da frequência cardíaca deve ser realizado com a monitorização de eventual bradicardia excessiva pelos agentes comumente utilizados, devido às razões já acima mencionadas. A radioablação dessa arritmia parece ser factível e pode ser uma alternativa interessante, quando realizada precocemente na AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A anticoagulação está indicada na AC com fibrilação atrial independente do escore de risco para tromboembolismo, visto que a infiltração amiloide atrial diminui de forma importante a contratilidade atrial e aumenta a possibilidade de surgimento de trombos, especialmente na AC-AL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A anticoagulação em indivíduos com ritmo sinusal não está bem estabelecida, mas pode ser considerada em casos específicos de diminuição da contratilidade ou deformação cardíaca, principalmente em casos de AC-AL.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Arritmias ventriculares</title>
					<p>A taquicardia não sustentada é a arritmia ventricular mais frequentemente detectada por monitorização eletrocardiográfica nos casos de AC-AL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e, nesse contexto, um cardiodesfibrilador implantado pode ser uma opção, mesmo sem disfunção ventricular sistólica. No entanto, o implante deste dispositivo para prevenção primária <italic>per se</italic> pode ser inócuo, já que grande parte dos eventos são de atividade elétrica sem pulso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Sendo assim, a melhor evidência segue em torno da detecção precoce, quando se consegue identificar arritmias potencialmente tratadas por dispositivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Bloqueios da condução cardíaca</title>
					<p>Os bloqueios, sobretudo atrioventriculares são frequentes na amiloidose. O implante de estimulação artificial é efetivo e segue as recomendações contemporâneas para a doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento específico da amiloidose</title>
					<p>O tratamento deve seguir o diagnóstico do fenótipo da AC. Uma vez diagnosticada a AC-AL isso torna urgente o acionamento da equipe de hematologia para o início do tratamento com agentes antineoplásicos e/ou transplante autólogo de células tronco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento da AC-ATTR</title>
					<p>A AC secundária à transtirretina tem os seguintes tratamentos potenciais: a- estabilizadores de tetrâmero TTR; b- inibidores da síntese hepática de TTR; c- a degradação e reabsorção de fibrilas amilóides depositadas e d- transplante hepático.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Tafamidis é um estabilizador dos tetrâmeros e o único medicamento que foi testado em ECR multicêntrico, o estudo ATTR-ACT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Os pacientes não foram selecionados pela fração de ejeção, mas por classe funcional entre I e III da NYHA e BNP elevado. Os grupos que utilizaram tafamidis 80 e 20 mg foram analisados conjuntamente e os resultados indicaram uma redução estatisticamente significativa do risco relativo de 30% para a mortalidade por todas as causas (RR = 0,70 [intervalo de confiança 95%: 0,51 a 0,96]) e redução de 32% para hospitalizações cardiovasculares (RR = 0,68 [intervalo de confiança 95%: 0,56 a 0,81]). Subsequentemente, uma análise aberta tardia do mesmo estudo demonstrou que a amostra que utilizou 80 mg de tafamidis, teve diminuição adicional do risco relativo no desfecho de mortalidade em 30% (RR = 0,70, intervalo de confiança 95%: 0,5 a 0,97, p = 0,037).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Considerações finais</title>
				<p>A associação da ICFEp e AC está baseada na plausibilidade do tratamento da congestão circulatória, do ritmo cardíaco e das morbidades associadas, mas sobretudo, tratando a amiloidose propriamente dita. Fármacos potencialmente hipotensores devem ser utilizados com muito cuidado e agentes bradicardizantes devem ser evitados.</p>
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					<p>Aprovação Ética e consentimento informado</p>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>Vinculação Acadêmica</p>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="supported-by">
					<p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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