<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Phenomenology, Humanities and Sciences - Fenomenologia, Humanidades e Ciências</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Instituto de Treinamento e Pesquisa em Gestalt-terapia de Goiânia (ITGT); Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Fenomenológica (Abrapfe)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210019</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210019</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Amyloidosis: Rare or Underdiagnosed Disease?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9009-2310</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Llobera</surname>
						<given-names>Mariano Napoli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0316-090X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vitali</surname>
						<given-names>Atilio Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Health Sciences North Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Sudbury</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">Ontario</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CA">Canada</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Research fellowship, Division of Cardiology, Health Sciences North Hospital, Sudbury,Ontario - Canada</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Medical Director of Heart Failure Disease Management Program</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Health Sciences North Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Sudbury</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">Ontario</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CA">Canada</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Medical Director of Heart Failure Disease Management Program, Division of Cardiology, Health Sciences North Hospital,Sudbury, Ontario - Canada</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Mariano Napoli Llobera • 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury ON P3E 5J1, Canadá E-mail: <email>mariano.napoli1@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>10</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Oct-Dec</season>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>1</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>76</fpage>
			<lpage>79</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="9"/>
				<page-count count="4"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Amyloidosis is the general term for a clinical condition caused when one of more than 30 different precursor proteins with unstable tertiary structure misfolds and aggregates as insoluble amyloid fibrils which deposit in the extracellular space of organs and soft tissue. Classification of amyloidosis is based upon the type of precursor protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Specifically, cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a type of restrictive cardiomyopathy, in which the infiltration of amyloid fibrils into myocardial tissue results in progressive ventricular stiffness, wall thickening, and diastolic dysfunction due to restrictive physiology, which typically manifests as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). When the disease is advanced, systolic dysfunction might also be seen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>CA can clinically simulate other cardiovascular diseases; therefore, it is believed to be underdiagnosed, and the true prevalence and incidence are uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Among the many types of amyloidosis, nearly all cases of clinical CA (&gt; 95%) are caused by transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) or light chain amyloidosis (AL).</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Transthyretin amyloidosis</title>
			<p>Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is caused by the deposition of transthyretin (TTR), a protein synthesized by the liver, which has a stable tetrameric structure and whose function is the transport of thyroid hormones and retinol. TTR can dissociate into monomers and oligomers and then be deposited as amyloid fibrils, in a natural (wtATTR or “wild type”, previously known as senile systemic amyloidosis) or genetic manner (hATTR or “hereditary”).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The number of patients diagnosed with ATTR has increased over the years, and it has come to be considered that it may be more prevalent than AL.</p>
			<p>According to different studies, ATTR deposits have been identified in 25% of autopsies in patients older than 80 years; using non-invasive imaging methods, it has been estimated that ATTR represents 13% of patients with HFpEF and 16% of those who undergo transcutaneous aortic valve replacement for severe low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction (paradoxical).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>If the instability of the tetrameric structure of TTR is due to a genetic mutation, a predominantly neurological or cardiac condition will occur. hATTR is considered a rare disease, with a prevalence of less than 1 per 100,000 inhabitants. Currently there are more than 120 mutations that can cause ATTR, and the most frequent mutation worldwide is <italic>Val30Met</italic> , which is endemic in Portugal, Sweden, Japan, Brazil, and Spain. This mutation can cause a symmetric and ascending sensorimotor polyneuropathy, dysautonomia, and in 43% of cases cardiac involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis</title>
			<p>Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) is caused by multisystem deposition of immunoglobulin light chains, as a consequence of plasma cell dyscrasia. The currently reported incidence is 1 in 100,000 people, being more frequent in those over 40 years of age, compromising the liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and the autonomic and peripheral nervous systems. Cardiac involvement, which occurs in 50% to 70% of cases, is considered a prognostic factor, because light chains have greater cardiotoxicity than TTR, and, consequently, a lower response to heart failure treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is important to clinically differentiate between ATTR and AL, as they have different clinical courses.</p>
			<p>In general, ATTR presents slowly progressive development, and it is more frequent in older male adults. AL generally has a rapidly progressive course, presenting at younger ages with less male predominance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Diagnosis and management</title>
			<p>AC should be suspected when the patient presents symptoms and signs of HFpEF with unexplained increased left ventricular wall thickness (&gt; 12 mm) and 1 or more clinical manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> )</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Extra-cardiac manifestations of common subtypes of cardiac amyloidosis</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Extra-cardiac manifestations</th>
								<th>AL</th>
								<th>hATTR</th>
								<th>wtATTR</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Renal</td>
								<td align="center">Renal insufficiency Nephrotic syndrome</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Milder renal insufficiency (mainly due to heart failure)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Autonomic</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="3">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>Orthostatic hypotension</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Gastroparesis</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Sexual dysfunction</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Neurologic</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="3">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>Peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy (predominant in hATTR)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Carpal tunnel syndrome (bilateral)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Spinal stenosis (predominantly lumbar)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Musculoskeletal</td>
								<td align="center">Pseudohypertrophy (macroglossia)</td>
								<td align="center">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>Muscle weakness</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Arthropathy</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Fatigue</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Cachexia</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Biceps tendon rupture</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Gastrointestinal</td>
								<td align="center">Nausea, constipation, early satiety, abdominal bloating</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Elevated liver enzymes</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hematologic</td>
								<td align="center">Bleeding and periorbital bruising</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ocular manifestations</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="3">Vitreous opacities</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>AL: light chain amyloidosis; hATTR: hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis; wtATTR: wild type transthyretin amyloidosis Adapted from Fine M, Davis M, Anderson K, Delgado D, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Failure Society Joint Position Statement on the Evaluation and Management of Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis. CJCA. 2020; 20:322-334</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Clinical signs of CA with echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, elevated biomarkers, and grade 2-3 uptake with 99mTc-PYP (pyrophosphate) in scintigraphy, with the exclusion of a monoclonal protein that could cause AL by the light chain test in serum and urine, confer a positive predictive value of 100% for the diagnosis of ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> )</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Main findings in cardiac amyloidosis</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Electrocardiography</th>
								<th>Echocardiography</th>
								<th>Biomarkers</th>
								<th>Cardiac magnetic resonance</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>-Low voltage QRS (disproportional to LV wall thickness)</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Poor R-wave progression (pseudoinfarction pattern) abnormalities</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Left bundle branch block</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Atrial fibrillation</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-AV block</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>-Unexplained LV hypertrophy</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Biatrial dilatation</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-RV free wall hypertrophy</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Speckled appearance of the myocardium</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Diastolic LV dysfunction</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Abnormal GLS with apical sparing (“cherry on top” pattern</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Apical strain/average of mid and basal &gt;1.0</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Moderate pulmonary Hypertension</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Small pericardial and pleural effusions</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>-Unexplained persistent low-level cTn elevation</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Significant BNP or NT-proBNP elevation</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-BNP and troponin are higher in AL.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<list list-type="simple">
										<list-item>
											<p>-Diffuse subendocardial LGE</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Later transmural LGE</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-Native myocardial T1 increased</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>-High extracellular volume</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><italic>AL: light chain amyloidosis; AV: atrioventricular; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; cTN: cardiac troponin; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; LV: left ventricular; NT-proBNP: N-terminal proBNP; RV: right ventricle Adapted from Papinglotis G, Basmpana L, Farmakis D. Cardiac Amyloidosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and therapy. ESC. 2021; 19:19-21</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>In these cases, biopsy is not required, and genetic testing should be performed to distinguish a “hereditary” from “wild” variant. When AL is suspected, biopsy of bone marrow and other tissues (fat pad, salivary, or endomyocardial) is indicated. The microscopic examination will show apple green birefringence with Congo red.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> )</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– <italic>Diagnostic algorithm for evaluating suspected cardiac amyloidosis AL: Light chain amyloidosis; ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; ATTR-CM: transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy; BMB: bone marrow biopsy; BNP: b-type natriuretic peptide; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; EMB: endomyocardial biopsy; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure preserved ejection fraction; IHC: immunohistochemistry; MS: mass spectrometry; PYP: pyrophosphate; RCM: restrictive cardiomyopathy. Adapted from Fine M, Davis M, Anderson K, Delgado D, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Failure Society Joint Position Statement on the Evaluation and Management of Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis. CJCA. 2020; 20:322-334</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0076-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In patients with heart failure due to amyloidosis, the maintenance of euvolemia will be essential, through fluid restriction and diuretics. There is no evidence for the use of beta blockers, neprilysin, angiotensin, or aldosterone receptor inhibitors . On the contrary, they can produce hypotension, exposing an autonomic neuropathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The first and only medication indicated to reduce cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization in adults with hATTR or wtATTR is tafamidis, in a daily dose of 80 mg, which stabilizes the TTR tetramer and reduces the formation of TTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Heart transplantation plays a small role due to the multiorgan nature of amyloidosis. Patients with AL have significant non-cardiac amyloidosis and are not suitable candidates for heart transplantation, except when they have autologous stem cell transplantation or high-dose chemotherapy. Patients with wtATTR have the disease clinically isolated to the heart and would, thus, appear to be more suitable candidates. However, most patients are diagnosed in their seventh or eighth decade of life and are excluded based on their age. Patients with hATTR are younger and may be candidates if amyloid neuropathy is absent or mild.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Other mechanisms of therapies continue to be investigated, such as the suppression of the TTR protein, through liver transplantation or genetic silencers, and the elimination of deposits by doxycycline and epigallocatechin-3-gallate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In summary, CA is an entity that is being diagnosed more frequently. The use of non-invasive techniques, such as scintigraphy with 99mTc-PYP, cardiac magnetic resonance, and light chains in blood and urine allow early identification and treatment of this disease, whose incidence and prevalence are still uncertain.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. García-Pavía P, Tomé-Esteban MT, Rapezzi C. Amiloidosis. También una Enfermedad del Corazón. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2011;64(9):797-808. doi: 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.05.003.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>García-Pavía</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tomé-Esteban</surname>
							<given-names>MT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rapezzi</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Amiloidosis. También una Enfermedad del Corazón</article-title>
					<source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
					<year>2011</year>
					<volume>64</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>797</fpage>
					<lpage>808</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.recesp.2011.05.003.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Rapezzi C, Lorenzini M, Longhi S, Milandri A, Gagliardi C, Bartolomei I, et al. Cardiac Amyloidosis: The Great Pretender. Heart Fail Rev. 2015;20(2):117-24. doi: 10.1007/s10741-015-9480-0.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rapezzi</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lorenzini</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Longhi</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Milandri</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gagliardi</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bartolomei</surname>
							<given-names>I</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis: The Great Pretender</article-title>
					<source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>117</fpage>
					<lpage>124</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-015-9480-0.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Fontana M, Ćorović A, Scully P, Moon JC. Myocardial Amyloidosis: The Exemplar Interstitial Disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(11):2345-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.06.023.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fontana</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ćorović</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scully</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moon</surname>
							<given-names>JC</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Myocardial Amyloidosis: The Exemplar Interstitial Disease</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>2345</fpage>
					<lpage>2356</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.06.023.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. González-López E, Gallego-Delgado M, Guzzo-Merello G, Haro-Del Moral FJ, Cobo-Marcos M, Robles C, et al. Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloidosis as a Cause of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(38):2585-94. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv338.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>González-López</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gallego-Delgado</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guzzo-Merello</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haro-Del Moral</surname>
							<given-names>FJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cobo-Marcos</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Robles</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloidosis as a Cause of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>38</issue>
					<fpage>2585</fpage>
					<lpage>2594</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehv338.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Gertz MA, Benson MD, Dyck PJ, Grogan M, Coelho T, Cruz M, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(21):2451-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.075.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gertz</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Benson</surname>
							<given-names>MD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dyck</surname>
							<given-names>PJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grogan</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coelho</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cruz</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2015</year>
					<volume>66</volume>
					<issue>21</issue>
					<fpage>2451</fpage>
					<lpage>2466</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.075.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Falk RH, Alexander KM, Liao R, Dorbala S. AL (Light-Chain) Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Diagnosis and Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(12):1323-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.053.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Falk</surname>
							<given-names>RH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alexander</surname>
							<given-names>KM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liao</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dorbala</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>AL (Light-Chain) Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Diagnosis and Therapy</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>68</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>1323</fpage>
					<lpage>1341</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.053.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Sipe JD, Benson MD, Buxbaum JN, Ikeda SI, Merlini G, Saraiva MJ, et al. Amyloid Fibril Proteins and Amyloidosis: Chemical Identification and Clinical Classification International Society of Amyloidosis 2016 Nomenclature Guidelines. Amyloid. 2016;23(4):209-13. doi: 10.1080/13506129.2016.1257986.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sipe</surname>
							<given-names>JD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Benson</surname>
							<given-names>MD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Buxbaum</surname>
							<given-names>JN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ikeda</surname>
							<given-names>SI</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Merlini</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saraiva</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Amyloid Fibril Proteins and Amyloidosis: Chemical Identification and Clinical Classification International Society of Amyloidosis 2016 Nomenclature Guidelines</article-title>
					<source>Amyloid</source>
					<year>2016</year>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>209</fpage>
					<lpage>213</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13506129.2016.1257986.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Fine NM, Davis MK, Anderson K, Delgado DH, Giraldeau G, Kitchlu A, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Failure Society Joint Position Statement on the Evaluation and Management of Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(3):322-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.12.034.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fine</surname>
							<given-names>NM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davis</surname>
							<given-names>MK</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anderson</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Delgado</surname>
							<given-names>DH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Giraldeau</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kitchlu</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Failure Society Joint Position Statement on the Evaluation and Management of Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
					<source>Can J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>322</fpage>
					<lpage>334</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2019.12.034.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Maurer MS, Schwartz JH, Gundapaneni B, Elliott PM, Merlini G, Waddington-Cruz M, et al. Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(11):1007-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805689.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maurer</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schwartz</surname>
							<given-names>JH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gundapaneni</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elliott</surname>
							<given-names>PM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Merlini</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Waddington-Cruz</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
					<source>N Engl J Med</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>379</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1007</fpage>
					<lpage>1016</lpage>
					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1805689.</issue-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<p>On behalf of the Council of Myocardiopathy of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Amiloidose: Doença Rara ou Subdiagnosticada?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9009-2310</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Llobera</surname>
						<given-names>Mariano Napoli</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0316-090X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vitali</surname>
						<given-names>Atilio Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="CA">Canadá</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Research fellowship, Division of Cardiology, Health Sciences North Hospital, Sudbury, Ontario - Canadá</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="CA">Canadá</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Medical Director of Heart Failure Disease Management Program, Division of Cardiology, Health Sciences North Hospital, Sudbury, Ontario - Canadá</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Mariano Napoli Llobera • 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury ON P3E 5J1, Canadá E-mail: mariano.napoli1@gmail.com</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Amiloidose é o termo geral para uma condição clínica causada quando uma entre mais de 30 proteínas precursoras diferentes com estrutura terciária instável se dobra de forma alterada e agrega como fibrilas amiloides insolúveis que se depositam no espaço extracelular de órgãos e tecidos moles. A classificação da amiloidose é baseada no tipo de proteína precursora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Especificamente, a amiloidose cardíaca (AC) é um tipo de cardiomiopatia restritiva, na qual a infiltração de fibrilas amiloides no tecido miocárdico resulta em rigidez ventricular progressiva, espessamento da parede e disfunção diastólica devido à fisiologia restritiva, que normalmente se manifesta como insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). Quando a doença está avançada, também pode ser observada disfunção sistólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A AC pode clinicamente simular outras doenças cardiovasculares; portanto, acredita-se que seja subdiagnosticada e a verdadeira prevalência e incidência são incertas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Entre os muitos tipos de amiloidose, quase todos os casos de AC clínica (&gt; 95%) são de amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) ou amiloidose de cadeias leves (AL).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Amiloidose por transtirretina</title>
				<p>A amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) é causada pela deposição de transtirretina (TTR), proteína sintetizada pelo fígado, que possui estrutura tetramérica estável e cuja função é o transporte de hormônios tireoidianos e retinol. A TTR pode se dissociar em monômeros e oligômeros e, em seguida, ser depositada como fibrilas amiloides, de forma natural (wtATTR ou “tipo selvagem”, anteriormente conhecida como amiloidose sistêmica senil) ou genética (hATTR ou “hereditária”).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O número de pacientes que recebem diagnóstico de ATTR tem aumentado ao longo dos anos, e considera-se que pode ser mais prevalente do que a AL.</p>
				<p>Segundo diversos estudos, depósitos de ATTR têm sido identificados em 25% das autópsias em pacientes acima de 80 anos. Utilizando métodos não invasivos de imagem, estimou-se que a ATTR representa 13% dos pacientes com ICFEp e 16% daqueles submetidos à troca valvar aórtica transcutânea para estenose aórtica grave de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente com fração de ejeção preservada (paradoxal).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Se a instabilidade da estrutura tetramérica da TTR for devida a uma mutação genética, ocorrerá uma condição predominantemente neurológica ou cardíaca. A hATTR é considerada uma doença rara, com prevalência inferior a 1 por 100.000 habitantes. Atualmente, existem mais de 120 mutações que podem causar a ATTR, a mutação mais frequente em todo o mundo tem sido a <italic>Val30Met</italic> , que é endêmica em Portugal, Suécia, Japão, Brasil e Espanha. Essa mutação pode causar polineuropatia sensório-motora simétrica e ascendente, disautonomia e, em 43% dos casos, acometimento cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Amiloidose por cadeias leves de imunoglobulina</title>
				<p>A amiloidose por cadeias leves de imunoglobulina (AL) é causada pelo depósito multissistêmico de cadeias leves de imunoglobulina, consequência da discrasia das células plasmáticas. A incidência atualmente relatada é de 1 em 100.000 pessoas, sendo mais frequente naquelas com idade superior a 40 anos, comprometendo fígado, pulmões, rins, baço e sistema nervoso autônomo e periférico. O acometimento cardíaco, que ocorre de 50% a 70% dos casos, é considerado um fator prognóstico, pois as cadeias leves apresentam maior cardiotoxicidade que a TTR e, consequentemente, menor resposta ao tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>É importante diferenciar clinicamente ATTR de AL , pois têm diversos cursos clínicos.</p>
				<p>De modo geral, a ATTR apresenta desenvolvimento lentamente progressivo, sendo mais frequente em idosos do sexo masculino. A AL geralmente tem um curso rapidamente progressivo, apresentando-se em idades mais jovens e com menor predominância masculina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnóstico e manejo</title>
				<p>Deve-se suspeitar de AC quando o paciente apresentar sintomas e sinais de ICFEp com aumento inexplicável da espessura da parede do ventrículo esquerdo (&gt; 12 mm) e 1 ou mais manifestações clínicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Manifestações extracardíacas dos subtipos comuns da amiloidose cardíaca</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Manifestações extracardíacas</th>
									<th>AL</th>
									<th>hATTR</th>
									<th>wtATTR</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Renais</td>
									<td align="center">Insuficiência renal Síndrome nefrótica</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Insuficiência renal mais leve (devido principalmente à insuficiência cardíaca)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Autonômicas</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Hipotensão ortostática</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Gastroparesia</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Disfunção sexual</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Neurológicas</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Neuropatia sensório-motora periférica (predominante na hATTR)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Síndrome do túnel do carpo (bilateral)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Estenose espinhal (predominantemente lombar)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Musculoesqueléticas</td>
									<td align="center">Pseudohipertrofia (macroglossia)</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>Fraqueza muscular</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Artropatia</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Fadiga</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Caquexia</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Ruptura do tendão do bíceps</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gastrointestinais</td>
									<td align="center">Náusea, constipação, saciedade precoce, inchaço abdominal</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Enzimas hepáticas elevadas</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hematológicas</td>
									<td align="center">Sangramento e hematomas periorbitais</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Manifestações oculares</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Opacidades vítreas</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>AL: amiloidose por cadeias leves de imunoglobulina; hATTR: amiloidose hereditária por transtirretina; wtATTR: amiloidose por transtirretina, tipo selvagem Adaptado de Fine M, Davis M, Anderson K, Delgado D, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Failure Society Joint Position Statement on the Evaluation and Management of Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis. CJCA. 2020; 20:322-334</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Sinais clínicos da AC com ecocardiografia, ressonância magnética cardíaca, biomarcadores elevados e captação de grau 2-3 com 99mTc-PYP (pirofosfato) na cintilografia, com exclusão de proteína monoclonal pelo teste de cadeias leves no soro e na urina que poderia causar AL, confere um valor preditivo positivo de 100% para o diagnóstico da ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Achados principais na amiloidose cardíaca</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Eletrocardiografia</th>
									<th>Ecocardiografia</th>
									<th>Biomarcadores</th>
									<th>Ressonância magnética cardíaca</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>-QRS de baixa voltagem (desproporcional à espessura da parede do VE)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Anormalidades de baixa progressão da onda R (padrão de pseudoinfarto)</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Fibrilação atrial</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Bloqueio AV</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>-Hipertrofia VE inexplicada</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Dilatação biatrial</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Hipertrofia da parede livre do VD</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Aspecto granular do miocárdio</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Disfunção VE diastólica</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Estenose aórtica baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-GLS anormal com <italic>apical sparing</italic> (padrão de “cereja no bolo”</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Strain apical/ média do médio e basal &gt; 1,0</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Hipertensão pulmonar moderada</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Pequenos derrames pericárdicos e pleurais</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>-Elevação inexplicada e persistente da troponina cardíaca de baixo nível</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Elevação significativa de BNP ou NT-proBNP</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-BNP e troponina são mais elevados na AL</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>-RTG subendocárdico difuso</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-RTG transmural posterior</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Aumento de T1 miocárdico nativo</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>-Volume extracelular alto</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p><italic>AL: amiloidose por cadeias leves de imunoglobulina; AV: atrioventricular; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; GLS: global longitudinal strain; NT-proBNP: N-terminal proBNP; RTG: realce tardio pelo gadolínio; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo Adaptado de Papinglotis G, Basmpana L, Farmakis D. Cardiac Amyloidosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and therapy. ESC. 2021; 19:19-21</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Nestes casos, a biópsia não é necessária e o teste genético deve ser realizado para distinguir entre a variante “hereditária” e a “selvagem”. Quando há suspeita de AL, a biópsia de medula óssea e outros tecidos são indicados (almofada de gordura, salivar ou endomiocárdico). O exame microscópico mostrará uma birrefringência verde-maçã pelo vermelho Congo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> )</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– <italic>Algoritmo diagnóstico para avaliação suspeita de amiloidose cardíaca. AL: amiloidose por cadeias leves de imunoglobulina; ATTR: amiloidose por transtirretina; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; BEM: biópsia endomiocárdica; BMO: biópsia da medula óssea; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica; CR: cardiomiopatia restritiva; EM: espectrometria de massa; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; ICFEp: insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada; IHQ: imunohistoquímica; PYP: pirofosfato; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca. Adaptado de Fine M, Davis M, Anderson K, Delgado D, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Failure Society Joint Position Statement on the Evaluation and Management of Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis. CJCA. 2020; 20:322-334</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-02-0076-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca por amiloidose, será fundamental a manutenção da euvolemia por meio de restrição hídrica e diuréticos. Não há evidências em favor do uso de betabloqueadores, inibidores de neprilisina, bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina ou bloqueadores de receptores de aldosterona. Ao contrário, estes podem induzir hipotensão, expondo uma neuropatia autonômica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O primeiro e único medicamento indicado para reduzir a mortalidade cardiovascular e a hospitalização cardiovascular em adultos com hATTR ou wtATTR é tafamidis, em uma dose diária de 80 mg, que estabiliza o tetrâmero da TTR e reduz a formação da TTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O transplante cardíaco desempenha um papel pequeno devido ao acometimento de múltiplos órgãos. Pacientes com AL têm amiloidose não cardíaca significativa e não são candidatos adequados para transplante cardíaco, exceto quando são submetidos a transplante autólogo de células-tronco ou quimioterapia em altas doses. Os pacientes com wtATTR têm a doença clinicamente isolada no coração e, como tal, parecem ser candidatos mais adequados. No entanto, a maioria dos pacientes recebe o diagnóstico na sétima ou oitava década de vida e são excluídos com base na idade. Os pacientes com hATTR são mais jovens e podem ser candidatos se a neuropatia amiloide for ausente ou leve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Outros mecanismos terapêuticos continuam a ser investigados, como a supressão da proteína TTR, por meio de transplante hepático ou silenciadores genéticos, e a eliminação de depósitos pela doxiciclina e epigalocatequina-3-galato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em resumo, a AC é uma entidade que está sendo diagnosticada com mais frequência. O uso de técnicas não invasivas, como a cintilografia com 99mTc-PYP, ressonância magnética cardíaca e análise de cadeias leves no sangue e na urina, permitem a identificação e o tratamento precoce desta doença, cuja incidência e prevalência continuam incertas.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<p>em nome do Conselho de Miocardiopatia da Sociedade Interamericana de Cardiologia</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>