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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ABC HF</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC: Heart Failure &#x26; Cardiomyopathy</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Heart Fail Cardiomyop</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">0000-0000</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abchf.20210003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abchf.20210003</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Special Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Beyond the Disease &#x2013; History of the House for Patients with Chagas Disease and Heart Failure of Pernambuco (Casa do Portador de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca de Pernambuco)/PROCAPE-UPE/Brazil</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Martins</surname><given-names>Silvia Marinho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6903-2041</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Moura</surname><given-names>Cassandra Barros Correia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5315-5231</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Melo Cavalcanti</surname><given-names>Maria da Gl&#xF3;ria Aureliano</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2747-3540</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carrazzone</surname><given-names>Cristina de F&#xE1;tima Velloso</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8681-3285</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Carolina de Ara&#xFA;jo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0178-5589</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Wilson</given-names><suffix>Junior</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco &#x2013; UPE</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca do Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#xF3;gico de Pernambuco Prof. LuizTavares &#x2013; PROCAPE</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca do Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#xF3;gico de Pernambuco Prof. LuizTavares &#x2013; PROCAPE- Universidade de Pernambuco &#x2013; UPE, Recife, PE - Brazil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Silvia Marinho Martins</bold> &#x2022; Casa de Chagas - PROCAPE -UPE - R. &#xC1;lvares de Azevedo, 220. Postal Code <postal-code>50100-040</postal-code>, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>s.m.martins@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Author Contributions</bold></p>
<p>Conception and design of the research: Martins SM, Carrazzone CFV, Oliveira Junior W; Acquisition of data: Martins SM, Carrazzone CFV, Medeiros CA, Oliveira Junior W; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Martins SM, Moura CBC, Cavalcanti MGAM, Carrazzone CFV, Medeiros CA, Oliveira Junior W; Writing of the manuscript: Martins SM, Carrazzone CFV, Medeiros CA, Oliveira Junior W; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Martins SM, Moura CBC, Cavalcanti MGAM, Carrazzone CFV, Oliveira Junior W.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn></author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>06</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<season>Jul-Sep</season>
<year>2021</year></pub-date>
<volume>1</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>28</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2021</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>08</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>02</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p></license></permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Outpatient</kwd></kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="28"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="9"/>
<page-count count="12"/></counts></article-meta></front>
<body>
<p><italic>&#x201C;Utopia is on the horizon. I move two steps closer; it moves two steps further away. I walk ten steps and the horizon runs ten steps further away. As much as I may walk, I will never reach it. So what is the point of utopia? The point is this: to keep walking&#x201D;</italic>.</p>
<p><italic>Fernando Birri.</italic></p>
<sec>
<title>Where it all began</title>
<p>The history of the Chagas Disease and Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic of the Prof. Luiz Tavares Cardiology Emergency Unit of Pernambuco, at Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), began in August 1987 at Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio Oswaldo Cruz (HUOC). When it was created, in 1884, this hospital worked mainly providing care for patients with infectious and parasitic diseases. Since that time, the hospital worked with diseases that later became known as unassisted (nowadays named and classified as neglected diseases by the World Health Organization, WHO) and became a breeding ground for the inauguration of the Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic.</p>
<p>In 1964, HUOC became a teaching hospital and started receiving medical students from Faculdade de Ci&#xEA;ncias M&#xE9;dicas de Pernambuco. At this moment, the hospital became the first referral center for clinical and surgical cardiology in the state, being the main and only public emergency unit exclusively dedicated to this specialty. The emergency demand was massive and various sectored wards were established for treating and caring for patients with heart disease. Among them, the myocardiopathies and heart failure ward, in the late 1970s, was coordinated by Professor Wilson de Oliveira Jr. In general, patients arrived at the cardiology emergency unit with decompensated heart failure, being cared for and referred to the myocardiopathy ward (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Once compensated, these patients were discharged without systematic outpatient care, which resulted in various new hospitalizations. Many of these patients had chagasic heart failure.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Operating outpatient clinic at HUOC.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf01.tif"/></fig>
<p>This finding led physicians Wilson Oliveira Jr. and Cassandra Barros Correia to propose to the hospital board of directors the creation of an outpatient clinic specifically for patients with Chagas disease who left the myocardiopathy ward, whose social implications were and continue to be very specific. The idea was embraced with enthusiasm by the HUOC director at the time, who was also a cardiologist, Ricardo Paiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The proposal aimed to positively impact the hospital&#x27;s emergency and hospitalization demands. Patients with controlled disease would not need to seek this more complex care. At that moment, the ideal that would guide the organization of the Unified Health System (SUS), which was created in 1988, was already taking shape at HUOC, with the hierarchization of health services.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>First years of the outpatient clinic. On photo No. 4, from left to right: physicians Enio Cantarelli, Wilson de Oliveira Jr., Cassandra Barros, and Ricardo Paiva.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf02.tif"/></fig>
<p>Therefore, with a small room, two physicians and one nurse (Valdinete Paiva), the HUOC&#x27;s Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic began operating, defending the motto &#x201C;Humanizing for caring.&#x201D; Due to the restricted space and reduced staff, the assistance provided by the clinic was limited to the biomedical sphere. In face of the complexity of Chagas disease, with its social, economic, and psychological implications, the team felt the need to transcend the strictly biomedical approach into a more complete care, meaning a whole health care performed by a multidisciplinary team, which to the current day has been scientifically proven as the best option when caring for chronic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In this perspective, the need to evaluate the patient as a whole was already clear, with the challenge of adopting the biopsychosocial model of care: It proposes a view of much more than a sick organ but also the person, his or her history, family, and socioeconomic context. For this, a group of professionals that helped increase the perception of various aspects of the reality of an individual was needed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
<p>At the same time, the clinic team had always sought to empower patients, providing them with more conscience of the social issues involving the disease and of the need to articulate and associate for together having more strength and amplifying their voices for fighting for their causes and for supporting each other, especially considering the neglected characteristic of this disease. The understanding was that the patient had to play an active role and not only be on the receiving end of the information flow. This is how the Pernambuco Association of Chagas Disease Patients was born, with the motto &#x201C;A commitment with life&#x201D;; it was the world&#x27;s first association of people with Chagas disease.</p>
<p>As years went by, the outpatient clinic gained capillarity and included the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of Chagas disease, chagasic and non-chagasic heart failure, and the evaluation and follow-up of patients with pacemakers (PMs) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). As the work expanded and became known beyond the walls of HUOC, the Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic was sought by the board of directors of the Pernambuco Hematology and Hemotherapy Center (Hemope), who aimed to refer blood donors with positive Chagas disease serology tests for diagnostic characterization and the follow-up of confirmed patients.</p>
<p>At the beginning of the 21st century, the activities performed by the clinic and the association had spread far beyond the state of Pernambuco. The result obtained through the adoption of the whole health model of care, which also involved the association of patients and family members, surpassed territorial boundaries. In 2007, the physician Wilson de Oliveira Jr. answered an invitation by the WHO and represented the service, which he coordinated, in presenting the successful experience performed in the state of Pernambuco; it later became a model and inspiration for other organizations and associations worldwide.</p>
<p>In 2006, with the inauguration of the Prof. Luiz Tavares Cardiology Emergency Unit of Pernambuco, at Universidade de Pernambuco &#x2013; Procape, envisioned and founded by Professor Enio Lustosa Cantarelli, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) in addition to an increase in the number of patients (especially those with PMs and ICDs), a physical space was needed to accommodate the activities of the Chagas Disease and Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic, as well as the Pernambuco Association of Chagas Disease Patients&#x2019; headquarters.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Visit of Professor Enio Cantarelli. Carolina Medeiros, Wilson Oliveira Jr, Maria das Neves Dantas, and Silvia Marinho Martins.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf03.tif"/></fig>
<p>By the end of 2009, owing to the Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic coordinator and his team, the Procape director, and association volunteers, a fundraising campaign was launched, receiving donations both from individuals and private institutions, with the aim of instituting House for Patients with Chagas Disease and Heart Failure of Pernambuco (Casa do Portador de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca de Pernambuco)/Procape-UPE. The project was supported by Professor Jo&#xE3;o Regis and the university dean Carlos Calado. A building that could accommodate the clinic and the association headquarters was purchased, and it was inaugurated in December 2010.</p>
<p>Over time, the &#x201C;Casa de Chagas&#x201D; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>) house allowed a better welcome and care of these patients. The service has four specialized consultation rooms, is suited to patients with special needs, completely computerized, and connected to Procape via electronic medical records; it also offers a space for welcoming and socializing, equipped with audio and video resources, where special projects are conducted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Casa de Chagas house front.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf04.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Part of the team in one of the consultation rooms of the house.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf05.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>A neglected disease</title>
<p>Chagas disease is among the 21 diseases considered as neglected by WHO/2021. These are diseases that could be treated and cured in most cases, but that unfortunately affect entirely neglected populations. As opposed to global diseases such as arterial hypertension and diabetes, despite the progress of science, neglected diseases do not raise interest by the pharmaceutical industry and continue being diagnosed and treated as they were years ago, without significant advancements due to the lack of research funding. In addition to Chagas disease, the neglected diseases list includes schistosomiasis, malaria, Hansen&#x27;s disease, and other conditions. These diseases end up resulting in significant stigma for the patient. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand that the patient with Chagas disease, just as the condition, is also neglected. His or her life conditions determine the onset of the disease.</p>
<p>The WHO estimates that between 6 and 7 million people are contaminated by Chagas disease worldwide, living precariously in endemic and non-endemic countries and with limited power for revindication. Nowadays, Chagas disease is predominantly urban, since more than two-thirds of the infected individuals live in cities, and the high proportion of undiagnosed cases represents a great challenge. It is estimated that less than 10% of people with Chagas disease worldwide are adequately diagnosed and treated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
<p>Even 112 years after the discovery of the now considered &#x201C;the most Brazilian of diseases&#x201D; by Carlos Chagas, this condition continues to represent a severe global public health problem. At the moment of the discovery, with its acute social conscience, the physician described its clinical manifestations and natural reservoirs, in addition to the profile of affected persons, thus establishing a cause-effect relationship between low socioeconomic classes and the presence of the disease.</p>
<p>The infection was originally restricted to rural areas. With the human presence in this environment, Chagas disease began affecting man and became a zoonosis. With the strong rural exodus occurred in the 20th century, patients with Chagas disease brought the disease to the city. It is estimated that currently, in Brazil, 70% of the patients with Chagas disease live in the outskirts of large cities in endemic Latin American countries, shaping a true urban endemic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> In the 1990s/2000s, due to the increase in migration between continents, Chagas disease was considered globalized, with affected persons throughout the globe.</p>
<p>These social aspects were fundamental for guiding the clinic&#x27;s actions. Biopsychosocial demands transcended the uniquely biomedical health care. At first, most patients who arrived at the HUOC ward came from the countryside and were young adults with severe visceral impairment, mainly of cardiac nature. A family history of sudden death was frequently reported, with prematurely lost lives, having a strong psychological impact with the fear of the imminent possibility of death. After improvements in the clinic&#x27;s infrastructure with a space dedicated to these patients, the team began an active search between family members aiming to perform the early diagnosis of new cases, especially among asymptomatic patients exposed to the same contamination risk.</p>
<p>As years went by, this patient profile gained new nuances. In the early 1990s, with the appearance and spread of HIV, blood centers were required to perform a series of tests for releasing blood donations. The serology test for Chagas disease was among the tests that were previously only recommended and became mandatory. Therefore, these ex-blood donors, now patients of the clinic, shaped a new profile of people affected by Chagas disease. These &#x201C;new&#x201D; patients were young, predominantly male, asymptomatic, and born and living in urban areas. Many of them did not know the forms of transmission of Chagas disease and had epidemiological clinical data that differed from those of the group of patients previously treated by the ward. These young patients were frequently anxious when arriving at the clinic, with many doubts and taboos regarding the disease.</p>
<p>The successful partnership between the clinic and blood centers guaranteed adequate care to many patients and enabled the registration and comprehension of the size of the disease presence in the state of Pernambuco. It also promoted improvements in the physical structure of the clinic and the incorporation of new professionals for acting on health care, research, and education regarding the disease.</p>
<p>In this scenario, in May 2011 the Health Secretary of Pernambuco (SES) created the Program to Combat Neglected Diseases/Sanar, aiming to &#x201C;reduce or eliminate transmissible neglected diseases&#x201D;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> The creation of the Sanar program was recognized as a successful action in Brazil and was an important turning point in the planning and actions for addressing Chagas disease in Pernambuco. This initiative positively impacted the actions of the Chagas Disease and Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic/Procape-UPE, establishing it as a State Referral Outpatient Clinic for Chagas Disease and Heart Failure; this way, partnerships for decentralization, training, professional allocation, education, and associative actions were developed. The partnership between the Referral Clinic and Sanar joined forces for creating strategies that would help fighting this disease.</p>
<p>Perhaps the action deserving the most attention is the decentralization program for the care of patients with Chagas disease, which is still active. Since 2012, a group formed by members of the clinic and Sanar teams have visited health care management units (GERES&#x2013;Ger&#xEA;ncias regionais de Sa&#xFA;de) throughout the state in order to prepare health teams of these regions to receive and care for patients with Chagas disease. Formative work was performed with these professionals so that the patient could receive care at his or her region without having to be transferred to Recife. Moreover, an interconnected human serological diagnostic network was created, and the state pharmacy network was trained for the regional distribution of continuous-use medications and Benznidazole for the etiological treatment of Chagas disease, when recommended.</p>
<p>This action aims to provide care for patients with a positive serological test but no clinical manifestations and those with mild symptoms who can be treated at primary health care services, performing health care exactly as done by the SUS. This way, the clinic would receive a profile of patients with more severe heart failure or those in need of a PM and/or ICD. The proposal also includes telemedicine and a communication channel between the end point physician and specialists at Casa de Chagas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Meeting with the inland management teams, in partnership with Sanar and the Telessa&#xFA;de Center (Nutes).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf06.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Profile of patients cared for by the State Referral Outpatient Clinic for Chagas Disease and Heart Failure</title>
<p>Unfortunately, many years after the discovery of this disease, the sociodemographic profile of patients cared for by the clinic remains very similar to that described by Carlos Chagas, except for the older age. In the last statistical analysis performed by the clinic team, out of 880 patients, 69% were women, the mean age was 62 years, 38% were born at the Pernambuco Zona da Mata region, while 17% were born in the Sert&#xE3;o region, 24% were from the Agreste region, 5% were from the outskirts of Recife, and 16% were born in other states. Regarding their place of residence, 45% lived in the outskirts of Recife, although most of them were from endemic areas in the countryside. More than half of the patients were of mixed race and 69% of them did not finish primary school; 82% had an income of a minimum wage or less and 35% were rural workers. In this demographic, the clinical classification of the disease was presented as follows: 21% as A, 46% as B1, 7% as B2, and 26% as C (various degrees of heart failure), classified according to the I Latin American Guideline for Chagas Disease, 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Among the most frequent comorbidities in this group, we cite systemic arterial hypertension (73%), Diabetes Mellitus (17%), and coronary artery disease (8.5%). This profile is similar to that described by other Brazilian studies when considering the mean age and socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
<p>Currently, services that care for patients with Chagas disease, considering the ageing of this population, should be alert for the appearance of comorbidities that are more prevalent in this age group, as demonstrated by the presented data. The presence of a cardioembolic ischemic stroke in patients with Chagas disease negatively impacts their progression. The development of brain ischemia is one of the most severe complications. Many causes have been related to the development of strokes in patients with Chagas disease with cardiac involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A recently studied sample of patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy, followed-up on an outpatient basis, presented ischemic stroke in 10% of the cases, probably due to a cardioembolic mechanism.</p>
<p>The profile of patients with heart failure of all etiologies has some peculiarities. Most of them are from the outskirts of Recife (69%), male (61%), and have a higher schooling level (48.7% with primary education) and income (35% earn more than a minimum wage). This goes to show that, although patients with heart failure have an overt clinical syndrome, they live in a socioeconomic situation (schooling, income&#x2026;) that is far from ideal, but still better than that of patients with Chagas disease.</p>
<p>A different experience was reported in May 2019, with the first combat of acute Chagas disease cases in the state of Pernambuco. The outbreak probably happened due to oral contamination (clinical and epidemiological data), affecting 77 people with 27 laboratory-confirmed cases within a religious mission in the city of Ibimirim, in the Sert&#xE3;o region of the state. All patients with laboratory confirmation were treated with Benznidazole for 60 days. There were no deaths, although 6 patients had more severe manifestations of the acute disease and required hospitalization.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>The need for whole health care</title>
<p>Considering the complexity of Chagas disease, from the beginning the clinic proposed to offer a whole health care that would consider its previously mentioned peculiarities. Nowadays, it is known that a multi-professional team is the best alternative for providing health care to patients with chronic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> The multidisciplinary team of the Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic includes physicians, nurses, nursing technicians, an occupational therapist, and a psychologist. Each of these members has a defined role and is aware of his or her limitations, possibilities, and responsibilities, in a process of continuous exchange and dialogue.</p>
<p>The family is fundamental as a part of the treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>). It is the third vertex of the so-called therapeutic triangle (physician, patient, and family) and has an active role in the whole process. It is essential for the patient&#x27;s adhesion to medication-based (or not) treatment. Therefore, the whole health approach promotes close contact with the family, which receives the same guidance as patients, in addition to psychological support. The presence of a family member during consultations and meetings helps professionals comprehend the patient&#x27;s life context and thus better direct their care. The education offered to the patient and family members begins with the assessment of their knowledge on the disease and its treatment. Through periodic educational actions, the multi-professional team may clarify aspects of the disease progression and treatment.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figure 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Activities promoted by occupational therapy.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf07.tif"/></fig>
<p>In addition to the clinic&#x27;s multi-disciplinary team, focused on the patients and their families&#x2019; health care and education, it is important to highlight the role of teaching and research, since this is a part of a university hospital training health professionals. The clinic thus receives medical students and residents who have the opportunity to experience and learn with the implemented practices. The outpatient clinic has, each year, expanded its academic profile, considering that multi-professional work is the ideal scenario for exchanging knowledge and practicing teamwork (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figure 8</label>
<caption>
<title>Educational meetings for patients and family members with multidisciplinary team.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf08.tif"/></fig>
<p>Throughout the years, the service has raised interest in the development of research by undergraduate (scientific initiation) and graduate (masters and PhD) students, in various areas of knowledge. In addition to biomedical research, other areas connected to the humanities such as philosophy have been the object of research. Partnerships with universities and research institutes (such as FIOCRUZ) have progressively contributed to scientific production.</p>
<p>A group of academics participates in various activities at the clinic &#x2014; the Science for Life Project (Projeto Ci&#xEA;ncia para a Vida) &#x2014;, being involved in care and research activities. They feel motivated, thus collaborating with the multi-disciplinary team in periodic scientific initiation meetings (education and self-care) and performing musical presentations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 9</xref>). They also participate in continued (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>) education programs and conferences in the area, being more and more involved in the best possible care of patients with Chagas disease and heart failure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 11</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figure 9</label>
<caption>
<title>The Science for Life Project (Projeto Ci&#xEA;ncia para a Vida).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf09.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figure 10</label>
<caption>
<title>Students during teaching activities.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf10.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f11">
<label>Figure 11</label>
<caption>
<title>Participation of the outpatient clinic team and students at DEIC 2019, Fortaleza.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf11.tif"/></fig>
<p>Last but not least, volunteers have performed excellent work along with the multi-professional team and patients for the last 24 years. Most of them are also patients who, through associative actions, are empowered and become knowledgeable in the intricacies of the disease and are available for helping new patients. In reality, the attention of volunteers is aimed at the subjective and affective characteristics of patients. They welcome patients, help with educational actions on Chagas disease and general health promotion, and organize workshops and events that may help fund the association&#x27;s activities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 12</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f12">
<label>Figure 12</label>
<caption>
<title>On holidays, volunteers and the team promoted actions for the patients.pacientes.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf12.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>The strength of associativism</title>
<p>As already mentioned, Chagas disease is neglected and strongly marked by a social bias. This characteristic renders the union and associativism of patients a natural path for them to collectively make sure they are heard. Patient associations are bio-social groups of volunteers based on common biological issues with several goals, from the guidance of patients and family members regarding treatment and quality of life to an active participation in the elaboration and implementation of public healthpolicies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
<p>In the case of neglected diseases, these groups are even more important. In Brazil, we highlight the Movement for the Reintegration of Persons Affected by Hansen&#x27;s disease (Movimento de Reintegra&#xE7;&#xE3;o das Pessoas com Hansen&#xED;ase, Morhan), founded in 1940. Regarding Chagas disease, the worldwide pioneer was the group created in the state of Pernambuco, in 1987, along with the team of the Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic at HUOC. The aim of this initiative was to mainly tend to the psychosocial demands of patients affected by this disease, which transcended purely biomedical aspects. The Pernambuco association is a nonprofit organization with no political affiliation, whose board of directors is formed by patients who are elected by general assembly, respecting determinations by the Brazilian Civil Code. The association currently has 740 active members living in the outskirts of Recife and inland regions. This collective action overcame challenges, conquered spaces, empowered patients, and helped them emerge from invisibility.</p>
<p>In 2005, the WHO Program for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases classified Chagas as an extremely neglected disease, corroborating the need for the affected population to form associative groups. In this context, APDCIM (Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos portadores de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, Insufi&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca e Miocardiopatia de Pernambuco) became an important reference worldwide due to its effectivity and pioneer nature, influencing the creation of other groups in Brazil and other countries.</p>
<p>Currently and with equal importance, 20 associations of persons affected by Chagas disease are distributed throughout various countries (Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Spain, USA, Italy, Mexico, Switzerland, Venezuela, and Japan) and have been working in a collective biocitizenship project. This group of associations has fought for the construction of a collective identity and for the mobilization and production of knowledge, culminating in public policies.</p>
<p>The associations of people affected by Chagas disease thus have a fundamental role in the world to help identifying similarities, clarifying and guiding people through the disease and its development process, as well as through the need for diagnosis and treatment regardless of the person&#x27;s location. In spite of their regional differences, associative movements aimed at Chagas disease, in Brazil and worldwide, have one fight and mission in common: the wellbeing of the affected person. Whether they are in endemic or non-endemic countries, these associations seek to contribute to the construction of a solid identity and to strengthen citizenship.</p>
<p>In April 2009, during the II Catalan Journey of International Health &#x2013; Tropical Medicine and the inauguration of the Barcelona patient association, the dream of creating a global federation that could unite all groups was born, as a historical milestone for the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the disease. In October of the same year, the dream began to take shape during the 25th Annual Meeting on Applied Research in Chagas Disease, in Uberaba (MG), presided by Professors Jos&#xE9; Rodrigues Coura and Jo&#xE3;o Carlos Pinto Dias, where the first Meeting of Associations of Patients with Chagas Disease of the Americas, Europe, and Western Pacific took place. This meeting approached the creation of a World Federation that would be capable of welcoming and strengthening current associations and stimulating the creation of new social movements, especially in regions where the person affected by Chagas disease was in a situation of increased vulnerability. Finally, the seed of the future federation was planted, being properly founded in Pernambuco in 2010 and named International Federation of Associations of People Affected by Chagas Disease/FINDECHAGAS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 13</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f13">
<label>Figure 13</label>
<caption>
<title>(1) ASAPECHA Inauguration, Barcelona (2) First international reunion of Associations of Patients with Chagas Disease/Uberaba-MG (3) Creation of FINDECHAGAS/Olinda-PE (4) II FINDECHAGAS Assembly/Barcelona.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf13.tif"/></fig>
<p>Many meetings and assemblies followed, uniting patients from throughout the world. The exchange of information and experiences is extremely fruitful, has brought concrete impacts to the quality of life of patients with Chagas disease, and has propagated their voice more strongly. Among the many achievements of FINDECHAGAS, we highlight the recognition of April 14 as the World Chagas Disease Day by WHO. This date was chosen because on this day, in 1909, the researcher Carlos Chagas presented his discovery to the scientific community (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 14</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f14">
<label>Figure 14</label>
<caption>
<title>Activities promoted on April 14.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf14.tif"/></fig>
<p>Undoubtedly, considering all difficulties and barriers faced by patient associations, they have gained increasing importance by organizing collectively and by federation in the last decades. This joint action promotes a change in paradigm where the patient moves from a passive role in his or her therapeutic process to an active position, performing patient advocacy. This proactive posture, with critical conscience of their rights and needs, favors decision making towards the best options for their health and that of the group. These groups work as a link between the State and society, thus exerting social control.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Final considerations</title>
<p>Today, in 2021, the history of the Chagas Disease and Heart Failure Outpatient Clinic and the Association of Chagas Disease and Heart Failure Patients follows its path and faces new challenges. As of last year, the new coronavirus pandemic directly impacted the manner of organizing and acting. The clinic had to adapt to sanitary measures so that it could continue providing care, teaching, and research, remaining alert to patients that were strongly impacted by new dynamics imposed by the pandemic. APDCIM has worked to secure funding for food items, personal and home hygiene kits, masks, medications, etc. destined to patients in need, in addition to fighting for COVID-19 vaccination priority for this group.</p>
<p>Throughout more than 30 years of activities, the clinic and the association have made a difference in the treatment and welcoming of patients with Chagas disease and heart failure. Their successful activity became an inspiration for many other services that today, together, can echo the voice of these patients. The perspective remains the same: to look beyond the disease and see the person in his or her whole context, welcoming, listening, and caring. The motto remains the same, today and always, &#x201C;A commitment with life.&#x201D; All of this was only possible thanks to the cohesion of the team that faced and still faces barriers and difficulties for implementing their mission: &#x201C;Humanizing for Caring.&#x201D;</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<p><bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold></p>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
<p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<p><bold>Study Association</bold></p>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn></fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Especial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Muito Al&#xE9;m da Doen&#xE7;a &#x2013; A Hist&#xF3;ria da Casa do Portador de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca de Pernambuco/PROCAPE-UPE/Brasil</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Martins</surname><given-names>Silvia Marinho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6903-2041</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Moura</surname><given-names>Cassandra Barros Correia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5315-5231</contrib-id>
<name><surname>de Melo Cavalcanti</surname><given-names>Maria da Gl&#xF3;ria Aureliano</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2747-3540</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carrazzone</surname><given-names>Cristina de F&#xE1;tima Velloso</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8681-3285</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Carolina de Ara&#xFA;jo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0178-5589</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Wilson</given-names><suffix>Junior</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content></addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca do Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#xF3;gico de Pernambuco Prof. LuizTavares &#x2013; PROCAPE- Universidade de Pernambuco &#x2013; UPE, Recife, PE - Brasil.</institution></aff></contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#xEA;ncia: Silvia Marinho Martins</bold> &#x2022; Casa de Chagas - PROCAPE -UPE - R. &#xC1;lvares de Azevedo, 220. CEP <postal-code>50100-040</postal-code>, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>s.m.martins@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p><bold>Contribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos autores</bold></p>
<p>Concep&#xE7;&#xE3;o e desenho da pesquisa: Martins SM, Carrazzone CFV, Oliveira Junior W; Obten&#xE7;&#xE3;o de dados: Martins SM, Carrazzone CFV, Medeiros CA, Oliveira Junior W; An&#xE1;lise e interpreta&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos dados: Martins SM, Moura CBC, Cavalcanti MGAM, Carrazzone CFV, Medeiros CA, Oliveira Junior W; Reda&#xE7;&#xE3;o do manuscrito: Martins SM, Carrazzone CFV, Medeiros CA, Oliveira Junior W Revis&#xE3;o cr&#xED;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#xFA;do intelectual importante: Martins SM, Moura CBC, Cavalcanti MGAM, Carrazzone CFV, Oliveira Junior W.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; conflito com o presente artigo</p></fn></author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas</kwd>
<kwd>Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca</kwd>
<kwd>Ambulat&#xF3;rio</kwd></kwd-group></front-stub>
<body>
<p><italic>&#x201C;A utopia est&#xE1; l&#xE1; no horizonte. Me aproximo dois passos, ela se afasta dois passos. Caminho dez passos, e o horizonte corre dez passos. Por mais que eu caminhe, jamais alcan&#xE7;arei. Para que serve a utopia? Serve para isso: para que eu n&#xE3;o deixe de caminhar.&#x201D;</italic></p>
<p>Fernando Birri</p>
<sec>
<title>Como tudo come&#xE7;ou</title>
<p>A hist&#xF3;ria do Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e Insufici&#xEA;ncia Card&#xED;aca do Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#xF3;gico de Pernambuco Prof. Luiz Tavares da Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE) tem in&#xED;cio em agosto de 1987, no Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio Oswaldo Cruz (HUOC). Quando concebido, em 1884, o hospital tinha suas a&#xE7;&#xF5;es voltadas, sobretudo, para o atendimento de pacientes com doen&#xE7;as infecciosas e parasit&#xE1;rias. Desde aquela &#xE9;poca, j&#xE1; trabalhava com as enfermidades que, posteriormente, seriam conhecidas como desassistidas (hoje chamadas e classificadas como negligenciadas pela Organiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o Mundial da Sa&#xFA;de [OMS]) e tornou-se terreno f&#xE9;rtil para o nascimento do Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas.</p>
<p>Em 1964, o HUOC passou a ser hospital-escola, recebendo alunos do curso de Medicina da Faculdade de Ci&#xEA;ncias M&#xE9;dicas de Pernambuco. Nesse momento, o hospital se tornou a primeira refer&#xEA;ncia no campo da cardiologia cl&#xED;nica e cir&#xFA;rgica no estado, sendo a principal e &#xFA;nica emerg&#xEA;ncia p&#xFA;blica exclusivamente destinada &#xE0; especialidade. A demanda emergencial era enorme, e foram implantadas uma s&#xE9;rie de enfermarias setorizadas que pudessem atender e tratar pacientes cardiopatas. Entre elas, estava a de miocardiopatias e insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca, que, no final da d&#xE9;cada de 1970, era coordenada pelo professor Wilson de Oliveira Jr. De modo geral, os pacientes chegavam &#xE0; emerg&#xEA;ncia cardiol&#xF3;gica com insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca (IC) descompensada, sendo atendidos e encaminhados para a enfermaria de miocardiopatias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 1</xref>). Uma vez compensados, recebiam alta, sem, no entanto, ter um acompanhamento ambulatorial sistem&#xE1;tico, o que redundava em diversos novos internamentos. Muitos desses tinham insufici&#xEA;ncia card&#xED;aca de etiologia chag&#xE1;sica.</p>
<fig id="f15">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Ambulat&#xF3;rio funcionando no Hospital Universit&#xE1;rio Oswaldo Cruz (HUOC).</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Essa constata&#xE7;&#xE3;o levou os m&#xE9;dicos Wilson de Oliveira Jr. e Cassandra Barros Correia a propor &#xE0; dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o do hospital a cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um ambulat&#xF3;rio espec&#xED;fico para atendimento aos pacientes com doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, egressos da enfermaria de miocardiopatias, cujas implica&#xE7;&#xF5;es sociais eram e continuam sendo bastante espec&#xED;ficas. A ideia foi acolhida com entusiasmo pelo ent&#xE3;o diretor do HUOC, o cardiologista Ricardo Paiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 2</xref>). A proposta visava impactar positivamente na demanda sobre a emerg&#xEA;ncia do hospital e internamento na enfermaria. Pacientes com a doen&#xE7;a controlada n&#xE3;o precisariam buscar esse atendimento mais complexo. Naquele momento, o ideal que nortearia a organiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Sistema &#xDA;nico de Sa&#xFA;de (SUS), que tem como marco de in&#xED;cio o ano de 1988, j&#xE1; se desenhava no HUOC, com a hierarquiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do servi&#xE7;o.</p>
<fig id="f16">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Primeiros anos do Ambulat&#xF3;rio. Na foto 4, da esquerda para a direita, os m&#xE9;dicos Enio Cantarelli, Wilson de Oliveira Jr., Cassandra Barros e Ricardo Paiva.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Assim, com uma pequena sala, com dois m&#xE9;dicos e uma enfermeira (Valdinete Paiva), teve in&#xED;cio o Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas do HUOC, defendendo o lema &#x201C;Humanizar para cuidar&#x201D;. Diante do espa&#xE7;o restrito e da equipe reduzida, inicialmente, a assist&#xEA;ncia prestada limitava-se &#xE0; esfera biom&#xE9;dica. Diante da complexidade que envolve a doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, com suas implica&#xE7;&#xF5;es sociais, econ&#xF4;micas e psicol&#xF3;gicas, a equipe sentiu a necessidade de transcender a abordagem estritamente biom&#xE9;dica para uma assist&#xEA;ncia mais completa, um atendimento integral &#xE0; sa&#xFA;de, realizado por uma equipe multidisciplinar, que at&#xE9; os dias de hoje vem sendo cientificamente comprovado como a melhor op&#xE7;&#xE3;o na condu&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes cr&#xF4;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Nessa perspectiva, j&#xE1; era clara a necessidade de olhar o paciente como um todo, com o desafio de adotar o modelo de assist&#xEA;ncia biopsicossocial, que prop&#xF5;e enxergar muito mais que um &#xF3;rg&#xE3;o doente, vendo tamb&#xE9;m a pessoa, sua hist&#xF3;ria, sua fam&#xED;lia, assim como o seu contexto socioecon&#xF4;mico. Para isso, era necess&#xE1;rio um grupo de profissionais que ajudasse a agu&#xE7;ar a percep&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos diversos aspectos da realidade de um mesmo indiv&#xED;duo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
<p>Ao mesmo tempo, desde o in&#xED;cio, a equipe do ambulat&#xF3;rio buscou o empoderamento dos pacientes, dando-lhes mais consci&#xEA;ncia sobre as quest&#xF5;es sociais que envolviam a doen&#xE7;a e a necessidade de se articularem e se associarem para, juntos, terem mais for&#xE7;a e ampliarem suas vozes para lutar por suas pautas e para que pudessem apoiar uns aos outros, especialmente por se tratar de uma doen&#xE7;a negligenciada. O entendimento era de que o paciente precisava ter um papel ativo e n&#xE3;o ser apenas mero receptor de informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es. Foi assim que surgiu a Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o Pernambucana dos Portadores de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, com o lema &#x201C;Um compromisso com a vida&#x201D;, a primeira associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de portadores da enfermidade em todo o mundo.</p>
<p>Com o passar dos anos, o ambulat&#xF3;rio foi ganhando capilaridade, assumindo o tratamento farmacol&#xF3;gico e n&#xE3;o farmacol&#xF3;gico da enfermidade de Chagas, IC de etiologia chag&#xE1;sica e n&#xE3;o chag&#xE1;sica, al&#xE9;m da indica&#xE7;&#xE3;o e acompanhamento a pacientes portadores de marcapasso (MP) e cardiodesfibrilador implant&#xE1;vel (CDI). Na medida em que o trabalho se expandia e se tornava conhecido para al&#xE9;m dos muros do HUOC, o Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas foi procurado pela dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco (Hemope), com o objetivo de encaminhar doadores de sangue com sorologia reagente para doen&#xE7;a de Chagas para esclarecimento diagn&#xF3;stico e seguimento, aos pacientes com confirma&#xE7;&#xF5;es de diagn&#xF3;stico positivo para a enfermidade.</p>
<p>No in&#xED;cio do s&#xE9;culo XXI, as atividades do ambulat&#xF3;rio e da associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o j&#xE1; se difundiam muito al&#xE9;m de Pernambuco. O resultado obtido com a ado&#xE7;&#xE3;o do modelo assistencial de aten&#xE7;&#xE3;o integral, que tamb&#xE9;m envolvia o associativismo dos pacientes e familiares, ultrapassava barreiras territoriais. Em 2007, o m&#xE9;dico Wilson de Oliveira Jr. atendeu ao convite da OMS e foi apresentar a experi&#xEA;ncia exitosa desenvolvida em Pernambuco, representando o servi&#xE7;o por ele coordenado, que se tornou espelho e inspira&#xE7;&#xE3;o para outras organiza&#xE7;&#xF5;es e associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es em todo o mundo.</p>
<p>Em 2006, com a inaugura&#xE7;&#xE3;o do Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#xF3;gico de Pernambuco Prof. Luiz Tavares da Universidade de Pernambuco (Procape), idealizado e fundado pelo professor Enio Lustosa Cantarelli (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 3</xref>), somado ao aumento do n&#xFA;mero de pacientes, principalmente portadores de IC e MP, sentiu-se a necessidade de identificar um espa&#xE7;o f&#xED;sico capaz de abrigar as atividades do Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e IC, assim como a sede da associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes portadores de doen&#xE7;a de Chagas.</p>
<fig id="f17">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Visita do professor Enio Cantarelli. Carolina Medeiros, Wilson de Oliveira Jr, Maria das Neves Dantas, Silvia Marinho Martins.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>No final de 2009, por iniciativa do coordenador do ambulat&#xF3;rio de Chagas e IC e equipe, do diretor do Procape e dos volunt&#xE1;rios da associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o, foi iniciada uma campanha de arrecada&#xE7;&#xE3;o de recursos, por meio de doa&#xE7;&#xF5;es feitas tanto por pessoas f&#xED;sicas quanto por entidades privadas, com o objetivo de instituir a Casa do Portador de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e IC de Pernambuco/Procape-UPE. O projeto foi apoiado pelo professor Jo&#xE3;o Regis e pelo reitor Carlos Calado. Foi adquirido e adequado um im&#xF3;vel pr&#xF3;ximo ao Procape que abrigasse o ambulat&#xF3;rio e a sede da associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o, sendo inaugurado em dezembro de 2010 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f18">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Fachada da entrada da Casa de Chagas.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Com o passar do tempo, a Casa de Chagas foi possibilitando um melhor acolhimento e atendimento aos pacientes. O servi&#xE7;o conta com quatro consult&#xF3;rios especializados, est&#xE1; adequado a pacientes com necessidades especiais, totalmente informatizado e interligado ao Procape por meio de prontu&#xE1;rio eletr&#xF4;nico. Oferece, ainda, espa&#xE7;o de acolhimento e socializa&#xE7;&#xE3;o, aparelhado com &#xE1;udio e v&#xED;deo, onde s&#xE3;o desenvolvidos projetos especiais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f19">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Parte da equipe em um dos consult&#xF3;rios da casa.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Uma doen&#xE7;a negligenciada</title>
<p>A doen&#xE7;a de Chagas figura entre uma das 21 doen&#xE7;as chamadas de negligenciadas pela OMS (2021). Essas s&#xE3;o enfermidades que poderiam ser tratadas e curadas, na maioria dos casos, mas as quais, infelizmente, atingem popula&#xE7;&#xF5;es inteiramente negligenciadas. Diferentemente das doen&#xE7;as globais, a exemplo da hipertens&#xE3;o arterial e do diabetes, mesmo com todo o avan&#xE7;o da ci&#xEA;ncia, as doen&#xE7;as negligenciadas n&#xE3;o despertam interesse da ind&#xFA;stria farmac&#xEA;utica e seguem sendo diagnosticadas e tratadas da mesma forma h&#xE1; anos, sem avan&#xE7;os significativos devido &#xE0; falta de investimento em pesquisas. Al&#xE9;m da doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, fazem parte da lista de enfermidades negligenciadas a esquistossomose, a mal&#xE1;ria, a hansen&#xED;ase, entre outras. Essas doen&#xE7;as acabam trazendo um grande estigma para o paciente. Portanto, &#xE9; fundamental entender que o paciente portador da doen&#xE7;a de Chagas &#xE9; tamb&#xE9;m negligenciado, assim como a sua doen&#xE7;a. Sua condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de vida &#xE9; determinante para a instala&#xE7;&#xE3;o da doen&#xE7;a.</p>
<p>Segundo a OMS, estima-se haver entre 6 a 7 milh&#xF5;es de pessoas contaminadas pela doen&#xE7;a de Chagas no mundo, vivendo de forma prec&#xE1;ria em pa&#xED;ses end&#xEA;micos e n&#xE3;o end&#xEA;micos, com baixo poder de reivindica&#xE7;&#xE3;o. Hoje, a doen&#xE7;a de Chagas &#xE9; predominantemente urbana, visto que mais de dois ter&#xE7;os dos indiv&#xED;duos infectados vivem nas cidades, e a alta propor&#xE7;&#xE3;o de casos n&#xE3;o diagnosticados representa um grande desafio. Em todo o mundo, estima-se que menos de 10% das pessoas com doen&#xE7;a de Chagas s&#xE3;o diagnosticadas e tratadas adequadamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
<p>Mesmo depois de 112 anos da descoberta dessa doen&#xE7;a, considerada atualmente &#x201C;a mais brasileira das doen&#xE7;as&#x201D;, por Carlos Chagas, essa enfermidade continua sendo um grave problema de sa&#xFA;de p&#xFA;blica mundial. Quando feita a descoberta, com sua agu&#xE7;ada consci&#xEA;ncia social, o m&#xE9;dico descreveu suas manifesta&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas at&#xE9; os reservat&#xF3;rios naturais, somado ao perfil das pessoas afetadas, fazendo uma rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o de causa e efeito entre a popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o com baixo n&#xED;vel socioecon&#xF4;mico e a presen&#xE7;a da doen&#xE7;a.</p>
<p>Originalmente, a infec&#xE7;&#xE3;o se restringia ao ambiente silvestre. Com a aproxima&#xE7;&#xE3;o do homem a esse ambiente, a doen&#xE7;a de Chagas passou a afet&#xE1;-los, tornando-se uma zoonose. Com o forte &#xEA;xodo rural observado em meados do s&#xE9;culo XX, o paciente portador de doen&#xE7;a de Chagas levou a doen&#xE7;a para a cidade. Atualmente, estima-se que, no Brasil, 70% dos pacientes portadores de doen&#xE7;a de Chagas residam na periferia das grandes cidades em condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es t&#xE3;o prec&#xE1;rias quanto &#xE0;s originais na zona rural. S&#xE3;o aproximadamente 1 milh&#xE3;o de pacientes portadores da doen&#xE7;a vivendo nas periferias das grandes cidades dos pa&#xED;ses end&#xEA;micos da Am&#xE9;rica Latina, formatando uma verdadeira endemia urbana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Ao longo da d&#xE9;cada de 1990, devido ao aumento da migra&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre diversos continentes, a doen&#xE7;a de Chagas passou a ser considerada globalizada, com a presen&#xE7;a de pessoas afetadas em todo o mundo.</p>
<p>Esses aspectos sociais foram fundamentais para nortear as a&#xE7;&#xF5;es do ambulat&#xF3;rio. Existiam demandas de cunho biopsicossocial as quais transcendiam a assist&#xEA;ncia unicamente biom&#xE9;dica. Em um primeiro momento, a maioria dos pacientes que chegava &#xE0; enfermaria do HUOC vinha do interior, consistia em adultos jovens, por&#xE9;m com grave comprometimento visceral, especialmente na esfera cardiol&#xF3;gica. O hist&#xF3;rico familiar de morte s&#xFA;bita era relatado com frequ&#xEA;ncia, com vidas ceifadas precocemente, trazendo forte impacto psicol&#xF3;gico com o medo da possibilidade de morte iminente. Com a estrutura&#xE7;&#xE3;o do ambulat&#xF3;rio, em espa&#xE7;o espec&#xED;fico para atendimento a esses pacientes, a equipe iniciou trabalho de busca ativa entre familiares objetivando identificar novos casos precocemente, especialmente em pacientes assintom&#xE1;ticos, por&#xE9;m expostos ao mesmo risco de contamina&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p>
<p>Com o passar dos anos, esse perfil foi ganhando novas nuances. No in&#xED;cio dos anos 1990, com a chegada do v&#xED;rus da imunodefici&#xEA;ncia humana (HIV) e seu avan&#xE7;o, os hemocentros passaram a ser obrigados a realizar uma s&#xE9;rie de exames para liberar a doa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do sangue. Entre os exames que anteriormente eram apenas recomendados e que passaram a ser exigidos, estava a sorologia para a doen&#xE7;a de Chagas. Com a chegada desses ex-doadores de sangue como pacientes para o ambulat&#xF3;rio, surgiu um novo perfil de pessoas afetadas pela enfermidade de Chagas. Esses &#x201C;novos&#x201D; pacientes eram jovens, predominantemente homens, assintom&#xE1;ticos, naturais e procedentes de &#xE1;rea urbana. Muitos deles desconheciam as formas de transmiss&#xE3;o da doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e tinham dados cl&#xED;nicos epidemiol&#xF3;gicos diferentes daquele grupo que era acompanhado na enfermaria. Frequentemente, esses jovens chegavam ansiosos ao ambulat&#xF3;rio, repletos de d&#xFA;vidas e com muitos tabus em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; enfermidade.</p>
<p>A exitosa parceria entre o ambulat&#xF3;rio e os hemocentros garantiu assist&#xEA;ncia adequada a muitos pacientes e possibilitou o registro e a compreens&#xE3;o da dimens&#xE3;o da presen&#xE7;a da doen&#xE7;a em Pernambuco. Tamb&#xE9;m promoveu a melhoria da estrutura f&#xED;sica do ambulat&#xF3;rio e a incorpora&#xE7;&#xE3;o de novos profissionais para atuar na assist&#xEA;ncia, na pesquisa e no ensino a respeito da doen&#xE7;a.</p>
<p>Foi nesse cen&#xE1;rio que, em maio de 2011 a Secretaria Estadual Sa&#xFA;de do Estado de Pernambuco (SES) criou o Programa de Enfrentamento &#xE0;s Doen&#xE7;as Negligenciadas (Sanar), tendo como objetivo &#x201C;reduzir ou eliminar as doen&#xE7;as transmiss&#xED;veis negligenciadas&#x201D;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> O surgimento do programa Sanar, reconhecido como uma a&#xE7;&#xE3;o exitosa no Brasil, foi um importante divisor de &#xE1;guas no planejamento e nas a&#xE7;&#xF5;es de enfrentamento &#xE0; doen&#xE7;a de Chagas em Pernambuco. Essa iniciativa impactou positivamente nas a&#xE7;&#xF5;es do Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e IC/Procape-UPE, colocando-o na condi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de Ambulat&#xF3;rio Estadual de Refer&#xEA;ncia para Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e IC, estabelecendo, assim, parcerias para a descentraliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o, treinamento, lota&#xE7;&#xE3;o de profissionais, ensino e a&#xE7;&#xF5;es associativas. A parceria do Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Refer&#xEA;ncia com o Sanar uniu for&#xE7;as para a cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de estrat&#xE9;gias que pudessem ajudar nesse combate.</p>
<p>Talvez a a&#xE7;&#xE3;o dessa parceria que mere&#xE7;a maior destaque seja o programa de descentraliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o do atendimento ao paciente com doen&#xE7;a de Chagas ainda em curso. Desde 2012, um grupo formado por integrantes do ambulat&#xF3;rio e do Sanar passou a realizar viagens para as ger&#xEA;ncias regionais de sa&#xFA;de (GERES) de todo estado, a fim de preparar as equipes de sa&#xFA;de dessas regi&#xF5;es para receber e assistir aos pacientes com Chagas. O trabalho de forma&#xE7;&#xE3;o desses profissionais objetivou que o doente pudesse ser atendido em sua regi&#xE3;o de domic&#xED;lio, sem que fosse necess&#xE1;ria a transfer&#xEA;ncia para o Recife. Foi criada, ainda, uma rede interligada de diagn&#xF3;stico sorol&#xF3;gico, e de farm&#xE1;cia estadual regionalizada, com treinamentos e capacita&#xE7;&#xE3;o para a distribui&#xE7;&#xE3;o regional dos medicamentos de uso cont&#xED;nuo e Benznidazol, para o tratamento etiol&#xF3;gico da doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, quando indicado.</p>
<p>Essa a&#xE7;&#xE3;o tem como objetivo organizar melhor a demanda que chega ao ambulat&#xF3;rio, acolhendo na ponta os pacientes que possuem sorologia positiva, mas sem manifesta&#xE7;&#xF5;es cl&#xED;nicas da doen&#xE7;a, ou aqueles com alguma manifesta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de um grau mais leve pass&#xED;veis de serem cuidadas nos servi&#xE7;os de aten&#xE7;&#xE3;o b&#xE1;sica. Seguindo o modelo de atendimento exatamente de modo como ele &#xE9;estruturado pelo Sistema &#xDA;nico de Sa&#xFA;de (SUS). Dessa forma, com todas essas engrenagens funcionando a contento, o ambulat&#xF3;rio receberia um perfil de pacientes mais espec&#xED;fico, aqueles com IC de maior gravidade e que necessitarem do uso de um MP e ou CDI. A proposta &#xE9;, inclusive, implementar a teleconsulta e criar um canal de comunica&#xE7;&#xE3;o entre o m&#xE9;dico da ponta e os especialistas da casa de Chagas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f20">
<label>Figura 6</label>
<caption>
<title>Reuni&#xE3;o com as ger&#xEA;ncias do interior em parceira com Sanar e Nuttes.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Perfil do paciente acompanhado no ambulat&#xF3;rio de refer&#xEA;ncia estadual em Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e IC</title>
<p>Infelizmente, tantos anos ap&#xF3;s o descobrimento da enfermidade, o perfil sociodemogr&#xE1;fico dos pacientes assistidos pelo ambulat&#xF3;rio continua bastante similar &#xE0;quele descrito por Carlos Chagas, exceto pela idade mais avan&#xE7;ada. No &#xFA;ltimo levantamento realizado pelo grupo do ambulat&#xF3;rio, foram estudados 880 pacientes, observando-se que 69% s&#xE3;o mulheres; a idade m&#xE9;dia &#xE9; de 62 anos; 38% s&#xE3;o naturais da Zona da Mata Pernambucana, seguidos por pacientes naturais do Sert&#xE3;o em 17%, Agreste, 24%, Regi&#xE3;o Metropolitana, 5% e de outros estados em 16%. Quanto &#xE0; proced&#xEA;ncia, 45% vivem na Regi&#xE3;o Metropolitana do Recife, embora a maioria seja natural de &#xE1;reas end&#xEA;micas do interior do estado. Mais da metade s&#xE3;o pardos, e 69% deles t&#xEA;m ensino fundamental incompleto; 82% t&#xEA;m renda de at&#xE9; um sal&#xE1;rio-m&#xED;nimo; e 35% s&#xE3;o trabalhadores rurais. Nesse corte, a classifica&#xE7;&#xE3;o cl&#xED;nica da doen&#xE7;a estava assim representada, nos seguintes est&#xE1;gios: 21% como A, 46% como B1, 7% como B2 e 26% como C (IC em diversos n&#xED;veis de gravidade), classificados segundo a I Diretriz Latino Americana de doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Entre as comorbidades mais frequentes nesse grupo, est&#xE3;o as seguintes: hipertens&#xE3;o arterial sist&#xEA;mica (HAS) (73%), diabetes melito (DM2) (17%) e doen&#xE7;a arterial coron&#xE1;ria (DAC) (8,5%). O perfil encontrado &#xE9; semelhante a outros estudos brasileiros, no que se refere a idade m&#xE9;dia e perfis socioecon&#xF4;mico e cultural do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
<p>Atualmente, os servi&#xE7;os que acompanham pacientes com doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, diante do envelhecimento dessa popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o, precisam estar alertas quanto ao surgimento de comorbidades mais prevalentes nessa faixa et&#xE1;ria, como demonstram os dados acima. A presen&#xE7;a de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), de origem isqu&#xEA;mica decorrente de fen&#xF4;meno cardioemb&#xF3;lico, em pacientes com doen&#xE7;a de Chagas impacta negativamente sobre a evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o. O desenvolvimento do quadro isqu&#xEA;mico cerebral &#xE9; uma das mais graves complica&#xE7;&#xF5;es. In&#xFA;meras causas t&#xEA;m sido relacionadas ao desenvolvimento do AVC nos portadores de doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, com envolvimento card&#xED;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Em amostra recentemente estudada de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#xE1;sica cr&#xF4;nica (CCC) acompanhados no ambulat&#xF3;rio, 10% dos casos apresentaram AVC isqu&#xEA;mico, por prov&#xE1;vel mecanismo cardioemb&#xF3;lico.</p>
<p>O perfil dos pacientes com IC de todas as etiologias guarda algumas peculiaridades, entre elas estas: maior proced&#xEA;ncia da regi&#xE3;o metropolitana (69%), predom&#xED;nio masculino (61%), embora com maior n&#xED;vel de escolaridade (48,7% t&#xEA;m ensino fundamental completo) e renda (35% recebem mais que um sal&#xE1;rio-m&#xED;nimo). Percebe-se, assim, que, apesar dos pacientes com IC terem uma s&#xED;ndrome cl&#xED;nica manifesta, eles vivem em condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es socioecon&#xF4;micas (escolaridade, renda&#x2026;) aqu&#xE9;m das desejadas, mas melhores do que as dos portadores da doen&#xE7;a de Chagas.</p>
<p>Uma viv&#xEA;ncia distinta a todas as anteriores foi registrada em maio de 2019. Houve o primeiro enfrentamento a casos de doen&#xE7;a de Chagas aguda no estado de Pernambuco. O surto ocorreu por prov&#xE1;vel contamina&#xE7;&#xE3;o oral (dados cl&#xED;nicos e epidemiol&#xF3;gicos), atingindo 77 pessoas, e a doen&#xE7;a foi laboratorialmente comprovada em 27 pessoas que estiveram em miss&#xE3;o religiosa na cidade de Ibimirim, no sert&#xE3;o pernambucano. Todos os pacientes com comprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o laboratorial foram tratados com Benznidazol por 60 dias. N&#xE3;o houve &#xF3;bitos, embora seis pacientes tenham evolu&#xED;do com manifesta&#xE7;&#xF5;es mais graves da doen&#xE7;a aguda, necessitando de internamento.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>A necessidade da aten&#xE7;&#xE3;o integral</title>
<p>Tendo em vista a complexidade da doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, desde o in&#xED;cio, a proposta do ambulat&#xF3;rio foi oferecer um atendimento integral, que levasse em conta suas peculiaridades, citadas acima. Hoje, j&#xE1; &#xE9; reconhecido que a equipe multiprofissional &#xE9; a melhor forma de presta&#xE7;&#xE3;o de cuidados de sa&#xFA;de a pacientes com doen&#xE7;as cr&#xF4;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Atualmente, a equipe multidisciplinar do Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas agrega m&#xE9;dicos, enfermeiros, t&#xE9;cnicos de enfermagem, terapeuta ocupacional e psic&#xF3;loga. Cada um desses bra&#xE7;os atua com um papel definido, ciente de seus limites, possibilidades e responsabilidades, em um processo constante de troca e di&#xE1;logo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f21">
<label>Figura 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Atividades promovidas pela terapia ocupacional.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf07-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>O papel da fam&#xED;lia &#xE9; fundamental como participante do processo de tratamento. Ela &#xE9; o terceiro v&#xE9;rtice do chamado tri&#xE2;ngulo terap&#xEA;utico (m&#xE9;dico, paciente e fam&#xED;lia) e desempenha um papel ativo em todo o processo. Para ades&#xE3;o ao tratamento medicamentoso ou n&#xE3;o, &#xE9; fundamental o seu apoio. Por isso, na abordagem integral, h&#xE1; uma aproxima&#xE7;&#xE3;o da fam&#xED;lia, que recebe as mesmas orienta&#xE7;&#xF5;es dos pacientes e apoio psicol&#xF3;gico. A presen&#xE7;a do familiar nas consultas e reuni&#xF5;es ajuda os profissionais a compreenderem o contexto de vida do paciente e, assim, a direcionar melhor sua assist&#xEA;ncia. A educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o oferecida ao paciente e a familiares come&#xE7;a com a avalia&#xE7;&#xE3;o de seus conhecimentos sobre a doen&#xE7;a e seu tratamento. &#xC9; por meio de a&#xE7;&#xF5;es educativas peri&#xF3;dicas que a equipe multiprofissional pode esclarecer aspectos da evolu&#xE7;&#xE3;o e tratamento da doen&#xE7;a.</p>
<p>Al&#xE9;m de toda a equipe multidisciplinar que comp&#xF5;e o ambulat&#xF3;rio focada na quest&#xE3;o assistencial e de educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o do paciente e seus familiares, &#xE9; importante salientar o papel do ensino e da pesquisa, afinal, fazem parte de um hospital universit&#xE1;rio, que forma profissionais da sa&#xFA;de. Por isso, o ambulat&#xF3;rio recebe graduandos e residentes da &#xE1;rea da sa&#xFA;de, que t&#xEA;m a oportunidade de vivenciar e aprender com as pr&#xE1;ticas implementadas. O ambulat&#xF3;rio tem, a cada ano, expandido o seu perfil acad&#xEA;mico, considerando ser o trabalho multiprofissional o cen&#xE1;rio ideal para a troca de saberes e para o exerc&#xED;cio pr&#xE1;tico do trabalho em equipe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f22">
<label>Figura 8</label>
<caption>
<title>Reuni&#xF5;es educativas com pacientes e familiares com participa&#xE7;&#xE3;o da equipe multidisciplinar, graduandos e residentes.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf08-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Ao longo dos anos, o servi&#xE7;o tem despertado o interesse no desenvolvimento de pesquisas no &#xE2;mbito da gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o (alunos de inicia&#xE7;&#xE3;o cient&#xED;fica) e p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o (mestrado e doutorado) em diversas &#xE1;reas do saber. Al&#xE9;m de pesquisas de cunho biom&#xE9;dico, outras &#xE1;reas ligadas a ci&#xEA;ncias humanas, a exemplo da Filosofia, t&#xEA;m sido objeto de estudo. Parcerias com universidades e institui&#xE7;&#xF5;es de pesquisas, como a Funda&#xE7;&#xE3;o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), v&#xEA;m contribuindo progressivamente na produ&#xE7;&#xE3;o cient&#xED;fica.</p>
<p>Um grupo de acad&#xEA;micos participa de v&#xE1;rias atividades no ambulat&#xF3;rio &#x2014; do Projeto Ci&#xEA;ncia para a Vida &#x2014;, envolvendo-se em atividades assistenciais e de pesquisa. Os participantes, com a motiva&#xE7;&#xE3;o, envolvem-se colaborando junto ao grupo multidisciplinar nas reuni&#xF5;es peri&#xF3;dicas da IC (educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o na IC e autocuidado) e fazem visitas com programas musicais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figura 9</xref>). Tamb&#xE9;m assistem a programas de educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o continuada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">Figura 10</xref>) e participam de congressos na &#xE1;rea, cada vez mais envolvidos no melhor cuidado ao portador de doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e de IC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f25">Figura 11</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f23">
<label>Figura 9</label>
<caption>
<title>Projeto Ci&#xEA;ncia para a Vida.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf09-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f24">
<label>Figura 10</label>
<caption>
<title>Estudantes em atividades de ensino.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf10-pt.tif"/></fig>
<fig id="f25">
<label>Figura 11</label>
<caption>
<title>Participa&#xE7;&#xE3;o da equipe do ambulat&#xF3;rio e de estudantes no DEIC 2019, Fortaleza.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf11-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>Por fim, mas n&#xE3;o menos importante, est&#xE3;o os volunt&#xE1;rios, que h&#xE1; 24 anos t&#xEA;m desenvolvido um excelente trabalho em conjunto com a equipe multiprofissional e os pacientes. Boa parte dos volunt&#xE1;rios s&#xE3;o tamb&#xE9;m pacientes que, por meio de a&#xE7;&#xF5;es associativas, empoderaram-se e tornaram-se conhecedores dos meandros da doen&#xE7;a e colocaram-se &#xE0; disposi&#xE7;&#xE3;o para ajudar novos pacientes. Na verdade, a aten&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos volunt&#xE1;rios est&#xE1; voltada para as caracter&#xED;sticas subjetivas e afetivas dos pacientes. Eles acolhem e ajudam com a&#xE7;&#xF5;es de educa&#xE7;&#xE3;o sobre a doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e promo&#xE7;&#xE3;o da sa&#xFA;de de modo geral, al&#xE9;m de organizarem oficinas e eventos que ajudam a financiar as atividades da associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f26">Figura 12</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f26">
<label>Figura 12</label>
<caption>
<title>Nas datas festivas, volunt&#xE1;rios e equipe se unem para promover a&#xE7;&#xF5;es para os pacientes.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf12-pt.tif"/></fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>A for&#xE7;a do associativismo</title>
<p>Como j&#xE1; foi bastante salientado, a doen&#xE7;a de Chagas &#xE9; negligenciada e fortemente marcada por um vi&#xE9;s social. Isso faz com que a uni&#xE3;o e o associativismo entre os portadores da doen&#xE7;a seja um caminho natural para que possam, coletivamente, se fazerem ouvir. As associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de pacientes s&#xE3;o grupos biossociais de pessoas volunt&#xE1;rias que se constituem a partir de quest&#xF5;es biol&#xF3;gicas comuns, com car&#xE1;ter plural atuando desde a orienta&#xE7;&#xE3;o a pacientes e familiares sobre quest&#xF5;es referentes ao tratamento e qualidade de vida at&#xE9; a participa&#xE7;&#xE3;o ativa na elabora&#xE7;&#xE3;o e implementa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pol&#xED;ticas p&#xFA;blicas da sa&#xFA;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
<p>No caso das doen&#xE7;as negligenciadas, esses grupos s&#xE3;o ainda mais importantes. No Brasil, destaca-se o Movimento de Reintegra&#xE7;&#xE3;o das Pessoas com Hansen&#xED;ase (Morhan), fundado em 1940. Em rela&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE0; doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, o grupo pioneiro em todo o mundo foi aquele criado em Pernambuco, no ano 1987, juntamente com a equipe do Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas do HUOC. O objetivo dessa iniciativa foi atender, sobretudo, &#xE0;s demandas psicossociais de pacientes afetados pela enfermidade que transcendiam aspectos puramente biom&#xE9;dicos. A associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o pernambucana &#xE9; uma entidade sem fins lucrativos, sem vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o pol&#xED;tico-partid&#xE1;ria, cuja diretoria &#xE9; formada por pacientes, eleitos em assembleia geral, respeitando as determina&#xE7;&#xF5;es do C&#xF3;digo Civil Brasileiro. Atualmente, conta com 740 s&#xF3;cios efetivos que vivem na regi&#xE3;o metropolitana do Recife e interior do estado. Essa a&#xE7;&#xE3;o coletiva foi vencendo desafios, conquistando espa&#xE7;os, empoderando pacientes e tirando-os da invisibilidade.</p>
<p>Em 2005, o Programa de Controle das Doen&#xE7;as Tropicais Negligenciadas (DTN) da OMS classificou a doen&#xE7;a de Chagas como uma enfermidade extremamente negligenciada, corroborando com a necessidade da popula&#xE7;&#xE3;o afetada por ela de formar grupos associativos. Nesse contexto, a Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos Pacientes Portadores de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas (APDCIM) tornou-se uma grande refer&#xEA;ncia em &#xE2;mbito mundial, devido ao seu pioneirismo e efetividade, e influenciou a cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de outros grupos no Brasil e fora do pa&#xED;s com o mesmo objetivo.</p>
<p>Atualmente, com igual protagonismo, h&#xE1; 20 associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de pessoas afetadas pela doen&#xE7;a de Chagas distribu&#xED;das em v&#xE1;rios pa&#xED;ses (Argentina, Austr&#xE1;lia, Bol&#xED;via, Brasil, Col&#xF4;mbia, Espanha Estados Unidos, It&#xE1;lia, M&#xE9;xico, Su&#xED;&#xE7;a, Venezuela e Jap&#xE3;o), as quais v&#xEA;m trabalhando em um projeto coletivo de biocidadania. Esse grupo de associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es tem lutado pela constru&#xE7;&#xE3;o de uma identidade coletiva, pela mobiliza&#xE7;&#xE3;o e pela produ&#xE7;&#xE3;o de conhecimento, redundando em uma a&#xE7;&#xE3;o pol&#xED;tica.</p>
<p>As associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de pessoas afetadas pela doen&#xE7;a de Chagas passam a ter um papel fundamental no mundo para auxiliar no reconhecimento de similaridades, para esclarecer e orientar sobre a doen&#xE7;a e o processo do adoecer e para amparar quando h&#xE1; necessidade de diagn&#xF3;stico e tratamento, independentemente do territ&#xF3;rio em que a pessoa se encontre. Os movimentos associativos voltados &#xE0; enfermidade de Chagas no Brasil e no mundo, embora com caracter&#xED;sticas regionais de realidades diferentes, t&#xEA;m em comum uma s&#xF3; luta e miss&#xE3;o: o bem-estar da pessoa afetada. Quer estejam localizadas em pa&#xED;ses end&#xEA;micos ou n&#xE3;o end&#xEA;micos, procuram contribuir para a constru&#xE7;&#xE3;o de identidade s&#xF3;lida e fortalecimento da cidadania.</p>
<p>Em abril de 2009, durante a II Jornada Catal&#xE3; de Sa&#xFA;de Internacional-Medicina Tropical e a inaugura&#xE7;&#xE3;o da associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de pacientes de Barcelona, surgiu o sonho da cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de uma federa&#xE7;&#xE3;o mundial que unisse todos os grupos, como marco hist&#xF3;rico pelo centen&#xE1;rio da descoberta da doen&#xE7;a que ocorria naquele ano. Em outubro do mesmo ano, o sonho come&#xE7;ava a se tornar realidade, durante a XXV Reuni&#xE3;o Anual de Pesquisa Aplicada em Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas, em Uberaba (Minas Gerais), presidida pelos Professores Jos&#xE9; Rodrigues Coura e Jo&#xE3;o Carlos Pinto Dias, quando foi realizada a 1&#xAA; Reuni&#xE3;o de Associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de Pacientes com Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas das Am&#xE9;ricas, Europa e Pac&#xED;fico Ocidental. A tem&#xE1;tica dessa reuni&#xE3;o ficou em torno da cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de uma Federa&#xE7;&#xE3;o Mundial, capaz de abrigar e fortalecer as associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es existentes e estimular a cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de novos movimentos sociais, especialmente em regi&#xF5;es onde a pessoa afetada pela doen&#xE7;a de Chagas estivesse em situa&#xE7;&#xE3;o de maior vulnerabilidade. Finalmente, o embri&#xE3;o da futura federa&#xE7;&#xE3;o estava lan&#xE7;ado, sendo ela devidamente fundada em Pernambuco, em 2010, passando a ser chamada de Federa&#xE7;&#xE3;o Internacional de Associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de Pessoas Afetadas pela Enfermidade de Chagas (FINDECHAGAS) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f27">Figura 13</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f27">
<label>Figura 13</label>
<caption>
<title>(1) Inaugura&#xE7;&#xE3;o ASAPECHA Barcelona; (2) Primeira reuni&#xE3;o internacional de Associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de Pacientes com doen&#xE7;a de Chagas/Uberaba-MG; (3) Cria&#xE7;&#xE3;o de FINDECHAGAS/Olinda-PE; (4) II Assembleia de FINDECHAGAS/Barcelona.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf13-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>A partir da&#xED;, foram v&#xE1;rios os encontros, assembleias e reuni&#xF5;es que uniram pacientes de todo o mundo. A troca de informa&#xE7;&#xF5;es e experi&#xEA;ncias &#xE9; riqu&#xED;ssima e tem trazido frutos e impactos concretos na qualidade de vida dos portadores, al&#xE9;m de propagar com mais for&#xE7;a a voz dessas pessoas. Entre as v&#xE1;rias conquistas da FINDECHAGAS, destaca-se o reconhecimento do 14 de abril como Dia Mundial da Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas pela OMS. A escolha dessa data deve-se a ter sido nesse dia, em 1909, que o pesquisador Carlos Chagas apresentou sua descoberta &#xE0; comunidade cient&#xED;fica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f28">Figura 14</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f28">
<label>Figura 14</label>
<caption>
<title>Atividades promovidas para marcar o 14 de abril.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="0000-0000-abchf-001-01-0015-gf14-pt.tif"/></fig>
<p>N&#xE3;o resta d&#xFA;vida que, em que pese todas as dificuldades e barreiras enfrentadas, as associa&#xE7;&#xF5;es de pacientes, organizadas em coletivo e de forma federativa, v&#xEA;m assumindo relev&#xE2;ncia crescente nas &#xFA;ltimas d&#xE9;cadas. Essa a&#xE7;&#xE3;o conjunta propicia uma mudan&#xE7;a do paradigma na qual o paciente sai de sujeito passivo no seu processo terap&#xEA;utico para uma posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o ativa, realizando o chamado &#x201C;<italic>patient advocacy&#x201D;.</italic> Essa postura proativa, com consci&#xEA;ncia cr&#xED;tica de seus direitos e necessidades, favorece as tomadas de decis&#xF5;es, buscando as melhores op&#xE7;&#xF5;es para a sua sa&#xFA;de e para a sa&#xFA;de coletiva. Esses grupos funcionam como um elo entre o Estado e a sociedade, exercendo, assim, o chamado controle social.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Considera&#xE7;&#xF5;es finais</title>
<p>Hoje, em 2021, a hist&#xF3;ria do Ambulat&#xF3;rio de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e IC e da Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o dos Portadores de Doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e IC segue o seu curso, enfrentando novos desafios. Desde o ano passado, a pandemia do novo coronav&#xED;rus impactou diretamente na forma de organiza&#xE7;&#xE3;o e atua&#xE7;&#xE3;o. O ambulat&#xF3;rio precisou adaptar-se &#xE0;s medidas sanit&#xE1;rias para que pudesse permanecer atuante na assist&#xEA;ncia, no ensino e na pesquisa, sempre alerta aos pacientes que foram fortemente impactados pelas novas din&#xE2;micas impostas pela pandemia. A APDCIM tem se empenhado em captar recursos para a aquisi&#xE7;&#xE3;o de cestas de alimentos, kits de higiene pessoal e dom&#xE9;stico, m&#xE1;scaras, medicamentos e outros recursos destinados a pacientes mais carentes, al&#xE9;m de lutar para a vacina&#xE7;&#xE3;o contra o novo coronav&#xED;rus prioritariamente para esse grupo.</p>
<p>Ao longo de mais de 30 anos de atividades, o Ambulat&#xF3;rio e a Associa&#xE7;&#xE3;o t&#xEA;m feito a diferen&#xE7;a no tratamento e acolhimento dos portadores de doen&#xE7;a de Chagas e IC. Sua atua&#xE7;&#xE3;o exitosa tornou-se inspira&#xE7;&#xE3;o para muitos outros servi&#xE7;os que hoje, juntos, conseguem ecoar a voz desses pacientes. A perspectiva segue sendo a mesma: olhar para al&#xE9;m da doen&#xE7;a, enxergar a pessoa em todo o seu contexto, acolhendo, ouvindo e cuidando. O lema continua sendo o mesmo, hoje e sempre &#x2014; &#x201C;Um compromisso com a vida&#x201D;. Tudo isso s&#xF3; foi poss&#xED;vel gra&#xE7;as &#xE0; coes&#xE3;o da equipe que enfrentou e enfrenta barreiras e dificuldades para colocar em a&#xE7;&#xE3;o sua miss&#xE3;o: &#x201C;Humanizar para cuidar&#x201D;.</p>
</sec></body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<p><bold>Aprova&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9;tica e consentimento informado</bold></p>
<p>Este artigo n&#xE3;o cont&#xE9;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
<p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold></p>
<p>O presente estudo n&#xE3;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<p><bold>Vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o acad&#xEA;mica</bold></p>
<p>N&#xE3;o h&#xE1; vincula&#xE7;&#xE3;o deste estudo a programas de p&#xF3;s-gradua&#xE7;&#xE3;o.</p></fn></fn-group>
</back></sub-article>
</article>